Chng 1: Cc khi nim chung

1. Cc khi nim trong h thng truyn thng

1. M hnh h thng truyn thng
2. Cc vn c bn ca h thng truyn tin
3. M hnh ca ngun tin
4. M hnh ca knh tin
2. Cc php bin i thng tin
1. Ri rc ha ngun lin tc
2. o thng tin
3. M ha
4. iu ch, gii iu ch

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 Thng tin v truyn tin
Thng tin: cm nhn, cm hiu v th gii
xung quanh
Tn hiu: vt cht c mang thng tin v ph
hp vi mi trng lan truyn
Mi trng truyn: Mi trng tn hiu lan
truyn c qua n v c nhiu tc ng lm
thay i tn hiu
D liu: thng tin c vt cht ha
Thng tin, d liu ri rc: tch ri, m c
Thng tin, d liu lin tc: hm lin tc
 1. M hnh h thng truyn tin
Mt s v d
M hnh 3 khi
M hnh 5 khi
M hnh 7-9-11-13 khi

3
 Hi thoi

Tri
ma

M hnh 3 khi:

Ngun tin Knh tin ch

(Pht tin) (Truyn tin) (Nhn tin)

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 in thoi
Tri
ma

Tri ma

M hnh 5 khi

Ngun tin B pht tn hiu Knh tin B thu tn hiu ch

(Pht tin) (Pht tn hiu) (Truyn tn hiu) (Thu tn hiu) (Nhn tin)

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 M hnh 7 Khi

Ngun Thit b vo Thit b ra Nhn tin

D liu
Thng tin
Tn hiu

My pht Mi trng My thu

Nhiu
 M hnh 7 khi
Thit b vo: Thc hin vt cht ha
thng tin v chuyn thng tin thnh d
liu.
My pht: chuyn d liu thnh tn hiu
My thu: nhn tn hiu v chuyn n
thnh d liu
Thit b ra: chuyn ngc d liu thnh
thng tin chuyn cho nhn tin
 M hnh 7 khi
Vt cht ha thng tin: Gn thng tin vo
mt vt c gi l vt mang. Kt qu l
d liu. C 2 gii php:
A: M ha: dng cc du hiu biu
din thng tin -> kt qu l cc m. V d
dng hai ch s 0 hoc 1 biu din
thng tin.
B: iu ch: lm thy i tham s ca
mt qu trnh vt l dng lm vt mang.
V d khi ni con ngi lm thay i
lung khng kh bien thin gn rng ca
thnh dng bin thin phc tp theo
tng m c ni-> kt qu l m thanh
 M hnh 7 khi

Thit b vo s thc hin m ha hoc

iu ch ty trng hp c th
Thit b ra thc hin vic chuyn
ngc d liu thnh thng tin qua
php gii m hoc gii iu ch
 M hnh 7 khi
My pht chuyn d liu thnh tn hiu
c vt mang ph hp tt vi yu cu
truyn. V d truyn m thanh i trm km.
chuyn d liu thnh tn hiu my pht
cng s dng php m ha hoc iu ch
My thu thc hin nhn ly tn hiu t mi
trng v chuyn ngc n thnh d liu
Php ton chuyn ngc ny s c gi
l gii m hoc gii iu ch
 M hnh h thng truyn tin
Ngun tin
Pht tin

M ha M ha iu ch
ngun knh tn hiu

Tri Knh
ma tin
Truyn tin

Tri ma
Gii iu Gii m Gii m
ch knh ngun
---- -- ----
Thu tin
Nhn tin
---- -- ----
Tri
Tri ma ma

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 Ngun tin
L ni sn sinh ra thng tin
thng tin s (in bo, lung d liu t my tnh):
Ngun ri rc
thng tin lin tc: cc b cm bin, cc ngun
audio video: Ngun lin tc
c trng bng mt tp hp cc bn tin c th
v kh nng xut hin ca cc bn tin
Bn tin gm nhiu phn t c s: cc tin
Trong qu trnh truyn tin, ngun c th truyn
i mt chui cc tin (bn tin).
C th coi ngun=tp cc tin v kh nng xut
hin ti mi thi im ca mi tin
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 Thit b m ha knh
a ra mt s thng tin d tr (d tha)
chng nhiu, tng tin cy truyn tin
V d khi truyn 1 bt 0(1)
Tn hiu c th b thay i do nhiu hoc do ting
n
Bt nhn c c th b sai nhm thnh 1(0)
S dng thm mt s bt b sung phc v cho vic
pht hin v/hoc sa li

V d truyn gi tr 0 hoc 1.
chng nhiu, truyn 00/11 hoc 000/111

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 Thit b iu ch
Chuyn i tn hiu thnh tn hiu in ph hp
vi knh truyn tin
V d: iu ch theo tn s, theo bin , theo gc
pha
iu ch nh phn: 0 v 1 tng ng vi hai tn
hiu s0(t)v s1(t):
iu ch kha dch bin , iu ch kha dch
pha, iu ch kha dch tn s

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 Knh tin
aL mi trng vt l truyn tn hiu t ngun n ch
aMi trng truyn tin c dy, khng dy
`Cp i, cp ng trc, cp quang, sng v tuyn
aTrong mi trng truyn tin c
`Ting n sinh ra bi cc ngun tn hiu khc
`Nhiu sinh ra bi cc dao ng sn c trong mi trng
` Mo sinh ra bi s thay i tham s theo tn hiu
aNh vy:
`Tn hiu trn knh=tn hiu+nhiu
`Knh tin c trng bi tn hiu v tp nhiu

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 Pha thu tin
Gii iu ch
`X l tn hiu b bin i sau khi truyn
Lc nhiu, chnh mo, .
`Lc cc thnh phn tn hiu phc v cho vic truyn tin
Gii m knh
`Xy dng li thng tin trc khi iu ch cn c vo
thng tin d tr
phng thc m ha knh
Lc b cc thng tin phc v cho vic truyn tin
Gii m ngun
Bin i thng tin thnh d liu cn thit
Pht hin v phc hi li
ch
Nhn thng tin chuyn n

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 M hnh h thng truyn tin
Ngun tin
Pht tin

M ha M ha iu ch
ngun knh tn hiu

Knh
tin
Truyn tin

Gii iu Gii m Gii m

ch knh ngun
Cu hi
Hy chn mt h Thu tin
thng truyn tin trong Nhn tin
thc t v ch ra cc
khi chc nng!

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 2. Yu cu c bn ca HTTT

` Tc truyn tin
Lng thng tin h thng c kh nng truyn trong mt
n v thi gian
` chnh xc truyn tin
Truyn tin vi sai s nh ty

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 3. M hnh ton hc ca ngun tin
Ngun tin nguyn thy
Ngun tin lin tc
Ngun tin ri rc
M hnh ton hc ca ngun tin ri rc

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 Ngun tin nguyn thy
Tp hp nhng tin nguyn thy, cha qua
php bin i nhn to
`Ting ni
`Hnh nh
`Thng s kh tng
Nhit , m, tc gi, c ma/khng ma,
Phn nh mt (nhiu) tnh cht ca mt qu
trnh t nhin
Thng thng, cc tin nguyn thy c th nhn
gi tr lin tc theo thi gian, theo mc
Biu din bng mt hm s theo thi gian S(t)

15
 Ngun tin lin tc:
Hm s(t) c th nhn cc gi tr bt k trong
khong max v min, ti mt thi im bt k
trong mt khong thi gian no

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 Ngun tin ri rc
aTin nguyn thy c th c a trc tip vo
knh, cng c th c ri rc ha
Ngun tin ri rc
d liu ch nhn nhng gi tr xc nh
ti nhng thi im xc nh.
V d: bng ch ci, cc bc in, cc lnh iu
khin
Phn bit ngun ri rc/lin tc v knh ri
rc/lin tc.
Ngun ri rc c s lng tin hu hn (m c)
Ngun lin tc c s lng tin v hn (khng m
c)
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 M hnh ton hc ca ngun tin
Ngun tin phn nh tnh cht ca mt qu trnh
t nhin
C th coi ngun tin l mt qu trnh ngu
nhin
Ngun tin=tp hp cc tin c th+kh nng
xut hin ca mi bn tin
Kh nng xut hin=cu trc thng k, xc nh
bng quy lut thng k ca qu trnh
Nh vy, ngun tin=tp cc tin+cu trc thng
k
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M hnh ton hc ca ngun tin ri rc
Bng tin
Mt dy cc k hiu lin tip nhau
Cc k hiu thuc cng mt b ch A= ai

V hn hoc hu hn x = 2x1(x0x 1 2 ...) x

Bng tin trong thc t l hu hn
To ra mt b n chiu x *
1

Tnh cht thng k ca ngun c trng bng

Tp hp cc x* (X*)
Xc sut xut hin ca x*: p(x*)
Kt qu: mt trng xc sut (X*,p(x*))
Trng hp c bit:
Nu cc k hiu xut hin c lp, ch cn (A, p(ai)) l
V d: M hnh ca php gieo xc xc
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 Cc loi ngun tin
Qu trnh ngu nhin lin tc
`Lin tc theo thi gian v theo
mc
`Ting ni, cc tn hiu thng
thng
Qu trnh ngu nhin ri rc
`Lin tc theo thi gian, ri rc
theo mc: Ngn ng, in tn,
cc lnh iu khin mc

`Lin tc theo mc, ri rc theo

thi gian
Nhit tng ngy, iu ch
bng xung,
Dy xung ngu nhin ri rc
`Tn hiu s

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 4. Knh tin v m hnh knh

8/25/2005 C s l thuyt truyn tin @H Quc Trung 2004. Cc khi nim chung 21
 Knh tin v m hnh knh

8/25/2005 C s l thuyt truyn tin @H Quc Trung 2004. Cc khi nim chung 22
 M hnh knh tin
Knh tin: ni lan truyn tn hiu+tp nhiu
Knh tin c trng bi tp nhiu
Bn cht ca tp nhiu
`Va chm gia cc ht vt cht
`nh hng ca cc lc khc trong mi trng
Tp nhiu c hai loi chnh
`Gy ra do s thay i thng s ca mi trng truyn tin
(h s khuch i, in tr, ..) cn gi l nhiu nhn
`Gy ra do cc ngun tn hiu khc (ngun cng nghip, cc
my pht, nh hng ca cc qu trnh truyn tn hiu
khc), cn gi l nhiu cng
M hnh ton hc ca knh tin phi phn nh cc loi
tp nhiu

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 M hnh knh tin tng qut
M hnh mng 2 ca
S v t)
Knh tin Sv(t)
`Tn hiu u vo
`Tn hiu u ra N(t)
`Hm truyn n v
Sr(t) = Sv(t) + N(t)
nh hng ca nhiu
S (t) = Sv(t) * N(t)r

Knh tin c c trng bi

N(t), H(t)
V phng din thng tin, x(t)
Knh tin
y
knh c th c c trng p(x) p

bi p(y|x)
`Knh l tng p(y|x)=1
`Knh khng l tng p(y|x)<1

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 M hnh knh nhiu cng
Tn hiu u vo b
nhiu nh hng
Tn hiu b suy yu khi i
qua mi trng truyn
tin
y l m hnh c s
dng rng ri
n gin
D tnh ton

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 M hnh b lc tuyn tnh
aKnh tin lc ch cho mt
s tn hiu vi gii tn s
xc nh i qua, vi hm
c tnh xung c(t)
aM hnh b lc tuyn
tnh vi c(t) thay i theo
thi gian v theo tn s

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 5. Ri rc ha ngun lin tc
D liu x l c th l ri rc hoc lin tc
Cc thit b x l thng tin ni chung ch x l d liu
ri rc
Thng tin ri rc thun li hn cho cc php bin i
thng tin tip theo
`M ha
`iu ch
`.
Cn chuyn i d liu lin tc thnh ri rc:
`Ri rc ha ngun lin tc
Thao tc
`Ri rc theo thi gian: ly mu
`Ri rc theo mc: lng t ha
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 Ly mu
Trch nhng gi tr ca hm s ti cc thi im xc
nh
Vn :
`Thay th mt hm s bng mt tp cc mu
`Khng mt mt thng tin
m bo ti to li hm ban u
`nh l (Shannon/Nyquist)
`Mt hm s(t) c ph hu hn, khng c thnh phn tn s
ln hn f c th thay th bng cc mu ly ti cc thi im
cch nhau mt khong < 1/2f

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 Lng t ha
Xp x cc gi tr lin tc bng mt dy cc mc
Sai s so vi hm s ban u gi l sai s lng t
Gi tr ca hm s sau khi lng t ha c th biu th
bng mt k hiu trong bng ch ci hu hn
Bng tin ca ngun khi cng tr thnh mt dy
hu hn
Hm s sau khi ly mu v lng t ha s tr thnh
ri rc
Qu trnh lng t ha c coi l php bin i
tng ng (khng lm mt thng tin) vi mt h
thng truyn tin nu
`Sai s lng t nh hn sai s gy ra do tp nhiu
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Ri rc ha ngun lin tc

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 V d: Ri rc ha tn hiu ting ni
Tn hiu ting ni:
`tn s ti a 4000Hz
`Kh nng phn bit ca tai ngi: ~1%
Tn s ly mu 2x4000Hz=8000Hz (ln /s)
Khong cch gia cc mc: 1% bin ti a
S mc :100 m bo ti to li cng ting
ni
100 mc m ha cn 7 bt. Vy cn 8kx7=56kbps
truyn tn hiu ting ni bng tn hiu s

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 6. o thng tin
Yu cu o n v o khc nhau ty vo c s
` Tng ng vi i lng cn o ` 2: bit
` Khng m ` E: nat
` Tuyn tnh: o ca tng bng ` 10: Harley
tng cc o
o thng tin Lng tin ca bn tin
` Tin cng him cng cha nhiu
thng tin ` Lng tin ca tng k hiu
` Xc sut xut hin cng nh thng I(ai)=log m
tin cng nhiu
` Vy o l hm ca nghch o ` Lng tin ca n k hiu xut hin
xc sut : f(1/p(x)) trong bng tin
` Tin khng c thng tin khi chng ta I(x)=n log m
bit trc (xc sut xut hin=1)
` Tuyn tnh Lng tin trong mt tin cn ph
Xc sut xut hin ng thi ca thuc vo s c lp gia cc k
hai tin c lp x,y :p(x)p(y)
hiu (xc sut c iu kin)
f(1/(p(x).p(y)))=f(1/p(x))+f(1/p(y))
f=log(1/p(x))=-log(p(x))

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 7. M ha
Bin i cu trc thng tin V d:
ca ngun `Ngun tin A c 4 k t a1, a2,
Gi nguyn lng tin a3, a4, ng xc sut
`Lng tin ca mi k hiu l
Thay i cc ch tiu k thut I(a i)=-log2()
ca tp tin c th cho ph `Thc hin php m ha
hp vi c tnh knh A1 b1b1
(chng nhiu, tc lp tin) A2 b1b2
V d: ri rc ha ngun lin A3 b2b1
tc A4 b2b2
`C ngun tin mi gm 2 k
hiu
`Lng tin ca mi tin trong B
bng lng tin ca tin tng
ng trong A
2 ( - Log2 ) =2 bit

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 M ha
Ngun A gm m k hiu (c s m), cc tin c di n.
M ha thnh ngun B c m k hiu (c s m),
di n
Mc ch: tch mn c gi tr nh nht
iu kin m bo lng tin (hai ngun tin u dng
cc k hiu ng xc sut)
`I(x)=n log m = I(y)=n log m
Vi mi tin mi, cn n k hiu, mi k hiu cn m gi
tr
ti u mn cn c gi tr nh nht
`Mn=mI(y)/log m=m I(x)/log m
Hm ny t gi tr nh nht khi m=e, c ngha l c
s 2 hoc 3
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 8. iu ch-gii iu ch
Chuyn thng tin sang dng nng lng thch hp vi knh tin
`t tn hao
`t nhiu
Nguyn tc iu ch
`Thay i mt trong cc thng s ca tn hiu theo thng tin
iu ch tn hiu lin tc
`iu tn, iu bin, iu pha, rng, iu ch n bin
`PAM (iu ch bin xung), PCM (iu ch m xung), iu ch delta:
ri rc ha tn hiu lin tc
`iu ch tri ph: iu ch s dng tn hiu c ph ging nhiu
iu ch tn hiu ri rc
`Kha dch pha, tn s, bin , vi sai
Gii iu ch: iu ch ngc.
`Lc (tch sng) theo tn s, bin , pha
Ti y thng c thm lc nhiu v sa mo

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 Chng 1: Cc khi nim chung
1. M hnh h thng truyn thng
2. Cc vn c bn ca h thng truyn tin
3. M hnh ton hc ca ngun tin
4. M hnh ton hc ca knh tin
5. Ri rc ha ngun lin tc
6. o thng tin
7. M ha
8. iu ch, gii iu ch

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