Bulletin ofthe Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited ‘Vol 38 Nout Uune 2001) Petroleum Systems in the Indian Sedimentary Basins: Stratigraphic and Geochemical Perspectives Kuldeep Chandra’, D. .N. Raju’, Anil Bhandat and C.S. Mishrat "97/1 Rajendra Nagar, Stet 11, Kaulagah Road, Dehradun -248195 10 Siddhartha Enclave, GMS. Road, Dehradun - 248195 Kaulgarh Road, Debradun-248195 1KDM Insitute of Pewoleum Exploration, ONG “Regional Geoscience Laboratory, ONGC, Fanvel, Nav Mumbal-310221 eS eee ABSTRACT | Byer since the first commercial discovery ‘of petroleum in 1889 and since the establishment of ONGC in the mid fies, the efforts to explore petroleum have remained unabated in India. By the year 1999, ONGC and OIL have discovered commercial hydrocarbons in five sedimentary hasing namely Cambay. Bombay Offshore, Cauvery, Krishna-Godavari and Upper Assam ‘basins. Voluminous geoscientifie studies have been ‘artied out since the early sixties to understand the origin and occurrence of petroleum in these basins. A petroleum system approach has been eveloped in the recent times to deseribe and inerlink all the major component of origin and ‘occurrence aspect of petroleum in a sedimentary basin, A petroleum system has been defined by Demaison and Huizinga (1991) as "A dynamic petroleum generating and concentrating physico- ‘chemical system, functioning in a geologic space and time scale". This definition proposed by them {is our starting point to describe the petroleum systems in Indian petroliferous basins. Eleven ‘major petroleum systems with Lower Tertiary source racks contain main hydrocarbon pools of India's discovered petroleum, These petroleum systems and their locations in space and time are Kaul/Kalo(!) petroleum system in Nerth Cambay Basin are recognised. The Cambay Shale is considered to be the main source rock. The reservoirs range from Younger Cambay ShaleKaai Formation of the Lower Eocene age, through Hazad Member (Anklesvar Formation)/Kadi Formation of the Middle Eocene age to Babaguru Formation of the Lower Miocene age. The Upper Eocene age shales, deposited in relatively deep ‘marine environment, form the regional seal, The source rocks were deposited under marginal marine (brackish hyposaline) to fresh water environment. ‘The main course rock in the Bombay Offshore Basin is the Panna Formation of the Upper Paleocene to the Lower Eocene age. This was deposited under won marine to marginal marine to shallow inner shelf environment. The reservoir rocks include the Panna, Bassein, Mukta ‘and the Bombay formations. The main reservoir in Bombay High is L-I11 (within Bombay Formation) of the (Burdigalian) Lower Miocene ‘age deposited in fluctuating environment between ‘marginal marine (hyposaline to hypersaline) to shallow marine (not exceeding 20m of bathymetry) followed by marine deposition of Bandra Formation which acts as a cap rock. Other seals ey til Meeandine ait hinadin taste anal2 reloum ym nthe a Seienry Haine: Sepia Gershon Pps ‘Scrap Sate an Kudavasa Soe ae at tap rvk Ine Trgucbran the Rand ‘ahcbarine the main reservar is Nail ‘TeeNewiFomaton hea sri he etagecae cpr. mone Dire pokes ex in ach ‘Manarpe ae, Konmogulam Fomadon et ary Femina age ete main soos ok ‘yaocntnes pd Reese mead ‘Not Cotta tae, tink cia Poston se nal Sparceson eeting nce an erste It (GipCcnomana) In asp et She am Goda sb, he Faso Sale of te Paleocene ge deposed in mare ‘ean ee pce ‘he ffibore ares Vana oration of Une ent Olan ne nel ae ‘Tee et one Kops () porcine The opi shale ¢ Meh Upper Eocene ge the ‘omar! marineeniooment an sade within opt Forman. Set Limesone an Ta {he Baral Tjam() poole ye, Te ara ‘fleeces gether wc ck dood ‘am To Baral sands Tp sd ook Athi pele system with te ay Soto area of Ou na tim Mare Sitwardmoreshay Tipe Foran Tasks fats a et ‘mato nd ecto Ftc ge Serine Nr Cay Ba ce Cambayrlazad!) and. Pannacbombast) vem stems ae conned wb of met ‘recta sacal wh p gy _Setcined i dsingt prosonce of chee ‘Gangs tne Cement hero mene ike ‘Camby Bort Ofsre K.Gan Canery ae ery ares orbyarearbn eplrto Seing ‘Seti withrlp ply shaving etal feelrer atin earne= rerRopucrion ver snc the a comer dicovey ‘of petloum in 1989 In India an since the 1 Seti aa4+ arcam ystems inthe adi etinenary Basis: Satigapic nd Geochemical Papin Bombay Ofbae Basin and the olla gas wee ‘Sosovere daring nips on he KG. and the avery bine The ol rodaton as gore om (035 MAT in 1947 1 26685 MOT in 198-9. Voluminous geoscientifc stasis in antnemtsogy and gochey PitSiconeamcaaut gum ttice eens igen eed owe ee ak, Fescrvoie rocks, cap tock, migration an ‘Shalom of pacleum proven peters ine A peocum spt apres has be “relat a tereentinc todeeitetbe geneti {ehaonsipbatwoch an ace source fk amd ‘eligi scimitar, Tinsiaga (191) oar staring point odes the prc syste nan poise ‘hnamic pelea gentaing ard concentrating [Boncoshemes yao, facing ia geloge Bcc and ame wale Magnan and Do 9) Preseed review of the developmen of the Britoleam system concept. They traced the Fitaral deelopment fom Dow ot system (Gon 197) tough Persons peoeam ter, {losi143), emacs generative basin 988), Meisencrs hydrocarbon machine (1980), Une ineenit eomyem 988) A fow published documentation ond ay (1993), Bis ral (1994)- Chand eal (19981996) and STs and Sana (199). In thi raper an attempt has been made fo stabs and deseibe important petroleum ‘Sut the ve commereally proven basins pring he tte xine on tas ee nies. atiaton of Petra Stn A poleum sytem is defined sata sysem tht encompasses atv sourerach and ‘Sate oan eae which ince all ‘Semen poceses tht ae espe ‘cuon accumulation toes ‘Theta system dsr the independe element and rote ht fam he fein ‘rental clement ptole sous rock, ‘Senior sel ackand overburden rock ad [rocesee ne tap formation and gencralion Iigaton and socumaation of pevleum. Thee ‘seta elements and processes mst Ot fica spc so that ose mater ihe ‘ource rock can be convene to a petroleum ‘thre he ect sement and process ocr (ago a Dw, 198), valuton of Petroleum Source Rock Potential Petroleum soures rock poteatials are dtcined ty the gan, quay and thermal ‘Tatu of the anu atr The gua he ‘Signe moter expessed stot oni bon {0c} eon nes sania (Gov) and Trae (1) (obinned ding Resk vat pyrolysis the most populr methods af 9) stro psble thar mis sequence might hve ao generated Iydeabonin the dep pstrtbebn, Tse seauceesren cate one Toa 447C) fd hyrogen inden rng ere 30 f0201 ‘meHOSTOC: Source rock ogo slapd area {nd thermal history with gs Galop Sires sborn in Fi. Is ae not a Keaton get (VRu 020) Rit Fermation ttm) around 10S i Cremer Intisputof betas ian prod in the Cretaceous reservoirs ofthe Kako Sandstone and the Raghsvapuram Shale ‘Kenuausanstone ere pst ins lpna Roghavparam Sale whihactaracap ek ns sdposteina midesttfondson Tee jearton inte oats ae mos pty cert fom Kish Gala formats 0 frp eventand mite rough le ig rset Keisha Golapal-Kankolsptocum System (Fg 14). Cael momen i stint ‘found 92Ma ay show tn Fig 16, which oesponds to VR. Palak Pasaapa () Petroleum Sytem In the Foadapat ae of Ea Ge subbasin, the Palakolla Stale ie of UpperiB 4 mi Pesta atta te LLL it GE a ta fi Hititicnlh lista al Tevet aed io 1H. KG Han pera mW Gala4 Pealeun Sytem the Id Seinen Bass: Statigrphic ma Genco Pepe Chanda ta. as Pabosoneagcanshows fire godsouve rack Vadaparra Shale and Raves Fomatin, The piePdbaagaga Gems pacers een ct oa fF 8G i GiiveterdipecteT mune ncr Soy a he Si . Satine mans rhc ean 1 ieninintiesyscents Getta nen Sewn tema Sareea cegma tere SCATOS, he mene ge ten LO 97 awit hunger ye ROSUCE TOR Own Spach thet ate Mast amin Gi a. | Seana ctiyemet pees anlage ei tn E seminar Sree mye wd ha Geter tenctettgsacer Somnath nig A Lt sourverecklogindeatesthepresnce of ery lean and pas gencraton om he Vedgee at ‘ypeorgricmaterin Pasa Formon alo, ercomed Matury tas! on vitae ecence Subsidence diagram (Fg. nuggets that Was evaaed employing Seon sa Dons seneraton tend (VRO 0.5%) of Palaklla ode (190) Far Vala Shae eee shales occured around 42Ma during Middle theaeld (GT eccrattrng tose Mee oxen (23M), Theentea momen 2M ca ‘onesies matured (VR 070%) For Toe Pesutuoud Formation bof mer the oct 26M the Vaden oie hee agcandeowissofakenstinofsanowe coticul geneatedoll an pi The yn ‘ae with ocsionl limestone bes the hydrocarbon accumulated in Ravvs eds of in servos. war depois canal Upperide Mion and Biseoe reno, ions yo Mimofpalcobatymey gt). Pet), (Goshenical suis suggest hat Hydrocaoan ‘evepmsily mips ge vel ul The Rave eservois were deposited in {othe reservoir sk. Ths in hs par ofthe geological evens rng sca kvl fesse oes I Gineeceeramteess Seve cmedictemmien tet ' | | Sai Fb Pusupit)'s the mn hey Shaman pee ee ae Beka sae nce he merengue Shana a kaa 5 EF shleor Fay Fomstonhianpell (BE) Te heat ast | J Untitacnrainges pst anpandonan i rune eae emao og | i Mctning innr sai environmen Creal whe shallow marine seiner en | f ‘moment is estimated around 18Ma which predominanily Ammonia and maxims Nooding : $ Senet, ateman coma Ung npc g i tnd en wee doer n Rave a 4 Yedaarrtavva()Parokam System Shean iisispans oaks a t : ‘hore ent wits | ; i Pekonsciedisieatinteotine Sheskeelchngsrae conan {alin man sent of Arar In See ase crate 8 3 ‘he Ravva sub-tasin potential soure rocks areal (1987). .Pele System inthe Inia Sedimentary Basen: Siaphicand Gehl Pespctivs swag piePiaaed Besestese pote ysomsinthe KG. ‘ng, Peon pool sem hs ‘evap hich cn dsenbed. Inthe Mandpet ar fas Ga ah ac te Koreopude armston as ry ood ‘Ssfrmation rence in mt oe wl. ‘eons aermston fn ihe es. ‘Avene Cabelas oy tecnanigmd this Formation ad safe to have bese deposed in fail reine The TOC ranges etme. tos (veape wound) and S°2 Img hysocrbon per ram of rack. sry this ‘SPatnce inated ae fimstanion P ‘Sbies16C inte ects (VR) sin the fang of 1010 1.39 in the cpr prof the {abn Dept high atari eens Ide (1) very tow (008 to iS). The cme the Konmeguse Foran i oa tearing un Stusece gr of Sanda “scawh ine Vsdepinalong with pogresion of ‘may ofthe Konusule Farmaton shown InP Gencaion etd wnch equa ‘Vo 0.6%, occured dng Cruces peed (Ghia) Source log (9.23) aan te Ise of TOC rch seunce in Raghaapuran Fomaton also but is ysrcaton generation eke ery por rotund see ie opi mar. Comme quaits of minty scons Jodiearons hve bea odin the Mandap Sinn Tee ge Crea 08. ‘Theiss ar of hal erg. Gat 0 and sous eat corel nite tht generate evan te Nando ‘amtones were genre fort Rermngo Formation (Samana et a1994) and posbly aged hough that tesco ok tel moment uate VO 03%) nad wear NaS he Keno Manthey peta scm |atheMandpaires The lal sotvareped ys (red beds) asta the cap rock inthis petolcunaptee ASSAM SHELF ‘The Assam She san terme asa tnd the soaker pongo te Pinar sie). The sel es ors 8 jor portion ofthe preset river wales of Braap and Dhan between he wid mouse fedcep ofthe Hinalyan ft the ‘oth an the Schoen Blof th Na ot Ili the sot) an sous ithe ssond Ingots tnd ygcaton proesing bs ‘out 7.00 of sdimets aging ino om Feo Cakoriferoe to Recent. The geoloy yestontenvrooment, several spe ad Inniocarbon pope av ee eens dt by Mathur and Evans (1968), Raju (1968), Dasgupta (1977), Marty (1943), Abed 11(1983), Kumar (1993) and Despande (1987) Tain omc and rte oe ‘wihin Cenozoic The generalize stati of ‘betaine piven Fig 24, Esme neous ‘oft we of HHO MMT go gn ‘Dates ool aisles the [rose oftwo main ptcum stm ue Kopi pois spt and Baral) pleut nth bin, Kopi) Petetewn Systeme ‘Kopi omatoe re pon ee ks Inthe ase ates of ONGC Skt Formation > bse ond tote pr petal ugha te tsi average TOC around 1) Th fron wnat deposited under tallow open marine acne ive bean eons aso ofthe souce rocks in the Upper Assim Rain, The einen°° Peleam ystems ne adn Sede Rass: Srggic a Cee Mil bial hl bi tala deat iam = rderatanane till [itdina Nein Lisa ties ti LI Ai Hahhas been established. Here, the upper part of Langpar Formation and lower part ofthe Lakadong Member of Sylhet Formation indicated as source as well as reservoir. Geological time scale, hiochrano- stratigraphy, petroleum systems, sea level fluctuations and their relationship with hydrocarbon occurrence during Cretaceous to Cenozoic strata of the five commercially proven basins of India is summarised in Fig. 27, CONCLUSIONS © _Bleven majorpetroleum systems ranging in age from Cretaceous to Cenozoic have been identified in the Indian sedimentary basins. © Most of the petroleum source rocks were deposited under marginal marine environment. These source rocks contain dominantly type III organic matter with 20 10.40% type Il kerogen which has generated oil and gas in commercial quantities. © Hydrocarbon entrapment is mainly in the clastic reservoirs except Bombay Offshore Basin. 38 Petroleum Systems in the Indian Sedimentary Basins: Stratigraphic and Geochemical Perspectives poor. These need to be studied in details for their hydrocarbon generativa putential and their contribution towards hydrocar’sn ‘accumulations. The Permo-Carborievous source rock system in K.G. Bas.n and Paleocene-Early Eocene system in the Upper Assam Basin are such cases. Petrolcum system approach should be extended to other less proven basins to reduce the exploration sish, © The study ofthe petwoteunt system not only reduces the exploration risk but also helps in conversion uf resources into the proven reserves by selecting petroleum systems which have volumetrically significant ‘generative basins, "ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, The authors are thankful to ONGC ‘management for giving permission to present this paper inthe 12th IGC at Udaipur. They are thankfal to their colleagues Dr. V. Banerjie and Dr. 5.N. ‘Swamy for reviewing the manuscript. The authors are also thankful to Shri A. Banerjee, Shri S. Pahari and Shri A.K. Jain for extending help during