Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Design Handbook EC3 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Patrícia Santos
    22 views227 pages

    Original Title

    Design_Handbook_EC3.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    22 views227 pages

    Design Handbook EC3 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Patrícia Santos

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 227
    CS |i, EUROPEAN CONVENTION FOR CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK ECM a CONVENTION EUROPEENNE DE LA CONSTRUCTION METALLIQUE KS N EUROPAISCHE KONVENTION FUR STAHLBAU —— mom Recherches A PrRoFLAPeBED In @ ‘STEEL RESEARCH Design Handbook for Braced or Non-Sway Steel Buildings according to Eurocode 3 FIRST EDITION 1996 N° 85 Authors : CHANTRAIN Ph. , Project Manager SCHLEICH J.B. , Ingénieur Principal CONAN Y. and MAUER Th. , Ingénieur-Techniciens Service Recherches et Promotion technique Structures ProfilARBED-Recherches 66, rue de Luxembourg L-4201 Esch / Alzette Luxembourg ‘The present handbook has becn translated from English to several European languages by the following Civil engineering Experts : Name Company Language Ir, H.M.G.M. Steenbergen ‘TNO-Bouw Dutch Delft Ing. Y. Galéa * CTLCM. French Saint-Rémy-les-chevreuse Prof. Dr.-Ing. J, Falke Universitit-GH-Siegen German Siegen Ing. M. Bandini SIDERCAD S.p.A. Taian Genova Prof. Dr.-Ing. F. Millanes. | IDEAM / Univ. Pol. Madrid Spanish Mato Madrid * re-reader ECS for non-sway buildings Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 0 PRELIMINARIES Oa Foreword Ol Generalities 0.2.2 Objective of this design handbook 0.0.3 = Waring 0.0.4 How to read this design handbook 0.a.5 Acknowledgements Ob References Oc Symbols and notations 0.1 Symbols 0.c.2 Convention for member axes 0.c.3 Dimensions and axes of rolled steel sections 0.0.4 Notations in flow-charts 0d Definitions and units 0.4.1 Definition of special terms 0.42 Units 1 INTRODUCTION La _Basis of design Lal Fundamental requirements Lad Definitions La2.1 Limit states 1a22 Actions 1a23 Material properties La3 Design requirements Ta3.1 General 1a32 — Serviceability Limit States 1a.3.3 Ultimate Limit States 1b General flow-charts about elastic global analysis Lb. Flow-chart -Blastic global analysis of steel frames according to EC 3 Lb.l.1 Flow-chart I: general Lb.1.2 low-chart I: details Lb.1.3 Comments on flow-chart I Le Content of the design handbook Tel Scope of the handbook Led Definition of the braced frames and non-sway frames Le3 Summary of the table of contents Le4 Checks at Serviceability Limit States les Checks of members at Ultimate Limit States page u 3 13 13 3 4 14 15 16 16 16 16 7 19 19 19 2 23 23 23 23 24 ory 25 25 25 25 30 30 30 30 31 36 36 37 39 39 40 ECS for now sway buildings - Table of contents w STRUCTURAL CONCEPT OF THE BUILDING Structural model Geometric dimensions Non structural elements Load bearing structure Joints Profiles Floor structure Material properties ‘Nominal values for hot rolled steel Fracture toughness Connecting devices 1h3.1 Bolts ILh3.2 Welding consumables ILh.4 Design values of material coefficients a LOAD ARRANGEMENTS AND LOAD CASES Ula — Generalities Ib Load arrangements TLb.1 Permanent loads (g and G) TILb2 Variable loads (q, Q, w and s) IL.b.2.1 Imposed loads on floors and roof (q and Q) Tl.b.2.2. Wind loads (We,i, Fw) 11.b.2.2.1 Wind pressure (We) 11L.b.2.2.2 Wind force (Fy) IILb.2.3. Snow loads (s) Tle Load eases IiLc.1 Load cases for serviceability limit states Ic.2 Load cases for ultimate limit states Iv DESIGN OF BRACED OR NON-SWAY FRAME IV.a Generalities Val Analysis models for frames 1V.a2 _ Flow-chart IV : Elastic global analysis of braced or non-sway steel frames according to Eurocode 3 1V.a.2.1 Flow-chart IV general 1V.a.2.2 — Flow-chart IV details 1V.a.2.3 Comments on flow-chart IV IV.b Static equilibrium IV.c Load arrangements and load cases IVc.1 Generalities IV.c2 Frame imperfections IV.d Frame stability IV.c First order elastic global analysis TV.e.l_ Methods of analysis 45 47 47 47 47 48 50 50 50 50 Sl 53 33 54 54 55 7 60 60 61 64 64 65 65 66 67 69 69 n n 1 14 15 16 16 16 71 78 78 EC 3 for non-sway buildings Table of contents IV.e.2 Effects of deformations 1V.e.3 Elastic global analysis IV.f Verifications at SLS IV.£1 —_Deflections of frames IV.g Verifications at ULS IV.g.1 Classification of the frame IVg.l.l Hypothesis for braced frame IV.g.12 — Hypothesis for non-sway frame IV.g2 —_ ULS checks v CLASSIFICATION OF CROSS-SECTIONS V.a Generalities V.b Definition of the cross-sections classification V.c Criteria of the cross-sections classification V.c.l_ Classification of compression elements of cross-sections V.c2 Classification of cross-sections V.c.3 Properties of class 4 effective cross-sections V.d Procedures of cross-sections classification for different loadings V.d.1 Classification of cross-sections in compression V.d.2 Classification of cross-section in bending V.d.3 Classification of cross-sections in combined (NM) vI MEMBERS IN TENSION (Niension) Via — Generalities VLb General verifications at ULS VLb.1 Resistance of gross cross-section to Nieasion VLb2 Resistance of net cross-section to Nicasion Vic Particular verifications at ULS for angles connected by one leg Vic.1 Connection with a single row of bolts Vic2 Connection by welding val MEMBERS IN COMPRESSION (Ncompression) ViLa Generalities VILb Classification of cross-sections VIL — General verifications at ULS Viec.1 Resistance of cross-section to Neompression Vilc.2 Stability of member to Ncompression Vic.2.1 Resistance to flexural buckling VILc.2.2. Resistance to torsional buckling and to flexural-torsional buckling VIld Particular verifications at ULS for class 4 monosymmetrical cross-section VIId.1 Resistance of cross-section to Neompression VILd.2 Stability of member to Neompression Vile Particular verifications at ULS for angle connected by one leg Vile.1 Connection with a single row of bolts B p p 80 80 80 80 80 80 81 83 86 88 88 88 89 90 90 1 1 103 105 108 108 109 110 110 112 113 115 118 19 119) 119 11g 123 124 124 124 125 125 ECS for non-sway buildings - Table of contents Vile.1.1 Resistance of cross-section to Neompression Vile1.2 Stability of member to Neompression Vile.2 Connection by welding Vile.2.1 Resistance of cross-section to Neompression Vile2.2 Stability of member to Neompression VIL MEMBERS IN BENDING (V ;M; (V, M)) Vila Generalities VILl.b Verifications at SLS VIILb.1 _Deflections VIILb.2 Dynamic effects - vibrations Ville Classification of cross-section VIILd Verifications at ULS to shear force Vsq VIIId.1 — Resistance of cross-section to Vsq VUld.2 — Stability of web to Vz sa Ville Verifications at ULS to bending moment Mq Ville.1 Resistance of cross-section to Mga Ville.2 Stability of member to My,sa VULf — Verifications at ULS to biaxial bending moment (My sa, Mzsa) VIILE1 Resistance of cross-section to (My sd. Mzsa) VULE2 Stability of member to (My sa, Mz.sa) VIll.g Verifications at ULS to combined (Va; Msa) Vill.g.1 Resistance of cross-section to (Vsa, Msa) VIILg.1.1 Shear force Vsq and uniaxial bending Msq VIII.g.1.2 Shear force Vsq and biaxial bending moment Msq VI.g2 — Stability of web to (Vzsa, Mya) IK MEMBERS WITH COMBINED AXIAL FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT ((N, M) ; (N, V; M)) Xa Generalities Xb Verifications at SLS IXb.1 — Deflections IXb2 Vibrations TX Classification of cross-section IX.d Verifications at ULS to (N,M) IXd.1 Resistance of cross-section to (Nsa. Msa) TX.d.1.1 Uniaxial bending of class 1 or 2 cross-sections TX.d.1.2 Biaxial bending of class 1 or 2 cross-sections TX.d.1.3 Bending of class 3 cross-sections TX.d.L.4 — Bending of class 4 cross-sections IXd2 Stability of member to (Nsa.Msa) TX.d.2.1 Stability of member to (Niensiom My.$d) 1X.d.2.2 Stability of member to (Neompression: Ms) 125 125 125 125 125 27 129 134 134 136 136 137 137 139 1. 141 142 146 146 146 146 146 147 148 148 151 153 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 162 162 163 163 163 164 ECS for non-sway buildings - Table of contents Xe Verifications at ULS for (Nsa .Vsa) IX.e1 Resistance of cross-section to (Nsa,Vu) IX Verifications at ULS to (Nsa .VsaMsa) IX.£1 Resistance of cross-section to (Nsa,Vsd.Msa) TXf1.1 Uniaxial bending of class 1 or 2 cross-section IX£1.2 Biaxial bending of class 1 or2 cross-section IX£.1.3 Bending of class 3 cross-section IX£1.4 Bending of class 4 cross-section TX.£2 Stability of web to (Nz.sa, VzSd My.se) x ‘TRANSVERSE FORCES ON WEBS (F ; (F, N, V, M)) Xa Generalities Xb Classification of cross-section Xc —_ Resistance of webs to (F,N,V.M) Xcel Yield criterion to (F.N,V.M) X.c.2 Crushing resistance to F Xd Stability of webs to (F; (F, M)) X.d.1 Crippling resistance to (F; (F, M)) X.d.1.1 Crippling resistance to F X.d.1.2 Crippling resistance to (FM) X.d.2 Buckling resistance to F Xe Stability of webs to compression flange buckling XI CONNECTIONS XIa Generalities XL.b Bolted connections XLb.1 Positioning of holes XLb.2 Distribution of forces between bolts XLb.3 — Prying forces XLb4 Categories of bolted connections XLb5 Design ULS resistance of bolts XLb5.1 Bearing resistance XLb52__ Shear resistance XLb.5.2.1 General case XLb5.2.2 Long joints XLb53 Tension resistance XLb5.4 Punching shear resistance ‘XLb5.5 Shear and tension interaction XLb.6 ULS resistance of element with bolt holes XLb6.1 Net section ULS resistance XLb6.2 —_ULS resistance of angle with a single row of bolt XL.b.6.3 Block shear ULS resistance X1Lb.7 High strength bolts in slip-resistant connections at SLS XLe Welded connections XIc1 Type of weld XIc2 Fillet weld 169 169 170 170 im 173 173 174 175 w7 179 180 180 180 182 183 183 183 183 184 185 187 189 189 189 189 191 191 192 192 194 194 194 195 195 195 196 196 196 196 196 197 197 197 ECS for non-sway buildings - Table of convents XIc3 Design resistance of fillet weld XLc.3.1 Throat thickness X1c.3.2 Design resistance Xicd Design resistance of butt weld XLc5 Joints to unstiffened flanges XLd Pin connections XLe Beam-to-column connections XLf Design of column bases x DESIGN OF BRACING SYSTEM Xia Generalities Xl.a.1 — Flow-chart XILBlastic global analysis of bracing system according to EC 3 XiLal.l — Flow-chart XIl: general XILa1.2 — Flow-chart XU: details XiL.a.1.3 Comments on flow-chart XII XILb Static equilibrium XILc Load arrangements and load cases Xilc.1 Generalities ‘XIL.c.2 Global imperfections of the bracing sysiem XILd Bracing system stability Xie First order elastic global analysis XILf Verifications at SL XILg Verifications at ULS XILg.1 Classification of the bracing system XILg1.1 — Non-sway bracing system XILg.2— ULS checks APPENDIX A List of symbols APPENDIX B List of tables APPENDIX C List of flow-charts 198 198 199 199 200 200 200 200 201 203 203 203 203 206 209 209 209 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 215 223 226 APPENDIX D List of references to Eurocode 3 Part 1.1 related to all check formulas at ULS_ 227 10 0 EC 3 for non-sway buildings - Foreword PRELIMINARIES (Ref EC 3 for non-sway buildings - Foreword ] 0a Foreword 0.a.1 Generalities (1) The Eurocodes are being prepared to harmonize design procedures between countries which are members of CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2) Burocode 3 - Part 1.1 “Design of Steel Structures :General Rules and Rules for Buildings” has been published initially as an ENV document (European pre-standard - a prospective European Standard for provisional application), (3) The national authorities of the members states have issued National Application Documents (NAD) to make Eurocode 3 - Part 1.1 operative whilst it has ENV-status (ENV 1993-1-1). 0.2.2 Objective of this design handbook (1) The present publication is intended to be a design aid in supplement to the complete document Eurocode 3 - Part 1.1 in order to facilitate the use of Eurocode 3 for the design of such steel structures which are usual in common practice : braced or non-sway steel structures. (2) Therefore, the “Design handbook according to Eurocode 3 for braced or non-sway steel buildings” presents the main design formulas and rules extracted from Eurocode 3 - Part 1.1, which are needed to deal with : elastic global analysis of buildings and similar structures in stec!, checks of structural members and connections at limit states, in case of braced or non-sway structures, according to the european standard Eurocode 3 - Pari 1.1 (ENV 1993-1-1). a3 Warning (1) Although the present design handbook has been carefully established and intends to be self-sufficient it does not substitute in any case for the complete document Eurocode 3 - Part 1.1, which should be consulted in conjunction with the NAD, in case of doubt or need for clarification. (2) All references to Eurocode 3 - Part 1.1 are made in [...]. (3) Any other text, tables or figures not quoted from Eurocode 3 are considered to satisfy the ules specified in Eurocode 3 - Part 1.1. 13 Ref. EC3 for non-sway buildings - Foreword, ] 0.2.4 Howto read this design handbook (1) Example of numbering of chapters and paragraphs ; VITT.a 1.2 Q) Layout of pages : (Ref EC for now-sway buildings - VI Members in tension 1 left column short tile ‘concerned chapter forreferences of the handbook eferences | | Main text with a following example about layout of chapters: STRUCTURAL CONCEPT OF THE BUILDING Material properties Connecting devices Welding consumables (3) In the left column of each page (Ref.): references to Eurocode 3 are always included between brackets [...]; the other references are specified without brackets; the word "form." means "formula" (4) References to Eurocode 3 are also given in the text between brackets [...] 0.a.5 Acknowledgements (1) Particular thanks for fruitful collaboration are addressed to: 15 engineering offices : Adem (Belgium), Bureau Delta (Belgium), Varendonck Groep/Steeltrak (Belgium), VM Associate Partner (Belgium), Rambgll, Hannemann & Hojlund (Denmark), Bureau Véritas (France), Socotec (France), Sofresid (France), CPU Ingenieurbiiro (Germany), IGB-Ingenieurgruppe Bauen (Germany), Danieli Ingegneria (Italy), Schrocder & Associés (Luxemburg), D3BN (the Netherlands), Ove Arup & Partners (United Kingdom), ECCS /'TC 11 (Germany), RWTH : Steel Construction Department from Aachen University with Professor SEDLACEK G. and GROTMANN D.. SIDERCAD (Italy) with MM. BANDINI M. and CATTANEO F,, CTICM (France) with MM. CHABROLIN B., GALEA Y. and BUREAU A. (2) Grateful thanks are also expressed to : the ECSC which supported this work in the scope of the european research n° P2724(contract n° 7210 - SA/513), the F6 executive commitice which has followed and advised the working group of the research, anyone who has contributed to the work: MM. CHANTRAIN Ph., CONAN Yves, MAUER Thierry, GERARDY J.C. 14 [Ref ECS for non-sway buildings - References 1 0b References Ref. 1,1 Ref. 1,2-1 Ref. 1,2-3 Ref. 1,2-4 Ref. 2 Ref. 3 Ref. 4 Ref. 5 Ref. 6 Ref.7 Ref. 8 Ref. 9 in the left column of each page (Ref.): references to Burocode 3 are always included between brackets [..J; the other references are specified without brackets. references to Eurocode 3 are also given in the text between brackets [...] Eurocode 1, ENV 1991-1, Basis of Design and Actions on Structures, Parts 1, Basis of design Eurocode 1, ENV 1991-2-1, Basis of Design and Actions on Structures, Parts 2-1, Densities, self-weight and imposed loads Eurocode 1, ENV 1991-2-3, Basis of Design and Actions on Structures, Parts 2-3, Snow loads Eurocode 1, ENV 1991-2-4, Basis of Design and Actions on Structures, Parts 2-4, Wind loads Eurocode 3, ENV 1993-I-1, Design of steel structures Part 1.1 General rules and rules for Buildings (EC3) Eurocode 8, draft version, Design of structures for earthquake resistance (EC8) ECCS technical publication n°65, Essentials of Eurocode 3 Design Manual for Steel Structures in Building, 1991, First Edition Practical exercises showing applications of design formulas of Eurocode 3 : ECCS technical publication n°71, Examples to Eurocode 3, 1993, First Edition “Design handbook for sway buildings”, from Sidercad (Italy) Software for the check of main formulas in Eurocode 3:"EC 3 tools" (available for PC computer; Windows 3.1), from CTICM (France) Eurocede 3 Background Document 5.03 : "Evaluation of test results on columns, beams and beam-columns with cross-sectional classes | - 3 in order to obtain strength functions and suitable model factors", April 1989. Paper "Application de I'Eurocode 3 : classement des sections transversales en I", by Bureau A. and Galéa Y., (CTICM), Construction métallique, n° 1-191 15 [Ref ta (167) 16 ECS for non-away buildings - Symbols and notations ] Qc Symbols and notations Oc.1 Symbols (1) See Appendix A for a list of symbols used in this design handbook. Those symbols are conform to Eurocode 3. 0.c.2 Convention for member axes (1) For steel members, the conventions used for cross-section axes are: . generally: xx along the member YY > __Gross-section axis parallel to the flanges, zz —~ _ cross-section axis perpendicular to the flanges or parallel to the web for angle sections: yy ~ axis parallel to the smaller leg ze - _ axis perpendicular to the smaller leg . where necessary: uu = —_ major axis (where this does not coincide with the yy axis) w * minor axis (where this does not coincide with the zz axis) (2) The convention used for subscripts which indicate axes for moments is "Use the axis about which the moment acts." 3) For example, for an I-section a moment acting in the plane of the web is denoted My because it acts about the cross-section axis parallel to the flanges. 0.c.3 Dimensions and axes of rolled steel sections (1) "bisymmetrical” (I and 6 ) and "monosymmetrical" ([ , T and L) rolled steel sections are shown in table 0.1. EC for non-sway bul {ings - Symbols and notations —] (.c.4 Notations in flow-charts (1) All the flow-charts appearing in the present design handbook should be read according to the following rules : reading from the top to the bottom, in general = the references to Eurocode 3 are given in [..] = "nf" means that the checks are not fulfilled and that stronger sections or joints have to be selected. - convention for flow-charts: flow-chart number (x) Criterion to check, condition, comparison other flow-chart number (y) the dotted line (-----) means that path has to be followed through the box 7 [Ref EC3 for non-sway buildings - Symbols and notations: Table 0.1 Dimensions and axes of rolled steel sections [Ref ECS for non-sway buildings - Definitions and units ] 0.d Definitions and units 0.4.1 Definition of special terms 1421 (1) The following terms are used in Part 1.1 of Eurocode 3 with the following meanings: . Frame: Portion of a structure, comprising an assembly of directly connected structural elements, designed to act together to resist load. This term refers to both rigid-jointed frames and triangulated frames. It covers both plane frames and three- dimensional frames. = Sub-frame: A frame which forms part of a larger frame, but is treated as an isolated frame in a structural analysis. ‘Type of framing: Terms used to distinguish between frames which are either: Semi-continuous, in which the structural properties of the connections need ‘explicit consideration in the global analysis, Continuous, in which only the structural properties of the members necd — Consideration in the global analysis. imple, in which the joints are not required to resist moments. Global rn ‘The determination of a consistent set of internal forces and moments (N, V, M) in a structure, which are in equilibrium with a particular set of actions on the structure. First order global analysis: Global analysis using the initial geometry of the Hiucture and neglecting the deformation of the stucture which fnfluevces the effects of actions (no P-A effects). Second order global analysis: Global analysis taking into account the deformation of the structure which influences the effects of actions (P-A effects). Elastic global analysis: First-order or second-order global analysis based on the assumption that the stress-strain behaviour of the material is linear, whatever the stress level; this assumption may be maintained cven where the resistance of 2 cross-section is based on its plastic resistance (see chapter V about classification of cross-sections). System length: Distance between two adjacent points at which « member is braced against lateral displacement in a given plane, or between one such point and the end of the member. Buckling length: System length of an otherwise similar member with pinned ends, which has the same buckling resistance as a given member. + Designer: Appropriately qualified and experienced person responsible for the ‘Structural design. 0.4.2 — Units 115@) (1) For calculations the following units are recommenced in accordance with ISO 1000: Forces and loads t KN, kN/m , KN/m? Unit mass Unit weight Stresses and strengths Moments (bending ....) 19 ECS for non-sway buildings -1 Introduction I INTRODUCTION [Ref EC 3 for non-sway buildings - I Introduction La Basis of design (1) The table 1.1 summarizes this chapter I.a providing the practical principles of design requirements. Details and explanations are given in the following sub-chapters I.a.1 to La. Lal Fundamental requirements 10) (1) A-structure shall be designed and constructed in such a way that: with acceptable probability, it will remain fit for the use for which it is required, having due to regard to its intended live and its cost, and + with appropriate degrees of reliability, it will sustain all actions and influences likely to occur during execution (i.e. the construction period) and use (i.e. the service period) and have adequate durability in relation to maintenance costs 2.1@} — @) A structure shall also be designed in such a way that it will not be damaged by events like explosions, impact or consequences of human errors, to an extent disproportionate to the original cause. (2.14) — @) The above requirements shall be met by the choice of suitable materials, by appropriate design and detailing and by specifying control procedures for production, construction and use as relevant for the particular project. 1a2 Definitions 2.1 Limit states (1) Eurocode 3 is a limit state design code in which principles and rules are given for the verification Serviceability Limit States (SLS) and, Ultimate Limit States (ULS). @) The limit states are states beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the design performance requirements, (3) These limit states are referred to physical phenomena as for instance : (631 a) for SLS, problems which may limit the serviceability because of : deformations or deflections which adversely affect the appearance of effective use of the structure (including the proper functioning of machines or services) or cause damage to finishes or non-structural elements, vibration which causes discomfort to people, damage to the building or its contents, or which limits its functional effectiveness, .1(4)] __b) for ULS, problems which may endanger the safety of people and thus be regarded as ultimate limit because of: loss of equilibrium of structure or any part of it, considered as a rigid body, failure by excessive deformation, rupture, or loss of stability of the structure or any part of it, including supports and foundations. 23 (Ret 221 (0) 22220) 2240) form. (2.1)] [form. (2.2)) 2.231 3) 1.2320), form. (23)] 24 (BCS for non-sway buildings - 1 Introduction 1 Ta22 Actions (1) Details about actions are provided in Eurocode 1 (2) An action (F) is: a force (Joad) applied to the structure (direct action), or an imposed deformation (indirect action); for cxample, temperatures cffects or differential settlement. (8) Actions (F) are classified as: permanent actions (G), e.g. self-weight of structures, fittings, ancillaries and fixed equipment. variable actions (Q), ¢.g. imposed loads (q), wind loads (w) or snow loads (s) accidental actions (A), e.g. explosions or impact from vehicles. (4) Characteristic values Fx of actions are specified: in Eurocode J or other relevant loading codes, or by client, or the designer in consultation with the client, provided that the minimum provisions specified in the relevant loading codes or by the competent authority are observed. (3) The design (factored) values Fa of an action (for instance Ga, Qu, Wa. Sa) is expressed in general terms as : Fa =F where Fy — is the characteristic (unfuctored) value of action. ‘Yr is the partial safety factor for the action considered - taking into account of, for example, the possibility of unfavourable deviations of the actions, the possibility of inaccurate modelling of the actions, uncertainties in the assessment of effects of actions and uncertainties in the assessment of the limit state considered (the values of 7 are given in chapter III: ¥g (permanent actions), ¥9 (variable actions)... (6) The combinations of actions respectively for ULS and for SLS are given in chapter II (1) Design values of the effects of actions : ‘The effects of actions (E) are responses (for example, internal forces and moments (Nga, Vsa, Msa), stresses, strains, deflections, rotations) of the structure to the actions. Design values of the effects of actions (Eg) are determined from the design values of the actions, geometrical data (ag) and material properties when relevant: Ea EP saa] 1a2.3. Material properties (1) characteristic values of material properties : Material properties for steel structures are generally represented by nominal values used as characteristic values (unfactored) (Xp). (2) design values of material properties : For steel structures, the design (factored) resistance Ra (for example, design resistance for tension (Naa), buckling (Naa), Shear (Vpq) , bending (Mra)) is generally determined Girectly from the characteristic (unfactored) values of the material properties (X) and geometrical data (ay) : Ra = RO, a4.) Ya where Yq _ is the partial safety factor for the resistance(the different yyq factors are explicitly introduced in the design formulas and their values are given in table [.2). (Ret EC 3 for non-sway buildings -1 Inuoduction ] L.a.3 Design requirements 1a.3.1 General [23.101 (1) It shall be verified that no relevant limit state is exceeded 23.1@1 (2) All relevant design situations and load cases shall be considered. 23.161 (3) Possible deviations from the assumed directions or positions of actions shall be considered. (23.161 (4) Calculations shall be performed using appropriate design models (supplemented, if necessary, by tests) involving all relevant variables. The models shall be sufficiently precise to predict the structural behaviour, commensurate with the standard of workmanship likely to be achieved, and with the reliability of the information on waich the design is based. 1.3.2 Serviceability Limit States [234()] (1) It shall be verified that : [form. (2.13)] [Ea $Caj or [Ea Sal where Eq — is the design effect of actions, determined on the basis of one of the combinations defined below, C4 is a nominal value or a function of certain properties of materials related to the design effect of actions considered. (2) Practical checks of SLS (see chapter Lc.4) in floors and frames for instance: where 5yq_is the design vertical deflection of floors (recommended limits 8y;na, = 1/250, --.) Sua is the design horizontal deflection of frames (recommended limits Sumax = 1/300 --) fa _ is the design natural frequency of floors (recommended limits fain Hy, ...) 1.a.3.3_ Ultimate Limit States (232.10) (1) When considering a limit state of rupture or excessive deformation of a section, member or connection (fatigue excluded) it shall be verified that: [fom @.7)) [Sa = Ral where Sq is the design value of an internal force or moment (or of a respective vector of several internal forces or moments) Rg _ is the corresponding design resistance, associating all structural properties with the respective design values. (2) Practical checks of ULS (see chapter .c.5) in members for instance: I(Nsa.Vsa»Mgq) $ (Na, Vea-Mra)} condition concerning separate internal forces or moments or, interaction between them ((V.M), (N, M), ...) where (Nga, Vsd;Mge) are design internal forces and moments applied to the members, (Nras ris Mrs) are design resistance of the members. 25 (Re {torm. (2.1)) Fa = YF where Fx is the characteristic value of actions ® is the partial safety factor for the considered action (see chapter p34ay) 32.12) [lorn. 2.3)} "ECS for non-sway buildings - 1 Introduction TableL1 Summary of design requirements 1) frame submitted to SLS and ULS combinations of design actions Fa (Ga, Qa, Wa. Ses 1m) 2) after global analysis of the frame - design effects of actions (e.g. deflections, frequencies) (for SLS): Ea (Ga, fa)) - design values of internal forces and moments (for ULS): =(Nsa, Vsa, Msa)) - for SLS checks (see chapter L.c.4): . in general : E, ULS checks of connections 2 (Ref. EC for non-sway buildings -T Introduction Flow-chart 1 : Elastic global analysis of steel frames according to Eurocode 3. (Details) Determination of load arrangemenis (ECI and EC 8) Load cases: Loadcases for ULS_ [2334] for SLS_ [234 ot fulfilled Braced frame 60502 bu [5253.2] Global imperfections of the frame 52431] = 5 vot fi T> 0,5 [Ay / Nsa]?5 0° (524.2. @)1 FIRST ‘ORDER ANALYSIS | SECOND oe ANALYSIS! t ‘Non-sway mode buckling) Sway mode buckling Maisie es || lengih approach Tength approach 2 W262 ab262.M: || sasambilesas co} with sway moments sway moments |((5262;0)) [cos where] { coain all amplified by factor || amplified by factor 1,2 in members 1(1-VsaVex) 5.262.(3) ||" beams & connections mode Lb) (Non-sway mode Ls ‘not fulfilled (nf) Co Classification of eross-section (Chap. 53] _| ) |e s of the in-plane stability: members buckling [Chay rt fied (af) Po ( Checks of the out-of-plane stability: members and/or frame buckling (Chap. 55] ee “ a ( ‘Checks of resistance of cross-sections [Chap. 54] e » as a gl ( Checks of local effects (buckling and resistance of webs) [Chap. 6 axd 5. ee » I= — === ae ( Checks of connections (Chap. 6 and Annex J] ysl a 29 (Ref. TEC for now-sway bulldings -1 Tntrodueton Lb General flow-charts about elastic global analysis, (1) Chapter 1.b.1 presents flow-chart I about elastic global analysis of steel frames (in general) according to Eurocode 3. (2) Chapter IV.a.2 presents flow-chart IV about elastic global analysis of braced or non-sway sicel frames according to Burocode 3. (3) Chapter XIl.a.1 presents flow-chart XII about elastic global analysis of bracing system according to Eurocode 3. Lb.1 Flow-chart I; Elastic global analysis of steel frames according to Eurocode 3 (1) The flow-chart I aims to provide a general presentation of elastic global analysis of steel frames according to Eurocode 3. (2) The present design handbook only deals with the path @ of the flow-chart I elastic global analysis of braced or non-sway frames (presented in Flow-chart IV in chapter IV). All the etails are given in chapters IT to XT of the handbook. (3) The elastic global analysis of sway frames is out of the scope of the present design handbook; the assumptions of the elastic global analysis of sway frames are briefly presented - just for information - in the paths @ to @ of flow-chart (4) The flow-chart I refers to flow-chart XII about elastic global analysis of bracing system according to Eurocode 3. The flow-chart XII and all the details about bracing system design are given in chapter XI. (S) The flow-chart I is divided in 3 parts: Lb.1.1 general part (1 page) Lb.1.2 demas (1 page) Lb.1.3 comments (6 pages) Lb.L1 Flow-chart I: general see the previous page Lb.1.2 Flow-chart 1: details see the second previous page Re EC 3 for non-sway buildings -T Thtroduction I.b.1.3 Comments on flow-chart I * Generalities about Eurocode 3: - Allchecks of (ULS) Ultimate Limit States and all checks of (SLS) Serviceability ‘Limit States are necessary to be fulfilled. ~ According to the classification of cross-sections at ULS (row 14; chapter V of the design handbook) Eurocode 3 allows to perform: «plastic global analysis of a structure only composed of class 1 cross-sections when required rotations are not calculated (3:33 4] or, clastic global analysis of a structure composed of class 1, 2. 3 or 4 cross-sections sssuming Tor ULS checks, either a plaste resistance of cross-sections class T and 2) or, an elastic resistance of the cross-sections, without local buckling (class 3) or, with local buckling (class 4 with effective cross-section). 52.12] (5253) 15253 (5)] ~ In order to determine the internal forces and moments (N, V. M) in a structure Eurocode 3 allows the use of different types of elastic global analysis either: a) first order analysis using the initial geometry of the structure or, b) second order analysis taking into account the influence of the deformation of the structure - First order analysis (row 11) may be used for the elastic global analysis in the following cases (types of frames): “The first order elastic global analysis of the frame should take into account actions) the vertical | the horizontal | the global the member loads loads —_| imperfections of] imperfections types of ‘the frame frames (row 7) (row 12) 1) braced frames (| (path ©) x X ©) 2) non-sway frames (path ©) x x x 3) sway frames © (paths @ and @) x x x Noles: (a) braced frames are frames which may be treated as Tully supported laterally by a| bracing system. (b) only the part of horizontal loads which are applied to the frame but not assumet to be transmitted to the bracing system through the floors. (c) use of design methods which make indirect allowance for second-order effects. 31 (Ref. be 20) 6.2453) [chap. 31 [Chap. 4) 32 EC3 for non-sway buildings - I Introduction ] - Second order analysis (row 11) may be used in all cases (types of frames) = The second order elastic global analysis of the frame should take into account actions] the vertical | the horizontal | __ the global the member Toads Toads | imperfections of the|_ imperfections types of frame frames ow) (row 12) 1) for sway frames (path ®) x x x (path ©) x Xx x Xa) 2 Tor frames in general (path ©) x x x x (a) members imperfections are introduced where necessary. Notes (b) the more complex possibility of second order global analysis of the frame (path ©) could be conservative because it allows the bypass of the "sway or non-sway frame" classification and consequently : - either the first order analysis might be sufficient, or, the introduction of member imperfections would not be necessary in all members. On the other hand, particular care shall be brought to the introduction of member imperfections (¢9,¢) which would be imposed for the global analysis, in the realistic directions corresponding to the deformations of the members for the failure mode of the frame; that failure mode of the frame is related tothe combination of applied external loads; otherwise, with more favourable direction of member imperfections, the second order global analysis might overestimate the bearing capacity of the frame. ~ in the flow-chart I from path @ to path © (from left to right) the proposed methods for global analysis become more and more sophisticated. * owl: EC 1: Draft Eurocode 1 Basis of design and actions on structures EC 3: ENV 1993-1-1 Eurocode3 Design of steel structures, Part 1. general niles and rules for buildings. EC 8: Draft Eurocode 8 Design of structures for earthquake resistance * rows 2, -ULS means Ultimate Limit States -SLS means Serviceability Limit States Re M216) EC for noa-sway buildings -T Introduction ] row. This flow-chart concems structures using pinned and/or rigid joints. In the case of semi-rigid joints whose behaviour is between pinned and rigid joints, the designer shall take into account the moment-rotation characteristics of the joints (moment resistance, rotational stiffness and rotation capacity) at each step of the design (predesign, global analysis, SLS and ULS checks). The semi-rigid joints should be designed according to chapter 6.9 and the Annex J of Eurocode 3. For SLS checks, the deflections should be calculated making due allowance for anysecond order effects, the rotational stiffness of any semi-rigid joints and the possible occurrence of any plastic deformations. 15253) * row 6: [52.43] braced frame unbraced frame The frame is bracedit: [By $0,284] where 6p horizontal displacement of the frame with the bracing system &y horizontal displacement of the unbraced frame, according to first order clastic global analysis of the frame either with hypothetic horizontal loads or with each ULS lozd case. Note: in the case of simple frames with all beam-column nodes nominally pinned, the frame without bracing would be hypostatic, hence 8, is infinite and thus the condition 3» 0,2 5, is always fulfilled. *row7: global imperfections of the frame initial sway imperfections of the frame equivalent horizontal forces could be applied Fi inthe formof 4p, bets (Re ECS for non-sway buildings = Iniroduction J] (5252) * row 8: classification of sway or non-sway frame: A frame may be classified as non-sway if according to first order elastic global analysis of the frame for each ULS load case, one of the following criteria (see row 9) is satisfied: either, a) in general: 2827 , condition which is Ger = 10 equivalent to where Vsq_ design value of the total vertical load Yer elastic critical value of the total vertical load for failure in a sway mode (= x21 /L2 with L, buckling length for a column in a sway mode; Ver of a column does not correspond necessarily to Ver of the frame including that column) (te; coefficient of critical amplification or coefficient of remoteness of critical state of the frame or, b) in case of building structures with beams connecting each columns at each storey level: (82320) BV _ avi + Va hH (A, +H.) < 0,1] where H, V total horizontal and vertical reactions at the bottom of the storey. 8 relative horizontal displacement of top and bottom of the storey. h height of the storey. H, V, 5 are deduced from a first order analysis of the frame submitted to both horizontal and vertical design loads and to the global imperfections of the frame applied in the form of equivalent horizontal forces (see comments on row 7). Note - A same frame could be classified as sway according to a load case (Vsq1 for instance) and as non-sway according to another load case ( Vsa2 for instance). - For multi-storeys buildings the relevant condition is Vsa raximan Yt condition which is equivalent to or= minimum (Ger), where (4) OF Gc are related to the storey i. 34 (Ref. 1524200) 152.45] ECS for non-sway buildings -T Tatroduction 1 * row9: Members imperfections may be neglected except in sway frames in the cases of members which are subject to axial compression and which have moment resisting connections, 5 Af. X>0,5|—*| | condition which is equivalent to Nsa or equivalent to le>= where X non-dimensional slenderness ratio calculated with a buckling length equal to the system length fy yield swength A. area of the cross-section Ngg_ design value of the compressive force Ng, elastic critical axial force (= x2EI/L?, with L = system length) IN, EL © — factor with L = system length) .2¢4) * row 10: According to the definition of cicr introduced in comment on row 8: V; 1<—S4< 0,25 Ole , 4E OG < 10 condition which is equivalent to * row IT The actions to be considered in first order clastic global analysis and in second order elastic global analysis are listed in the “generalities about Eurocode 3” (see the first comments on flow-chart 1) in function of the type of frame, * rows 12, 13,1 path @: Sway moments amplified by factor 1,2 in beams and beam-to-column connections and not in the columns. The definition of "sway moments" is provided in (5.2.62 6). -paths © and@®: the introduction of member imperfections e0.4 should be considered equivalent to the introduction of distributed loads along the members : e 04 Ns Q=4.Neu.loa/L Note: the equivalence of eg. and (q, Q) loading is proposed here for a practical point of view but it is not included in Eurocade 3 wi =B.Ngy.€og / 1? Ns 4, refer to comment on row 8. For the meaning of the ratio 35, (Ref. [Amex E] (5513 6) ECS for non-sway buildings -1 Introduction ] *row1S: — Ly, buckling length of members for sway or non-sway mode ‘The classification of cross-sections have to be determined before all the ULS checks of members, cross-sections and webs (rows 17 to 20). ‘The sequence of the Ultimate Limit States checks is not imposed and it is up to the designer to choose the order of the ULS checks which are anyhow all necessary to be fulfilled. On the contrary, the sequence of steps to select the type of analysis is well fixed and defined in rows 5 to 10. ‘When the member imperfections eo,s are used in a second order analysis (paths © and ©), the resistance of the cross-sections shall be verified as specified in chapter [54] but using the partial safety factor 77 in place of YM. Le Content of the design handbook Le.l Scope of the handbook (1) Actions (load arrangements) on buildings to be taken into account in the design are presented as described in Eurocode 1, Ref. 1. (2) The load cases for SLS and for ULS to be considered in the design are defined as prescribed in Eurocode 3 Part 1.1, Ref. 2. 3) The elastic global analysis of steel structures in braced or non-sway buildings according to Eurocode 3 Part 1.1, Ref. 2 is assumed to be carried out : a) by elastic global analysis of the structure to determine: the vertical deflections of beams, the horizontal displacements of frames and vibrations of floors and, the internal forces and moments (N, V, M) in the members and, b) by check of requirements for the Servicoability Limit States and, ©) by check of requirements for the Ultimate Limit States : c.1) by check of the resistance of cross-sections and, ©2) by check of the buckling resistance of members and, .3) by check of local effects (buckling and resistance of webs) and, cA) by check of joints and connections, (Ref. EC 3 for no-sway buildings - I Tntroduction for all members characterised by a class of cross-sections at ULS : . ¢lasses 1 and 2, which assume a full plastic distribution of stresses over the cross- scetion at the level of yield stength or, . class 3, which is based on an elastic distribution of stresses across the cross- section with the yield strength reached at the extreme fibres or, class 4, which makes explicit allowances for the effects of local buckling appearing in the cross-section, (4) The elastic global analysis of steel bracing system according to Eurocode 3 Part 1.1, Ref. 2 is assumed to be carried out with the same hypothesis than for steel structures but with specific actions ; loads and effects of global imperfections : «from the bracing system itself and, + from all the frames which it braces. (6) This design handbook deals with the analysis of braced or non-sway steel structures subject to static loading. Eurocode 3 (Ref. 2) and Eurocode 8 (Ref. 3) should be consulted for the following problems which are not considered here: fatigue, resistance to fire, dynamic analysis or seismic analysis, 1.14) (6) No fatigue assessment is normally required for building structures except in the following eases : a) members supporting lifting appliances or rolling loads, b)_ members subject to repeated stress cycles from vibrating machinery, c)_ members subject to wind-induced oscillations, d)_ members subject to crowd-induced oscillations. For those fatigue problems the chapter 9 of Eurocode 3 Part 1.1 (Ref. 2) should be consulted. 1c.2 Definition of the braced frames and non-sway frames {525.100} (1) All structures shall have sufficient stiffness to resist to the horizontal forces and to limit Jateral sway. This may be supplied by: a) the sway stiffness of the bracing systems, which may be : + triangulated frames = Tigid jointed frames shear walls, cores and the like b) the sway stiffness of the frames, which may be supplied by one or more of the following : triangulation stiffness of the connections cantilever columns {Amex 1] Semi-rigid connections may be used, provided that they can be demonstrated to provide sufficient reliable rotational stiffness (see (69.1}) to satisfy the requirements for sway-mode frame stability (see (52). 7 (Rel_ECF for non-sway buildings = 1 Trtvoduction 1 (2) Framing for resistance to the horizontal loads and to sway. Two examples are given in table 13: 52531) a). typical example of a frame with "bracing system’, which could be sufficiently stift : for the frame to be classified as a "braced frame” . and, to assume that all in-plane horizontal loads are resisted by the bracing system. 5253 2) ‘The criterion of classification as braced or unbraced frames is explained in chapter T.g.1.1. 52520) b) example of an unbraced frame which could have sufficiently stiff moment-resisting joints between the beams and the columns : . for the frame to be classified as a "non-sway frame" . and, to neglect any additional internal forces or moments arising from in-plane horizontal displacements of the nodes of the frame. 15252)0) ‘The criteria of classification as sway or non-sway frames are detailed in chapter Vg.12. (Anes | Pable 13 Definition of framing for horizontal loads 1) With bracing system : TTT W — te — SZ] —- it _*, i a, = — 2 Sy — + — — tb ican —_— —- (Zab a pail La —_ — FRAMEWITH BRACING = BRACEDFRAME + BRACING SYSTEM it it 38 Ret EC 3 for non-sway buildings Introduction Le.3 Summary of| chapter I the table of contents - Limit States (SLS, ULS), design requirements; ‘ flow-chart about elastic global analysis of steel frames according to EC 3. . Scope, definitions; * tables of SLS and ULS checks; chapter: complete set of data of the structure chapter II ; determination of load arrangements and load cases for chapter LV : - Ultimate Limit States and, + Serviceability Limit States . frame design and, « SLS checks for frames (see chapter I.c.4), - ULS classifications of frames _. braced frame condition and, chapterV: cl chapter VI to IX: non-sway frame condition lassification of cross-sections at Ultimate Limit States SLS checks for beams (see chapter .c.4). - ULS checks of members (beams and columns, ...) submitted to internal forces and moments (N, V, M) considering the resistance of cross- sections, the overall buckling of members (buckling, lateral-torsional buckling) and local effects (shear buckling of webs (V)): see chapter Le.5. chapterX : . ULS checks of local effects: resistance of webs to transverse forces F (yield criterion, crushing, crippling, local buckling, flange induced buckling): see chapter L.c.3 chapter XI ULS and SLS checks of connections. chapter XI: design of steel bracing system Le.4 Checks at Serviceability Limit States (1) The table 1.4 presents the different checks which shall be fulfilled by beams and frames at Serviceability Limit States with references to the design handbook: Table 1.4 Checks at Serviceability Limit States ‘Type of checks| Vertical deflections Horizontal ‘Vibration of floors of beams. deflections of frames Beams Chapter VIILb.1 - Chapter VILb.2 L_Frames Chapter VIILb.1 Chapter IV.f.1 Chapter VIILb.2 39 (Ref. EC3 for non-sway buildings -T Introduction } LeS — Checks of members at Ultimate Limit States (1) The following tables define the different checks which shall be fulfilled at Ultimate Limit States: ~ byall the members of frames submitted to internal forces and moments (N,V,M), ~ by all webs of cross-sections submitted to transverse forces F. Table LS © Member submitted to internal forces, moments and transverse forces v | FIR v )_ Neompression : M ee Neompresson Mion

    You might also like