ZNS 112 BSACT

Lemuel Aeron A. Soriaga

Karlvin Salvio
Gerald Casaclang
John Russel Cayetano
Characteristics of Each Muscle
Physiology of Skeletal, Smooth & Cardiac
Muscle Fibers

Striated Muscles Cells

Voluntary
Attached to bones or skin
Very long, cylindrical, multnucleate, cells Striated: packed with orderly
arrangement of myofibrils
Not self stimulating: each fiber innervated by branch of somatic motor neuron
as part of motor unit Under control of nervous system
High energy requirement: lots of mitochondria, creatine phosphate,
myoglobin Fast Contracting No rhythmic contractions Strength increases with
stretching

Smooth Muscle Cells

Involuntary
Line walls of most internal organs
Single, tapering, cells with a single nucleus Not Striated
Fewer myofibrils of varying lengths Self stimulating: not individually
innervated, impulse spreads from cell to cell
Under control of nervous and endocrine systems and various chemicals and
stretching Lower energy requirement: fewer mitochondria, etc.
Slower contracting and rhythmic in some organs producing peristaltic waves
along organ Rhythmic contractions Stress - Relaxation Response

Cardiac Muscle Cells

Involuntary
Found only in the Heart
 Branching chains of cells connected by porous intercalated discs, with
single nucleus and striations
Striated: many myofibrils in orderly arrangement
Self stimulating: impulse spreads from cell to cell
Under control of nervous and endocrine systems and various chemicals
Intermediate energy requirement Intermediate speed of contraction yet
contraction spreads quickly through tissue due to intercalated discs
Rhythmic contractions Strength increases with stretching

Definition of Terms
a. Endomysium- within the muscle, is a wispy layer of areolar
connective tissue that ensheaths each individual myocyte (muscle
fiber, or muscle cell). It also contains capillaries and nerves. It
overlies the muscle fiber's cell membrane: the sarcolemma.
b. Epimysium- a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a muscle.
c. Perimysium- the sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle
of muscle fibers.
d. Myology- the study of the structure, arrangement, and action of
muscles.
e. Muscle Bundle- a muscle fascicle is a bundle of skeletal
muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium, a type of connective
tissue. (There is also a nerve fascicle of axons.)
f. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum- the specialized endoplasmic reticulum of
cardiac muscle and skeletal striated muscle that functions
especially as a storage and release area for calcium.
g. Myofibril- any of the elongated contractile threads found in striated
muscle cells.
h. Myoglobin- a red protein containing heme that carries and stores
oxygen in muscle cells. It is structurally similar to a subunit of
hemoglobin.
i. Sarcomere- a structural unit of a myofibril in striated muscle,
consisting of a dark band and the nearer half of each adjacent pale
band.
 j. Anaerobic Glycolysis- Anaerobic glycolysis is the transformation of
glucose to lactate when limited amounts of oxygen (O2) are
available. Anaerobic glycolysis is only an effective means of energy
production during short, intense exercise, providing energy for a
period ranging from 10 seconds to 2 minutes.

2. Functions of Muscle
Voluntary and Reflexive Movement

Skeletal muscles normally account for at least 40 percent of your body

weight and are categorized as appendicular or axial based on body location.
The large muscles of your arms and legs are appendicular skeletal muscles.
The axial skeletal muscles include those of your trunk, head and neck.
Contraction of skeletal muscle produces voluntary gross and fine
movements, a primary function of the muscular system.

Gross movement refers to large coordinated movements such as walking,

running, jumping, sitting down, standing up, lifting large objects, swimming,
and swinging a bat or racket. Gross movements rely primarily on large
skeletal muscles. Fine motor skills refer to smaller, more intricate body
movements. Examples include speaking, writing and playing a musical
instrument. Fine motor skills typically involve small skeletal muscles of your
hands, face or feet.

Skeletal Stability and Organ Protection

Your bones provide the frame for your body. Your skeleton, however, lacks
structural stability without the skeletal muscles and their associated tendons
that hold your bones together and keep them in place. Even in a static
posture, such as when you're standing still, numerous skeletal muscles of the
trunk, neck and legs must remain in a contracted state to support your body
and head. The axial skeletal muscles are particularly important for
maintaining an upright position, and enabling you to twist your head and
body.

In conjunction with the rib and spinal bones of your trunk, the axial skeletal
muscles also provide protection for your internal organs. For example, your
rectus abdominus, transverse abdominus and oblique muscles protect your
abdominal organs from the front and side. Your latissimus dorsi, quadratus
lumborum and psoas muscles protect the organs of your abdominal cavity
from the back.

Blood Circulation

Your heart is the hardest working muscle in your body, contracting at least
60 to 100 times per minute from cradle to grave. The wall of your heart
consists of highly specialized cardiac muscle tissue, which contracts
involuntarily in response to electrical signals generated within the heart.
With each contraction of your heart, blood is pumped through your
circulatory system. This essential function provides life-sustaining oxygen
and nutrients to your body organs and tissues.

Smooth muscle cells in the walls of your arteries and veins also contribute to
blood circulation by altering the diameter of these blood vessels in different
situations. For example, arteries supplying exercising skeletal muscles relax
to enable increased blood flow to meet the increased metabolic demand.
Conversely, if you're dehydrated or suffer a significant blood loss, the smooth
muscle of your blood vessels contracts to help maintain your blood pressure
and ensure continued circulation to your brain and other vital organs.

Internal Organ Function

Several internal organs contain smooth muscle tissue, which contracts

automatically to support their normal function. For example, smooth muscle
tissue in the walls of your esophagus, stomach, and small and large
intestines produce rhythmic contractions that propel food through your
digestive tract. Similarly, smooth muscle in the wall of your bladder enables
you to expel urine. Uterine smooth muscle tissue, called the myometrium,
proliferates during pregnancy and provides the strong propulsive force that
enables a vaginal delivery. Other internal organs and structures that rely on
smooth muscle to support some of their functions include the gallbladder,
male reproductive ducts and glands, and the irises of the eyes.

Body Temperature Regulation

A normal body temperature of roughly 98.6 F is generally lower than the

environmental temperature. Since body heat is lost to the environment in
typical conditions, your body must generate heat to maintain a normal
temperature. Most of this needed heat is generated by your skeletal muscles.
When your body temperature decreases, skeletal muscle activity
automatically increases to generate heat. Shivering is the most obvious
manifestation of this response. Smooth muscle in the blood vessels supplying
your skin also automatically constricts in cold conditions to conserve heat by
limiting loss at your body surface. The opposite effect occurs when you're
exercising or otherwise overheated. Smooth muscle cells in surface blood
vessels relax, increasing blood flow and heat release through your skin.

3. Muscles and Body Movements

BODY MOVEMENTS
MUSCLES ARE ATTACHED TO BONE OR CONNECTIVE TISSUE AT NO
LESS THAN 2 POINTS

ORIGIN ATTACHED TO THE IMMOVABLE OR LESS MOVABLE BONE

INSERTION ATTACHED TO THE MOVABLE BONE

DURING CONTRACTION THE INSERTION MOVES TOWARD THE ORIGIN

TYPES OF BODY MOVEMENTS

FLEXION DECREASES ANGLE BETWEEN BONES

EXTENSION INCREASES ANGLE BETWEEN BONES

HYPEREXTENSION GREATER THAN 180 DEGREES

ABDUCTION MOVE AWAY FROM THE MIDLINE

ADDUCTION MOVE TOWARD MIDLINE

ROTATION MOVEMENT OF BONE AROUND A LONGITUDINAL AXIS

CIRCUMDUCTION PROXIMAL END STATIONARY WHILE DISTAL END

MOVES IN A CIRCLE
 PRONATION MOVING HAND FROM ANTERIOR TO POSTERIOR
POSITION (RADIUS OVER ULNA)

SUPINATION HAND FROM POSTERIOR TO ANTERIOR (RADIUS AND

ULNA PARALLEL)

INVERSION SOLE OF FOOT TURNED MEDIALLY

EVERSION SOLE OF FOOT TURNED LATERALLY

DORSIFLEXION INSTEP OF FOOT MOVED UP TOWARD SHIN

(STANDING ON HEELS)

PLANTAR FLEX TOES POINTED DOWNWARD

Muscle Movements
FLEXION / EXTENSION

FLEXION: a movement, generally in the sagittal plane, that

decreases the angle of the joint and lessens the distance between the
two bones (or part of the body).

EXTENSION (the reverse of flexion): a movement generally in the

sagittal plane that increases the angle of a joint and the distance
between two bones (or part of the body). If extension is greater than
180 degrees, it is termed as hyperextension.

ABDUCTION

ABDUCTION: movement of a limb away from the midline or median

plane of the body generally on the frontal plane, or the fanning movement
of fingers or toes when they are spread apart (the digits move away from
the longitudinal axis of the hand or foot).
 ADDUCTION (the reverse of abduction): movement of a limb toward
the midline of the body. The digits move toward the longitudinal axis of
the hand or foot.

ROTATION

ROTATION: movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis without

lateral or medial displacement.

CIRCUMDUCTION

CIRCUMDUCTION: a combination of flexion, abduction, extension

and adduction performed one after the other. The proximal end of the
limb remains stationary and the distal end moves in a circle. The limb as a
whole outlines a cone.

PROTRACTION / RETRACTION

PROTRACTION: movement that results in a portion of the body being

moved forward on a plane parallel to the ground.

RETRACTION (the reverse of protraction): movement that results in

the protracted portion of the body being moved on a parallel plane, back
to its original position.

ELEVATION / DEPRESSION

ELEVATION: movement that results in a portion of the body being

moved or lifted upward along a frontal plane.

DEPRESSION (the reverse of elevation): movement that results in a

portion of the body being moved downward along a frontal plane.

PRONATION / SUPINATION
 PRONATION: movement of the palm of the hand from an anterior or
upward-facing position to a posterior or downward-facing position. This
action moves the distal end of the radius across the ulna. (There is NO
rotation of the arm: the arm is immobile during pronation)

SUPINATION (the reverse of pronation): movement of the palm from

a posterior position to an anterior position. During supination, the radius
and ulna are parallel.

4. Types of Muscles as to Movements

Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal Muscles are those which attach to bones and have the main
function of contracting to facilitate movement of our skeletons. They
are also sometimes known as striated muscles due to their
appearance. The cause of this 'stripy' appearance is the bands of Actin
and Myosin which form the Sarcomere, found within the Myofibrils.

Skeletal muscles are also sometimes called voluntary muscles,

because we have direct control over them through nervous impulses
from our brains sending messages to the muscle. Contractions can
vary to produce powerful, fast movements or small precision actions.
Skeletal muscles also have the ability to stretch or contract and still
return to their original shape.

Skeletal Muscle Fibre Type

 Not all fibres within Skeletal muscles are the same. Different fibre
types contract at different speeds, are suited to different types of
activity and vary in colour depending on their Myoglobin (an oxygen
carrying protein) content.

Smooth Muscle

Smooth muscle is also sometimes known as Involuntary muscle due to

our inability to control its movements, or Unstriated as it does not have
the stripy appearance of Skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle is found in
the walls of hollow organs such as the Stomach, Oesophagus, Bronchi
and in the walls of blood vessels. This muscle type is stimulated by
involuntary neurogenic impulses and has slow, rhythmical contractions
used in controlling internal organs, for example, moving food along the
Oesophagus or contricting blood vessels during Vasoconstriction.

Cardiac muscle (heart muscle)

This type of muscle is found solely in the walls of the heart. It has
similarities with skeletal muscles in that it is striated and with smooth
muscles in that its contractions are not under conscious control.
However this type of muscle is highly specialised. It is under the
control of the autonomic nervous system, however, even without a
nervous imput contractions can occur due to cells called pacemaker
cells. Cardiac muscle is highly resistant to fatigue due to the presence
of a large number of mitochondria, myoglobin and a good blood supply
allowing continuous aerobic metabolism.
6. How do muscles got their name?
Muscles May Be Named According to Any of These
Characteristics

1. What is the size of the muscle? Itsit bigger than a muscle near it, or
smaller?
2. Where is the muscle located? This may refer to a body part, or to
the origin and insertion of a muscle.
3. What is its basic shape? What does it look like?
4. What is its function? Does it extend a joint or flex it?
5. How many origins does it have ("heads", parts or divisions)?
6. What is the muscle's origin and insertion?
7. What is the muscle orientation relative to the midline of the body?
Or, in other words, in what direction do the muscle's fibers run? Are
they straight (rectus), or perhaps oblique (slanted)?

Each of these basic characteristics are "coded" with root words used to form
the larger name. Many times, as well, a muscles name must be based on its
relationship to another similar or paired muscle. Let's look at some of the
basic words used to describe muscles:

Words That Refer to Muscle Size

Maximus: largest (gluteus maximus is the largest muscle of the

buttock)

Minimus: smallest (gluteus minimus is the smallest muscle of the

buttock)
 Medius: intermediate in size, do not confuse
with medialis (gluteus medius is the the intermediate sized muscle of
the three buttock muscles)

Major: larger (pectoralis major is the larger muscle of the chest)

Minor: smaller (pectoralis minor is the smaller muscle of the chest)

Brevis: shortest (peroneus or fibularis brevis is the shortest of the

peroneal muscles)

Longus: longest (peroneus or fibularis longus is the longest of the

peroneal muscles)

Vastus: great or huge (used for two muscles of the

thigh: vastus lateralis and medialis)

Words that Refer to Muscle Shape

Deltoid: triangular (e.g. deltoid muscle of the shoulder)

Rhomboid: diamond shaped (e.g. rhomboideus minor and major

muscles, collectively the "rhomboids")

Quadratus: square or four-sided (e.g. quadratus lumborum

or quadratus femoris)

Trapezius: trapazoidal shaped (e.g. trapezius muscle)

Serratus: serrated or saw-toothed (e.g. seratus anterior)

Teres: round or cylindrical shaped (e.g. pronator teres)

 Platysma: flat (e.g. platysma muscle of neck)

Words that Refer to Body Parts or Regions

(Location)

Pectoral: chest (two muscles, pectoralis major and minor)

Brachii: arm (biceps brachii)

Carpus: wrist (flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris)

Palmaris: palm of the hand (e.g. palmaris longus)

Digiti: finger or toe, singular (extensor digiti minimi)

Digitorum (finger or toes, plural (flexor digitorum profundus)

Indicis: index finger (extensor indicis)

Hallucis: great or big toe (abductor hallucis)

Femoris: thigh (rectus femoris)

Gluteus: gluteal or buttock region (three muscles, gluteus maximum,

minimum, and medius)

Tibialis: lower leg or shin bone (tibia) (tibialis anterior and posterior)

Peroneus: fibula, sometimes fibularis is used (peroneus longus)

Spina, Spinalis: spine (erector spinae, spinalis cervicis and capitis)

Spinatus: spine of the scapula (infraspinatus and supraspinatus)

 Pollicis: thumb (adductor and opponens pollicis)

Oculi: eye (orbicularis oculi)

Oris: mouth (depressor anguli oris)

Labii: Lips (levator labii superioris)

Capitis: head (splenius capitis)

Cervicis: neck (semispinalis cervicis)

Thoracis: thorax (spinalis thoracis)

Abdominis: abdomen (rectus abdominus)

Lumborum: lower back or lumbar (quadratus lumborum)

Scapularis: scapula or shoulder blade (e.g. levator scapulae)

Costals: ribs (intercostals or internal intercostal muscles meaning

"muscles between the ribs")

Words that Refer To Relative Location

Lateralis: located to the side or laterally (vastus lateralis)

Medialis: located toward the middle or midline (vastus medialis)

Anterior: toward the front or anterior surface (tibialis anterior or

serratus anterior)

Posterior: toward the rear or posterior surface (tibialis posterior)

 Superior or Superficialis: superficial or toward the surface (flexor
digitorum superficialis and obliquus capitis superior)

Inferior: underneath or away from the surface (Obliquus capitis inferior)

Profundus: located deep (flexor digitorum profundus)

Supra: above or over (supraspinatus)

Infra: below or beneath (infraspinatus)

Sub: below or under (subscapularis)

Internal: inner (internal oblique)

Inter: between (intercostals)

Dorsi: of the back (latissimus dorsi)

Words that Refer to Muscle Fiber Direction

Note that some writers confound fiber direction terms with shape terms, so
that rectus, which refers to fibers that run up and down, straight and parallel
with the midline, are called "straight" muscles in terms of shape. However,
fiber direction does not necessarily denote the overall profile of a muscle,
only the orientation of the fibers.

Rectus: straight, or "erect", specifically meaning parallel to the midline

(rectus femoris meaning "straight muscle of the thigh")

Transversus: transverse or perpendicular to the midline

(transversus abdominis or transverse abdominis)
 Oblique: slanted or diagonal to the midline (external oblique)

Orbicularis, Sphincter: a name given to ringlike muscles that encircle

and orifice and that may form a constricting passage (lower
esophageal sphincter and orbicularis oris and anal sphincter)

Words that Refer to Number of Origins or Heads

The suffix "-ceps" means heads. A head is a major division of a muscle that
has its own tendon.

Biceps: two heads (biceps brachii which means "two headed muscle of
arm" and biceps femoris which means "two headed muscle of the
thigh")

Triceps three heads (triceps brachii which means "three headed muscle
of arm")

Quadriceps: four heads (quadriceps femoris which means "four headed

muscle of the thigh", commonly called the quadriceps). Technically the
"quadriceps" are different muscles, however, not one muscle with
multiple origins.

Words that Refer to Actions

Since the various muscle joint actions are so common, muscles that use
action terms in their names usually also give other clues as to their
appearance or location.

Flexor: flexes joint, or brings two ends closer together, decreases joint
angle (flexor carpi radialus)

Extensor: extends joint or bring two ends further apart, increase joint
angle (extensor carpi radialus)2

Levator: elevates a structure or part (levator scapulae)

Depressor: depresses a structure or part (depressor anguli oris)

Adductor: adducts or moves a part toward the midline

Abductor: abducts or moves a part away from the midline3

Pronator: pronates or turns the hand or forearm downward or backward

(pronator quadratus and pronator teres muscle)

Supinator: supinates or turns the hand or forearm upward or forward

(supinator muscle)4

Rotator: rotates one structure relative to another (rotatores spinae)

Opponens: Refers to thumb actions only and named for the action
of opposition, which is when the tip of the thumb is brought into
contact with other fingers (opponens pollicis)

Some special action words used for certain

muscles:
 Sartorius Muscle: Derived from the muscles activity when crossing the
legs and named after the Latin word for tailer, sartor. Tailors used to sit
on the floor cross-legged to do their work, before sewing machines
were invented. Other explanations are also put forth, such as the cross-
legged pedaling action of old sewing machines, which enlarged the
muscle in tailors, and the muscles location along the "inseam."

Buccinator: Derived from the muscles action in compressing the

cheeks, which occurs when pursing the lips and blowing forcefully, as
when playing the trumpet. The word buccinator means "trumpet
player" so the buccinator is the "trumpet player muscle."

Risorius: Derived from this facial muscle's action in producing the facial
expression associated with laughter, which is risor in Latin. The actual
expression of the muscle is more appropriately described as a
grimace. 2

Masseter: Derived from the muscles major action in chewing, coming

from the Greek mastr, meaning "a chewer."

Words that Refer to Origins and Insertions

It is not necessary to name every possible origin and insertion for each
muscle. Only a relatively few muscles are named by these terms. Below are
some examples, giving the muscle name and the words for the individual
attachments that form the name. The first part of the name always refers to
the origin and the second part to the insertion, which are joined together to
form a compound word.

Sternocleidomastoid: Sterno and cleido for its origin, the sternum and
clavicle; and mastoid for its insertion, the mastoid process.
 Brachioradialis: Brachio for its origin on the upper arm and radialis for
its insertion on the radius of the forearm.

Genioglossus: Genio for its origin on the chin or "geneion"

and glossus for its insertion on the tongue (glossus).

Sternohyoid: Sterno for its origin on the sternum and hyoid for its
insertion at the hyoid bone.

Coracobrachialis: Coraco for its origin on the corocoid process of the

scapula and brachialis for its insertion on the humerus of the upper
arm.

As can be seen by the various terms and methods used to name muscles, it
is by far a perfect system. Unfortunately, throughout the many years spent
describing and naming the body's muscles, anatomists failed to stick to one
method. Although there is indeed structure, some parts of the structure is
more scientific than others. For instance, there is nothing particularly
scientific in calling a muscle "deltoid" because it is shaped like a triangle.
Likewise, although a word like "femoris" would seem very precise, there are
many muscles associated with the femoris, or "thigh bone" and therefore a
name like "quadratus femoris" means only "a square-shaped muscle of the
thigh bone," which still requires us to memorize the muscle rather than to be
able to guess its precise location and function by its name. This muscle, after
all, could be located on the anterior or the posterior part of the thigh and
could be a hip muscle or a knee muscle. Although gluteus maximus sounds
sufficiently scientific to most laypeople, calling a muscle "a large buttock
muscle" is hardly scientific.

There will always be some memorization involved in learning the names,

functions, and locations of the muscles. There is just no way around it. Yes,
you may know that the brachialis has something to do with the arm, because
of the "brachi" in the word, but that's all you know. How is it different than
the brachioradialis or the coracobrachialis?

After studying the terms above, you should start to see patterns emerging.
As you move down the lists, you should start to recognize the terms
previously encountered in the muscle examples given, so that, as you learn,
the names start to make more and more sense. This is especially the case in
the more descriptive names. Fortunately, the other, badly named muscles,
such as the deltoid and trapezius muscles, are the more familiar muscles to
laypeople, and most shouldn't have much trouble with these bad apples.
Learn all the terms in this article, and even with no memorization of the
individual muscles you will know a great deal more than most people about
the muscles of your body.

Clearing Up Some Anatomical Confusion

As you read this article and study the lists, you may wonder about the
terms arm, forearm, leg, and thigh. How are you supposed to know what arm
means? Does it mean my upper arm or my lower arm (forearm)?

When it comes to anatomy, we rely on certain foregone assumptions. That is,

anatomists rely on these assumptions while everyone else is confused by
them. When this article refers to the "arm" as in "brachii" it means the upper
part of the arm. Why? Because in anatomical terms arm means upper arm
and forearm means lower arm. For the legs, it's the opposite. The word leg,
in anatomical terms, means the lower leg and the word thigh means the
upper leg. So your arm is actually only the portion of that appendage from
your elbow to your shoulder and your leg is only the part of that appendage
from your knee down.
7 . Disorders Related to Muscular System

Injuries of the Muscular System

There are several types of possible injuries to the muscular system: sprains,
strains, cramps, spasms, splints, and tendinitis.

Sprains and strains both involve a stretch and/or tear of part of the muscular
system. A sprain is a stretch or tear of a ligament, and a strain is a stretch
or tear of a muscle or tendon. Treatment involves the RICE method: rest, ice,
compression, and elevation. Strains can be especially slow to heal.

A cramp or spasm is a sudden involuntary muscle contraction after over-

activity or due to dehydration. It's treated through rest, drinking water,
stretching, and electrolyte replacement.

Splints (most commonly shin splints) are an injury involving inflammation of

the muscles due to repetitive stress or over-activity, like running. Treatment
includes rest, ice, anti-inflammatory medication, and changes to footwear
and activity intensity.

Tendinitis is the inflammation of the tendon, often because of chronic

damage, though we now know most cases have no such inflammation and
are purely muscle damage. This can happen when an injury is made worse
by not resting or an action is done repeatedly to the point that multiple
injuries occur. Treatments involve pain management and physical therapy to
strengthen muscles.

Diseases & Disorders of the Muscular System

Diseases and disorders of the muscular system include dystrophy,

tendinosis, FMS, mitochondrial myopathy, myasthenia gravis, and tetanus.
Muscular dystrophy is a group of diseases that weaken the muscular
system and make it harder to move. The diseases are usually progressive -
they get worse over time - and affect proteins causing the death of muscle
cells.

Tendinosis is a degenerative disease that causes tendons to break down

and form scar tissue when the tendons are no longer able to repair
themselves after an injury. There are many commonly used treatments, but
they're not very effective.

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is basically widespread chronic pain. It is

often resistant to treatment and so the focus is usually on learning how to
live with the issue.

Mitochondrial myopathy is a defect in how ATP is produced in

mitochondria. It makes it hard for the mitochondria to produce energy from
your food, which causes muscle cells to become damaged and feel weak.
Again, we can only treat symptoms and not stop the progression of the
disorder itself.

Myasthenia gravis is where the immune system attacks the junction

between the nerves and muscles, making it hard for your brain to
communicate with the muscles. This also makes muscles feel weak.
Treatments include plasma exchange and various drugs.

Tetanus is a bacterial infection of the muscular system and causes anything

from stiffness and pain to paralysis