Naval Architecture I

Dr.Ahmed M H Elhewy
Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Department
2008
 Time Table : 2 Lectures / week
-Tuesday: 10:10 -11:50
-Wednesday: 10:10 -11:50

Course total Marks (150)

-Final Exam (90)
-Term work (60) = 30 Midterm
30 Term work

1
 Course Contents
Ship Types and Hull forms
Transverse stability at small and large angles
Longitudinal stability and trim
Stability when grounded
Horsepower and hull resistance
IMO regulations
2
 1 Ship Types

3
 Classification of Ship by Usage

Merchant Ship

Naval & Coast Guard Vessel

Recreational Vessel

Utility Tugs

Research & Environmental Ship

Ferries
3
 Classification of Ship by Support Type
Aerostatic Support
- ACV (Air Cushion Vehicles)
- SES (Captured Air Bubble)

Hydrodynamic Support
- Hydrofoil
- HYSWAS (HYdrodynamic Small Waterplane Area Ship)
- Planning Hull

Hydrostatic Support
- Conventional Ship
- Catamaran
- SWATH (Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull)
- Deep Displacement
Submarine

4 - Submarine
- AUV/ROV
 Aerostatic Support
- Supported by cushion of air generated by a fan.
- ACV (Air Cushion Vehicle)
hull material : rubber
propeller : placed on the deck
amphibious operation
- SES (Surface Effect Ship)
side hull : rigid wall(steel or FRP)
bow : skirt
propulsion system : placed under the water
water jet propulsion
supercavitating propeller
5 not amphibious operation
6 Air Cushion Vehicle
SES Ferry

NYC SES
Fireboat

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 250 SES Ferry
8
 Hydrodynamic Support
Planning Hull
- supported by the hydrodynamic pressure developed
under the hull at high speed
- V or flat type shape
- commonly used in pleasure boat, patrol boat,
missile boat, racing boat

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10
 Hydrodynamic Support
Hydrofoil Ship
- supported by a hydrofoil, like wing on an aircraft
- fully submerged hydrofoil ship
- surface piercing hydrofoil ship

Hydrofoil Ferry

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 Hydrostatic Support
Displacement ship
- conventional type of ship
- carries high payload
- low speed
SWATH
- small water plane area twin hull (SWATH)
- low wave-making resistance
- excellent roll stability
- large open deck
- disadvantage : deep draft and cost
Catamaran/Trimaran
- twin hull
12 - other characteristics are similar to the SWATH
Submarine
13 SWATH vessel
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15
16
 Archimedes Principle
Law: a body floating or submerged in a fluid
is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of
the water it displaces
Depth to which ship sinks depends on density
of water (r = 1 ton/35ft3 seawater)

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 Ship sinks until weight of water displaced by
the underwater volume is equal to the weight
of the ship
Forces of gravity: G = mshipg =Wship
Forces of buoyancy: B = rwaterVdisplaced
Wship = rwaterVdisplaced

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 A FLOATING BODY DISPLACES A VOLUME
OF WATER EQUAL IN WEIGHT TO THE
WEIGHT OF THE BODY.

00

19 DISPLACEMENT
G

00

DISPLACEMENT
G

04

DISPLACEMENT
G

09

DISPLACEMENT
G
B

16

DISPLACEMENT
G
B

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DISPLACEMENT
 Center of Gravity (G): all gravity forces as
one force acting downward through ships
geometric center

Center of Buoyancy (B): all buoyancy forces

as one force acting upward through
underwater geometric center

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21
 Definition
1- Perpendiculars
Imaginary lines perpendicular to the base line or plane (and the
water line)
On the ship there is a :
- Forward Perpendicular (Fpp or Fp)
This is the line crosses the intersection of the water line and the
front of the stem
-Aft Perpendicular (App or Ap)
This line usually aligns the centre line of the rudder stock. This
is the imaginary line around which the rudder rotates.
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 2. Waterlines
The waterline of a ship lying in the water. There are different
waterlines (i.e load-lines) for different loading conditions, such
as:
- Light waterline
The waterline of a ship carrying only her regular inventory.
- Fully loaded waterline
The waterline of maximum load draft in sea water.
- Construction (Scantling) waterline (CWL)
The waterline used as the limit to which the various structural
components are designed.
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 3- Plimsoll Mark (freeboard mark)
The freeboard mark is a symbol indicating the maximal
immersion of the ship in the water, leaving a minimal
freeboard for safety.

The mark consists of a circle

with a diameter of 300 mm,
through which a horizontal
lines is drawn with its upper
edge going through the centre
of the circle.

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This level indicates the minimal freeboard in salt water summer
conditions. Beside this circle the loadline mark consists of a number of
horizontal lines indicating the minimal freeboard required for other than
summer conditions.
All freeboard lines are 25 mm wide and are connected by a vertical line.

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The freeboard mark is placed
midships on each side of the ship.
The minimal operating freeboard
depends on:
-Ships position at sea
-The time of year (summer, winter,
etc,.._

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 4- Deck Line
In general this is the extended line from the upper side of the
freeboard deck at the ships side.
The deck line is placed above the Plimsoll mark so that the
freeboard can be easily monitored by the ships crew or other
interested parties

5- Permanent marks on the ships hull

It is very important the draft marks can be accurately read
as easily as possible.

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1. Draft to portside fore :
53.8 dm

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 2. Draft to portside fore:
5.17 meters

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3. Draft on the stern is given in
meters and feet: 9.36 m = 30 7

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4. Draft to starboard aft: 9.35
meters

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5- Draft midships: 7.00 meters

6- Deck line

7. Plimsoll mark

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 Dimensions

FP Forward Perpendicular

35 AP After Perpendicular
WL Waterline
 WL Waterline
36 CL Centreline
1- Length over all LOA
It is the overall length of the vessel, i.e the horizontal distance over the
extremities from stem to stern

2- Length between perpendicular LPP

It is the horizontal distance between the FP and AP

3- Length waterline LWL

Horizontal distance between the fore and aft when the ship is loaded at
the summer mark, less the shell.
4- Breadth over all BOA
The maximum breadth of the ship as measured from the
outer hull on the starboard to the outer hull on port side,
including rubbing bars, permanent fenders.
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4- Breadth or beam BMLD
The greatest moulded breadth, measured from side to side at the
outside of the frames, but inside the shell
5- Depth D
The vertical distance between the base line and the upper continuous
deck and is measured at the half Lpp at the side of the ship

6- Draft Forward (TFWD)

Vertical distance between the waterline and the underside of the
keel, as measured at the forward perpendicular
6- Draft at the stern (TAF)
Vertical distance between the waterline and the underside of the
38 keel, as measured at the after perpendicular
7- Freeboard
The distance between the waterline and the top of the deck at the side ( at
the deck line). The term summer freeboard means the distance from the
top of the summer loadline and the upper edge of the deck line
8- Air draft
The vertical distance between the waterline and the highest point of the
ship. The air draft is measured from the summer mark.
Sheer
This is the upward rise of the ships deck from mid length towards the
bow and stern. The sheer gives the vessel extra buoyancy at the stem
and stern
Camber

39 The transverse curvature of the weather deck. The curvature

helps to ensure sufficient drainage of any water on deck
Base line
Top of the flat keelplace
Keel (K)
Inter section of the base line and the center line plane

Beam: B Camber

WL Freeboard

Depth: D

Draft: T

40 CL
K
 Flare Tumble Home

Flare : outward curvature of ships hull surface above the waterline

Tumble Home : opposite of flare

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Positions of the ship

List
Heeling to one side about the fore and aft axis

42 Heel to port side

Trim (t)
The difference between the draft at the stern and the draft at the stem i.e
the trim fore (tF) + the trim aft (tA)
On an even keel,
keel in proper trim
The draft of the stern equals the draft of the stem

Trim by head TF more than TA

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 Trim by stern TA more than TF

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Volumes and weights

Register ton (RT)

To determine the size of a ship the RT is used. It is based on
45 volume where one register ton equals 100 cubic feet or 2.83
m3
Gross Register Tonnage
The Gross Register Tonnage (GRT or GT) usually called Gross Tonnage,
is calculated using a formula that takes into account the ships volume in
cubic meters below the main deck and the enclosed spaces above the
main deck
Net Register Tonnage
The Net Register Tonnage is also a non-dimensional number that
describes the volume of the cargo space. The NT is derived from the
GT by subtracting the volume of space occupied by:
- crew
- Navigation equipment
-The propulsion equipment
- work stations
43 - Ballast
Volume of Displacement V m3
The displacement is the volume of the part of the ship below the
waterline including the shell plating, propeller and rudder
Displacement ton
The displacement is the weight of the volume of water displaced by the
ship

Lightship weight (ton)

This is the weight of the ship including the regular inventory
but without any cargo, fuel or crew. The regular inventory
includes: anchors. Life-saving equipment, lubricating oil,
44 paint
Deadweight (ton)
This is the weight of the a ship can take on until the maximal allowable
immersion is reached. This is a fixed value, unique to each ship.

Cargo Capacity (t)

This is the total weight of cargo a ship is designed to carry at a
given time.

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Hull Form Coefficients
Line coefficients define the characteristics of the vessels shape at and
below the waterline. This makes it possible to get an impression of the
shape of the underwater body of a ship without extensive use of any
data.
1- Block Coefficient, Coefficient of fineness CB
The block coefficient gives the ratio of the volume of the underwater
body (V) and the rectangular block bounded by LPP, BMLD and draft (T).
The vessel with a small block coefficient is reoffered to as fine.

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 2- Waterline coefficient CW
The waterline coefficient gives the ratio of the area of the waterline (Aw)
and the rectangular plane bounded by LPP, BMLD.

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