Subscriber access provided by CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

Letter
Extracellular Electron Transfer on Sticky Paper Electrodes:
Carbon Paste Paper Anode for Microbial Fuel Cells
Peter Lamberg, and Kara L. Bren
ACS Energy Lett., Just Accepted Manuscript DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00435 Publication Date (Web): 07 Oct 2016
Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on October 9, 2016

Just Accepted

Just Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted
online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical
Society provides Just Accepted as a free service to the research community to expedite the
dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. Just Accepted manuscripts
appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. Just Accepted manuscripts have been
fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are accessible to all
readers and citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI). Just Accepted is an optional service offered
to authors. Therefore, the Just Accepted Web site may not include all articles that will be published
in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the Just
Accepted Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor
changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers
and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors
or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these Just Accepted manuscripts.

ACS Energy Letters is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth
Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036
Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright American Chemical Society.
However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works
produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course
of their duties.
Page 1 of 15 ACS Energy Letters

1
2
3
4
5
Extracellular Electron Transfer on Sticky Paper
6
7
8
9 Electrodes: Carbon Paste Paper Anode for Microbial
10
11
12
13 Fuel Cells
14
15
16
Peter Lamberg and Kara L. Bren*
17
18
19 Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester New York 14627-0216, United
20
21 States
22
23
24
AUTHOR INFORMATION
25
26 Kara L. Bren
27
28 bren@chem.rochester.edu
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
1
 ACS Energy Letters Page 2 of 15

1
2
3
ABSTRACT
4
5
6 Carbon paste paper electrodes (CPPEs) were fabricated by coating a regular paper strip with
7
8 carbon paste made from graphite powder and mineral oil, followed by coating with polyaniline.
9
10
11
The CPPEs were evaluated as anodes in bioelectrochemical cells (BECs) using Shewanella
12
13 oneidensis MR-1 as bacteria that donate electrons through extracellular electron transfer. The
14
15 CPPE was compared to a carbon felt electrode (CFE) modified with polyaniline under the same
16
17
18 conditions. The BEC using the CPPE anode produces current continuously for at least 4 days
19
20 without the need for additional fuel (lactate). Twenty-four hours after inoculation, the BEC using
21
22 the CPPE anode generates a current density more than two times greater than the cell using the
23
24
25 CFE, with a competitive maximum value of 2.2 A m-2. The simple fabrication, ease of
26
27 modification, and low cost of the CPPE makes it a promising new bioelectrode material for
28
29
microbial fuel cells.
30
31
32
33
34 TOC GRAPHIC
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
2
Page 3 of 15 ACS Energy Letters

1
2
3
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are living systems in which bacteria consume a fuel, including
4
5
6 substances found in wastewater, and oxidize or reduce electrodes by extracellular electron
7
8 transfer (EET), converting chemical energy to electrical energy.1-3 A significant limitation in the
9
10
11
development and use of MFCs is the requirement of low-cost anodes that are effective substrates
12
13 for bacterial growth and that facilitate EET.4-6 Thus, much effort has been directed towards
14
15 developing biocompatible electrode materials.7-10 Because of their high biocompatibility and low
16
17
18 materials cost, carbon-based electrode materials are used in most MFC designs.4 Carbon paste is
19
20 an example of a carbon electrode material that is simple and inexpensive to prepare, and is a
21
22 common electrode modification in electrical biosensors.11 However, we have found only one
23
24
25 instance of carbon paste being used in MFCs, in which it was applied to carbon cloth.12
26
27
28
29
Here, we demonstrate the use of a carbon paste coated paper electrode (CPPE) as an anode in a
30
31
32 bioelectrochemical cell (BEC) with the electrogenic bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1
33
34 (SO)13 providing electrons to the anode (Figure 1). The CPPE is prepared by simple application
35
36
37 of carbon paste to paper, followed by coating with polyaniline (PANI), which is known to
38
39 enhance electrode conductivity in bioelectrochemical systems.14, 15 Currents and potentials were
40
41 recorded continuously for four days for SO feeding on 20 mM lactate in minimal medium (MM).
42
43
44 EET was evaluated with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and polarization curves. A platinum wire was
45
46 used as a counter-electrode (cathode) and an AgCl / saturated KCl electrode served as the
47
48 reference electrode. Biofilm formation and electrode topography were evaluated by scanning
49
50
51 electron microscopy.
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
3
 ACS Energy Letters Page 4 of 15

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20 Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the BEC setup used herein. The CPPE anode is a prepared
21
22 using a layer-by-layer procedure where paper is coated with carbon paste, which is then coated
23
24
25 with a conducting polymer. Bacteria form a biofilm on the anode (bioanode) that consumes
26
27 nutrients and transfers electrons to the bioanode. A platinum wire is added to close the circuit.
28
29
30
31
32 SO has two general pathways for EET: direct and mediated.16, 17 EET has also been proposed to
33
34 occur through nanowires.18 During respiration, electrons are transferred through the Mtr complex
35
36
to outer membrane cytochromes.19 The direct pathway of EET involves the transfer of electrons
37
38
39 from outer membrane cytochromes (MtrC, OmcA) to the electrode, and has a peak current ~0.2
40
41 to 0.3 V vs. NHE; it has been suggested that bacterial metabolism limits the current at higher
42
43
44
potentials.20-22 The mediated pathway utilizes excreted flavins as electron carriers from the Mtr
45
46 complex to the electrode.23 This pathway has been assigned a potential between 0.1 to 0.2 V.24
47
48
However, the EET mechanism is still under debate. Most likely SO uses a combination of EET
49
50
51 pathways to reduce the electrode.
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
4
Page 5 of 15 ACS Energy Letters

1
2
3
In our BEC, EET by the SO biofilm was investigated using cyclic voltammograms (CVs)
4
5
6 between 0.3 to 0.7 or 0.8 V (Figure 2a,b). The onset potential of the major peak in the CVs
7
8 using the CPPE and carbon felt electrode (CFE) is ~0.2 V. These onset potentials are comparable
9
10
11 to the onset potentials for direct electron transfer processes in previous MFC designs using SO.25-
12
27
13 The major difference in the CVs between the two anode materials here is the broader peak(s)
14
15
for the CPPE.
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47 Figure 2. Average (n=3) potential scanning measurements of BEC anodes 24 h after inoculation
48
49
50
with SO with an applied potential of 0.4 V vs. NHE in MM with 20 mM lactate. The
51
52 measurements are taken from the second scan at 10 mV s-1. a) CVs of the CFE with (solid line)
53
54 and without bacteria and lactate (dotted line). b) CVs of the CPPE with (solid line) and without
55
56
57 bacteria and lactate (dotted line).
58
59
60
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
5
 ACS Energy Letters Page 6 of 15

1
2
3
4
5
6 Polarization curves reveal that the current peaks between 0.4 0.5 V, and 0.4 V has been used in
7
8 constant potential studies in MFCs using SO (Figure 3).21, 27, 28 By comparing the polarization
9
10
11
curves, different peak potentials are seen for the system with the CPPE and the CFE (Figure 3a).
12
13 While the CFE has its peak at ~0.4 V, the CPPE has a peak at ~0.5 V as well as a higher current
14
15 at its peak potential. If a CV shows a broader, flatter and more negative reductive peak, it can
16
17
18 generally be attributed to decreased electrode conductivity. However, the fact that the CVs using
19
20 the CPPE have both higher currents and several additional peaks compared to the CVs using the
21
22 CFE indicates that additional reductive processes are detected for the system using the CPPE.
23
24
25
26
27 Current production by the biofilm at a poised potential 0.4 V was monitored for four days (see
28
29
Supporting Information, section 3.2 for details). The CPPE generates a current density (146 13
30
31
32 mA m-2) similar to the CFE (155 11 mA m-2) under these conditions (Figure 3b). A similar
33
34 current density vs. time curve was seen during the four days of measurement for both electrode
35
36
37 types. Additionally, to test stability, CPPEs were left in the BEC compartment for a week. These
38
39 showed no visible degradation and maintained ~20% current density despite no addition of
40
41 nutrients (Figure S1).
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
6
Page 7 of 15 ACS Energy Letters

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30 Figure 3. a) Average (n=3) polarization curves of a 24-hour biofilm of CPPE (red) and CFE
31
32 (blue). b) Monitoring average (n=3) biofilm current generation in BEC with CPPE and CFE
33
34
35 anodes. Currents are subtracted with baselines, e.g., BECs without SO or lactate. Electrodes were
36
37 poised at 0.4 V for four days, stopping for other electrochemical evaluations every 24 h.
38
39
40
41
42 Figure 4a shows typical fibers of the CFE imaged by a field emission scanning electron
43
44 microscope (FESEM). Comparing to the surface of the CPPE (Figure 4d), higher porosity can be
45
46
47
seen in the network of CFE fibers, which would give the CFE higher surface area, even though
48
49 the electrodes have similar macroscopic areas. The deposited biofilm 24 h after inoculation is
50
51 shown in Figure 4c,f. SO formed interconnected colonies on CFE, bridging individual fibers in a
52
53
54 dense and cohesive biofilm (Figure 4c). On the CPPE the biofilm was scattered into islands of
55
56
57
58
59
60
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
7
 ACS Energy Letters Page 8 of 15

1
2
3
embedded colonies (Figure 4f). More detailed images of the SO biofilms can also be seen in
4
5
6 Supporting Information, Figure S3.
7
8
9
10
11
PANI was found to be a vital component to enhance both performance and stability of CPPE and
12
13 CFE. Studies done on non-coated anodes showed poor electrical signals in BECs with a CFE and
14
15 lowered currents in BECs with a CPPE (Figure S2). PANI is expected to decrease surface
16
17
18 hydrophobicity, facilitating interactions of water-soluble mediators and cytochromes. Deposits of
19
20 PANI can be seen in FESEM images on both CFE and CPPEs after treatment (Figure 4b and e).
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
8
Page 9 of 15 ACS Energy Letters

1
2
3
Figure 4. FESEM images of a) CFE without PANI coating, b) CFE surface, c) CFE with a 24 h
4
5
6 biofilm of SO, d) CPPE without PANI coating, e) CPPE surface, f) CPPE with a 24 h biofilm of
7
8 SO. Images were taken at 2k magnification with an accelerating voltage of 20 kV. Scale bars are
9
10
11 set to 2 m.
12
13
14
15
In an MFC the maximum current density will depend on the electrical connection and
16
17
18 compatibility between the bacteria and electrode interface, making electrode design critical.29
19
20 Developing new electrodes for MFCs thus has been a key strategy for enhancing performance.
21
22
23
Most other carbon-based electrode designs have reported maximum current densities measured
24
25 for lactate MFCs with SO in the range of 1 20 A m-2,30 and our CPPE falls within this range
26
27 (Table 1). Optimal potential is considered to be the peak potential seen in the polarization curves,
28
29
30 and the maximum current density is calculated using the generated current at the peak potential.
31
32 Considering that our BEC is not optimized for producing maximum possible current density, or
33
34 for the optimal potential of the CPPE, further development of the CPPE may eventually yield
35
36
37 current densities in the upper range.
38
39
40
41
Table 1. Comparison of averaged experimental data obtained from polarization curves after 24 h
42
43
44 incubation for both electrodes (n=3).
45
46 Electrode type CPPE CFE
47
48
Maximum
2.24 0.94
49 current density
0.16 0.09
50 (A m-2)
51 Optimal
52 0.52 0.41
potential (V)
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
9
 ACS Energy Letters Page 10 of 15

1
2
3
Our study reports a simple and inexpensive paper-based electrode for use as an anode in a BEC
4
5
6 with SO. The maximum current output seen in our BEC using a CPPE anode at an applied
7
8 potential of 0.4 V vs NHE was 146 13 mA m-2, compared to 155 11 mA m-2 for a CFE anode.
9
10
11
However, according to polarization curves, the CPPE anode would exhibit maximum current
12
13 densities of up to 2.24 0.16 W m-2 without diffusion limitation, more than two times higher
14
15 than the CFE, and rivaling many other electrodes conventionally used in MFCs.30 The ease of
16
17
18 fabrication, low cost, and biocompatibility of CPPEs make them attractive electrodes for use in
19
20 MFCs. Furthermore, the ease with which they may be modified will enable many possible
21
22 directions for future study and application.
23
24
25
26
27 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
28
29
CPPEs were manufactured in lab using conducting grade graphite powder -200 mesh, UCP-2
30
31
32 grade 99.9995% (Alfa Aesar, Haverhill, MA USA), heavy mineral oil (Thermo Fischer,
33
34 Waltham, MA USA) and strips of paper (Staples copy paper, 92 US bright, 75 g m-2, non-acid)
35
36
37 (Figure 1). The carbon paste was made by mixing graphite powder with heavy mineral oil at a
38
39 ratio of 70:30 (w/w), which was previously shown to yield a material with optimal
40
41 conductance.31 The paste was applied in a ~0.5 1.0 mm thick layer on both sides of a 0.5 x 1.0
42
43
44 cm strip of paper and was hand-pressed between two sheets of aluminum foil. For comparison to
45
46 the CPPE, an electrode constructed of a conventional material, carbon felt (1.3 cm thickness,
47
48 95%, Alfa Aesar), was also cut into in 0.5 x 1.0 cm strips with 0.4 cm thickness. The CFE and
49
50
51 the CPPE were coated with PANI to enhance stability and increase conductivity, see Supporting
52
53 Information section 3.2.
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
10
Page 11 of 15 ACS Energy Letters

1
2
3
The CPPE or the CFE was fixed to the electrode holder of the BEC by using a copper wire, and
4
5
6 wrapped with Parafilm to cover the wire (approximate geometrical area of 1.0 cm2 for CPPE, 1.5
7
8 cm2 for CFE). The electrodes were stored in a dry atmosphere until they were installed in the
9
10
11
BEC. Details on BEC construction, cell culturing, electrochemical methods, and electron
12
13 microscopy can be found in Supporting Information.
14
15
16
17
18 ASSOCIATED CONTENT
19
20 Contents of Supporting Information: Additional electrochemical tests, high magnification
21
22 scanning electron microscopy imaging, Experimental details.
23
24
25
26 AUTHOR INFORMATION
27
28 bren@chem.rochester.edu
29
30
31
32
33 Notes
34
35 The authors declare no competing financial interest
36
37
38
39
40 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
41
42
43
The authors acknowledge financial support from NSF CHE-1409929 and the University of
44
45 Rochester Materials Science Program. The authors are grateful to Brian McIntyre for FESEM
46
47 imaging, Jeff Gralnick for the gift of SO, and Sanela Lampa-Pastirk for assistance with SO
48
49
50 handling.
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58 REFERENCES
59
60
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
11
 ACS Energy Letters Page 12 of 15

1
2
3
(1) Logan, B. E.; Rabaey, K. Conversion of Wastes into Bioelectricity and Chemicals by
4
5
6 Using Microbial Electrochemical Technologies. Science 2012, 337, 686-690.
7
8 (2) Lovley, D. R. Bug Juice: Harvesting Electricity with Microorganisms. Nat. Rev.
9
10
11
Microbiol. 2006, 4, 497-508.
12
13 (3) Angenent, L. T.; Karim, K.; Al-Dahhan, M. H.; Domiguez-Espinosa, R. Production of
14
15 Bioenergy and Biochemicals from Industrial and Agricultural Wastewater. Trends
16
17
18 Biotechnol. 2004, 22, 477-485.
19
20 (4) Guo, K.; Prevoteau, A.; Patil, S. A.; Rabaey, K. Engineering Electrodes for Microbial
21
22 Electrocatalysis. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2015, 33, 149-156.
23
24
25 (5) Wei, J.; Liang, P.; Huang, X. Recent Progress in Electrodes for Microbial Fuel Cells.
26
27 Bioresource Technol. 2011, 102, 9335-9344.
28
29
(6) Zhou, M. H.; Chi, M. L.; Luo, J. M.; He, H. H.; Jin, T. An Overview of Electrode
30
31
32 Materials in Microbial Fuel Cells. J. Power Sources 2011, 196, 4427-4435.
33
34 (7) Coman, V.; Gustavsson, T.; Finkelsteinas, A.; von Wachenfeldt, C.; Hagerhall, C.;
35
36
37 Gorton, L. Electrical Wiring of Live, Metabolically Enhanced Bacillus subtilis Cells with
38
39 Flexible Osmium-Redox Polymers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 16171-16176.
40
41 (8) Lamberg, P.; Shleev, S.; Ludwig, R.; Arnebrant, T.; Ruzgas, T. Performance of Enzymatic
42
43
44 Fuel Cell in Cell Culture. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2014, 55, 168-173.
45
46 (9) Mahidhara, G.; Chintalapati, V. R. Eco-physiological and Interdisciplinary Approaches
47
48 for Empowering Biobatteries. Ann. Microbiol. 2016, 66, 543-557.
49
50
51 (10) Recio-Garrido, D.; Perrier, M.; Tartakovsky, B. Modeling, Optimization and Control of
52
53 Bioelectrochemical Systems. Chem. Eng. J. 2016, 289, 180-190.
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
12
Page 13 of 15 ACS Energy Letters

1
2
3
(11) Tonle, I. K.; Ngameni, E.; Tchieno, F. M. M.; Walcarius, A. Organoclay-modified
4
5
6 Electrodes: Preparation, Characterization and Recent Electroanalytical Applications. J.
7
8 Solid State Electrochem. 2015, 19, 1949-1973.
9
10
11
(12) Yuan, Y.; Jeon, Y.; Ahmed, J.; Park, W.; Kim, S. Use of Carbon Nanoparticles for
12
13 Bacteria Immobilization in Microbial Fuel Cells for High Power Output. J. Electrochem.
14
15 Soc. 2009, 156, B1238-B1241.
16
17
18 (13) Kracke, F.; Vassilev, I.; Krmer, J. O. Microbial Electron Transport and Energy
19
20 Conservation The Foundation for Optimizing Bioelectrochemical Systems. Front.
21
22 Microbiol. 2015, 6, 575.
23
24
25 (14) Li, C.; Ding, L. L.; Cui, H.; Zhang, L. B.; Xu, K.; Ren, H. Q. Application of Conductive
26
27 Polymers in Biocathode of Microbial Fuel Cells and Microbial Community. Bioresource
28
29
Technol. 2012, 116, 459-465.
30
31
32 (15) Gracia, R.; Mecerreyes, D. Polymers with Redox Properties: Materials for Batteries,
33
34 Biosensors and More. Polym. Chem. 2013, 4, 2206-2214.
35
36
37 (16) Gralnick, J. A.; Newman, D. K. Extracellular Respiration. Mol. Microbiol. 2007, 65, 1-11.
38
39 (17) Kouzuma, A.; Kasai, T.; Hirose, A.; Watanabe, K. Catabolic and Regulatory Systems in
40
41 Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Involved in Electricity Generation in Microbial Fuel Cells.
42
43
44 Front. Microbiol. 2015, 6, 609.
45
46 (18) Gorby, Y. A.; Yanina, S.; McLean, J. S.; Rosso, K. M.; Moyles, D.; Dohnalkova, A.;
47
48 Beveridge, T. J.; Chang, I. S.; Kim, B. H.; Kim, K. S. Electrically Conductive Bacterial
49
50
51 Nanowires Produced by Shewanella oneidensis Strain MR-1 and Other Microorganisms.
52
53 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2006, 103, 11358-11363.
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
13
 ACS Energy Letters Page 14 of 15

1
2
3
(19) Myers, C. R.; Myers, J. M. Cell Surface Exposure of the Outer Membrane Cytochromes of
4
5
6 Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2003, 37, 254-258.
7
8 (20) Kim, B. H.; Kim, H. J.; Hyun, M. S.; Park, D. H. Direct Electrode Reaction of Fe(III)-
9
10
11
Reducing Bacterium, Shewanella putrefaciens. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1999, 9, 127-
12
13 131.
14
15 (21) Roy, J. N.; Babanova, S.; Garcia, K. E.; Cornejo, J.; Ista, L. K.; Atanassov, P. Catalytic
16
17
18 Biofilm Formation by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and Anode Characterization by
19
20 Expanded Uncertainty. Electrochim. Acta 2014, 126, 3-10.
21
22 (22) Baron, D.; LaBelle, E.; Coursolle, D.; Gralnick, J. A.; Bond, D. R. Electrochemical
23
24
25 Measurement of Electron Transfer Kinetics by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. J. Biol.
26
27 Chem. 2009, 284, 28865-28873.
28
29
(23) Marsili, E.; Baron, D. B.; Shikhare, I. D.; Coursolle, D.; Gralnick, J. A.; Bond, D. R.
30
31
32 Shewanella Secretes Flavins that Mediate Extracellular Electron Transfer. Proc. Natl.
33
34 Acad. Sci. 2008, 105, 3968-3973.
35
36
37 (24) Okamoto, A.; Hashimoto, K.; Nealson, K. H.; Nakamura, R. Rate Enhancement of
38
39 Bacterial Extracellular Electron Transport Involves Bound Flavin Semiquinones. Proc.
40
41 Natl. Acad. Sci. 2013, 110, 7856-7861.
42
43
44 (25) Xu, S.; Jangir, Y.; El-Naggar, M. Y. Disentangling the Toles of Free and Cytochrome-
45
46 bound Flavins in Extracellular Electron Transport From Shewanella oneidensis MR-1.
47
48 Electrochim. Acta 2016, 198, 49-55.
49
50
51 (26) Patil, S. A.; Hasan, K.; Leech, D.; Hagerhall, C.; Gorton, L. Improved Microbial
52
53 Electrocatalysis with Osmium Polymer Modified Electrodes. Chem. Comm. 2012, 48,
54
55
56
10183-5.
57
58
59
60
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
14
Page 15 of 15 ACS Energy Letters

1
2
3
(27) Wu, C.; Cheng, Y.-Y.; Li, B.-B.; Li, W.-W.; Li, D.-B.; Yu, H.-Q. Electron Acceptor
4
5
6 Dependence of Electron Shuttle Secretion and Extracellular Electron Transfer by
7
8 Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. Bioresource Technol. 2013, 136, 711-714.
9
10
11
(28) Wang, V. B.; Kirchhofer, N. D.; Chen, X.; Tan, M. Y. L.; Sivakumar, K.; Cao, B.; Zhang,
12
13 Q.; Kjelleberg, S.; Bazan, G. C.; Loo, S. C. J., et al. Comparison of Flavins and a
14
15 Conjugated Oligoelectrolyte in Stimulating Extracellular Electron Transport from
16
17
18 Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. Electrochem. Commun. 2014, 41, 55-58.
19
20 (29) Cornejo, J. A.; Lopez, C.; Babanova, S.; Santoro, C.; Artyushkova, K.; Ista, L.; Schuler,
21
22 A. J.; Atanassov, P. Surface Modification for Enhanced Biofilm Formation and Electron
23
24
25 Transport in Shewanella Anodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2015, 162, H597-H603.
26
27 (30) Xie, X.; Criddle, C.; Cui, Y. Design and fabrication of bioelectrodes for microbial
28
29
bioelectrochemical systems. Energ. Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 3418-3441.
30
31
32 (31) Valentini, F.; Amine, A.; Orlanducci, S.; Terranova, M. L.; Palleschi, G. Carbon Nanotube
33
34 Purification: Preparation and Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Paste Electrodes. Anal.
35
36
37 Chem. 2003, 75, 5413-5421.
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
15