UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

PROCESS ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(CPE453)

NAME : NURUL AIN BINTI ZULKIFLEE

STUDENT ID : 2013452866
GROUP :4
EXPERIMENT : PROPERTIES MEASUREMENT/ PVT
DATE PERFORMED : 26TH NOVEMBER 2014
SEMESTER :3
PROGRAMME/ CODE : EH2213A / CPE453
SUBMIT TO : ENCIK RUSMI BIN ALIAS
No Allocated Marks
Title Marks
. (%)
1 Abstract/Summary 5
2 Introduction 10
3 Aims 5
4 Theory 10
5 Apparatus 5
6 Methodology/Procedure 10
7 Results 10
8 Calculations 10
9 Discussion 20
10 Conclusion 5
11 Recommendations 5
12 Reference / Appendix 5
TOTAL MARKS 100

Remarks:

Checked by:

---------------------------

Date:

ABSTRACT
This experiment involving a perfect gas or ideal gas has seven experiments. An
equipment has been used which called Perfect Gas Expansion Apparatus in
order to determine the properties of measurement and study the relationship
between ideal gas and various factor that can propose an understanding of first
and second law of thermodynamics. The objectives of this experiment
successfully achieved. Boyles and Gay-Lussacs law was proven in this
experiment when the ideal gas obeys the law. The volume ratio and heat
capacity were also determined. The experiment was successful.

INTRODUCTION

The Perfect Gas Expansion Apparatus (Model TH11) is a sufficient bench top
unit designed in order to expose the student and familiar with the fundamental
thermodynamic processes. This experiment is more likely safe and convenient
to demonstrate thermodynamic properties. The apparatus have two vessels,
one is for pressurized chamber and the other one is for vacuum chamber. This
apparatus is also equipped with pressurized pump and vacuum pump and
several valves which can connect between chambers and also to the
surrounding. The chamber is made from glass that can withstand maximum
pressure of apparatus can operate. The apparatus also equipped with
temperature and pressure sensors for both tanks which can be read on the
board. These sensors used to monitor and manipulate the pressure and
temperature. The board displays the temperature and pressure in a digital
indicator that dealt with the PVT laws. Gas particles in the chamber collide with
each other and the walls which transfer momentum in each collision. The gas
pressure is equal to the momentum delivered to the wall per unit time. A single
particles moves arbitrarily along some direction until it strikes back and forth
with wall and change direction and speeds. Equations are derived directly from
the law of conservation of linear motion of conservation of energy.

2
AIMS

1. Experiment 1
To determine the relationship between pressure and volume of an ideal
gas and to compare the experimental results with theoretical results.

2. Experiment 2
To determine the relationship between pressure and the temperature of
an ideal gas.

3. Experiment 3
To demonstrate the isentropic expansion process.

4. Experiment 4
To study the response of the pressurized vessel following stepwise
depressurization.

5. Experiment 5
To study the response of the pressurized vessel following a brief
depressurization.

6. Experiment 6
To determine the ratio of volume and compares it to the theoretical
value.

7. Experiment 7
To determine the ratio heat capacity.

3
THEORY

1. Perfect Gas

Theories of perfect gas can be divided into three which is Charless law,
Boyles law and Gay-Lussacs law. Perfect gas is same with ideal gas
where there is none attractive forces exist in the ideal gas. Since perfect
gas is an ideal gas, they collide between atoms or molecules elastically
with no intermolecular attractive forces. Some assumption has been
respect to kinetic theory of ideal gas which is the gasses is made up of
molecules that always move in a constant straight line. An equation had
been introduced in 1662 where it has been named as ideal gas equation
of state:
T
P=R ( )
V

The subscript R refers to gas constant where different gas would have
different value of R. Any gas that obeys this law is called an ideal gas.
The equation also can be written as:
PV =mRT

The properties of ideal gas at two different states are related to each
other as long as they have one constant property throughout the
experiment where:

P1 V 1 P2 V 2
=
T1 T2

4
2. Boyles Law

The behaviour of real gas using parameter of pressure, temperature and

volume is considered at low density. Ideal gas also obeys the law of
Boyles, Charless and Gay-Lussacs. Boyles law describe the relationship
between the pressure and the volume of a gas. This law works when the
pressure increases inversely with the volume of gas where the
temperature held constant along the process. The gas inside a system is
loosely packed and moves randomly. If the volume is reduce, then the
pressure become high as the molecules having less space to move, to hit
the wall of container more frequently. The mathematical equation for
Boyles law is:
PV =k

P1 V 1=P 2 V 2

Figure 1: Graph of Boyles Law

5
3. Charless Law

Second law is Charless Law which involves with the effect of heat on the
expansion of gases. The pressure will remain constant throughout the
process and the volume of gas will go directly proportional to the
absolute temperature. The moving molecules increase their speed and
hit the wall more frequently as the temperature getting higher because
the temperature transfer the heat of energy into the molecule. Thus, as
the speed increase and the frequency of collision increase, the volume of
the container also increases. Therefore the equation of Charless law
simply shows below where the k is a constant. The temperature must be
calculated in Kelvin unit. If the constant value of k is not known then, the
equation is derived as follow:

V
=k
T

V1 V2
=
T 1 T2

The relationship of volume and temperature of Charless law describe in a

graph as follow:

6
Figure 2: Graph of Charless Law

7
4. Gay-Lussacs Law

The third law involving ideal gas is Gay-Lussacs law where the volume of
the system becomes constant throughout the process. This law stated
that the pressure and temperature are in direct relation. That means as
the pressure increase, the temperature also increase. Temperature is a
parameter for kinetic energy, as the temperature increase, the kinetic
energy also increase, therefore the frequency of collision also increase
which causing the pressure to be increase with the constant volume. The
equation below can prove the relationship between pressure and
temperature in a particular system with constant volume.

P
=k
T

P 1 P2
=
T1 T 2

Graph below show the relationship of temperature and pressure in the

Gay-Lussacs law with constant volume. The conclusion is that the
pressure directly proportional to the temperature.

8
Figure 3: Graph of Gay-Lussacs Law

9
5. Isentropic Expansion Process Theory
In thermodynamics, an isentropic process or can be called isentropic
process is a process takes place from initiation to completion without an
increase or decrease in the entropy of the system. The entropy of the
system remains in constant. Entropy is a type of energy (like heat, work,
and enthalpy) and by definition energy which is lost in a process which is
characterized by:

S=0

S 1=S2

If a process is both reversible and adiabatic, then it is an isentropic

process. An isentropic process is an idealization of an actual process, and
serves as a limiting case for an actual process. For adiabatic, there is no
transfer of heat energy.

6. First law of thermodynamics

Based on first law of thermodynamics statement, energy can be neither

created nor destroyed but it can only change in the form of energy. For
example the change of energy of lamp, from electric energy converts to
light and heat energy. Therefore, the conservation of energy principle
introduced as the net change in the total energy of the system equivalent
to the difference in the total energy enter the system and total energy
leaving the system.

E Eout = E system

10
 That equation also referred as energy balance equation that applicable to
any kind system any kind of process. Since the energy has numerous
form such as internal, kinetic, potential, electrical and magnetic and their
sum constitutes the total energy of the system. Simple compressible
system has the following equation which the change in the total energy
of a system is the sum of the changes in its internal, kinetic, potential
energy can be expressed as:

E= U + KE+ PE

Where;

U =m ( u 2u1 )
Internal energy,

1 2 2
KE= m ( v 2v 1 )
Kinetic energy, 2

PE=mg ( z 2z 1 )
Potential energy,

Energy can be transfer in or out of a system in three forms such as heat,

work and mass flow. As there is one of any three form cross the boundary
of an open system, it can be concluded as energy gained or lost during a
process. In a closed system, there is only two form can pass through the
boundary which can change the energy which are heat and work.
Temperature difference in a system with its surrounding is not an energy
interaction. Work interactions refer as rising piston and rotating shaft.
Commonly sense when the work transfers into the system, the energy of
the system increase and vice versa. As mass transfer in the system,
energy also increases as the mass carries energy with it and vice versa.
Equation below represents the concluded energy balance.
11
 mass ,E mass,out
E

E Eout =( Q Q out ) + ( W W out ) +

12
Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a
substance by one degree is a definition of specific heat. There are two
specific heat uses widely which is specific heat at constant volume and

Cp CV
specific heat at constant pressure. value larger than as at

constant pressure system is allowed to expand and the energy must

supplied to system. Specific heat capacity at constant pressure is the
energy required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a substance
by one degree as the pressure remain constant. It can be concluded that

Cv Cp
is related to internal energy and involved enthalpy value

C v= ( uT ) v

Cp= ( Th ) p

Internal energy is a function of temperature only. As the temperature

high, then enthalpy value also big. Then the enthalpy value is
representing the subscript h:

h=u+ Pv

Where it can combine to become:

Pv=RT

h=u+ RT

13
Since R is a constant u=u (T ) , the enthalpy of an ideal gas is also a

function of temperature only, h=h (T ) .

u , h , Cv
Therefore at a given temperature for an ideal gas and

Cp will have fixed values regardless of the specific volume or pressure.

Thus the differential changes in the internal energy and enthalpy of an

ideal gas can expressed as:

du=C v (T )dT

dh=C p(T ) dT

Cp and Cv has special relationships for ideal gas by differentiating

the h=u+ RT to produce dh=du+ RT and by replacing dh by C p dT

and du by C v dT , the equation come out with:

CP
k=
CV

Specific heat capacity also has the constant k by the relation of:

CP
k=
CV

Ratio of volumes using isothermal process can be determined using

isothermal process. One pressurized vessel is allowed to leak slowly into
another vessel of different size. Finally, the pressure will be same for both
vessels. Final pressure in vessel can be calculated by:

14
 ( m1+ m2 ) RT
P|,|f =
( V 1 +V 2 )

Both vessel was placed in room temperature before valve is opened lead
the isothermal process and the initial temperature will be equal to the
final temperature. Deriving:

V 1 P1|,|i
m 1=
RT

V 2 P2|,|i
m 2=
RT

15
 P|,|f
Using these equation, substitute m1 and m2 into equation of and

become:

V 1 P1|,|i V 2 P2|,|i

Pf =
(RT
+
RT ) RT

( V 1+ V 2 )

Rearrange the equation and cancel the RT to give the ratio of the two

volumes:

V 1 ( P2|,|i + Pf )
=
V 2 ( Pf + P 1|,|i )

7. Stepwise Depressurization

Stepwise depressurization is conducted by depressurizing the chamber or

tank step by step slowly or gradually by flowing out the gas which they
would expand at every instant opened and closed in order to identify
gradual changes in pressure and temperature within the contrary
decreases with the expansion.

8. Brief Depressurization
This is similar to stepwise depressurization but reduced in terms of time.
The time interval increased to a few seconds. This is to make sure that,
the effect on the pressure and temperature can be observed which can
be compared later. The graph should be higher gradient.

16
APPARATUS

1. Pressure transmitter
2. Pressure relief valve
3. Temperature sensor
4. Big glass
5. Small glass
6. Vacuum pump
7. Electrode

Figure 4: Perfect Gas Expansion Apparatus

17
PROCEDURE

GENERAL OPERATING PROCEDURES

A. General start-up procedures

1. Equipment was connected to single phase power supply and the
unit was switched on. All valves were fully opened and the pressure
reading on the panel was checked just to make sure the pressure
was at atmospheric pressure.
2. All valves were closed.
3. Pipe from compressive pump connected to pressurized chamber or
the pipe from vacuum pump connected to vacuum chamber.
4. The unit was ready to use.

B. General shut-down procedures

1. Pump was switched and the pump was removed from the chamber.
2. The valve was fully open in order to release out the air inside the
chamber.
3. The switch and power supply was switched off

18
Experiment 1: Boyles Law

A. Condition 1
1. All valves were fully closed.
2. Compressive pump, Tank 1 was filled with air until 150 kPa.
3. The gas was transferred from tank 1 to tank 2 by opening the valve
between tanks. The temperature and pressure was recorded.

B. Condition 2
1. All valves were fully closed.
2. Tank 2 was filled with air until 50 kPa.
3. The gas was then transferred from tank 2 to tank 1 by opening the
valve between tanks.
4. The temperature and pressure was recorded.

C. Condition 3
1. All valves were fully closed.
2. Both tank 1 and tank 2 filled with air until 150 kPa and 50 kPa.
3. The valve between tanks was opened.
4. The pressure and temperature was recorded.

19
Experiment 2: Gay-Lussac Law Experiment

1. All valve was fully closed

2. The hose from compressive pump was connected to pressurize chamber
3. Compressive pump was turned on and the temperature was recorded for
every increment of 10 kPa in the chamber and the pump stopped when
the pressure in tank 1 has achieved 160 kPa.
4. The valve was slightly opened and the pressurized air are allowed to flow
out. The temperature was recorded for every decrement in 10 kPa.
5. The experiment stopped when the pressure in tank 1 has reached
atmospheric pressure that is 101.3 kPa.
6. The experiment repeated for three times in order to get the average
value.
7. A graph of pressure versus temperature was plotted.

Experiment 3: Isentropic Expansion Process

1. All valves were fully closed.

2. Hose was connected from compressive pump to pressurized chamber.
3. Compressive pump was switched on and the chamber was pressurized
until 160 kPa. Pump was switched off and the hose was removed from the
chamber.
4. The pressure was monitored until the reading was stabilized. The
pressure and temperature was recorded.
5. The valve was slightly opened and the air was flow out slowly until
reached the atmospheric pressure.
6. The pressure and temperature reading was recorded after the expansion
process.
7. The isentropic process was discussed.

20
Experiment 4: Stepwise Depressurization

1. All valves were fully closed.

2. Tank 1 was filled with air until 160 kPa and record the data
3. The valve 1 was opened and closed quickly for 5 times.
4. The data was recorded.

Experiment 5: Brief Depressurization

1. All valves were fully closed.

2. Tank 1 was filled with air until 150kPa and the data was recorded.
3. Valve 1 was open for 3 seconds.
4. The data was recorded.

Experiment 6: Determination of Ratio Volume

1. All valves were fully closed.

2. Tank 1 or pressurized tank was filled with air at about 150 kPa.
3. The data was recorded
4. Valve 2 was slightly opened and the data was recorded.
5. The experiment was repeated by passing air from tank 2 to tank 1 and
tank 1 to tank 2 by using the pressure of 150 kPa for tank 1 and 50 kPa
for tank 2.

Experiment 7: Determination of Ration of Heat Capacity

1. General start-up was done and the valve was fully closed.
2. The hose from the compressive pump was connected to the pressurized
chamber.
3. Compressive pump was switched on and the chamber was pressurized
until 160 kPa. Then, the pump was switched off and the hose was
removed from the chamber.
4. The pressure and temperature was recorded.
5. The valve one was fully open and closed after few seconds. The pressure
and temperature was monitored and recorded right after the reading was
stabilized
6. The ratio of heat capacity and the theoretical value was compared
RESULTS

Experiment 1: Boyles Law

1 Condition 1
21
 Before expansion After expansion
PT 1 (kPa abs) 148.8 133.4
PT 2 (kPa abs) 102.4 132.6

2 Condition 2
Before expansion After expansion
PT 1 (kPa abs) 106.6 90.3
PT 2 (kPa abs) 56.3 59.2

3 Condition 3
Before expansion After expansion
PT 1 (kPa abs) 150.8 119.0
PT 2 (kPa abs) 55.6 118.3

22
Experiment 2: Gay-Lussac Law Experiment

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Average
Pressure
Temperature (oC) Temperature (oC) Temperature (oC) temperature
(kPa abs)
(oC)
Pressurise Depressurise Pressurise Depressurise Pressurise Depressurise
vessel vessel vessel vessel vessel vessel
110 26.2 25.2 25.2 25.7 25.6 26.2 25.7
120 26.5 25.4 25.6 26.2 25.8 27.2 26.1
130 27.1 25.7 26.3 27.2 26.6 28.2 26.9
140 28.1 26.8 27.2 28.6 27.6 29.2 27.8
150 29.0 26.2 28.3 29.8 28.6 30.1 28.7
160 29.9 27.7 29.1 30.3 29.8 31.0 29.6

Experiment 3: Isentropic Expansion Process

Before expansion After expansion

PT 1 (kPa abs) 157.5 103.1
TT 1 (oC) 30.4 27.5

Experiment 4: Stepwise Depressurization

Pressure (kPa abs)

Initial After first expansion After second expansion After third expansion
159.9 135.4 106.0 102.1

23
135.5 106.1 102.2
135.6 106.2 102.3
135.7 106.3 102.4
135.8 106.4 102.5
135.9 106.5 102.6
136.1 106.6 102.7
136.2 106.7 102.8
136.3 106.8 102.9
136.4 106.9 103.0
136.5 107.0 103.1
136.6 107.1 103.2
136.7 107.2 103.3
136.8 107.3 103.4
136.9 107.4 103.4
137.0 107.5
137.1 107.6
137.2 107.7
137.3 107.8
137.4 107.9
137.5 108.0
137.6 108.1
137.6 108.2
108.3
108.4
108.5
108.6
108.7
108.8
108.9
109.0
109.1

24
 109.2
109.3
109.4
109.5
109.6
109.7
109.8
109.9
110.0
110.1
110.2
110.3
110.4
110.4

25
Experiment 5: Brief Depressurization

PT 1 (kPa abs)
Initial After brief expansion
162.5 122.5
122.6
122.7
122.8
122.9
123.0
123.1
123.2
123.3
123.4
123.5
123.6
123.7
123.8
123.9
124.0
124.1
124.2
124.3
124.4
124.5
124.6
124.7
124.8
124.9
125.0

26
 125.1
125.2
125.3
125.4
125.5
125.6
125.7
125.8
125.9
126.0
126.1
126.2
126.3
126.4
126.5
126.6
126.7
126.8
126.9
127.0
127.1
127.2

27
Experiment 6: Determination of Ratio Volume

1 Condition 1
PT 1 (kPa abs) PT 2 (kPa abs)
Before expansion 145.4 102.2
After expansion 130.8 129.8

2 Condition 2
PT 1 (kPa abs) PT 2 (kPa abs)
Before expansion 106.5 56.4
After expansion 90.3 89.4

3 Condition 3
PT 1 (kPa abs) PT 2 (kPa abs)
Before expansion 150.5 56.6
After expansion 117.9 116.9

Experiment 7: Determination of Ration of Heat Capacity

Initial Intermediate Final

PT 1 (kPa abs) 158.5 103.2 109.1
TT 1 (oC) 30.8 29.7 27.7

28
29
CALCULATIONS

Experiment 1: Boyles Law

1 Condition 1
V 1=0.025 m3

V 2=0.01237 m3

By using Boyle s law

P1 V 1=P 2 V 2

( P1 V 1 + P2 V 2 )before =( P1 V 1 + P2 V 2 )after
( 148.8 0.025 ) + ( 102.4 0.01237 )=( 133.4 0.025 ) + ( 132.6 0.01237 )
4.986688=4.975262
The difference is only 0.011426, therefore the Boyles Law is verified.

2 Condition 2
V 1=0.025 m3

V 2=0.01237 m3

By using Boyle s law

P1 V 1=P 2 V 2

30
 ( P1 V 1 + P2 V 2 )before =( P1 V 1 + P2 V 2 )after
( 106.6 0.025 ) + ( 56.3 0.01237 )=( 90.3 0.025 )+ (59.2 0.01237 )
3.361431=2.98904

The difference is only 0.372391, therefore the Boyles Law is verified.

31
3 Condition 3
3
V 1=0.025 m

V 2=0.01237 m3

By using Boyle s law

P1 V 1=P 2 V 2

( P1 V 1 + P2 V 2 )before =( P1 V 1 + P2 V 2 )after
( 150.8 0.025 ) + ( 55.6 0.01237 )=( 119.0 0.025 )+ ( 118.30.01237 )
4.457772=4.438371
The difference is only 0.019401, therefore the Boyles Law is verified.

32
Experiment 2: Gay-Lussac Law Experiment

Pressure (kPa abs) Average Temperature (oC)

110 25.7
120 26.1
130 26.9
140 27.8
150 28.7
160 29.6

Pressure against Temperature

180
160
140
120
100
Pressure (kPa abs) 80
60
40
20
0
25.7 26.1 26.9 27.8 28.7 29.6

Temperature (oC)

Figure 5: Graph of Pressure against Temperature

33
Since the pressure is directly proportional to temperature in the figure above. Hence, the Gay-Lussacs Law is
verified.

34
Experiment 3: Isentropic Expansion Process

For isentropic process,

k 1

=
[ ]
T 2 P2
T 1 P1
k

k = 1.4

0.2857

[
27.5 103.1
=
30.4 157.5 ]
0.905 = 0.886
The difference is 2.14%. The expansion process is proven as isentropic.

Experiment 4: Stepwise Depressurization

35
Response of Pressurized Vessel Following Stepwise Depressurisation
170

160

150

140
Pressure (kPa)
130

120

110

100

Figure 6: Response of Pressurized Vessel Following Stepwise Depressurisation

36
Experiment 5: Brief Depressurization

Response of Pressurized Vessel Following Brief Depressurisation

170
165
160
155
150
Pressure (kPa) 145
140
135
130
125
120

Figure 5: Response of Pressurized Vessel Following Brief Depressurisation

37
Experiment 6: Determination of Ratio Volume

1 Condition 1
3
V 1=0.025 m

V 2=0.01237 m3

[
V 1 P2,initial P2,final
=
V 2 P1,initial P1,final ]
0.025
=
[
102.2129.8
0.01237 130.8145.4 ]
2.021=1.89 0
The difference in value is 0.131.

2 Condition 2
3
V 1=0.025 m

V 2=0.01237 m3

[
V 1 P2,initial P2,final
=
V 2 P1,initial P1,final ]

38
 0.025
= [
56.489.4
0.01237 90.3106.5 ]
2.021=2.037
The difference in value is 0.016.

39
 3 Condition 3
3
V 1=0.025 m

V 2=0.01237 m3

[
V 1 P2,initial P2,final
=
V 2 P1,initial P1,final ]
0.025
=
[
56.6116.9
0.01237 117.9150.5 ]
2.021=1.850
The difference in value is 0.171.

Experiment 7: Determination of Ration of Heat Capacity

C P ln Piln Pm
=
C V ln Piln P f

C P ln 158.5ln103.2
=
C V ln 158.5ln109.1

CP
=1.149
CV

40
 CP
The ideal k , =1.4
CV

1.41.149
Deviation= 100 =17.93
1.4

41
DISCUSSION

Boyles law stated that the pressure of gas is inversely proportional to the volume of a container. From the results
recorded, some calculation have been made in order to know the difference value between before and after of the
experiment one. For conditions 1, 2 and 3 the value are 0.011426, 0.372391 and 0.019401 respectively. These
values are very small and close with the theoretical value; therefore the Boyless Law are verified. According to the
data tabulated, it can be stated that the pressure and volume is inversely proportional. When the pressure
increases, the volume starts to decrease. This happened because the gas of the same pressure with constant
temperature injected into small and big container which have different volume. The gas molecule in small
container will have less spacious room and will collide to the wall and with each other more often which exert more
pressure.

Gay-Lussacs Law stated that pressure is directly proportional to the temperature which means if the pressure
increases, the temperature also increases with constant volume. Experiment two has been conducted in order to
know the relationship between pressure and temperature. From the data tabulated and graph plotted in figure 5, it
can be concluded that the Gay-Lussacs Law is verified. The same concept applied here, if the temperatures of a
gas in a container increases, the heat energy of the system transfer its energy into the molecule of gas which
actually increase the frequency of collision in that container. Hence, it will exert more pressure.

Isentropic expansion process occurs when the systems are reversible and adiabatic where no heat will be
transferred in or out and no energy transformation occurs. The percentage difference obtained was from calculated
values is 2.14%. It was obtained that both temperature and pressure of the gas before expansion were higher

42
compared to after the expansion. The process is said to be isentropic since there was no change in the entropy
throughout the process.

43
In the stepwise and brief depressurization experiments, the strategy to adopt an equal-time-stepwise
depressurization approach in this study yielded a more reliable result for example in the production sector in
industries. The substance onset pressure is found to be affected by the way of system depressurization (frequency
and time step magnitude) since it has a direct bearing on the stabilization time. (Petrowiki.org)

Ratio volume can be determined by manipulating the equation of Boyles law. Boyles law proposed an equation

V 1 P2
P1 V 1=P 2 V 2 =
and after manipulate the equation ratio volume can be determine by V 2 P1 . This experiment is

tested in three different conditions where first condition the gas is flow from tank 1 to tank 2, while gas flow from
tank 2 to tank 1 in second condition and both were filled with gas in third condition. The theoretical value is 2.021
in this experiment where the percentage differences in condition 1, 2 and 3 are 0.131, 0.016 and 0.171
respectively. There must be environmental factors that affect the stability of pressure and temperature or random
mistake during experiment. Since the percentage error is less than 10%, it can be said that the experiment is
successful.

Determination of ratio of heat capacity using the expression of the heat capacity ratio and it gives the value of
1.149. The theoretical value of this experiment is 1.4. The deviation is equal to 17.93%. The deviation is due to
measurement error. The actual intermediate pressure supposed to be lowered that the measured one.
Unfortunately the error occurs due to heat loss and sensitivity of pressure sensors. Supposed, the intermediate
pressure taken as the lowest pressure at the moment the valve is closed. Since the percentage difference is more
than 10%, the experiment can be declared as failed.

44
45
CONCLUSION

In a nutshell, the experiment was conducted to determine the properties of measurement/PVT according to Boyles
law, Gay-Lussacs law, Isentropic Expansion and Heat Capacity Equation and response of pressurized vessel
following stepwise and brief depressurization experiments. We managed to prove the Boyles law and Gay-Lussacs
law based on their equations. The volume ratio of gas indicates and expresses the dynamics of compression and
expansion of gases. Although there is fail experiment but we managed to fine the reason behind the failure. For
example experiment 7, related to heat capacity ratio, the experiment failed because of the intermediate pressure
not taken after the valve is closed. In conclusion, the experiment is successfully done and the objective of the
experiment is achieved.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Before starting the each experiment, the start-up and shut-down step must be done in order to make sure there is
no gas left in the chamber. Most important thing during recording data, keep an eye on the sensor while monitoring
the board because the parameter can increase and decrease really fast and the procedure must be read
beforehand. Get an average reading by repeating the experiment normally three times in order to reduce amount
of deviation. Handle the valve carefully and do not make mistake by choosing the valve because it will affect the
data. The place where the experiment is conducted must be at stable and no vibration. All the equipment must be
handled carefully in order to avoid explosion because over-pressure in the tank would cause an explosion.

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REFERENCES

1. Charles's Law; Retrieved on November 2014

http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/physics-terms/charles-law-info.htm

2. Charles's Law, (2010); Retrieved on November 2014 from Sparknotes

http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/chemistry/chapter5section8.rhtml

3. Irfan, M. H. (2013); Retrieved on November 2014 from The Perfect Gas Expansion Experiment (TH11) by
Muhammad Haidharul Irfan .

4. Ngagiman, S. F. (2013); Retrieved on November 2014 from Perfect Gas Expansion by Siti Fatimah Ngagiman

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APPENDICES
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