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Yusuf INAR
YKSEK LSANS TEZ
ENERJ SSTEMLER MHENDSL
DANIMAN
Do. Dr. Selim SVROLU
GEBZE
2007
T.C.
GEBZE YKSEK TEKNOLOJ ENSTTS
MHENDSLK VE FEN BLMLER ENSTTS
Yusuf INAR
YKSEK LSANS TEZ
ENERJ SSTEMLER MHENDSL
GEBZE
2007
iv
ZET
SUMMARY
(Field Cooling - FC) or without any magnetic field (Zero Field Cooling - ZFC) in
fifth section.
In ninth section, equations of motion for lateral, vertical, tilt, precision, and
rotating angles are extracted from potential energies obtained in the previous section
using Lagrange function.
In tenth and last section, the result of these researches and the advices for
those who want to study on this topic are given.
TEEKKR
Sayglarmla,
Yusuf nar
ix
NDEKLER DZN
ZET iv
SUMMARY vi
TEEKKR viii
NDEKLER DZN ix
SMGELER VE KISALTMALAR DZN xi
EKLLER DZN xiv
TABLOLAR DZN xvi
1. GR 1
2. SPERLETKENLN TARHSEL GELM 3
3. SPERLETKENLERN SINIFLANDIRILMASI 9
3.1. I. Tr speriletkenler 9
3.2. II. Tr speriletkenler 11
4. SPERLETKENLN TEMEL ZELLKLER 14
4.1. Sfr diren 14
4.2. Meissner etkisi 15
4.3. Ak saplanmas 16
4.4. Kritik akm 17
5. SPERLETKEN MALZEMELERN SOUTULMASI 19
5.1. Manyetik alan iinde soutma (Field Cooled) 19
5.2. Manyetik alansz soutma (Zero Field Cooled) 20
6. SPERLETKEN MANYETK YATAKLAR 23
6.1. Speriletken yatak tipleri 24
6.1.1. Eksenel yataklar 24
6.1.2. Radyal yataklar 25
6.1.3. Evershed-type yatak 26
6.1.4. Karma- YSS yatak 28
6.2. Levitasyon kuvveti 29
6.3. Levitasyon kuvvetini etkileyen faktrler 30
6.4. Mkemmel iletken ve mkemmel diyamanyetik 30
6.5. Histerezis 31
6.6. Kuvvet azalmas 32
7. MODELLEME YNTEMLER 33
7.1. Kritik durum modeli (Critical-State Model) 33
x
KM : Kalc mknats
YSS : Yksek scaklk speriletkeni
DSS : Dk scaklk speriletkeni
T : Scaklk [Kelvin]
Tc : Kritik scaklk [Kelvin]
R : Elektrik Direnci [Ohm]
H : Manyetik alan [Tesla]
Hc : Kritik manyetik alan [Tesla]
Hc(0) : 0 Kdeki kritik manyetik alan [Tesla]
Hc1 : Alt kritik manyetik alan [Tesla]
Hc2 : st kritik manyetik alan [Tesla]
FC : Manyetik alan iinde soutma (Field Cooling)
ZFC : Manyetik alansz soutma (Zero Field Cooling)
Jc : Kritik akm younluu [A/m2]
B : Manyetik ak younluu [Tesla]
0 : Vakum geirgenlii [N/A2]
G
m11 : Birinci dipoln manyetik momenti
G
m12 : kinci dipoln manyetik momenti
katlk [N/m]
k zz ( I ) : 1. ksmn yanal yer deimesi iin z ynndeki katlk [N/m]
di : KMnin i ap [m]
Do : YSSnin d ap [m]
xiii
Di : YSSnin i ap [m]
EKLLER DZN
ekil Sayfa
TABLOLAR DZN
Tablo Sayfa
1. GR
Speriletken malzemeler dier nemli bir zellii kalc bir mknatsla olan
temassz yataklama (levitasyon) zelliidir. ekil 1.1de grld gibi kalc
mknats, speriletkenliin olutuu scakla kadar soutulmu speriletken zerine
getirildiinde hibir temas olmadan kararl ekilde asl kalmaktadr. Eer kalc
mknats yukar, aa veya saa sola doru itilirse KM kendiliinden ilk
pozisyonuna geri gelecektir. Eer daha sert bir ekilde itilirse mknatsn ktle
merkezi, yeni bir denge noktasna kayarak orada kararl bir ekilde havada asl
kalacaktr. Eer kalc mknats (KM) simetrik manyetik alan sahip olan silindir
eklindeyse kolaylkla simetri ekseni etrafnda dnebilir. Byle bir sistem
speriletken manyetik yatan yapmnda kullanlabilir. Birok uygulamada
vakumun iinde ve aktif kontrol gerektirmeden temas olmakszn alabilmesi ve
ok dk dnme direncine sahip olmas gibi avantajlar nedeniyle speriletken
manyetik yataklar kullanlmaktadr. Henz oda scaklnda speriletkenler
2
ekil 1.1. Kalc Mknatsn (KM) bir Yksek Scaklk Speriletkeni (YSS)
zerindeki manyetik levitasyonu (GYTE Deney)
2. SPERLETKENLN TARHSEL
GELM
1962 ylnda ise Brian D. Josephson, speriletkenlik iin nemli bir ngrde
bulunmutur. nce bir yaltkan tabakayla ayrlm iki speriletken arasndan Cooper
iftlerinin tnelleme yaparak bu engeli aabileceini ngrm ve bunu bir yl
iinde kantlamtr. Bu etkiye Josephson etkisi, tasarmndaki yapya da Josephson
balant eleman olarak bilinmektedir. Bugn SQUID (Superconducting QUantum
Interference Device) gibi grntlemede kullanlan pek ok speriletken cihaz bu
etkiye dayanmaktadr.
1988in balarnda gei scakl srayla 110 K ve 125 K olan Bizmut (Bi) ve
Talyum (Tl) esasl bakr oksit speriletken malzemeler bulundu.
Daha sonra 1993 ylnda Civa esasl bakr oksit speriketken malzeme, Prof.
Dr. Ulker Onbasli, A. Schilling, M. Cantoni, J. D. Guo, ve H. R. Ott tarafndan
kefedildi. Artk yeni speriletkenlie gei scakl rekoru 138 K olmutu. Bu rekor
1994 ylnda Dr. Ron Goldfarb tarafndan dorulanmtr.
Son olarak 2006 ylnda kritik gei scakl 150 K civarnda olan yeni bir
speriletken malzeme retilmitir. ekil 2.3 speriletkenliin kefinden gnmze
kadar olan speriletken kritik scakln zamana gre geliimini gstermektedir.
8
3. SPERLETKENLERN
SINIFLANDIRILMASI
3.1. I. Tr Speriletkenler
T 2
H c (T ) H c (0) 1 (3.1)
Tc
Sadece Niyobyum (Nb) saf halde iken II. Tr speriletken olmasna ramen,
metalik bileik ve alamlar genellikle II. Tr speriletkenlerdir. II. tr
speriletkenler teorisi Ginzburg, Landau, Abrikosov ve Gorkov tarafndan
gelitirilmitir.
Tablo 3.2. T=0 K ve normal basn altnda baz II. Tr speriletkenlerin kritik
scakl (Tc) ve st kritik manyetik alan (Hc2) deerleri [19]
Bileik Kritik scaklk, Tc (K) st kritik manyetik alan, Hc2 (0) (T)
NbTi 10.0 15.00
PbMoS 14.4 6.00
V3Ga 14.8 2.10
NbN 15.7 1.50
V3Si 16.9 2.35
13
Baz metallere az miktarda bir alam elementi katlarak I. trden II. tre
deitirmek mmkndr. rnein kuruna yzde 2 orannda indiyum katlrsa gei
scaklnda ok az bir deiiklikle I. trden II. tre getii grlmektedir. Bu kk
miktardaki alam katks kuruunun elektronik yapsn hi deitirmedii halde,
speriletken durumdaki manyetik davrann kkten deitirir [17].
14
4. SPERLETKENLN TEMEL
ZELLKLER
Tablo 4.1. Baz malzemelerin kritik akm younluklar (Jc (A/mm2)) [17]
Malzeme Kritik akm younluu (A/mm2)
Cu 3 5 (300 K)
30 (77 K)
NbTi 5000 (4.2 K, 1 T)
MgB2 230 (25 K, 3 T)
Bi2223 350 (20 K, 3 T)
ReBCO (Re = Y, Nd, Sm, Yb)
nce Film (Thin Film) 500 (77 K, 3 T)
Y123 150 (77 K, 3 T)
19
5. SPERLETKEN MALZEMELERN
SOUTULMASI
ekil 5.1. Bir YSS (yksek scaklk speriletken) malzemenin manyetik alan
iinde soutma durumunda H - T faz diyagram [25]
normal ve Hc2 kark durum arasndaki faz denge snrn belirler. ekil 5.1.de
gsterildii gibi yine A, B, C ve D noktalar ayn durumlar gsterir. Yine A
noktasndan balayarak yine A noktasna geri dnlecektir. lk olarak YSS bloun
durumunu, normal durumda bulunduu Th scaklndan speriletken durumunda
bulunaca Tl scaklna kadar soutulur. Yani YSS blounu, A noktasyla
gsterilen durumdan D noktasyla gsterilen duruma getirilir. D noktasnda manyetik
alan speriletken malzemeye etki etmemektedir ve bu nedenle de speriletken iinde
herhangi bir manyetik alan hapsolmamtr. Bu noktada YSS blou, d manyetik
alann olmad (H=0) Tl scaklnda bulunur. Daha sonra sabit bir Hf manyetik alan
kuvveti etki ettirilir ve YSS blounun durumunu, D noktasndan C noktasna tayan
manyetik alana YSS blounu yerletirilir. Ayn zamanda C noktas ideal
diyamanyetik HTS blounu gsterir. YSS blounu starak ilk durumda bulunduu Tl
scaklna getiririz. Yani bloun durumunu C noktasndan B noktasna tarz. Bu
durumda YSS blou, normal durumda ve iine ak ilemi haldedir. Bu noktada
bulunan YSS blou zerinden manyetik etkiyi kaldrrsak yine bloun durumu A
noktasna geri dnecektir.
Bu yatak tiplerinden ilki ekil 6.1de grlen bir YSS zerinde levite olan
silindirik bir KM (Kalc Mknats)dir. Speriletkenlik uygulamalarnda dnlen
en genel yatak tipidir. Bu YSS yatak dizaynnda YSS sabit olarak tutulurken KM,
YSS zerinde serbeste dnebilmektedir. Bu konfigrasyon tercih edilmesinin
sebepleri, kaynama noktasnda bulunan sv nitrojen iinde YSSyi soutmann
kolaylndan ve levitasyon olaynn manyetik yatakta temel karakteristiklerini
anlamak bakmndan gsterilebilir. KM, YSSnin zerinde olduundan yerekimi
kuvveti KM ve YSS arasndaki katl (stiffness) arttrmaya yardmc olur.
Dier temel yatak tipinde YSS bir tavana sabitlenmitir (ekil 6.2). Silindirik
KM, YSS altnda ve serbeste hareket edebilmektedir. KMin ktlesi aada
kaldndan yerekiminden dolay KM ve YSS arasndaki katlk, ekil 6.2deki
dzenee gre daha azdr. Bu yatak tipi manyetik alansz soutma ile oluturulamaz.
nk manyetik alansz soutma durumunda mknats ve speriletken arasnda
oluan kuvvet her zaman itme kuvvetidir.
Mhendislikte olduka sk kullanm alanna sahip olan dier bir yataklama tipi,
silindir halka eklindeki YSS iinde yatay konumda yerletirilmi silindirik
mknatsn merkez ekseniyle rotasyon ekseninin aktrlmasyla elde edilir. Her iki
utaki mknats tarafndan bir rotor tanmaktadr. zellikle volanlarn (flywheel)
uygulamalarnda ska bu yatak tipi kullanlr.
26
ekil 6.3. Silindir halka eklindeki YSS iinde yatay konumda yerletirilmi
mknats yatak
ekil 6.4. ekici kuvvetin (attractive force) arttrlmasn salayan Evershed tip yatak
ekil 6.4. Evershed tip bir dizayn eklini gstermektedir. Burada levite olan
rotor, bir levitasyon KMsi ierir. Levitasyon KMsinin altnda stabiliteyi salayacak
kk bir KMye bal bir rotor vardr. Rotorun alt ksm kk KMye baldr.
Rotora bal levitasyon KMsi, hemen zerindeki stator KMye doru bir ekme
kuvvetine maruz kalr. Bu sistem radyal ynde statik olarak stabildir ancak dikey
ynde stabil deildir. Levitasyon KM ve stator KM arasndaki boluk yle bir ekilde
ayarlanmtr ki rotor dme eiliminde olduu iin mknats iftleri arasndaki
ekme kuvveti rotorun toplam arlndan daha azdr. Arln geri kalan kararl
KM ve YSS arasndaki etkileim tarafndan karlanr. Kararl KM ve YSS
arasndaki bu etkileim, dikey stabilite iin ve az da olsa radyal stabilite iin katlk
salar [6].
28
Bu dizaynn bir avantaj, rotorun elik gibi byk ekme dayanmna sahip
malzemelerden yaplabilmesidir ve bu durumda rotorun ucundaki maksimum hz,
dnen KM veya YSSnin maksimum hzndan nemli lde daha byk olacaktr.
Bu sistemin ikinci avantaj, KMlerdeki homojensizlikler YSSlerdeki kayplar
etkilemeyecektir. YSSler yaknnda manyetik alan deiiminin balca nedeni,
rotorun radyal salnmlardr. Bugne kadar karma- yatak, Argonne Ulusal
Laboratuarnda test edilen YSS yataklar arasnda en dk rotasyonel kayb
gstermitir [6]. Ayrca bu yatak 10-9 gibi ok dk bir srtnme katsays
gstermitir [28]. Elektromanyetik kuvvet lmleri, karma- yatan dikey kuvvet
karakteristiinin KM-YSS yatan karakteristiinden daha iyi olduunu ve radyal
kuvvet karakteristiinin ise benzer olduunu gsteriyor [29].
F = J B dV (6.1)
F = M . B dV (6.2)
Snrsz bir kritik akm younluu (Jc) deerine sahip olan iletkenler,
mkemmel iletken olarak dnlr. Speriletkenleri bu ekilde ele almak
speriletkenlerin davranlarn idealize etmektir. Mkemmel iletkenin durum
denklemi B / t = 0 eklinde yazlabilir. Mkemmel iletken ayn zamanda
mkemmel diyamanyetiktir. Mkemmel diyamanyetiin durum denklemi B=0
31
7. MODELLEME YNTEMLER
ekil 7.1. Bean modeline gre manyetik alan iinde YSS yzeyinde akm
younluu ve manyetik aknn dalmlar
8. UYGULAMA
G G G G G G
m m 3(m11r )(m12 r )
U = 0 11 3 12 (8.1)
4 r r5
G G
Denklem (8.1)de m11 , KMyi temsil eden dipolun manyetik momenti, m12 ,
G
m11 in diyamanyetik grntsn temsil eden YSS iindeki dipolun manyetik
G
momentidir. r , dipolden uzaydaki noktaya pozisyon vektr, r , dipolden noktaya
uzaklk ve 0 ise vakum geirgenliidir.
ekil 8.2. KM-YSS sisteminin donmu grnt kavramna gre ematik izimi
Basitlik iin KM-YSS sistemi donmu grnt modeline gre ekil 8.2de iki
boyutta izilmitir. Bu durumda y yn ve as (x-y dzlemleri arasndaki dipol
as) gsterilmemitir.
G
m11 = m11 (sin cos x + sin sin y + cos z )
G
m12 = m12 (sin cos x + sin sin y cos z ) (8.2)
G
r = rx x + ry y + rz z
40
( sin 2
cos 2 rx 2 + 2sin 2 sin cos rx ry + sin 2 sin 2 ry 2 cos 2 rz 2 )
0 m11 m12
U dia = sin 2 cos 2 rx 2 + sin 2 cos 2 ry 2 + sin 2 cos 2 rz 2
4 r 5
rx = 0, ry = 0, rz = 2 z
G (8.5)
r = ( 2 z ) z
0 m11 m12
U dia = sin 2 cos 2 rz 2 + sin 2 sin 2 rz 2 + 2 cos 2 rz 2
4 rz 5
(8.6)
m m
= 0 11 12 1 3
4 ( 2 z )
41
G
m11 = m11 (sin cos x + sin sin y + cos z )
G
m12 = m12 (sin cos x + sin sin y + cos z ) (8.7)
G
r = rx x + ry y + rz z
U fro =
4 r3 r5
( sin 2
cos 2 rx 2 + sin 2 sin 2 ry 2 + cos2 rz 2 + 2sin 2 sin cos rx ry (8.8)
+ 2sin cos cos rx rz + 2sin cos cos ry rz )
0 m11 m12 2
U fro = rx ( sin 2 cos 2 + sin 2 sin 2 + cos 2 3sin 2 cos 2 )
4 r
5
rx = x, ry = y, rz = z + h
G (8.10)
r = xx + yy + ( z + h ) z
0 m11 m12 2
x 2 + y 2 3 + ( z + h ) 4 6 xy5 6 x ( z + h ) 6
2
U fro =
4
(8.11)
1
6 y ( z + h ) 7
T 5/ 2
2 = 1 3sin 2 cos 2
3 = 1 3sin 2 sin 2
4 = 1 3cos 2
5 = sin 2 sin cos (8.12)
6 = sin cos cos
7 = sin cos sin
T = x2 + y2 + ( z + h )
2
eklindedir.
43
0 m11 m12
=
4 ( 2 z )
(
1 3 + x 2 2 + y 2 3 + ( z + h ) 4 6 xy5 6 x ( z + h ) 6
2
(8.13)
1
6 y ( z + h ) 7 ) 5 / 2
T
K = 2 U tot x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, = 0, = 0
(8.14)
= 2 (U dia + U fro )
x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, = 0, = 0
2U dia
=0
x 2
2U dia
=0 (8.16)
y 2
2U dia 31
= 5
z 2 2z
eklindedir.
U fro
2
= + + (8.17)
4 x
2
y 2 z 2
2U fro 35 x 4 25 x 2 2 35 x 2 y 2 5 y 2
= 9 / 2 7 / 2 + 5 / 2 2 + 9 / 2 7 / 2 3
x 2 T T T T T
35 x 2 ( z + h )2 5 ( z + h )2 210 x 3 y 90 xy
+ 4 + 9 / 2 + 7 / 2 5
T 9/2 T 7 / 2 T T
(8.18)
210 x3 ( z + h ) 90 x ( z + h )
+ + 6
T 9/2 T 7/2
210 x 2 y ( z + h ) 30 y ( z + h )
+ + 7
T 9/2 T 7/2
45
2U fro 35 x 2 y 2 5 x 2 35 y 4 25 y 2 2
= 9 / 2 7 / 2 2 + 9 / 2 7 / 2 + 5 / 2 3
y 2 T T T T T
35 y 2 ( z + h )2 5 ( z + h )2 210 xy 3 90 xy
+ 4 + 9 / 2 + 7 / 2 5
T 9/2 T 7 / 2 T T
(8.19)
210 xy 2 ( z + h ) 30 x ( z + h )
+ + 6
T 9/2 T 7/2
210 y 3 ( z + h ) 90 y ( z + h )
+ + 7
T 9/2 T 7/2
2U fro 35 x 2 ( z + h )2 5 x 2 35 y 2 ( z + h )2 5 y 2
= 7 / 2 2 + 7 / 2 3
z 2 T 9/2 T T 9/2 T
35 ( z + h )4 25 ( z + h )2 2 210 xy ( z + h )2 30 xy
+ 9/2
+ 5 / 2 4 + + 7 / 2 5
T T 7/2 T T 9/2 T
(8.20)
210 x ( z + h )3 90 x ( z + h )
+ + 6
T 9/2 T 7/2
210 y ( z + h )3 90 y ( z + h )
+ + 7
T 9/2 T 7/2
eklinde elde edilir. Denklem (8.15) (8.20) arasndaki ifadeler Mathematica ile
hesaplanabilir (Ek 2).
x = 0, y = 0, z = z , = , = (8.21)
m m 2U tot
k xx = 0 11 12 2
4 x
(8.22)
m m 2U dia 2U fro
= 0 11 12 +
4 x
2
x 2
0 m11 m12 22 54
k xx = 5
(8.23)
4 ( z + h)
Dikey dzlemdeki katlk (kzz) ise toplam potansiyel enerjinin zye gre 2.
trevidir. (8.21)deki art bu durum iin de kullanlarak dikey katlk elde edilir.
0 m1m2 31 124
k zz = 5+ (8.24)
4 2 z ( z + h)5
47
Balang konumunda dtaki YSS iinde KM, bir tutucu ile tutularak
speriletkenlik durumuna kadar soutulmas salanmtr (ekil 8.4(a)). Manyetik
alan iinde soutma durumunda (FC) iki grnt belirir. Bunlardan biri, donmu
grnt(gri yuvarlak) dieri ise diyamanyetik grnt(ii bo daire)dr. Bu
grntlerin YSS yzeyinden uzaklklar (d) eittir ve YSS iinde ayn noktada
oluur. YSS speriletkenlik durumuna getikten sonra tutucu kaldrlarak levitasyon
salanr. Bu durumda KM arlndan dolay bir miktar () der (ekil 8.4(b)). Bu
durumda donmu grnt ilk durumunda sabit kalrken diyamanyetik grnt KM
iindeki dipol takip eder.
49
(a)
(b)
ekil 8.4. Silindir halka eklinde KM-YSS dikey yatak sisteminin ematik
gsterimi [35]
G G G G G G
m11m12 3(m11r )(m12 r )
U= 0 r 3 (8.25)
4 r5
G G G
Burada m11 , KM dipolnn manyetik momenti ve m12 , YSS iinde m11 in
G
grntsnn oluturduu dipoln manyetik momentini temsil eder. r , dipolden
uzaydaki noktaya pozisyon vektr, r , dipolden noktaya uzaklk ve 0 ise vakum
geirgenliidir. Ynlerden dolay manyetik moment vektrleri farkl olduu iin
KMin dipolnn diyamanyetik grnt ve donmu grnt ile etkileiminden
meydana gelen potansiyel enerjiler ayr ayr hesaplanmaldr.
G
m11 = m11 (sin cos x sin sin y cos z )
G
m12 = m12 (sin cos x + sin sin y cos z ) (8.26)
G
r = rx x ry y + rz z
U dia (I )
=
4 r3 r5 (8.27)
( sin 2
cos 2 rx 2 sin 2 sin 2 ry 2 + cos 2 rz 2 2sin cos cos rx rz )
0 m11 m12
U dia ( I ) = sin 2 cos 2 rx 2 + sin 2 cos 2 ry 2 + sin 2 cos 2 rz 2
4 r 5
rx = 0, ry = 2d y, rz = 0
G (8.29)
r = ( 2d y ) y
0 m11 m12
U dia ( I ) = sin 2 cos 2 ry 2 sin 2 sin 2 ry 2 + cos 2 ry 2 + 3sin 2 sin 2 ry 2
4 ry 5
0 m11m12 8
= 3
(8.30)
4 ( 2d y )
G
m13 = m13 (sin cos x sin sin y cos z )
G (8.31)
r = rx x ry y rz z
U fro (I )
=
4 r3 r5
( sin 2
cos 2 rx 2 + 2sin 2 sin cos rx ry + 2sin cos cos rx rz (8.32)
eklinde olur.
0 m11 m13 2
U fro ( I ) = rx (sin 2 cos 2 + sin 2 sin 2 + cos 2 3sin 2 cos 2 )
4 r 5
+ ry 2 (sin 2 cos 2 + sin 2 sin 2 + cos 2 3sin 2 sin 2 )
+ rz 2 (sin 2 cos 2 + sin 2 sin 2 + cos 2 3cos 2 ) (8.33)
+ rx ry (6sin sin cos ) + rx rz (6sin cos cos )
2
rx = 0, ry = 2d y, rz = z
G (8.34)
r = ( 2d y ) y + zz
m m ( 2d y )2 3 + z 2 4 6 ( 2d y ) z 7
U fro (I )
= 0 11 13 (8.35)
4 L5 / 2
L = ( 2d y ) + z 2
2
(8.36)
0 m11 m12 8 ( 2d + y ) 3 + z 2 4 6 ( 2d + y ) z7
2
(8.38)
U tot ( II )
= +
( 2d + y )
4 3
N 5/ 2
54
2U dia ( I )
=0
x 2
2U dia ( I ) 128
= (8.43)
y ( 2d y )
2 5
2U dia ( I )
=0
z 2
U fro
2 (I )
= 0 11 12 + + (8.44)
4 x 2 y 2 z 2
2U fro ( I )
=0
x 2
2U fro ( I ) 20(2d y ) 2 2 2 35(2d y )
2
5
= + + (2 d y ) 7/2 3
y 2
L7/2
L5/ 2
L9/2
L
35(2d y ) 2 5 60 z (2d y ) 35(2d y ) 2 5
+z2 9/2
7/2 +
4 7/2
6 z (2 d y ) 9/2
7/2 7
L L L L L
2U fro ( I ) 2 35 z
2
5 20 z 2 2 2 35 z
2
5
= ( 2d y ) 9 / 2 7 / 2 +
3 7/2 + + z 9 / 2 7 / 2 4
z 2 L L L L5/ 2
L L
(8.45)
10 z 35 z 2 5
6(2d y ) 7 / 2 + z 9 / 2 7 / 2 7
L L L
Farkl durumlarn katlk deiimini analiz etmek iin KMnin her bir yn
deiimi iin katlk hesaplanmaldr. Model yatay dzlemde simetrik ve homojen
olduu iin x ve y ynlerindeki katlklar eit olacaktr. Yanal yer deitirmeye
karlk yn deerleri u haldedir.
x = 0, y = 2 y , z = 0, = , = (8.46)
2U dia U fro
2
k yy (I )
= +
y 2 y 2
(8.47)
3 m m 3 + 8
= 0 11 12
( 2 d 2 y )5
30 m11 m12 3 + 8
k yy ( II ) = (8.48)
( 2 d + 2 y )5
Son olarak y ynnde yanal yer deitirme iin toplam katlk, bu iki
denklemin toplamdr.
K yy (l ) = k yy ( I ) + k yy ( II ) (8.49)
2U dia U fro
2
k zz (I )
= +
z 2 z 2
(8.50)
m m 24 53
= 0 11 12
4 ( 2d 2 y )5
0 m11 m12 24 53
k zz ( II ) = (8.51)
4 ( 2d + 2 y )5
K zz (l ) = k zz ( I ) + k zz ( II ) (8.52)
x = 0, y = 0, z = z , = , = (8.53)
K yy (V )
= + + +
y 2 y 2 y 2 y 2
0 m11 m12 38 80d 2 2 2 140d
2
5
= 8d 5 + + + 4 d 3 (8.54)
4 S
7/2
S5/ 2 S
9/2
S7/2
140 z 2 d 2 5 z 2 120 zd 140d 2 5
+ 9/2
7/2
4 + 7/2
12 zd 9/2 7/2 7
S S S S S
58
K zz (V )
= + + +
z 2 z 2 z 2 z 2
0 m11 m12 140 z 2 d 2 20d 2 20 z 2 2
= 7 / 2 3 + 7 / 2 + 5 / 2 (8.55)
4 S
9/2
S S S
35 z 2 5 120 zd 35 z 2 5
+ z 2 9/2 7/2
4 + 7/2
12 zd 9/2 7/2 7
S S S S S
do KMnin d ap 30 10-3 m
di KMnin i ap 15 10-3 m
h KMnin ykseklii 5 10-3 m
Do YSSnin d ap 50 10-3 m
Di YSSnin i ap 40 10-3 m
H YSSnin ykseklii 14 10-3 m
59
(a)
(b)
ekil 8.5de grld gibi dikey ynde kk bir katlk deiimi vardr.
Yatay yndeki katlk ise sabittir. Seilen koordinat sistemine gre ters yndeki
KMnin hareketi nedeniyle K zz (l ) nin negatif deerlerini meydana getirir.
60
(a)
(b)
8.7de gsterilmitir (Ek 6). Bu durumda her iki katlk deeri de kk azalmalar
gstermitir.
(a)
(b)
Blm 8.1de byle bir sistemin potansiyel enerjisi elde edilmiti (Denklem
(8.13)). Silindirik simetriden dolay x ve y ynlerindeki hareket ayndr. Bu nedenle
bu ynlerdeki hareket radyal yn (r) kullanlarak gsterilebilir.
x = r cos
(9.1)
y = r sin
U tot
m m 1 + cos 2
= 0 11 12
1
(( r 2
+ ( z + h)
2
)
4
( 2z ) ( )
3 5/ 2
2 r 2 + ( z + h)
2
(9.2)
( )
+3 ( z + h ) r 2 cos 2 + 6r ( z + h ) sin 2
2
)
Denklem (9.2) manyetik etkileim potansiyelini ifade eder. KM, YSS
yzeyinden olan uzakl ile oluan yerekimi potansiyeli ise
H
U y = Mg + z (9.3)
2
U PE = U tot + U y
1 + cos
(r
2
1
+ ( z + h)
2
= 2
(9.4)
( 2 z ) ( )
3 5/2
2 r2 + ( z + h)
2
( ) H
+3 ( z + h ) r 2 cos 2 + 6r ( z + h ) sin 2 + Mg + z
2
2
)
0 m11 m12
Burada = eklinde tanmlanmtr.
4
1 1 1
U KE = M (r 2 + r 22 + z 2 ) + I r (2 sin 2 + 2 ) + I z ( cos + ) 2 (9.5)
2 2 2
64
L = U KE U PE (9.6)
d L L
=0 (9.7)
dt r r
L
= Mr
r
d L
= Mr (9.8)
dt r
L
= Mr2 ( r1 + r2 )
r
65
2r 6r cos 2 + 6 ( z + h ) sin 2
r1 =
2C 5 / 2
r2 =
( ( )
5r r 2 + ( z + h ) + 3 ( z + h ) r 2 cos 2 + 6r ( z + h ) sin 2
2 2
) (9.9)
2C 7 / 2
C = r2 + ( z + h)
2
r = r2 ( r1 + r2 )
(9.10)
M
elde edilir.
d L L
=0 (9.11)
dt z z
L
= Mz
z
d L
= Mz (9.12)
dt z
L
= Mg ( z1 + z2 + z3 )
z
66
3 (1 + cos 2 )
z1 =
8z 4
2 ( z + h ) + 6 ( z + h ) cos 2 + 6r sin 2
z2 = (9.13)
2C 5 / 2
z3 =
( ( )
5 ( z + h ) r 2 + ( z + h ) + 3 ( z + h ) r 2 cos 2 + 6r ( z + h ) sin 2
2 2
)
2C 7 / 2
z = g
( z1 + z2 + z3 ) (9.14)
M
d L L
=0 (9.15)
dt
L
= I r
d L
= I r (9.16)
dt
L I sin cos 2 ( + )
= I r sin cos 2 I z sin
z 1 2
sin cos
1 =
4z3
2 =
(
12r ( z + h ) cos 2 6 ( z + h ) r 2 sin 2
2
) (9.17)
2C 5 / 2
67
= 3 (1 + 2 ) (9.18)
Ir
(Ir I z ) I
3 = sin cos 2 z sin
(9.19)
Ir Ir
d L L
=0 (9.20)
dt
L
= Mr 2 + I r sin 2 + I z cos + I z cos 2
d L 2 2
= 2 Mrr + Mr + I r sin + 2 I r sin cos
dt (9.21)
z
+ I cos 2 2 I sin cos
+ I cos I sin
z z z
L
=0
2
= (9.22)
1
68
1 = Mr 2 + I r sin 2 + I z cos 2
(9.23)
2 = 2Mrr + 2 ( I r I z ) sin cos
+ I cos I sin
z z
d L L
=0 (9.24)
dt
L
= I z + I z cos
d L
= I z + I z cos I z sin (9.25)
dt
L
=0
= cos + sin
(9.26)
Blm 8.2de byle bir sistemin potansiyel enerjisi (Denklem (8.39)) elde
edilmiti. Mhendislikte geni uygulama alan olan byle bir sistem iin hareket ve
dnme dinamiklerinin bilinmesi sistemin dinamik davran asndan nemlidir.
Sistemdeki simetriden dolay x ve y ynlerindeki hareket ayn olduundan bu
ynlerdeki hareketler radyal yn (r) kullanlarak gsterilebilir.
x = r cos
(9.27)
y = r sin
1 1 2 2 2 1 1
U tot = 8 3 + 3 + 3 51 / 2 + 25 / 2 + z 5/ 2 + 5/ 2 4
1 2 LT NT LT NT
(9.28)
6 6
+ z 5 /12 5 2/ 2 7
LT NT
1 = 2d r sin
2 = 2d + r sin
(9.29)
LT = z 2 + ( 2d r sin )
2
NT = z 2 + ( 2d + r sin )
2
H
U y = Mg + z (9.30)
2
73
U PE = U tot + U y
1 1 12 2 2 2 1 1
= 8 3 + 3 + 3 5 / 2 + 5 / 2 + z 5 / 2 + 5 / 2 4 (9.31)
1 2 LT NT LT NT
6 6 H
+ z 5 /12 5 2/ 2 7 + Mg + z
LT NT 2
Daha nce belirtildii gibi KMnin kinetik enerjisi simetri topaca benzedii
iin kinetik enerji iin Denklem (9.5) alnabilir.
d L L
=0 (9.32)
dt r r
L
= Mr
r
d L
= Mr (9.33)
dt r
L
= Mr2 ( r1 + r2 + r3 + r4 )
r
74
3sin 3sin
r1 = 8
1 2 4
4
r = r2 ( r1 + r2 + r3 + r4 )
(9.35)
M
elde edilir.
d L L
=0 (9.36)
dt z z
L
= Mz
z
d L
= Mz (9.37)
dt z
L
= Mg ( z1 + z2 + z3 )
z
75
5 z 2 5 z 2 2
z1 = 7 /12
7/2 3
L T N T
1 1 5z 5z
z2 = 2 z 5 / 2 + 5 / 2 + z 2 7 / 2 7 / 2 4 (9.38)
LT NT LT NT
6 6 30 z 30 z 2
z3 = 5 /12 5 /22 + z 7 / 21 + 7
LT NT LT NT 7 / 2
z = g
( z1 + z2 + z3 ) (9.39)
M
d L L
=0 (9.40)
dt
L
= I r
d L
= I r (9.41)
dt
L I sin cos 2 ( + + + )
= I r sin cos 2 I z sin
z 1 2 3 4
76
1 1 12 2 2
1 = 2sin 3 + 3 3 5 / 2 + 5 / 2 7
1 2 LT NT
1 1
2 = 6z 2 5/ 2
+ 5 / 2 sin cos
LT NT
(9.42)
6 6
3 = z 5 /12 5 /22 sin 2 sin
LT NT
6 1 6
4 = z 5/ 2
5 /22 sin cos
2
LT NT
= 5 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ) (9.43)
Ir
(Ir I z ) I
5 = sin cos 2 z sin
(9.44)
Ir Ir
d L L
=0 (9.45)
dt
77
L
= Mr 2 + I r sin 2 + I z cos + I z cos 2
d L 2 2
= 2 Mrr + Mr + I r sin + 2 I r sin cos
dt (9.46)
z
+ I cos 2 2 I sin cos
+ I cos I sin z z z
L
= (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 )
3r cos 3r cos
1 = 8
2 4
4
1
12 2 2 2
7 = 6 5/2
+ sin sin cos
LT NT 5 / 2
9 + (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 )
= (9.48)
8
78
8 = Mr 2 + I r sin 2 + I z cos 2
(9.49)
9 = 2Mrr + 2 ( I r I z ) sin cos
+ I cos I sin
z z
d L L
=0 (9.50)
dt
L
= I z + I z cos
d L
= I z + I z cos I z sin (9.51)
dt
L
=0
= cos + sin
(9.52)
ekil 9.6. Silindir halka eklinde KM-YSS dikey yatak sisteminin simlasyon blou
80
ydeki deiim, dinamik katlk etkisinden dolay radyal katln %10 artna sebep
olur.
KAYNAKLAR
[28] John R. Hull, Flywheels on a Roll, IEEE Spectrum, Vol. 34, pp. 20-25,
1997
[29] Ohsaki, H., Nozawa, N., Kubo, Y., Magnetic Bearings Using Bulk
Superconductors as a Field Shaping Material, IEEE Transactions on
Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 11, pp. 1669-1672, 2001
[30] Bean, C. P., Magnetization of Hard Superconductors, Physical Review
Letters, Vol. 8, pp. 250-253, 1962
[31] Alexander A. Kordyuk, Magnetic Levitation for Hard Superconductors,
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 83, pp. 610-612, 1998
[32] Francis C. Moon, Chaotic Vibrations of a Magnet near a Superconductor,
Physics Letters A, Vol. 132, pp. 249-252, 1988
[33] Yang, Z. J., Johansen, T. H., Bratsberg, H., Helgesen, G., and Skjeltorp, A.
T., Vibrations of a Magnet Levitated over a flat Superconductor, Physica
C: Superconductivity, Vol. 160, pp. 461-465, 1989
[34] Cansiz, A., Correlation between Free Oscillation Frequency and Stiffness in
High Temperature Superconducting Bearings, Physica C:
Superconductivity, Vol. 390, pp. 356-362, 2003
[35] Sivrioglu, S. and Cinar, Y., Levitation Analysis of a Ring Shaped Permanent
Magnet-High Temperature Superconductor Vertical Bearing System,
Superconductor Science and Technology, Vol. 20, pp. 559-563, 2007
[36] Cansiz, A., Hull, J.R., Gundogdu, , Translational and Rotational Dynamic
Analysis of a Superconducting Levitation System, Superconductor Science
and Technology, Vol. 18, pp. 990-996, 2005
90
EKLER
91
EK 1
92
1. Introduction that the proposed model has some limitations and idealizations
to avoid complicated calculations. First, edge effects are not
Superconducting magnetic bearings have great potential due considered in the calculations. Second, the frozen image model
to passive levitation characteristics [13]. The radial type HTS does not include hysteresis in the HTS. Besides the idealized
bearing design provides both radial and axial support. Potential structure, the interaction model used here combines the frozen
areas of application are motor, generator and rotorflywheel image with the diamagnetic mirror image which can explain
systems [4]. Heavy rotors of several hundred kilograms can
forces and stiffness properties for a PM and HTS.
be levitated using HTS bearings as reported in [5]. Although
PMHTS bearings provide contactless levitation, they have
comparatively low stiffness for engineering applications.
Variation of stiffness during the dynamics of the system 2. PMHTS interaction
also requires a valid modelling of the superconducting
bearings [68]. For engineering system applications, the PMHTS interaction is modelled on the basis of the frozen
dynamics of the levitated system should be analysed correctly. image concept [10]. At the initial position, it is assumed that
Simple levitation configurations such as a permanent the outer HTS is cooled to the critical temperature by holding
magnet disk above a high temperature superconductor have the inner PM at the geometric centre of the HTS as shown in
limited application in engineering applications [9]. In most
figure 2(a). Note that the system is drawn in a cross sectional
engineering systems, radial loads need to be carried by
situation in two dimensions for simplicity. When the ring HTS
bearings which are used mostly in rotor systems. Ring shaped
is field cooled with the ring PM, two images appear: the first
levitation configurations resemble ball bearing forms except
one is the frozen image (circle filled with grey) and the other
that there is a gap between the PM and HTS instead of balls. In
this configuration, since the interaction surface is in the radial is the diamagnetic image (open circle). The two images occur
direction, stiffness in the radial direction is higher than that in at the same point. The distance of the images from the HTS
the vertical direction. surface is equal to the dipole inside the PM, with a value of d .
In this paper, a ring shaped PMHTS system in co-centric It is assumed that the PM falls by some amount as indicated
geometry is considered as depicted in figure 1. It is assumed by after cooling of the HTS is completed and is set free as
that a coordinate system is placed in the geometric centre of shown in figure 2(b). In this situation while the frozen image
the HTS with translational and rotational displacements. Note is fixed, the diamagnetic image moves with the PM.
z' z
PM HTS
y'
PM y
HTS
PM
HTS
x
x'
(a) The coordinate system (b) The side and top view
560
94
in equation (2), the magnetic moment of the dipole from the analysis is realized separately for each part, the total stiffness
(I)
frozen image in the HTS and position vector is defined as K tot can be derived using the total potential obtained for part I
as follows:
13 = m 13 (sin cos x sin sin y cos z )
m
(4) (I) (I)
r = r x x r y y r z z . K tot = 2 Utot |x=0,y=0,z=0, =0,=0 . (9)
Now substituting equation (4) into (1), one can obtain the
magnetic potential between the PM dipole and its frozen 3.1. Stiffness equations in lateral displacement
image. Since the distance between the dipole and frozen image Equation (9) represents a three-dimensional stiffness. To
varies both in the y and z planes, the magnitude values of analyse the stiffness variation for different situations, it should
the position vector are defined as r x = 0, r y = 2d y ,
be computed for each direction of the PM displacement. Since
r z = z. Using these magnitude values, the following equation
the model has a symmetry and homogeneity in the horizontal
is obtained:
plane, the stiffnesses in the x and y directions will be the same.
(I) 0 m 11 m 13 (2d y)2 1 + z 2 2 6(2d y)z3 The detailed derivation of equations for stiffness is presented in
Ufro = the appendix. If the values x = 0, y = 2 y , z = 0, = , =
4 L 5/2
(5) are substituted into equations from (17) to (20) derived in
where the appendix, one can obtain the radial stiffness for part I as
1 = [1 3 sin2 sin2 ] follows:
(I) (I)
2 = [1 3 cos2 ] 2 Udia 2 Ufro
(6) k (yyI) = +
3 = sin cos sin y 2 y 2
30 m 11 m 12 0 + 1
L = [(2d y)2 + z 2 ]. = . (10)
(2d 2 y )5
2.3. Total potential energy Repeating the same derivation process as for part II using the
magnetic potential obtained in equation (8), the stiffness is
For part I, the total potential energy is the sum of the computed as
diamagnetic and frozen image potentials as follows:
(I) (I)
= Udia (I)
+ Ufro 30 m 11 m 12 0 + 1
Utot k (yyII) = . (11)
(2d + 2 y )5
(I) 0 m 11 m 12 0
Utot =
4 (2d y)3 (7) Finally, the total stiffness during lateral displacement in the y
direction is the sum of the two equations: K yy (l)
= k (yyI) + k (yyII) .
(2d y) 1 + z 2 6(2d y)z3
2 2
+ . When the PM moves in the lateral direction the stiffness
L 5/2
in the vertical direction also has variations. In this case, the
Note that in the above derivation the magnitudes of vectorial stiffness equation in the z direction can be derived with the
expressions are taken as m 13 = m 12 . Since there is symmetry same procedure as was applied for part I. Using the same values
in the system, the same derivation procedure can be applied of x , y , z , , and computing equations from (17) to (20) given
for part II. In this case, the magnitude of the position vector in the appendix, the stiffness in the z direction is found as
becomes r y = 2d + y due to movement of the PM in a direction
(I) (I)
far away from part II. The total energy for part II is given as (I) 2 Udia 2 Ufro
k zz = +
(II)
Utot = (II)
Udia (II)
+ Ufro z 2 z 2
0 m 11 m 12 22 51
(II) 0 m 11 m 12 0 = . (12)
Utot = 4 (2d 2 y )5
4 (2d + y)3 (8)
Applying the same derivation using equation (8), the stiffness
(2d + y)2 1 + z 2 2 6(2d + y)z3
+ for part II is obtained as
N 5/2
where N = [(2d + y)2 + z 2 ]. Finally, the total potential energy (II) 0 m 11 m 12 22 51
(I) (II)
k zz = . (13)
for the ring shape PMHTS is obtained as Utot = Utot + Utot . 4 (2d + 2 y )5
561
95
(l) (l)
Stiffness of the Yplane: variation of K yy with Stiffness of the Y plane: variation of K yy with y
1838.5 2050
[ N/m ]
K yy [ N/m]
1838.4 2000
1838.3 1950
yy
(l)
1838.2
(l)
1900
K
1838.1 1850
1838 1800
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
[ Degree ] y [m] x 10 3
(a) (a)
(l) (l)
Stiffness of the Zplane: variation of K with Stiffness of the Z plane: variation of K zz with y
zz
675 680
[ N/m ]
700
K zz [ N/m ]
680 720
zz
(l)
740
K
(l)
685
760
690 780
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
[ Degree ] y [m] x 10 3
(b) (b)
(l)
Figure 3. Variation of the stiffness with : (a) K yy ; (b) K zz(l) . (l)
Figure 4. Variation of the stiffness with y : (a) K yy ; (b) K zz(l) .
562
96
(19)
1830 4 x 2 y 2 z 2
1825
(v)
K yy
9/ 2
7/ 2
1 + z 9/ 2
675 L L L
680 5 60z(2d y)
(v)
K zz
4. Conclusions For part II, the stiffness K (II) can be computed with the
same procedure, using the magnetic potential equation defined
A practically applicable configuration of a PMHTS bearing in (8).
is modelled using the frozen image concept. The magnetic
potential of the proposed configuration is derived and the References
stiffness is computed on the basis of the magnetic potential
equations obtained for each direction. The stiffness variation [1] Hull J R 2000 Superconducting bearings Supercond. Sci.
of the ring shaped bearing is analysed for different cases. In Technol. 13 115
the lateral displacement of the PM, variation in y causes a ten [2] Ma K B, Postrekhin Y V and Chu W K 2003 Superconductor
and magnet levitation devices Rev. Sci. Instrum.
per cent increase in radial stiffness due to the effect of dynamic 74 49895017
stiffness. [3] Sivrioglu S and Nonami K 2003 Dynamical analysis of a
flywheelsuperconducting bearing with a moving magnet
support Supercond. Sci. Technol. 16 126872
Appendix [4] Walter H et al 2006 First heavy load bearing for industrial
application with shaft loads up to 10 kN J. Phys. Conf. Ser.
Since the total magnetic potential is the sum of the diamagnetic 43 9958
and frozen image parts, equation (9) can be written as follows: [5] Werfel F N et al 2003 Progress toward 500 kg HTS bearings
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 13 21738
(I) (I)
K (I) = 2 (Udia + Ufro )|x=0,y=0,z=0, =0,=0 . (16) [6] Hull J R and Cansiz A 1999 Vertical and lateral forces between
a permanent magnet and a high-temperature superconductor
Here the diamagnetic part is expressed as J. Appl. Phys. 86 6396404
[7] Hull J R 2000 Effect of permanent-magnet irregularities in
levitation force measurements Supercond. Sci. Technol.
(I) (I) (I)
2 (I) 0 m 11 m 12 2 Udia 2 Udia 2 Udia 13 8546
Udia = + + (17)
4 x 2 y 2 z 2 [8] Lee H and Iwasa Y 2001 Levitation force in YBCO/NdFeB
permanent magnet system IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
where 11 18057
[9] Cansiz A 2003 Correction between free oscillation frequency
(I) (I) (I) and stiffness in high temperature superconducting bearing
2 Udia 2 Udia 120 2 Udia
= 0, = , = 0. Physica C 390 35662
x 2 y 2 (2d y)5 z 2 [10] Kordyuk A A 1998 Magnetic levitation for hard
(18) superconductors J. Appl. Phys. 83 6102
563
97
EK 2
D[Udia[x,y,z],{x,2}]
D[Udia[x,y,z],{y,2}]
D[Udia[x,y,z],{z,2}]
-------------------------------------------------------------
D[Ufro[x,y,z],{x,2}]
D[Ufro[x,y,z],{y,2}]
D[Ufro[x,y,z],{z,2}]
98
EK 3
D[Udia[x,y,z],{x,2}]
D[Udia[x,y,z],{y,2}]
D[Udia[x,y,z],{z,2}]
-------------------------------------------------------------
D[Ufro[x,y,z],{x,2}]
D[Ufro[x,y,z],{y,2}]
D[Ufro[x,y,z],{z,2}]
99
EK 4
clear all
for theta=0:0.05*pi/180:10*pi/180;
n=n+1;
t=theta*180/pi;
phi=1*pi/180; % dipole angle at xy plane
tt(n)=t;
kyy1=(C*24*(1-sin(theta)*sin(theta)*sin(phi)*sin(phi)))/((2*d-2*y)^5);
kyy2=(C*24*(1-sin(theta)*sin(theta)*sin(phi)*sin(phi)))/((2*d+2*y)^5);
Ky(n)=kyy1+kyy2;
100
kzz1=(C*((2*(1-3*cos(theta)*cos(theta)))+(-5*(1-
3*sin(theta)*sin(theta)*sin(phi)*sin(phi)))))/((2*d-2*y)^5); % kisaltilmis ifade
kzz2=(C*((2*(1-3*cos(theta)*cos(theta)))+(-5*(1-
3*sin(theta)*sin(theta)*sin(phi)*sin(phi)))))/((2*d+2*y)^5); % kisaltilmis ifade
Kz(n)=kzz1+kzz2;
end
figure(3),subplot(2,1,1),
plot(tt,Ky,'-bo'),set(gca,'fontsize',12);grid;
xlabel('\theta [ Degree ]');
ylabel('K_y_y [ N/m ]');
title('Stiffness of Y-Plane: Variation of K_y_y with \theta');
axis([0 10 1838 1838.5])
figure(4),subplot(2,1,1),plot(tt,Kz,'-rx'),set(gca,'fontsize',12);grid;
xlabel('\theta [ Degree ]')
ylabel('K_z_z [ N/m ]')
title('Stiffness of Z-Plane: Variation of K_z_z with \theta')
return
101
EK 5
clear all
n=0;
for y=0:0.00001:0.001;
n=n+1;
tt(n)=y;
theta=5*pi/180;
phi=1*pi/180;
kyy1=(C*24*(1-sin(theta)*sin(theta)*sin(phi)*sin(phi)))/((2*d-2*y)^5);
kyy2=(C*24*(1-sin(theta)*sin(theta)*sin(phi)*sin(phi)))/((2*d+2*y)^5);
Ky(n)=kyy1+kyy2;
kzz1=(C*((2*(1-3*cos(theta)*cos(theta)))+(-5*(1-
3*sin(theta)*sin(theta)*sin(phi)*sin(phi)))))/((2*d-2*y)^5);
102
kzz2=(C*((2*(1-3*cos(theta)*cos(theta)))+(-5*(1-
3*sin(theta)*sin(theta)*sin(phi)*sin(phi)))))/((2*d+2*y)^5);
Kz(n)=kzz1+kzz2;
end
figure(3)
subplot(2,1,1),plot(tt,Ky,'-bo');set(gca,'fontsize',12);grid;
xlabel('y [ m ]');
ylabel('K_y_y [ N/m ]')
title('Stiffness of Y-Plane: Variation of K_y_y with y');
figure(4)
subplot(2,1,1),plot(tt,Kz,'-rx'),set(gca,'fontsize',12);grid;
xlabel('y [ m ]')
ylabel('K_z_z [ N/m ]')
title('Stiffness of Z-Plane: Variation of K_z_z with y')
return
103
EK 6
for z=0:0.00001:0.001;
n=n+1;
tt(n)=z;
theta=5*pi/180;
phi=1*pi/180;
kyyd=C*(3/8)*((1+sin(theta)*sin(theta)*sin(phi)*sin(phi))/d^5);
kyy1=C*((-80*d^2*(1-
3*sin(theta)*sin(theta)*sin(phi)*sin(phi))/(4*d^2+z^2)^(7/2))...
+(2*(1-3*sin(theta)*sin(theta)*sin(phi)*sin(phi))/(4*d^2+z^2)^(5/2))...
+4*d^2*(1-
3*sin(theta)*sin(theta)*sin(phi)*sin(phi))*((140*d^2/(4*d^2+z^2)^(9/2))+(-
5/(4*d^2+z^2)^(7/2))));
104
kyy2=C*(z^2*(1-3*cos(theta)*cos(theta))*((140*d^2/(4*d^2+z^2)^(9/2))+(-
5/(4*d^2+z^2)^(7/2))));
kyy3=C*(-12*d*((-10*z/(4*d^2+z^2)^(7/2))+z*((140*d^2/(4*d^2+z^2)^(9/2))+(-
5/(4*d^2+z^2)^(7/2))))*sin(theta)*cos(theta)*sin(phi));
Ky(n)=2*(kyyd+kyy1+kyy2+kyy3);
kzz1=C*(4*d^2*((35*z^2/(4*d^2+z^2)^(9/2))-(5/(4*d^2+z^2)^(7/2)))*(1-
3*sin(theta)*sin(theta)*sin(phi)*sin(phi)));
kzz2=C*(((-
20*z^2/(4*d^2+z^2)^(7/2))+(2/(4*d^2+z^2)^(5/2))+z^2*((35*z^2/(4*d^2+z^2)^(9/2
))+(-5/(4*d^2+z^2)^(7/2))))*(1-3*cos(theta)*cos(theta)));
kzz3=C*(-12*d*((-10*z/(4*d^2+z^2)^(7/2))+z*((35*z^2/(4*d^2+z^2)^(9/2))+(-
5/(4*d^2+z^2)^(7/2))))*sin(theta)*cos(theta)*sin(phi));
Kz(n)=2*(kzz1+kzz2+kzz3);
end
figure(3),subplot(2,1,1)
plot(tt,Ky,'-bo');set(gca,'fontsize',12);grid on;
xlabel('z [m]')
ylabel('K_y_y [N/m]')
title('Stiffness of Y-Plane: Variation of k_y_y with z')
axis([0 0.001 1815 1840])
figure(4),subplot(2,1,1)
plot(tt,Kz,'-rx');set(gca,'fontsize',12);grid on;
xlabel('z [m]')
ylabel('K_z_z [N/m]')
title('Stiffness of Z-Plane: Variation of k_z_z with z')
axis([0 0.001 -690 -665])
105
EK 7
x=r*Cos[];
y=r*Sin[];
Ufro[r_,x_,y_,z_,_,_]=(x^2*(1-3Sin[]^2*Cos[]^2)+
y^2*(1-3Sin[]^2*Sin[]^2)+
(z+h)^2*(1-3Cos[]^2)-6*x*y*Sin[]^2*Cos[]*Sin[]
-6*x*(z+h)*Sin[]*Cos[]*Cos[]
-6*y*(z+h)*Sin[]*Cos[]*Sin[])/(x^2+y^2+(z+h)^2)^(5/2)
Simplify[Expand[Ufro[r,x,y,z,,]]]
106
EK 8
L[r_,x1_,z_,x2_,_,x3_,_,x4_,_,x5_]=
(1/2*M*(x1^2+r^2*x4^2+x2^2)+1/2*A*(x4^2*Sin[]^2+x3^2)+1/2*B*(x4*Cos[]
+x5)^2)
-(*(((1+Cos[]*Cos[])/(8*z^3))-
((r^2+(z+h)^2+3*((z+h)^2r^2)*Cos[2*]
+6*r*(z+h)*Sin[2*])/(2*(r^2+(z+h)^2)^(5/2))))+M*g*(H/2+z))
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
r ve r iin
D[L[r,x1,z,x2,,x3,,x4,,x5],r]
D[L[r,x1,z,x2,,x3,,x4,,x5],x1]
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
z ve z iin
D[L[r,x1,z,x2,,x3,,x4,,x5],z]
D[L[r,x1,z,x2,,x3,,x4,,x5],x2]
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
ve iin
D[L[r,x1,z,x2,,x3,,x4,,x5],]
D[L[r,x1,z,x2,,x3,,x4,,x5],x3]
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
ve iin
D[L[r,x1,z,x2,,x3,,x4,,x5],]
D[L[r,x1,z,x2,,x3,,x4,,x5],x4]
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
ve iin
D[L[r,x1,z,x2,,x3,,x4,,x5],]
D[L[r,x1,z,x2,,x3,,x4,,x5],x5]
107
EK 9
x=r*Cos[];
y=r*Sin[];
Utot[r_,x_,y_,z_,_,_]=((1+Sin[]^2*Sin[]^2)*((1/(2d-y)^3)+(1/(2d+y)^3)))+((1-
3Sin[]^2*Sin[]^2)*(((2d-y)^2/((2d-
y)^2+z^2)^(5/2))+((2d+y)^2/((2d+y)^2+z^2)^(5/2))))+((1-3Cos[]^2)*z^2*((1/((2d-
y)^2+z^2)^(5/2))+(1/((2d+y)^2+z^2)^(5/2))))+((Sin[]Cos[]Sin[])*z*((-6*(2d-
y)/((2d-y)^2+z^2)^(5/2))+(-6*(2d+y)/((2d+y)^2+z^2)^(5/2))))
Simplify[Utot[r,x,y,z,,]]
108
EK 10
omega1=2d-r*Sin[];
omega2=2d+r*Sin[];
lambda8=1+Sin[]^2*Sin[]^2;
lambda3=1-3Sin[]^2*Sin[]^2;
lambda4=1-3Cos[]^2;
lambda7=Sin[]Cos[]Sin[];
a=(2d-r*Sin[])^2+z^2;
b=(2d+r*Sin[])^2+z^2;
L[r_,x1_,z_,x2_,_,x3_,_,x4_,_,x5_]=
(1/2*M*(x1^2+r^2*x4^2+x2^2)+1/2*A*(x4^2*Sin[]^2+x3^2)+1/2*B*(x4*Cos[]
+x5)^2)
-(*((lambda8*((1/omega1^3)+(1/omega2^3)))+(lambda3*((omega1^2/a^(5/2))
+(omega2^2/b^(5/2))))+(lambda4*z^2*((1/a^(5/2))+(1/b^(5/2))))
+(lambda7*z*((-6*omega1/a^(5/2))+(-6*omega2/b^(5/2)))))+Mgh)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
r ve r iin
D[L[r,x1,z,x2,,x3,,x4,,x5],r]
D[L[r,x1,z,x2,,x3,,x4,,x5],x1]
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
z ve z iin
D[L[r,x1,z,x2,,x3,,x4,,x5],z]
D[L[r,x1,z,x2,,x3,,x4,,x5],x2]
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
ve iin
D[L[r,x1,z,x2,,x3,,x4,,x5],]
D[L[r,x1,z,x2,,x3,,x4,,x5],x3]
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
ve iin
109
D[L[r,x1,z,x2,,x3,,x4,,x5],]
D[L[r,x1,z,x2,,x3,,x4,,x5],x4]
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
ve iin
D[L[r,x1,z,x2,,x3,,x4,,x5],]
D[L[r,x1,z,x2,,x3,,x4,,x5],x5]
110
ZGEM
KSEL BLGLER
Ad : Yusuf
Soyad : nar
Doum Tarihi : 20.12.1980
Doum Yeri : Kocaeli
Medeni Hali : Bekar
LETM BLGLER
ETM
AKADEMK DENEYM
Aratrma Grevlisi Ekim 2005 Austos 2007
Enerji Sistemleri Mhendislii Blm
Mhendislik Fakltesi
Gebze Yksek Teknoloji Enstits, Kocaeli-Trkiye.
ALIMA ALANLARI
BLGSAYAR BECERS
YABANCI DL
ngilizce
Sertifika II, Kasm 2006
Kamu Personeli Yabanc Dil Tespit Snav (KPDS)
Puan: 75.00 / 100
Sertifika I, Ekim 2006
niversiteler Aras Kurul Yabanc Dil Snav (DS)
Test Alan: Fen Bilimleri
Puan: 86.25 / 100
KAZANDII BURS