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Ccna Full234 PDF
Ccna Full234 PDF
LI NI U
Cun sch Gio trnh h tnh CCNA 2 c bin son da trn chng trnh o
to chuyn vin mng ca Cisco. Ln xut bn th nht c bn c nhit tnh
n nhn. y l chng trnh hc c tnh thc t cao. Trong bi cnh cng ngh
pht trin lin tc nn gio trnh cn c cp nht bm st thc tin. chnh
l l do chng ti gii thiun bn cun gio trnh mi trong ln xut bn ny.
MK.PUB
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LI NG
* Tt c v Bn c.
Ban xut bn MK.PUB xin c knh mi qu Bn c tham gia cng nng cao
cht lng t sch ca chng ta.
MK.PUB v Bn c cng lm !
3
MK.PUB
MC LC
LI NI U ................................................................................................. 3
MC LC......................................................................................................... 3
1.1. WAN.................................................................................................... 13
TNG KT .................................................................................................... 31
4
4.1.3. Chy CDP, kim tra v ghi nhn cc thng tin CDP ................ 72
4.2.6. X l s c v a ch IP ........................................................... 84
TNG KT .................................................................................................... 84
6.2.5. c im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo vector khong cch ....... 118
CHNG 7: GIAO THC NH TUYN THEO VECTOR KHONG CCH .... 133
7.2.7. Ngn khng cho router gi thng tin nh tuyn ra mt cng giao tip
.................................................................................................................. 153
CHNG 11: DANH SCH KIM TRA TRUY CP ACLs ......................... 243
CHNG 1
WAN V ROUTER
GII THIU
Mng din rng (WAN) l mng truyn d liu qua nhng vng a l rt ln.
WAN c nhiu c im quan trng khc vi LAN. Trong chng ny, trc tin
cc bn s c mt ci nhn tng th v cc k thut v cc giao thc ca mng
WAN. ng thi trong chng ny cng s gii thch nhng c im ging nhau
v khc nhau gia LAN v WAN.
M t cc c im vt l ca router.
1.1. WAN
Router: cung cp nhiu dch v khc nhau, bao gm Internet v cc giao tip
WAN.
Modem: bao gm: giao tip vi dch v truyn thoi; CSU/DSU (Chanel
service units/ Digital service units) giao tip vi dch v T1/E1; TA/NT1
(Terminal Adapters /Network Terminal 1) giao tip vi dch v ISDN
(Integrate Services Digital Network).
Lin hip vin thng quc t - lnh vc tiu chun vin thng ITUT
(International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication
Standardization Sector), trc y l U ban c in thoi v in tn quc
t - CCITT (Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and
Telephone).
Hnh 1.1.2
Gio trnh ny s gii thch r cch xy dng tp tin cu hnh t cc cu lnh IOS
router c th thc hin c cc chc nng c bn. Lc ban u c th bn thy
tp tin cu hnh rt phc tp nhng n cui gio trnh ny bn s thy n d hiu
hn nhiu.
Lu bng nh tuyn.
19
Lu bng ARP.
Lu h iu hnh IOS.
Ngi qun tr mng c th duy tr bng nh tuyn bng cch cu hnh nh tuyn
tnh, nhng thng thng thi bng nh tuyn c lu gi ng nh cc giao thc
nh tuyn thc hin trao i thng tin mng gia cc router.
Hnh 1.1.3c
Chn c ng i tt nht.
nh tuyn ng v tnh.
1.2 Router
Cu trc chnh xc ca router rt khc nhau tu theo tng phin bn router. Trong
phn ny ch gii thiu v cc thnh phn c bn ca router.
Cng giao tip WAN c th l cng Serial, ISDN, cng tch hp n v dch v
knh CSU (Chanel Service Unit). Tng t nh cng giao tip LAN, cc cng giao
tip WAN cng c chip iu khin c bit. Cng giao tip WAN c th nh trn
router hoc dng card ri.
Hnh 1.2.1a
Hnh 1.2.1b
1.2.2 c im vt l ca router
Cc loi thnh phn v v tr ca chng trong router rt khc nhau tu theo tng
loi phin bn thit b.
27
Chc nng ca port qun l hon ton khc vi ai loi trn. kt ni LAN, WAN
kt ni router v mng router nhn v pht cc gi d liu. Trong khi , port
qun l cung cp cho bn mt kt ni dng vn bn bn c th cu hnh hoc x
l trn router. Cng qun l thng l cng console hoc cng AUX (Auxilliary).
y l loi cng ni tip bt ng b EIA-232. Cc cng ny kt ni vo cng
COM trn my tnh. Trn my tnh, chng ta s dng chng trnh m phng thit
b u cui thit lp phin kt ni dng vn bn vo router. Thng qua kiu kt
ni ny, ngi qun tr mng c th qun l thit b ca mnh.
Hnh 1.2.3
Cng console v cng AUX l cng qun l trn router. Loi cng ni tip bt
ng b ny c thit k khng phi kt ni mng m l cu hnh router. Ta
thng s dng cng console thit lp cu hnh cho router v khng phi router
no cng c cng AUX.
Khi bn nhp cu hnh cho router thng qua cng console hay cng AUX, router
c th kt ni mng x l s c hoc theo di hot ng mng.
29
PC hay thit b u cui phi c chng trnh m phng thit b u cui VT100.
Thng thng phn mm ny l HyperTerminal.
Tc band l 9600.
Data bits: 8
Parity: None
Stop bits: 1
3. Cm u cp cn li vo b chuyn i RJ45-DB9.
Hnh 1.2.7a
Hu ht cc cng WAN trn router u l cng Serial. Cng vic chn la cho
ng loi cp s rt d dng khi bn tr li c 4 cu hi sau:
Hnh 1.2.7b
Hnh 1.2.7c
Hnh 1.2.7d
TNG KT
35
c im vt l ca router.
CHNG 2
GII THIU
Nm c mc ch ca IOS.
M t hot ng c bn ca IOS.
Nm c cc c im ca IOS.
Nm c phng thc thit lp phin giao tip bng dng lnh vi router.
Truy cp vo router.
S dng tnh nng tr gip trong giao tip bng dng lnh.
Phn mm Cisco s dng giao din dng lnh (CLI Command line interface)
cho mi trng console truyn thng. IOS l mt k thut c bn, t c pht
trin cho nhiu dng sn phm khc nhau ca Cisco. Do hot ng c th ca
tng IOS s rt khc nhau tu theo tng loi thit b.
Chng ta c nhiu cch khc nhau truy cp vo giao din CLI ca router. Cch
u tin l kt ni trc tip t my tnh hoc thit b u cui vo cng console
trn router. Cch th hai l s dng ng quay s qua modem hoc kt ni null
modem vo cng AUX trn router. C hai cch trn u khng cn phi cu hnh
trc cho router. Cch th ba l telnet vo router. thit lp phin telnet vo
router th trn router t nht phi c mt cng c cu hnh a ch IP, cc
ng vty c cu hnh cho php truy cp v t mt m.
Giao din dng lnh ca Cisco s dng cu trc phn cp. Cu trc ny i hi bn
mun cu hnh ci g th phi vo ch tng ng. V d: nu bn mun cu hnh
cng giao tip no ca router th bn phi vo ch cu hnh cng giao tip .
T ch ny tt c cc cu hnh c nhp vo ch c hiu lc i vi cng giao
tip tng ng m thi. Tng ng vi mi ch cu hnh c mt du nhc c
trng ring v mt tp lnh ring.
Hnh 2.1.3
Cisco cung cp rt nhiu loi IOS cho cc loi sn phm mng khc nhau.
ti u ho phn mm IOS cho nhiu loi thit b, Cisco pht trin nhiu loi
phn mm Cisco IOS. Mi loi phn mm IOS ph hp vi tng loi thit b, vi
mc dung lng b nh v vi nhu cu ca khch hng.
Mc d c nhiu phn mm IOS khc nhau cho nhiu loi thit b vi nhiu c
tnh khc nhau nhng cu trc lnh cu hnh c bn th vn ging nhau. Do k
nng cu hnh v x l s c ca bn c th ng dng cho nhiu loi sn phm
khc nhau.
Phn th ba th hin ni chy phn mm IOS trn router v cho bit phn
mm ny c cung cp di dng nn hay khng nn.
Name Codes
Platform (Hardware) (Partial list)
C1005 1005
40
C1600 1600
C1700 1700, 1720, 1750
C2500 25xx, 3xxx, 5100, AO (11.2 and later only)
C2600 2600
C2800 Catalyst 2800
C2900 2910, 2950
C3620 3620
C3640 3640
C4000 4000 (11.2 and later only)
C4500 4500, 4700
Feature (Partial list)
B Appletalk
Boot Boot image
C Commserver file (CiscoPro)
Drag IOS based diagnostic images
G ISDN subnet (SNMP, IP, Bridging, ISDN, PPP, IPX, Atalk)
I IP subnet (SNMP, IP, Bridging, WAN, Remote Node, Terminal
Services)
N IPX
Q Async
T Telco return (12.0)
Y Reduced IP (SNMP, IP RIP/IGRP/EIGRP, Bridging, ISDN, PPP)
(C1003/4)
Z Managed moderns
40 40 bit encryption
56 56 bit encryption
Format (Where the image runs in the route)
F Flash
M Ram
R Rom
L Rebcatable
Compression Type
Z Zip compressed (note lower case)
X M zip compressed
W STAC compress
Hnh 2.1.4a
Trc khi ci t phn mm Cisco IOS mi ln router, bn phi kim tra xem
router c dung lng b nh hay khng. xem dung lng RAM bn dng
lnh show version:
Dng trn cho bit dung lng ca b nh chnh v b nh chia s trn router. C
mt s thit b s dng mt phn DRAM lm b nh chia s. Tng hai dung lng
trn l dung lng tht s ca DRAM trn router.
GAD#show flash
<output omitted>
Hnh 2.1.4b
ROM monitor
Boot ROM
Cisco IOS.
Ch ROM monitor thc hin qu trnh bootstrap v kim tra phn cng. Ch
ny c s dng khi phc li h thng khi b li ngim trng hoc khi ngi
qun tr mng b mt mt m. Chng ta ch c th truy cp vo ch ROM
monitor bng ng kt ni vt l trc tip vo cng console trn router. Ngoi ra
chng ta khng th truy cp vo ch ny bng bt k cng no khc.
Khi router ch boot ROM, ch c mt phn chc nng ca Cisco IOS l hot
ng c. Ch boot ROM cho php bn chp c ln b nh flash, nn ch
ny thng c s dng thay th phn mm Cisco IOS trong flash. Bn
dng lnh copy tftp flash chp phn mm IOS trn TFTP server vo b nh
flash trn router.
Hnh 2.1.5a
Router mun hot ng bnh thng th phi cht c ton b phn mm IOS
trong flash. mt s thit b, phn mm IOS c chy trc tip t flash. Tuy
nhin, hu ht cc Cisco router u chp phn mm IOS ln RAM ri chy t
RAM. Mt s phn mm IOS lu trong flash di dng nn v c gii nn khi
chp ln RAM.
Bn dng lnh show version xem cc thng tin v phn mm IOS, trong c
hin th gi tr cu hnh ca thanh ghi. Cn nu bn mun xem h thng cn bao
nhiu dung lng b nh ti phn mm Cisco IOS mi th bn dng lnh show
flash.
44
Hnh 2.1.5b
2.2 Bt u vi router
cho router bt u hot ng, qu trnh khi ng phn mm Cisco IOS thc
hin 3 cng on sau:
Hnh 2.2.2
Trong hnh 2.2.3b, cu VNRAM invalid, possibly due to write erase cho bit
router ny cha c cu hnh hoc l NVRAM b xo. Thng thng khi
router c cu hnh th tp tin cu hnh c lu trong NVRAM, sau ta
phi cu hnh thanh ghi router s dng tp tin cu hnh ny. Gi tr mc nh
ca thanh ghi cu hnh l 0x2102, khi router s khi ng vi Cisco IOS ti t
b nh flash v tp tin cu hnh ti t NVRAM.
50
Thng s mc nh ca cng console l: 9000 baud, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no flow
control. Cng console khng c h tr iu khin lung bng phn cng. Sau y
l bc thc hin kt ni mt thit b u cui vo cng console trn router:
Truy cp vo router
cu hnh router bn phi truy cp vo giao din ngi dng ca router bng
thit b u cui hoc bng ng truy cp t xa. Sau khi truy cp c vo router
thi bn mi c th nhp cc cu lnh cho router.
Ch cu hnh router.
52
Ch cu hnh route-map.
Hnh 2.2.5a
Command Description
Ctrl-A Moves to the beginning of the command line
55
Khi son tho cu lnh, mn hnh s cun ngang khi cu lnh di qu mt hang.
Khi con tr n ht l phi th dng lnh s dch sang tri 10 khong trng. Khi
10 k t u tin ca cu lnh s khng nhn thy c trn mn hnh na. Bn c
th cun li xem bng cch nhn Ctrl-B hoc nhn phm mi tn () cho ti
khi mn hnh cun ti u cu lnh. Hoc bn c th nhn Ctrl-A chuyn ngay
v u dng lnh.
Hnh 2.2.7b
X l li cu lnh
Lnh show version dng hin th cc thng tin v phin bn phn mm Cisco
IOS ang chy trn router, trong c c thng tin v gi tr thanh ghi cu hnh.
TNG KT
Mc ch ca IOS.
Hot ng c bn ca IOS.
Truy cp vo router.
Gi li cc cu lnh s dng.
X l li cu lnh.
CHNG 3
CU HNH ROUTER
GII THIU
Cu hnh router cho router thc hin nhiu chc nng mng phc tp l mt
cng vic y th thch. Tuy nhin bc bt u cu hnh router th khng kh
lm. Nu ngay t bc ny bn c gng thc hnh nhiu lm quen v nm vng
c cc bc di chuyn gia cc ch cu hnh ca router th cng vic cu
hnh phc tp v sau s tr nn n gin hn rt nhiu. Trong chng ny s gii
thiu v cc ch cu hnh c bn ca router v mt s lnh cu hnh n gin.
t tn cho router.
Ci t mt m cho router.
Kho st cc lnh show.
Cu hnh cng Ethernet trn router.
Thc hin mt s thay i trn router.
Lu cc thay i li.
Cu hnh cu ch thch cho cc cng giao tip trn router.
Cu hnh thng ip hng ngy cho router.
Cu hnh bng host cho router.
Hiu c tm quan trng ca vic ghi nhn li v lu d phng cu hnh ca
router.
61
Hnh 3.1.1
Router(config)#
Cng vic u tin khi cu hnh router l t tn cho router. Trong ch cu hnh
ton cc, bn dng lnh sau:
Router(config)#hostname Tokyo
Tokyo (config)#
Ngay sau khi bn nhn phm Enter thc thi cu lnh bn s thy du nhc i t
tn mc nh (Router) sang tn m bn va mi t (Tokyo).
Router(config)#line console 0
Router(config-line)#password <password>
Router(config-line)#login
Router(config)#line vty 0 4
Router(config-line)#password <password>
Router(config-line)#login
Router(config)#service password-encryption
64
Hnh 3.1.3
Chng ta c rt nhiu lnh show c dng kim tra ni dung cc tp tin trn
router v tm ra s c. Trong c hai ch EXEC c quyn v EXEC ngi
dng, khi bn g show? Th bn s xem c danh sch cc lnh show. ng
nhin l s lnh show dng c trong ch EXEC c quyn s nhiu hn trong
ch EXEC ngi dng.
65
Hnh 3.1.4
Show interface - hin th trng thi ca tt c cc cng giao tip trn router.
xem trng thi ca mt cng no th bn thm tn v s th t ca
cng sau lnh show interface. V d nh:
Router#show interface serial 0/1
66
Show controllers serial - hin th cc thng tin chuyn bit v phn cng ca
cc cng serial.
Show clock - hin th ng h c ci t trn router.
Show hosts - hin th danh sch tn v a ch tng ng.
Show users - hin th tt c cc user ang kt ni vo router.
Show history - hin th danh sch cc cu lnh va mi c s dng.
Show flash hin th thng tin b nh flash v tp tin IOS cha trong .
Show version - hin th thng tin v router v IOS ang chy trn RAM.
Show ARP - hin th bng ARP trn router.
Show protocol - hin th trng thi ton cc v trng thi ca cc cng giao
tip c cu hnh giao thc lp 3.
Show startup-configuration - hin th tp tin cu hnh ng chy trn RAM.
Cng serial cn phi c tn hiu clock iu khin thi gian thc hin thng tin
lin lc. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, thit b DCE, v d nh CSU, s l thit b
cung cp tn hiu clock. Mc nh th Cisco router lad thit b DTE nhng chng ta
c th cu hnh chng thnh thit b DCE.
67
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
3.1.6. Thc hin vic thm bt, dch chuyn v thay i tp tin cu hnh
Hnh 3.1.6.
Hnh 3.1.7
Hnh 3.2.2
Interface Ethernet 0
Description LAN Engineering, Bldg.2
Interface serial 0
Hnh 3.2.3
Hnh 3.2.4
Hnh 3.2.5
4. Lu cu hnh vo NVRAM.
Hnh 3.2.7
3.2.8. Lp h s v lu d phng tp tin cu hnh
Chng ta c th dng lnh copy running-config tftp sao chp tp tin cu hnh
ang chy trn router vo TFTP server. Sau y l cc bc thc hin:
Bc 3: nhp tn tp tin.
75
Hnh 3.2.9a
Hnh 3.2.9b
TNG KT CHNG
Router c cc ch sau:
Bn c th dng giao din dng lnh ca router thc hin mt s thay i cho
cu hnh ca router nh:
t tn cho router.
77
t mt m cho router.
Cu hnh cc cng giao tip trn router.
Chnh sa tp tin cu hnh.
Hin th tp tin cu hnh.
CHNG 4
CP NHT THNG TIN T CC THIT B KHC
GII THIU
Bt v tt CDP.
Cch s dng lnh show cdp neighbors.
Cch xc nh cc thit b ln cn kt ni vo cng giao tip.
Ghi nhn thng tin v a ch mng ca cc thit b ln cn bng cch s
dng CDP.
Thit lp kt ni Telnet.
Kim tra kt ni Telnet.
Kt thc phin Telnet.
Tm ngng mt phin Telnet.
Thc hin cc kim tra kt ni khc.
X l s c vi cc kt ni t xa.
4.1. Kt ni v khm ph cc thit b ln cn
4.1.1. Gii thiu v CDP
79
Hnh 4.1.1
Phin bn 2 ca CDP (CDPv2) l phin bn mi nht ca giao thc ny. Cisco IOS
t phin bn 12.0(3)T tr i c h tr CDPv2. Mc nh th Cisco IOS (t phin
bn 10.3 n 12.0(3) chy CDP phin bn 1).
Trong hnh 4.1.2, router v tr thp nht khng kt ni trc tip vp router m
ngi qun tr mng ang thc hin kt ni console. Do xem c cc thng
tin CDP ca router ny, ngi qun tr mng phi Telnet vo router kt ni trc
tip vi router .
81
Hnh 4.1.2
4.1.3. Chy CDP, kim tra v ghi nhn cc thng tin CDP
Ch cu hnh ca
Lnh router thc hin cu Chc nng ca cu lnh
lnh
Cdp run Ch cu hnh ton cc Khi ng cdp trn
router.
Cdp enable Ch cu hnh cng Khi ng CDP trn cng
giao tip. giao tip tng ng
Clear cdp counters Ch EXEC ngi dng Xo ng h m lu
lng tr v 0
Show cdp entry Ch EXEC c quyn Hin th thng tin v mt
(&/device-name thit b lng ging m ta
[*][protocol/version]) cn. Thng tin hin th c
th c gii hn thoe
giao thc hay theo phin
bn.
Show cdp Ch EXEC c quyn Hin th khong thi gian
gia cc ln pht thng
82
ip qung co CDP, s
phin bn v thi gian cn
hiu lc ca cc thng
ip ny trn tng cng
ca router.
Show cdp interface [type Ch EXEC c quyn Hin th thng tin v
number] nhng cng c chy CDP
Show cdp neighbors [type Ch EXEC c quyn Hin th cc thng tin v
number] [detial] nhng thit b m CDP
pht hin c: loi thit
b, tn thit b, thit b
kt ni vo cng no trn
thit b ca chng ta. Nu
bn c s dng t kho
detail th ban s c thm
thng tin v VLAN ID,
ch hot ng song
cng, tn min VTP.
83
Hnh 4.1.3a
Hnh 4.1.3b
Hnh 4.1.3c
84
Hnh 4.1.3d
Hnh 4.1.3e
4.1.4. Xy dng bn mng
85
4.1.5. Tt CDP
tt ton b CDP trn router, bn dng lnh no cdp run ch cu hnh ton
cc. Khi bn tt ton b CDP th khng c cng no trn router cn chy c.
Hnh 4.1.5
4.1.6. X l s c ca CDP
86
Lnh M t
Clear cdp table Xo bng thng tin ca CDP v cc thit b lng ging
Clear cdp counters Xo b m lu lng tr v 0.
Show cdp traffic Hin th b m ca CDP, bao gm s lng gi CDP gi
v nhn, s lng li checksum
Show debugging Hin th thng tin v cc loi debug ang chy trn router
Debug cdp adjacency Kim tra thng tin CDP v cc thit b lng ging
Debug cdp events Kim tra cc hot ng ca CDP
Debug cdp ip Kim tra thng tin CDP IP
Debug cdp packets Kim tra thng tin v cc gi CDP
Cdp timer Ci t thi gian nh k gi gi CDP cp nht
Cdp holdtime Ci t thi gian lu gi thng tin cho cc gi CDP cp
nht c pht i
Show cdp Hin th thng tin ton cc ca CDP, bao gm thi gian
inh cp nht v thi gian lu gi thng tin
Hnh 4.21.
Lnh Telnet cho php ngi dng thc hin Telnet t mt thit b Cisco ny sang
thit b khc. Chng ta khng cn phi nhp lnh connect hay telnet thit lp
kt ni Telnet m chng ta c th nhp tn hoc a ch IP ca router m chng ta
mun Telnet vo. Khi kt thc phin Telnet, bn dng lnh exit hoc logout.
Denver>connect paris
Denver>paris
Denver>131.108.100.152
Denver>telnet paris
88
Hnh 4.2.2a
Router cn phi c bng host hoc l trong mng phi c dch v DNS phn gii
tn my m chng ta nhp vo. Nu khng th bt buc bn phi dng a ch IP.
Hnh 4.2.2b
Hnh 4.2.3
Trn router c th m nhiu phin Telnet cng lc. Chng ta c th chuyn i qua
li gia cc phin Telnet ny. Bn c th n nh s lng phin Telnet c php
m ng thi trn router bng lnh session limit.
Hnh 4.2.4
h tr vic kim tra ni mng c bn, nhiu giao thc mng c h tr giao
thc phn hi (echo). Giao thc phn hi c s dng kim tra vic nh tuyn
cc gi d liu. Lnh ping thc hin gi i mt gi d liu ti my ch v ch
nhn gi tr li v t my ch. Kt qu ca giao thc phn hi gip bn xc nh
tin cy ca ng truyn ti my ch, thi gian tr trn ng truyn, my
ch c n c hay khng, c hot ng hay khng. Lnh ping l lnh c bn
kim tra kt ni. Bn c th dng lnh ny ch EXEC ngi dng hy EXEC
c quyn u c.
92
Hnh 4.2.5a
Hnh 4.2.5a l v d cho bit phn hi hnh cng cho 5 gi gi i ca lnh ping
172.16.1.5. Du chm than (!) cho bit l phn hi thnh cng. Nu bn nhn c
mt hay nhiu du chm thay v du chm than (!) th iu c ngha l router
ht thi gian ch gi phn hi t my ch. Lnh ping s dng giao thc ICMP
(Internet Control Message Protocol giao thc thng ip iu khin internet).
Trong v d hnh 4.2.5b, bn thc hin lnh traceroute t router York n router
Rome. ng truyn ny phi i qua router London v Paris. Nu c router no
khng n c th kt qu phn hi l du sao (*) thay v tn ca router . Trong
trng hp nh vy, lnh traceroute vn s tip tc c gng gi n trm k tip
cho n khi bn nhn t hp phm Ctrl-shift-6.
93
Hnh 4.2.5b
4.2.6. X l s c v a ch IP
TNG KT
M v tt CDP
S dng lnh show cdp neighbors.
Xc nh c cc thit b lng ging kt ni vo cc cng trn thit b ca
mnh.
Thu nhp thng tin v cc thit b lng ging bng cch s dng CDP.
Thit lp kt ni Telnet.
Kt thc kt ni Telnet.
Tm ngng kt ni Telnet.
Thc hin kim tra kt ni.
X l s c ca kt ni u cui t xa.
95
CHNG 5
GII THIU
Cc thit b mng Cisco hot ng vi nhiu loi tp tin khc nhau, trong c h
iu hnh v tp tin cu hnh. Ngi qun tr mng hay bt k ai mun qun tr cho
h thng mng hot ng tri chy v tin cy th phi bo tr cc tp tin ny cn
thn, bo m rng thit b ang chy ng phin bn phn mm v cc tp tin h
thng ca Cisco v cc cng c hu dng qun l cc tp tin ny.
loi mng no. Do , qu trnh khi ng router phi thc hin cc cng vic nh
sau:
Flash
TFTP H iu hnh Tm v ti h iu
Server mng Cisco hnh
ROM
NVRAM
Thanh ghi cu hnh l thanh ghi 16 bi lu trong NVRAM. 4 bit thp ca thanh ghi
cu hnh th hin cho phn khi ng router. u tin, ta dng lnh show version
xem gi tr hin ti ca thanh ghi cu hnh v cng m bo l gi tr ca 12
trn khng c g thay i. Sau ta dng lnh cnig-register thay i gi tr
cho thanh ghi, ta ch cn i gi tr ca s hex cui cng m thi.
Khi router khi ng, router s tm cu lnh boot system trong tp tin cu hnh.
Lnh boot system c th ci t cho router khi ng t IOS khc thay v t IOS
trong flash. xc nh xem router khi ng t IOS no, bn dng lnh show
version v tm dng ni v phn mm khi ng h thng.
Router#show version
Cisco Interface Operating System Software
IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-JK803S-M), Version 12.2 (17a), RELEASE
SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-2006 by Cisco System, Inc
Complie Thu 19-Jun-03 16:35 by pwade
Image text-base: 0x8000808C, data-base: 0x815F7B34
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 12.2 (7r) [cmong 7r], RELEASE SOFTWARE
fc1)
This product contains cryptographic features and subject to United States and local
country laws goverining import, export, transfer and use. Delivery of Cisco
cryptographic product does not imply third-party authority to import, export,
distribute or use encryption. Importers, exporters, distributors and users are
responsible for compliance with US and local coutry laus. By using this product,
you compliance with US and local laws, return this product immediately.
Mi loi phn mm c lu thnh tng tp tin ring bit trong tng b nh khc
nhau.
chp ln RAM. Khi tp tin ny c chy trn RAM v lun c cp nht khi
ang chy. Do tp tin ang chy trn RAM c gi l tp tin cu hnh hot
ng.
Hnh 5.2.1a
Prefix Descripton
Bootflash: Bootflash memory
Flash: Flash memory. This prefix is available on all platform. For
platform that do not have a device named flash, the prefix flash: is
allased to slot0:. Therefore, the prefix flash: can be used to refer to
the main flash memory storage area on all platform
Flh: Flash load helper log files
ftp: File Transfer protocol (FTP) network sever
Nvram: NVRAM
Rcp: Remote copy protocol (rcp) network server
Slot0: First Personal Computer Memory Card International Assiciontion
103
IFS s dng quy c URL xc nh tp tin trn thit b v trn mng. Quy c
URl xc nh v tr ca tp tin ng sau du hai chm nh sau [[[//v tr]/th
mc]/tn tp tin]. IFS cng h truyn ti tp tin FTP.
Cisco pht trin rt nhiu phin bn IOS khc nhau. Cc phin bn ny h tr cho
cc phin bn phn cng vi nhiu c tnh khc nhau. Hin nay Cisco vn ang
tip tc pht trin nhiu phin bn IOS mi.
104
phn bit gia cc phin bn khc nhau, Cisco c mt quy lut t tn cho IOS.
Mt tn ca IOS bao gm nhiu phn, mi phn th hin phin bn phn cng, cc
c tnh h tr v s pht hnh.
Phn u tin ca tp tin IOS cho bit IOS ny c thit k cho phin bn phn
cng no.
C bn: cc c tnh dnh cho tng phin bn phn cng, v d: IP, IP/FW.
M rng (Plus): l cc c tnh m rng hn mc c bn, v d IP Plus,
IP/FW Plus, Enterprise Plus.
M ho: vn l cc c tnh c bn hay m rng nh trn nhng c thm 56
bit m ho. V d: IP/ATM PLUS IPSEC 56, Plus 56, Enterprise Plus 56.
T Cisco IOS phin bn 12.2 tr i, c tnh m ho c thit k thnh 2
loi l k8/k9:
o K8: 64 bit m hoa tr xung.
o K9: hn 64 bit m ho.
Phn th 3 ca tn tp tin cho bit nh dng ca tp tin . Phn ny cho bit IOS
c lu trong flash di dng nn hay khng, ri IOS s c gii nn chy
u. Nu IOS lu trong flash di dng nn th n s c gii nn, chp ln RAM
trong qu trnh khi ng router. Dng tp tin nh vy gi l tp tin khng c nh.
Cn loi tp tin c nh th chy trc tip trn flash lun m khng cn chp ln
RAM.
Hnh 5.2.2
Sau ny bn c th khi phc li cu hnh router bng cch chp tp tin cu hnh
lu d phng trn TFTP server v router. Sau y l cc bc thc hin:
Hnh 5.2.3a
Hnh 5.2.3b
sau lu li. Tuy nhin tp tin vn bn ny phi chnh sa li mt cht trc khi
chng ta c th s dng n khi phc li cu hnh router.
1. Chn Transfer.
2. Chn Capture Text.
3. t tn cho tp tin vn bn m chng ta s chp tp tin cu hnh ra.
4. Chn Start bt u qu trnh chp.
5. Chn hin th ni dung ca tp tin cu hnh bng lnh show running-config.
6. Nhn phm space bar mi khi c du nhc --More-- xut hin.
7. Sau khi tp tin cu hnh hin th y , bn kt thc qu trnh chp bng
cch:
8. Chn Transfer.
9. Chn Capture.
10. Chn Stop.
Sau khi qu trnh chp hon tt, bn cn xo bt mt s hang trong tp tin cu hnh
sau ny chng ta c th s dng tp tin vn bn ny dn li vo router. Ngoi
ra, bn c th them mt s hang ch thch vo tp tin cu hnh. Cc hng ch thch
ny c bt u bng du chm than (!) u hng.
Show running-config
Building configuration
Current configuration:
-More-
Bt k hng no sau dng End
Thnh thong router cng cn lu d phng hoc nng cp IOS. u tin sau khi
mua router, chng ta cn lu li IOS d phng. Bn c th t IOS ny trn mt
server trung tm chung vi cc IOS khc. Cc IOS ny c s dng thay th
hay nng cp cho cc router, switch trong h thng mng.
Server phi c chy dch v TFTP v chng ta chp IOS t server ln router bng
lnh copy tftp flash ch EXEC c quyn.
Sau khi chp xong, router s kim tra li IOS mi trong flash. Sau khi kim tra
hon tt th lc ny router sn sang cho bn khi ng li s dng IOS mi.
Hnh 5.2.5
bn dung lnh show startup-config xem c lnh boot system no cu hnh cho
router khi ng vo ch ROM monitor hay khng.
Hnh 5.2.6a
Xmodem c c2600--mz.122-10a.bin
Bn c th khi phc IOS bng TFTP. Chp IOS bng TFTP trong ch
ROMmon l cch nhanh nht khi phc IOS cho router. thc hin cch ny,
bn ci t bin mi trng ri dng lnh tftpdnld.
Sau khi ci t xong cc bin mi trng, bn nhp lnh tftpdnld, khng c tham
s no tip theo ht. Router s hin th li gi tr cc bin, theo sau l thng ip
cnh bo qu trnh ny s xo flash v yu cu chng ta xc nhn c cho tip tc
qu trnh ny hay khng.
Trong qu trnh chp, router hin th du chm than (!) cho bit nhn c cc
gi d liu. Sau khi nhn xong tp tin IOS, router bt u xo flash ri chp tp tin
IOS mi vo flash. Bn s gp mt thng bo khi qu trnh ny hon tt.
Bn cnh , bn c th dng lnh show flash kim tra tp tin h thng. Lnh
ny kim tra c trong flash hin ang c tp tin IOS no, tng dung lng flash
cn trng l bao nhiu. Chng ta thng dng lnh ny xem b nh flash c
dung lng cho IOS mi hay khng.
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 12.2 (7r) [cmong 7r], RELEASE SOFTWARE
fc1)
SGCTT-HCM uptime 1 week, 1 day, 1 hour, 9 minutes
System restarted by power-on
System image file is flash:c2500-d-l.120-10
Cisco 2500 (68030) processor (revision N) with 2048K/2048 K bytes of memory
Processor board ID 23101339, with hardware revise 00000000
Bridging software
X25 software, Version 3.0.0
Super LAT software (copyright 1990 by Meridian Technology Corp)
TN3270 Emulation software
Basic Rae ISDN software, Version 1.1.
1 FastEthernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
2 Low-speed serial (sync/async) network interface(s)
1 ISDN Basic Rate interface(s)
32K bytes of non-voltatile configuration memory.
16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)
TNG KT
CHNG 6
GII THIU
Chng ny s gii thiu cc khi nim v nh tuyn ng, cc loi giao thc
nh tuyn ng v phn tch mi loi mt giao thc tiu biu.
Hnh 6.1.2a
119
Hnh 6.1.2.b
Hnh 6.1.2.c
6.1.3. Cu hnh ng c nh
Sau y l cc bc cu hnh ng c nh :
Hnh 6.1.3
Sau y l cc bc cu hnh ng mc nh :
Vo ch cu hnh ton cc ,
Nhp lnh ip route vi mng ch l 0.0.0.0 v subnet mask tng ng l 0.0.0.0.
Gateway ca ng mc nh c th l cng giao tip trn router k tip .Thng
thng th chng ta nn s dng a ch IP ca router k tip lm gateway .
Hnh 6.1.4a
Hnh 6.1.4b
Sau khi cu hnh ng c nh ,chng ta phi kim tra xem bng nh tuyn
c ng ,c nh m chng ta cu hnh hay cha ,hot ng nh tuyn c
ng hay khng .Bn dng lnh show running config kim tra ni dung tp tin
124
Hnh 6.1.6a
Hnh 6.1.6b
126
Hnh 6.1.6c
Giao thc nh tuyn cho php router ny chia s cc thng tin nh tuyn m n
bit cho cc router khc .T ,cc router c th xy dng v bo tr bng nh
tuyn ca n.
mt c ch qun tr
Hnh 6.2.5.a
Router thu thp thng tin v khong cch n cc mng khc ,t n xy dng
v bo tr mt c s d liu v thng tin nh tuyn trong mng. Tuy nhin , hot
ng theo thut ton vect khong cch nh vy th router s khng bit c
chnh xc cu trc ca ton b h thng mng m ch bit c cc router lng
ging kt ni trc tip vi n m thi .
Khi s dng nh tuyn theo vect khong cch ,bc u tin l router phi xc
nh cc router lng ging vi n .Cc mng kt ni trc tip vo cng giao tip
ca router s c khong cch l 0.Cn ng i ti cc mng khng kt ni trc
tip vo router th router s chn ng tt nht da trn thng tin m n nhn
ct cc router lng ging .V d nh hnh v 6.2.5b :router A nhn c thng
tin v cc mng khc t router B .Cc thng tin ny c t trong bng nh
tuyn vi vect khong cch c tnh ton li cho bit t router A n mng
ch th i theo hng no ,khong cch bao nhiu.
Hnh 6.2.5b
Hnh 6.2.5c
131
Thut ton nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt l thut ton Dijkstras hay
cn gi l thut ton SPF (Shortest Path First tm ng ngn nht).Thut ton
nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt thc hin vic xy dng v bo tr mt
c s d liu y v cu trc ca ton b h thng mng .
Mi router tin hnh xy dng li cu trc mng theo dng hnh cy vi bn than
n l gc ,t router v ra tt c cc ng i ti tt c cc mng trong h thng
.Sau thut ton SPF chn ng ngn nht a vo bng nh tuyn. Trn
bng nh tuyn s cha thng tin v cc ng i c chn vi cng ra
tng ng.Bn cnh , router vn tip tc duy tr c s d liu v cu trc h
thng mng v trng thi ca cc ng lin kt. Router no pht hin cu trc
mng thay i u tin s pht thng tin cp nht cho tt c cc router
khc.Router pht gi LSA, trong c thng tin v router mi, cc thay i v
trng thi ng lin kt. Gi LSA ny c pht i cho tt c cc router khc.
132
Hnh 6.2.6a
Mi router c c s d liu ring v cu trc mng v thut ton SPF thc hin
tnh ton da trn c s d liu ny .
Hinh 6.2.6b
133
Quyt nh chn ng i
Chuyn mch
Qu trnh chn ng i c thc hin lp Mng.Router da vo bng nh
tuyn chn ng cho gi d liu ,sau khi quyt nh ng ra th router thc
hin vic chuyn mch pht gi d liu .
Hnh 6.3.1a
Hnh 6.3.1b
135
Hnh 6.3.1c
Hnh 6.3.1d
Hnh 6.3.1e
Lnh network dng khai bo cc cng giao tip trn router m ta mun giao
thc nh tuyn gi v nhn cc thng tin cp nht v nh tuyn .
GAD(config)#router rip
GAD(config-router)#network 172.16..0.0
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)l giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin
kt .Sau y l cc c im chinhs ca OSPF :
Hnh 6.3.4
S dng cc giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch thng tn t ti nguyn
ca h thng nhng tc ng b gia cc router li chm v thng s c s
dng chn ng i c th khng ph hp vi nhng h thng mng ln .Ch
yu cc giao thc nh tyn theo vect khong cch ch xc nh ng i bng
khong cch (s lng hop) v hng i (vect) n mng ch.Theo thut ton
ny ,cc router s trao i bng nh tuyn vi nhau theo nh k .Do vy ,loi
139
Chuyn bng nh tuyn cho router lng ging theo nh k v tnh li vect
khong cch
Hnh 6.3.5a
140
Hnh 6.3.5b
Thut ton chn ng theo trng thi ng lin kt (hay cn gi l thut ton
chn ng ngn nht )thc hin trao i thng tin nh tuyn cho tt c cc
router khi bt u chy xy dng mt bn y v cu trc h thng mng
.Mi router s gi gi thng tin ti tt c cc router cn li .Cc gi ny mang
thng tin v cc mng kt ni vo router .Mi router thu thp cc thng tin ny t
tt c cc router khc xy dng mt bn cu trc y ca h thng mng
.T router t tnh ton v chn ng i tt nht n mng ch a ln
bng nh tuyn .Sau khi ton b cc router c hi t th giao thc nh
tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt ch s dng gi thng tin nh cp nht ,v
s thay i cu trc mng ch khng gi i ton b bng nh tuyn .Cc gi
thng tin cp nht ny c truyn i cho tt c router khi c s thay i xy ra
,do tc hi t nhanh.
Hnh 6.3.6a
Hnh 6.3.6b
142
Tng kt
CHNG 7
GII THIU
Giao thc nh tuyn ng gip cho cuc sng ca ngi qun tr mng tr nn
n gin hn nhiu. Nh c nh tuyn ng m ngi qun tr mng khng cn
tn thi gian cu hnh ng c nh v chnh sa li chng khi c s c. Vi
nh tuyn ng, router c th t ng cp nht v thay i vic nh tuyn theo s
thay i ca h thng mng. Tuy nhin nh tuyn ng cng c nhng vn ca
n .Trong chng ny s cp n cc vn ca giao thc nh tuyn theo
vect khong cch v cc phng php m nhng nh thit k s dng gii
quyt nhng vn ny.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong
cch c s dng rng ri trn th gii .Mc d RIP khng c nhng kh nng v
c im nh nhng giao thc nh tuyn khc nhng RIP da trn nhng chun
m v s dng n gin nn vn c cc nh qun tr mng a dng .Do RIP
l mt giao thc tt ngi hc v mng bc u lm quen .Trong chng ny
s gii thiu cu hnh RIP v x l s c i vi RIP .
Sau khi hon tt chng trnh ,cc bn s thc hin c nhng vic sau :
X l s c ca RIP
Cu hnh RIP chia ti
Cu hnh ng c nh cho RIP
Kim tra cu hnh RIP
Cu hnh IGRP
Kim tra hot ng ca IGRP
X l s c IGRP
7.1. nh tuyn theo vect khong cch
Bng nh tuyn c cp nht theo chu k hoc khi cu trc mng c s thay i
.im quan trng i vi mt giao thc nh tuyn l lm sao cp nht bng nh
tuyn mt cch hiu qu .Khi cu trc mng thay i ,thng tin cp nht phi c
x l trong ton b h thng .i vi nh tuyn theo vect khong cch th mi
router gi ton b bng nh tuyn ca mnh cho cc router kt ni trc tip vi
n.Bng nh tuyn bao gm cc thng tin v ng i ti mng ch nh:tng chi
ph (v d nh khong cch chng hn )tnh t bn thn router n mng ch ,a
ch ca trm k tip trn ng i.
Hnh 7.1.1
7.1.1. Li nh tuyn lp
145
Hnh 7.1.2
Bng cch ny ,giao thc nh tuyn cho php vng lp ko di n khi thng s
nh tuyn vt qua gi tr ti a. V d nh hnh v di, khi thng s nh tuyn
l 16 hop ln hn gi tr ti a l 15 th thng tin cp nht s b router hu b.
Trong bt k trng hp no, khi gi tr ca thng s nh tuyn vt qua gi tr
ti a th xem nh mng l khng n c.
147
Hnh 7.1.3
Hnh 7.1.4
Khi mng 5 b ngt ,Router E s dng route poisoning bng cch t gi tr 16 trn
bng nh tuyn cho bit mng ny khng n c na .
Hnh 7.1.5
Hot ng cp nht bng nh tuyn gia cc router lng ging c thc hin
theo chu k .V d :c sau 30 giy RIP thc hin cp nht mt ln .Ngoi ra cn
c c ch cp nht tc thi thng bo v mt thay i no trong bng nh
tuyn .Khi router pht hin ra c mt thay i no trong cu trc th n lp tc
gi thng ip cp nht cho cc router lng ring thng bo v s thay i .
Nht l khi c mt ng no b li khng truy cp c na th router phi
cp nht tc thi thay v i n ht chu k. C ch cp nht tc thi kt hp vi
route poisoning s m bo cho tt c cc router nhn c thng tin khi c mt
ng no b ngt trc khi thi gian holddown kt thc.
C ch cp nht tc thi cho ton b mng khi c s thay i trong cu trc mng
gip cho cc router c cp nht kp thi v khi ng thi gian holddown nhanh
hn.
150
V d nh hnh 7.1.6: router C cp nht tc thi ngay khi mng 10.4.0.0 khng
truy cp c na. Khi nhn c thng tin ny, router B cng pht thng bo v
mng 10.4.0.0 ra cng S0/1. n lt router A cng s pht thng bo ra cng
Fa0/0.
Hnh 7.1.6
Khi router nhn c t router lng ging mt thng tin cho bit l mt mng X
no by gi khng truy cp c na th router s nh du vo con ng ti
mng X l khng truy cp c na v khi ng thi gian holddown. Trong
khong thi gian holddown ny, nu router nhn c thng tin cp nht t chnh
router lng ring lc ny thng bo l mng X truy cp li c th router mi
cp nht thng tin v kt thc thi gian holddown.
Trong sut thi gian holddown nt router nhn c thng tin cp nht t mt
router lng ring khc (khng phi l router lng ging pht thng tin cp nht
v mng X lc ny) nhng thng tin ny cho bit c ng n mng X vi thng
151
Hnh 7.1.7
7.2.RIP
Cc c im chnh ca RIP
Lnh router rip dng khi ng RIP. Lnh network dng khai bo nhng
cng giao tip no ca router c php chy RIP trn . T RIP s bt u
gi v nhn thng tin cp nht trn cc cng tng ng RIP cp nht thng tin
nh tuyn theo chu k. Khi router nhn c thng tin cp nht c s thay i
no th n s cp nht thng tin mi vo bng nh tuyn. i vi nhng con
ng ti mng ch m router hc c t router lng ging th n s tng ch s
hop ln 1 a chi ngun ca thng tin cp nht ny s l a ch trm k tip RIP
153
Chng ta c th cu hnh cho RIP thc hin cp nht tc thi khi cu trc mng
thay i bng lnh ip rip triggered. Lnh ny ch p dng cho cng serial ca
router. Khi cu trc mng thay i, router no nhn bit c s thay i u tin
s cp nht vo bng nh tuyn ca n trc, sau n lp tc gi thng tin cp
nht cho cc router khc thng bo v s thay i . Hot ng ny l cp
nht tc thi va n xy ra hon ton c lp vi cp nht inh k. hnh 7.2.2 l
mt v d v cu hnh ca RIP
Hnh 7.2.2
Sau khi khi ng RIP trn cc mng ri chng ta c th thc hin thm mt
s cu hnh khc. Nhng cu hnh ny khng bt buc phi lm, chng ta ch cu
hnh thm nu thy cn thit:
154
Router nh tuyn theo RIP phi da vo cc router lng ging hc thng tin
n cc mng m khng kt ni trc tip vo router. RIP s dng thut ton inh
tuyn theo vect khong cch c nhc im chnh tc hi t chm. Trng
thi hi t l khi tt c cc router trong h thng mng u c thng tin inh tuyn
v h thng mng ging nhau v chnh xc.
nh ngha gi tr ti a
Split horizon.
Poison reverse.
Thi gian holddown.
Cp nht tc thi.
C mt s k thut i hi bn phi cu hnh cn mt s khc th khng cn cu
hnh g c hoc ch cn cu hnh mt cht thi.
157
Lut split horizon la: khi gi thng tin cp nht ra mt hng no th khng gi
li nhng thng tin m router nhn c t hng . Trong mt s cu hnh
mng th bn cn phi tt c ch split horizon:
Hnh 7.2.4
RIP l giao thc broadcast. Do , khi mun chy RIP trong mng non-broadcast
nh Frame Relay th ta cn phi khai bo cc router RIP lng ging bng lnh sau:
C nhiu lnh c th s dng kim tra cu hnh RIP c ng hay khng. Trong
hai lnh thng c s dng nhiu nht l Show ip route v show ip
protocols.
Hnh 7.2.5a.
Hnh 7.2.5b.
Hnh 7.2.6a
Show ip database.
Show ip protocols( summary).
Show ip route.
Debug ip rip{ events}.
Show ip interface brief.
7.2.7. Ngn khng cho router gi thng tin nh tuyn ra mt cng giao tip
Router c th thc hin chn lc thng tin nh tuyn khi cp nht hoc khi gi
thng tin cp nht. i vi router s dng giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong
cch, c ch ny c tc dng v router nh tuyn da trn cc thng tin nh tuyn
nhn c t cc router lng ging. Tuy nhin, i vi cc router s dng giao
thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt th c ch trn khng hiu qu v
cc giao thc nh tuyn ny quyt nh chn ng i da trn c s d liu v
trng thi cc ng lin kt ch khng da vo thng tin nh tuyn nhn c.
Chnh v vy m cch thc hin ngn khng cho router gi thng tin nh tuyn
ra mt cng giao tip c cp di y ch s dng cho cc giao thc nh
tuyn theo vect khong cch nh RIP, IGRP thi.
Bn c th s dng lnh passive interface ngn khng cho router gi thng tin
cp nht v nh tuyn ra mt cng no . Lm nh vy th bn s ngn c h
thng mng khc hc c cc thng tin nh tuyn trong h thng ca mnh.
164
Hnh 7.2.7
Hnh 7.2.8a
Hnh 7.2.8b
Khi router nhn c thng tin cp nht v nhiu ng khc nhau n cng mt
ch th router s chn ng no c ch s tin cy(Admintrative distance) nh
nht t vo bng nh tuyn. Trong trng hp cc ng ny c cng ch s
tin cy th router s chon ng no c chi ph thp nht hoc l ng no c
thng s nh tuyn nh nht. Mi giao thc nh tuyn s c cch tnh chi ph
khc nhau v bn cn phi cu hnh cc chi ph ny router thc hin chia ti.
Hnh 7.2.9a
167
Khi nh tuyn IP, Cisco IOS c hai c ch chia ti l: chia ti theo gi d liu v
chia ti theo a ch ch. Nu router chuyn mch theo tin trnh th router s chia
gi d liu ra cc ng. cch ny gi l chia ti theo gi d liu. Cn nu router
chuyn mch nhanh th router s chuyn tt c gi d liu n cng mc ch ra
mt ng. Cc gi d liu n host khc nhng trong cng mt mng ich th s
ti ra ng k tip. Cch ny gi l chia ti theo a ch ch.
Hnh 7.2.9b
Hnh 7.2.10a
170
Hnh 7.2.10b
7.3.IGRP
7.3.1. c im ca IGRP
IGRP l mt giao thc nh tuyn ni v nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Giao
thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch chn la ng i bng cch so sch
vect khong cch. Router chy giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch thc
hin bng inh tuyn theo nh k cho cc router lng ging. Da vo thng tin cp
nht, router thc hin 2 nhim v sau :
Xc nh mng ch mi.
Cp nht s c v ng i trn mng
171
IGRP l giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch do Cisco pht trin nn.
IGRP thc hin cp nht theo chu k 90 giy / ln v ch gi thng tin cp nht
trong phm vi mt h t qun. Sau y l cc c im chnh ca IGRP:
Bng thng.
tr.
ti.
tin cy
7.3.2 Thng s nh tuyn ca IGRP
ng ni b.
ng h thng.
ung ngoi vi.
ng ni b l nhng ng ch i gia cc subnet kt ni vo cng mt cng
ca router .Nu mt cng giao tip ca router kt ni vo mt mng khng c chia
thnh nhiu subnet th router khng cn c ng ni b trong mng .
173
Hnh 7.3.3
Thi gian holddown c s dng trch cho router cp nht nhng thng tin
c pht ra do chu k cp nht nhng li l nhng thng tin c , cha c cp
nht mi.
Split horizons:
Split horizons l nguyn tc gip cho router trnh b lp vng bng cch ngn
khng cho router gi li nhng thng tin cp nht ra mt hng m n va nhn
c t chnh hng .
Poison resverse:
Split horizons ch trnh c lp vng gia 2 router kt ni trc tip vi nhau ,cn
poison resverse c th trnh c vng lp ln hn .Thng thng ,khi mt ng
no c thng s nh tuyn c tng dn ln l ng b lp vng .Khi
router phi pht ra thng tin poison resverse xa con ng v t con
ng vo trng thi holddown .i vi IGRP th khi mt con ng c thng
s nh tuyn tng ln theo h s 1.1 hoc ln hn na th n s pht i thng tin
cp nht poison resverse cho con ng .
Ngoi ra, IGRP cn c nhiu thng s v thi gian khc nh: chu k cp nht ,thi
gian invalid, thi gian holddown ,thi gian xa.
Thng s ca chu k cp nht cho bit thi gian bao lu th router thc hin gi
thng tin cp nht mt ln .i vi IGRP chu k mc nh l 90 gy.
Gi tr ca thi gian invalid cho bit trong khong thi gian bao lu th router vn
thc hin gi thng tin cp nht bnh thng v mt ng no trc khi xc
nhn chc chn l con ng khng cn s dng c na .trong IGRP , thi
gian invalid mc nh l bng 3 ln chu k cp nht .
Thieu vbn
Hnh 7.3.5
Hnh 7.3.6a
Hnh 7.3.6b
177
Hnh 7.3.6c
Hnh 7.3.6d
179
Hnh 7.3.6e
Hnh 7.3.6f
Hnh 7.3.6g
kim tra IGRP c chy trn router cha th bn dng lnh show ip
protocols.
7.3.8 X l s c ca IGRP
Hnh 7.3.8a
Show ip protocols
Show ip route
Debug ip igrp events
Debug ip igrp transactions
Ping
Traceroute
182
Hnh 7.3.8b
Hnh 7.3.8c
Tng kt
Giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch thc hin bo tr thng tin
nh tuyn nh th no .
Trong cc giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch ,vng lp c th
xut hin nh th no .
183
C ch nh ngha gi tr ti a trnh m v hn .
Trnh vng lp bng split horizon .
Route poisoning.
Trnh lp vng bng c ch cp nht tc thi .
Trnh lp vng bng thi gian holddown .
Ngn khng cho router gi thng tin cp nht v nh tuyn ra mt cng .
Chia ti ra nhiu ng .
Tin trnh RIP
Cu hnh RIP
S dng lnh ip classless.
Nhng vn thng gp khi cu hnh RIP
Chia ti vi RIP
Tch hp ng c nh vi RIP
Kim tra cu hnh RIP
c im ca IGRP
Thng s nh tuyn ca IGRP
Cc loi ng trong IGRP
Tnh n nh ca IGRP
Cu hnh ca IGRP
S chuyn i t RIP sang IGRP
Kim tra cu hnh IGRP
X l s c ca IGRP
184
CHNG 8
GII THIU
M t ICMP.
M t cu trc ca thng ip ICMP.
Xc nh loi thng ip bo li ICMP.
Xc nh nguyn nhn lin quan n tng loi thng ip bo li ICMP.
M t thng ip iu khin ICMP.
Xc nh c ccloi thng ip iu khin ICMP c s dng trong
mng ngy nay.
Xc nh nguyn nhn lin quan n thng ip iu khin ICMP.
8.1.Tng qut v thng ip bo li ca TCP/IP
185
Hnh 8.2.1
186
Hnh 8.1.3
Hnh 8.1.4
Hnh 8.1.5a
Hnh 8.1.5b
Gi d liu khi truyn i trn mng c th b truyn lng vng v khng bao
gi n c ch .iu ny c th xy ra khi thng tin nh tuyn b sai ,v d
nh 2 router c gi mt gi d liu qua li cho nhau v router ny ngh rng
router kia mi l trm k tip n ch .
189
8.1.7.Thng ip echo
Type
Code
Checksum
Phn type cho bit loi thng ip no ca ICMP c gi i. Phn Code cho
bit chi tit hn v loi thng ip ICMP .Phn checksum cng tng t nh
trong cc loi gi d liu khc ,phn ny c s dng kim tra li cho d
liu.
Trong hnh 8.1.7a l cu trc ca thng ip ICMP echo request v echo reply
.Trong ch s Type v Code tng ng vi mi loi thng ip .Phn
Identifier v Sequence Number s khc nhau i vi tng gi echo request v
echo reply .Ch s trong 2 phn ny c s dng xc nh echo reply tng
ng vi echo request no.Cn phn Data cha cc thng tin b sung ca thng
ip echo request v echo reply.
190
Hnh 8.1.7a
Hnh 8.1.7b
.Gi tr trong phn Code s cho bit nguyn nhn ti sao khng chuyn c
gi d liu n ch .V d nh phn Code c gi tr 0 c ngha l mng ch
khng n c .
191
Hnh 8.1.8a
Hnh 8.1.8b
Hnh 8.1.9
Hnh 8.2.1
ICMP c rt nhiu loi thng ip iu khin khc nhau .Mt s loi thng
gp nht c th hin hnh 8.2.1.
Hnh 8.2.2a
194
Hnh 8.2.2b
Hnh 8.2.2c
Hnh 8.2.2d
Tt c 3 thng s v thi gian trn u c tnh bng s mili giy tnh t thi
im na m theo gi Quc t (Univesal Time -UT).
Hnh 8.2.3
Hnh 8.2.4
Source address:172.16.5.2
Destination address:255.255.255.255
Protocol :ICMP =1
Code :0
Mask:255.255.255.0
Source address:172.16.5.1
Destination address:172.16.5.2
Code :0
Mask:255.255.255.0
Hnh 8.2.5
Hnh 8.2.6
Hnh 8.2.7
Hnh 8.2.8
TNG KT
Li ni u
Nhn m bo kin thc cn thit cho mt CCNA gio trnh h thng mng my
tnh
CCNA 1 gii thiu khi qut h thng mng s liu theo m hnh phn lp.
Trong gio trnh ny ton b kin thc c bn v h thng mng s liu c
gii thiu. K tip gio trnh h thng mng my tnh CCNA 2 gip bn tm hiu
hot dng ca router v hng dn cu hnh c bn cho router vi cc giao thc
nh tuyn n gin nh RIP, IGRP. Nh cc bn bit router l thit b quan
trng ca mng s liu vi nhim v then cht l nh tuyn . Nhim v nh tuyn
ca router khng dng li m c pht trin tt hn. T . gio trnh h
thng mng my tnh CCNA 3 tip tc phn tch su sc v cc c im hot
ng ca tng loi giao thc nh tuyn phc tp khc trong router. c bit hot
ng v cch thc cu hnh cho hai giao thc OSPF v EIGRP c trnh by rt
chi tit trong gio trnh ny.
Ngoi ra gio trnh h thng mng my tnh CCNA 3 cn gip cc bn hiu r hot
ng ca switch v hng dn cu hnh a switch vo hot ng. Gio trnh
ny cng phn tch v so snh chi tit hot ng ca cc loi thit b mng nh
reapeater, hub, switch v router. c bit mt s chng gip bn tip cn VLAN
v c ch hot ng ca switch trong VLAN v cch thc cu hnh switch, router
to cc VLAN
Mc d rt c gng trong qu trnh bin son nhng chc khng th trnh khi
nhng thiu st rt mong c bn c ng h v ng gp kin. Xin chn thnh
cm n
203
Li ng
Knh tha qu bn c gn xa. Ban xut bn MKPUB trc ht xin by t long
bit n v nim vinh hnh trc nhit tnh ca ng o Bn c i vi t sch
MK MUB trong thi gian qua
Tt c v Bn c
Ban xut bn MK MUB xin c knh mi qu bn c tham gia cng nng cao
cht lng t sch ca chng ta
Vi mc ch ngy cng nng cao cht lng ca t sch MK. PUB chng ti rt
mong nhn c s hp tc ca qu bn c gn xa
Mc lc
LI NI U .................................................................................................... 3
LI NG ............................................................................................................ 3
MC LC........................................................................................................... 5
1.2.6 X l s c RIPv2......................................................................... 31
1.2.7 ng mc nh....................................................................... 32
TNG KT......................................................................................................... 34
205
2.1.1 Tng qut v giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt.. 37
2.1.6 So snh v phn bit gia nh tuyn theo vect khong cch v nh
tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt ......................................................... 44
2.2.3 So snh OSPF vi giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch... 51
TNG KT......................................................................................................... 74
CHNG 3: EIGRP........................................................................................... 75
Chng 1:
GII THIU
Chia mt mng ln thnh cc mng con c kch thc khc nhau bng cch
s dng VLSM
Cu hnh router s dng VLSM
Xc nh cc c tnh ch yu ca RIPv1 hoc RIPv2
Xc n nhng im khc nhau quan trng gia RIPv1 v RIPv2
Cu hnh RIPv2
Kim tra v x l s c hot ng RIPv2
Cu hnh ng mc nh bng lnh ip route v ip default- network
1.1 VLSM
1.1.1 VLSM l g v ti sao phi s dng n
Khi mng IP pht trin ln hn, ngi qun tr mng phi c cch s dng khng
gian a ch ca mnh mt cch hiu qu hn. Mt trong nhng k thut thng
c s dn l VLSM. Vi VLSM ngi qun tr mng c th chia a ch mng
c subnet mask di cho mng c t host v a ch mng c subnet mask ngn cho
mng nhiu host
Khi s dng VLSM th h thng mng phi chy giao thc nh tuyn c h tr
VLSM nh OSPF, Intergrated IS IS, EIGRP, RIPv2 v nh tuyn c nh
VLSM cho php mt t chc s dng chiu di subnet mask khc nhau trong mt
a ch mng ln. VLSM cn c gi l chia subnet trong mt subnet ln hn
gip tn dng ti a khng gian a ch
Hnh 1.1.2
Hnh 1.1.3
Trc tin ta xt mng c nhiu user nht trong h thng mng. Mi mng LAN
Sydney, Brisbane, Pert v Melbourpe c khong 30 host. Do p ng cho
cc mng LAN ny ngi qun tr mng mn 3 bit chia subnet cho a ch
mng 192.168.187.0. Tng t nh v d phn trc, ngi qun tr mng c 7
subnet /27 s dng c. Ly 4 subnet u tin/ 27 phn phi cho cc mng
LAN trn router. Sau ngi qun tr mng ly subnet th 6 mn tip 3 bit na
212
Hnh 1.1.4.a
Hnh 1.1.4.b
Hnh 1.1.4.c
u tin chng ta xt mng LAN c nhiu user nht trong h thng. H thng trn
hnh 1.1.4.c c mng LAN ln nht l 60 host. Nu chng ta chia subnet nh cch
c chng t se ch mn c 2 bit chia subnet cn li 6 bit dnh cho host mi
p ng cho mng LAN 60 host. Nhng nh vy chng ta ch toa c 22= 4
subnet, trong s dng c ti a 3 subnet khng p ng cho ton b h
thng mng. R rang cch chia subnet u khng th p ng c
Chng ta ly subnet u tin 192.168.10.0/26 phn phi cho mng LAN 60 host
Perth.
# ID Di a ch host a ch qung b
# ID Di a ch host a ch qung b
Chng ta ly 3 subnet /30 u tin trong bng trn phn phi cho cc ng
WAN gia cc router:
Hnh 1.1.4.d
Hnh 1.1.5
218
V d nh hnh 1.1.6 sau khi phn phi a ch theo VLSM xong bn cu hnh
a ch IP cho cc cng giao tip ca router nh sau:
219
Hnh 1.1.6
RIPv1 l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch nn qung b ton b
bng nh tuyn ca n cho cc router lng ging theo nh k. Chu k cp nht
ca RIP l 30 giy. Thng s nh tuyn ca RIP l s lng hop, gi tr ti a l
15 hop.
RIPv1 l giao thc nh tuyn theo lp a ch, Khi RIP router nhn thng tin v
mt mng no t mt cng, trong thng tin nh tuyn ny khng c thng tin
v subnet mask i km. Do router s ly subnet mask ca cng p dng cho
a ch mng m n nhn c t cng ny. Nu subnet mask ny khng ph hp
th n s ly subnet mask mc nh theo lp a ch p dng cho a ch mng
m n nhn c.
220
a ch lp A c subnetmask mc nh l 255.0.0
Hnh 1.2.1
L mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch s dng s lng hop
lm thng s nh tuyn
S dng thi gian holddown chng lp vng, thi gian ny mc nh l
180 giy
S dng c c split horizon chng lp vng
Gi tr hop ti a l 15
RIPv2 c gi subnet mask i km vi cc a ch mng trong thng tin nh tuyn.
Nh RIPv2 c th h tr VLSM v CIDR
221
RIP s dng thut ton nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Nu c nhiu ng
n cng mt ch th RIP s chn ng c s hop t nht. Chnh v da vo s
lng hop chn ng nn i khi con ng m RIP chn khng phi l
ng nhanh nht n ch
RIPv1 cho php cc router cp nht bng nh tuyn ca chng theo chu k mc
nh l 30 giy. Vic gi thng tin nh tuyn cp nht lin tc nh vy gip cho
topo mng c xy dng nhanh chng. trnh b lp vng v tn. RIP gii hn
s hop ti a chuyn gi l 15hop . Nu ti c v gi d liu n s b hu
b. iu ny lm gii hn kh nng m rng ca RIP. RIPv1 s dng c ch split
horizon chng lp vng. Vi c ch ny khi gi thng tin nh tuyn ra mt
cng giao tip RIPv1 router khng gi ngc tr li cc thng tin nh tuyn m
n hc c t chnh cng . RIPv1 cn s dng thi gian holddown chng
lp vng. Khi nhn c mt thng bo v mt mng ch b s c router s khi
ng thi gian holddown . Trong sut khong thi gian holddown router s khng
cp nht tt c cc thong tin c thng s nh tuyn xu hn v mng ch
L mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vet khong cch s dng s lng hop lm
thng s nh tuyn
S dng thi gian holddown chng lp vng thi gian ny mc nh l 180 giy
Gi tr hop ti a
RIP s dng thut ton nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Nu c nhiu ng
n cng mt ch th RIP s chn ng c s hop t nht. Chnh v ch da vo
s lng hop chn ng nn i khi con ng m RIP chn khng phi l
ng nhanh nht n ch
RIPv1 cho php cc router cp nht bng nh tuyn ca chng theo chu k mc
nh l 30 giy. Vic gi thng tin nh tuyn cp nht lin tc nh vy gip cho
topo mng c xy dng nhanh chng. trnh b lp vng v tn, RIP gii hn
s hop ti a chuyn gi l 15 hop. Nu mt mng ch xa hn 15 router th
xem nh mng ch khng th ti c v gi d liu. s b hu b . iu
ny lm gii hn kh nng m rng ca RIP , RIPv1 s dng c ch split horizon
chng lp vng. Vi c ch ny khi gi thng tin nh tuyn ra mt cng giao
tip , RIPv1 router khnggi ngc tr li cc thng tin nh tuyn m n hc
c t chnh cng d, RIPv1 cn s dng thi gian holddown chng lp vng.
Khi nhn c mt thng bo v mt mng ch b s c, router s khi ng thi
gian holddown. Trong sut khong thi gian holddown router s khng cp nht tt
c cc thng tin c thng s nh tuyn xu hn v mng ch
RIPv1 RIPv2
Khng gi thng tin v subnet mask C gi thng tin v subnet mask trong
trong thng tin nh tuyn. thng tin nh tuyn.
Lnh network khai bo a ch mng IP tham gia v tin trnh nh tuyn. Cng
no ca router c a ch IP ri vo trong a ch mng c khai bo lnh
network th cng s tham gia vo qu trnh gi v nhn thng tin nh tuyn cp
nht. Mt khc lnh network cng khai bo nhng a ch mng m router s thc
hin qung co v mng
Lnh router rip version 2 xc nh RIPv2 c chn lm giao thc nh tuyn chy
trn router
224
Hnh 1.2.4.a
Version 2 Xc nh ripv2
Hnh 1.2.4.b
Hnh 1.2.5.a
Lnh show ip interface brief c s dng tng hp thng tin trng thi ca cc
cng trn router
226
Hnh 1.2..5.b
1.2.6 X l s c RIPv2
S dng ln debug ip rip hin th cc thng tin nh tuyn RIP khi chng c
gi i v nhn vo. Bn dng lnh no debug all hoc undebug all tt mi debug
ang bt
1.2.7 ng mc nh
ng mc nh cng do ngi qun tr mng cu hnh bng tay cho router. Trong
khai bo ng mc nh s dng khi router khng bit ng n ch. Vi
ng mc nh nh tuyn router s dc ngn gn hn. Khi gi d liu c a ch
mng ch m router s gi n ra ng mc nh
Hnh 1.2.7
TNG KT
Giao thc nh tuyn ni vi (IGP) c 2 loi chnh l nh tuyn theo vector khong
cch v nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt. C 2 loi giao thc nh tuyn
ny u thc hin nh tuyn trong phm vi mt h t qun. Chng s dng 2
phng php khc nhau thc hin cng mt nhim v.
Thut ton nh tuyn trng thi theo ng lin kt, hay cn gi l thut ton chn
ng ngn nht (SPF Shortest Path First), lu gi mt c s d liu phc tp
cc thng tin v cu trc h thng mng. Thut ton ny c y thng tin v cc
router trn ng i v cu trc kt ni ca chng. Ngc li, thut ton nh
tuyn theo vect khong cc khng cung cp thng tin c th v cu trc ng i
trong mng v hon ton khng c nhn bit v cc router trn ng i.
Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt th khc vi giao thc nh
tuyn theo vect khong cch. Giao thc ny pht cc thng tin v ng i cho
mi router cc router trong mng u c ci nhn y v cu trc h thng
mng. Hot ng cp nht ch c thc hin khi c s kin thay i, do bng
thng c s dng hiu qu hn v mng hi t nhanh hn. Ngay khi c s thay
230
OSPF l mt trong nhng giao thc quan trng nht ca loi giao thc nh tuyn
theo trng thi ng lin kt. OSPF da trn mt chun m nn n c th c s
dng v pht trin bi cc nh sn xut khc nhau. y l mt giao thc phc tp
c trin khai cho cc mng ln. Cc vn c bn v OSPF s c cp n
trong chng ny.
Cu hnh Cisco router cng tng t nh cu hnh cc giao thc nh tuyn khc.
u tin OSPF cng phi c khi ng trn router, sau khai bo cc mng
m OSPF c php hot ng trn . Ngoi ra, OSPF cng c mt s c tnh
ring v cu hnh ring. Cc c tnh ring ny lm cho OSPF tr thnh mt
giao thc nh tuyn mnh nhng ng thi to nn nhng thch thc khi cu hnh
OSPF.
Trong h thng mng ln, OSPF c th c cu hnh m rng trn nhiu vng
khc nhau. Nhng trc khi c th thit k v trin khai mng OSPF ln th bn
phi nm c cu hnh OSPF trn mt vng. Do chng ny s m t cu hnh
OSPF n vng.
M t cc bc to v qung b ng mc nh vo OSPF.
S dng cc lnh show kim tra hot ng ca OSPF.
Cu hnh tin trnh nh tuyn OSPF.
nh ngha cc thut ng quan trng ca OSPF.
M t cc loi mng OSPF.
M t giao thc OSPF Hello.
Xc nh cc bc c bn trong hot ng ca OSPF.
2.1.1. Tng quan v giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt
Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt hot ng khc vi giao thc
nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Trong phn ny s gii thch nhng im khc
nhau ny. y l nhng kin thc cc k quan trng i vi 1 nh qun tr mng.
Mt im khc nhau quan trng m bn cn nh l giao thc nh tuyn theo vect
khong cch s dng phng php trao i thng tin nh tuyn n gin hn.
Loi giao V d c im
thc
6.D b lp vng.
7.D cu hnh v d qun tr.
8.Tn nhiu bng thng.
Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt thu thp thng tin v ng i
t tt c cc router khc trong cng h thng mng hay trong cng mt vng
c xc nh. Khi tt c cc thng tin c thu thp y th sau mi
router s t tnh ton chn ra ng i tt nht cho n n cc mng ch trong
h thng. Nh vy mi router c mt ci nhn ring v y v h thng
mng,khi chng s khng cn truyn i cc thng tin sai lch m chng nhn
c t cc router lng ging.
233
Phn ny s gii thch giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt s dng
cc thnh phn sau y nh th no:
LSAs.
C s d liu v cu trc h thng mng.
Thut ton SPF
Cy SPF
Bng nh tuyn vi ng i v cng ra tng ng nh tuyn cho gi
d liu.
Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c thit k khc phc
cc nhc im ca giao thc nh tuyn theovect khong cch. V d nh:giao
thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch ch trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi cc
router kt ni trc tip vi mnh m thi, trong khi giao thc nh tuyn theo
trng thi ng lin kt thc hin trao i thng tin nh tuyn trn mt vng
rng ln.
Hnh 2.1.3
Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt pht trin v duy tr y cc
thng tin v mi router trong mng v cu trc kt ni ca chng. iu ny c
thc hin nh qu trnh trao i LSAs vi cc router khc trong mng.
Vic trao i LSA c thc hin khi c mt s kin xy ra trong mng ch khng
c thc hin theo nh ky. Nh vy tc hi t nhanh hn v khng cn ch
ht thi gian nh k cc router mi c hi t.
237
Hnh 2.1.4
V d hnh 2.1.4: Ty theo tng giao thc v thng s nh tuyn tng ng, giao
thc nh tuyn c th phn bit c hai ng n cng mt ch v s dng
ng tt nht. Trong hnh 2.1.4, trn bng nh tuyn c hai ng i t Router A
n Router D. Hai ng ny c chi ph bng nhau nn giao thc nh tuyn ghi
nhn c hai. C mt s giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c cch
nh gi kh nng hot ng ca hai ng v chon ng tt nht. V d, nu
ng i qua Router C gp tr ngi nh b nghn mch hoc b h hng th giao
thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c th nhn bit c cc thay i
ny v chuyn gi di theo ng qua Router B.
Sau y l cc nhc im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt:
1.1.4. So snh v phn bit gia nh tuyn theo vect khong cch v
nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt
Trc tin ta xt giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Thng tin nh
tuyn m cc router gi i l nhng thng tin g v gi cho ai ? Cc router nh
tuyn theo vect khong cch thc hin gi ton b bng nh tuyn ca mnh
v ch gi cho cc router kt ni trc tip vi mnh. Nh chng ta bit ,thng
tin trn bng nh tuyn rt ngn gn,ch cho bit tng ng vi mt mng ch
l cng no ca router , router k tip c a ch IP l g, thng s nh tuyn
ca con ng ny l bao nhiu. Do , cc router nh tuyn theo vect
khong cch khng bit c ng i mt cch c th, khng bit v cc
router trung gian trn ng i v cu trc kt ni gia chng. Cc bn c th
xem ni dung bng nh tuyn trn router bng lnh show ip route. Hn na,
bng nh tuyn l kt qu chn ng tt nht ca mi router. Do , khi
239
Cc router nh tuyn theo vect khong cch thc hin cp nht thng tin nh
tuyn theo nh k nn tn nhiu bng thng ng truyn. Khi c s thay i
xy ra, router no nhn bit s thay i u tin s cp nht bng nh tuyn
ca mnh trc ri chuyn bng nh tuyn bng nh tuyn cp nht cho router
lng ging. Router lng ging nhn c thng tin mi, cp nht vo bng nh
tuyn c cp nht cho cc router lng ging k tip. Qu trnh cp nht c
ln lt nh vy ra ton b h thng. Do thi gian b hi t chm.
OSPF l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c trin khai
da trn cc chun m. OSPF c m t trong nhiu chun ca IETF (Internet
Engineering Task Force). Chun m y c ngha l OSPF hon ton m i vi
cng cng, khng c tnh c quyn
OSPF thc hin thu thp thng tin v trng thi cc ng lin kt t cc router
lng ging. Mi router OSPF qung co trng thi cc ng lin kt ca n v
chuyn tip cc thng tin m n nhn c cho tt c cc lng ging khc.
Hnh 2.2.2.f. Adjacency database danh sch cc router lng ging c mi quan
h hai chiu. Mi router s c mt danh sch khc nhau.
gim bt s lng trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi nhiu roter lng ging
trong cng mt mng, cc router OSPF bu ra mt router i din gi l
Designated router (DR) v mt router i din d phng gi l Backup Designated
(BDR) lm im tp trung cc thng tin nh tuyn.
246
Hnh 2.2.2.g. Design Router (DR) v Backup Designated Router (BDR) l router
c tt c cc router khc trong cng mt mng LAN bu ra lm i din. Mi
mt mng s c mt DR va BDR ring.
2.2.3. So snh OSPF vi giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch
Trong phn ny chng ta s so snh OSPF vi mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vect
khong cch la RIP. Router nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c mt s
y v cu trc h thng mng. Chng ch thc hin trao i thng tin v trng
thi cc ng lin kt lc khi ng v khi h thng mng c s thay i. Chng
khng pht qung b bng nh tuyn theo nh k nh cc router nh tuyn theo
vect khong cch. Do , cc router nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt s
dng t bng thng hn cho hot ng duy tr bng nh tuyn.
Nu mt kt ni khng n nh, chp chn, vic pht lin tc cc thng tin v trang
thi ca ng lin kt ny s dn n tnh trng cc thng tin qung co khng
ng b lm cho kt qu chn ng ca cc router b o ln.
Tc hi t.
H tr VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask).
Kch c mng
Chn ng
Nhm cc thnh vin.
248
Khi nhn c t lng ging cc router bao co v s lng hop n mng ch,
RIP s cng thm 1 vo thng s hop ny v da vo s lng hop chn
ng n mng ch. ng no c khong cch ngn nht hay ni cch khc l
c s lng hop t nht s l ng tt nht i vi RIP. Chng ta thy thut ton
249
RIP s dng cu trc mng dng ngang hng. Thng tin nh tuyn c truyn
ln lt cho mi router trong cng mt h thng RIP. OSPF s dng khi nim v
phn vng. Mt mng OSPF c th chia cc router thnh nhiu nhm. Bng cch
ny, OSPF c th gii hn lu thng trong tng vng. Thay i trong vng ny
khng nh hng n hot ng ca cc vng khc. Cu trc phn cp nh vy
cho php h thng mng c kh nng m rng mt cch hiu qu.
Trong phn ny s gii thch cch OSPF s dng thut ton chn ng ngn nht
nh th no.
Theo thut ton ny, ng tt nht l ng c chi ph thp nht. Edsger Wybe
Dijkstra, mt nh khoa hc my tnh ngi H Lan, pht minh thut ton ny
nn n cn c tn l thut ton Dijkstra. Thut ton ny xem h thng mng l mt
tp hp cc nodes c kt ni vi nhau bng kt ni im-n-im. Mi kt ni
ny c mt chi ph. Mi node c mt ci tn. Mi node c y c s d liu v
trng thi ca cc ng lin kt, do chng c y thng tin v cu trc vt
l ca h thng mng. Tt c cc c s d liu ny u ging nhau cho mi router
trong cng mt vng. V d nh trn hnh 2.2.4.a, D c cc thng tin l n kt ni
ti node C bng ng lin kt c chi ph l 4 v n kt ni n node E bng
ng lin kt c chi ph l 1.
Thut ton chn ng ngn nht s s dng bn thn node lm im xut pht v
kim tra cc thng tin m n c v cc node k cn. Trong hnh 2.2.4.b, node B
chn ng n D. ng tt nht n D l i bng ng ca node E c chi ph
l 4. Nh vy l gi d liu i t B n D s i theo ng t B qua C qua E ri
n D.
250
Hnh 2.2.4.a
Hnh 2.2.4.b
251
Cc OSPF router phi thit lp mi quan h lng ging trao i thng tin nh
tuyn. Trong mi mt mng IP kt ni vao router, n u c gng t nht l tr
thnh mt lng ging hoc l lng ging thn mt vi mt router khc. Router
OSPF quyt nh chn router no lm lng ging thn mt l tu thuc vo mng
kt ni ca n. C mt s router c th c gng tr thnh lng ging thn mt vi
mi router lng ging khc. C mt s router khc li c th ch c gng tr thnh
lng ging thn mt vi mt hoc hai router lng ging thi. Mt khi mi quan h
lng ging thn mt c thit lp gia hai lng ging vi nhau th thng tin v
trng thi ng lin kt mi c trao i.
Hnh 2.2.5.c
Trong mng a truy cp, giao thc hello tin hnh bu DR v BDR.
Gi hello mang nhng thng tin thng nht gia mi lng ging vi nhau trc
khi c th thit lp mi quan h lng ging thn mt v trao i thng tin v trng
thi cc ng lin kt.
Hnh 2.2.6.b. Phn header ca gi OSPF Hello. Cc thng tin trong phn Hello
Interval, ea Interval v Router ID phi ng nht th cc router mi c th
thit lp mi quan h lng ging thn mt.
Hnh 2.2.7.a. Bc 1: pht hin cc router lng ging. Trong tng mng IP kt
ni vo router, router c gng thit lp mi quan h thn mt vi t nht mt
lng ging.
256
Hnh 2.2.7.g. Sau khi nhn c LSU vi thng tin mi, router OSPF s cp
nht vo c s d liu ca n ri p dng thut ton SPF vi thng tin mi ny
tnh ton li bng nh tuyn.
Trc tin, bn cn khi ng tin trnh nh tuyn OSPF trn router, khai bo a
ch mng v ch s vng. a ch mng c khai bo km theo wilcard mask ch
khng phi l subnet mask. Ch s danh nh (ID) ca vng c vit di dng
s hoc di dng s thp phn c du chm tng t nh IP.
khi ng nh tuyn OSPF bn dng lnh sau trong ch cu hnh ton cc:
Khi tin trnh OSPF bt u hot ng, Cisco IOS s dng a ch IP ln nht ang
hot ng trn router lm router ID. Nu khng c cng no ang hot ng th
tin trnh OSPF khng th bt u c. Khi router chn a ch IP ca mt
cng lm router ID v sau cng ny b s c th tin trnh s b mt router ID.
Khi tin trnh OSPF s bi ngng hot ng cho n khi cng hot ng tr
li.
263
Hnh 2.3.2.b. Trong gi hello pht ra cng Fast Ethernet 0/0, trng Router
Priority s c gi tr l 50.
266
Hnh 2.3.2.d
267
Hnh 2.3.2.f
tr u tin trn cng fa0 ca router HQ v trn cng fa1 ca router A u bng gi
tr mc nh l 1. Router HQ c router ID l 10.4.0.2, router A c router ID l
10.5.0.1, router Remote c router ID l 10.5.0.2. Vy router A s l DR trong mng
ny v router A c router ID ln hn router ID ca router HQ. Tng t, router
Remote s l DR trong mng 10.5.0.0/16 v router A lm BDR trong mng ny.
Hnh 2.3.2.g
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config-router)#areaarea-number authentication
Cc router OSPF bt buc phi c khong thi gian hello v khong thi gian bt
ng vi nhau mi c th thc hin trao i thng tin vi nhau. Mc nh, khong
thi gian bt ng bng bn ln khong thi gian hello. iu ny c ngha l mt
router c n 4 c hi gi gi hello trc khi n xc nh l cht.
274
Trong mng OSPF qung b, khong thi gian hello mc nh l 10 giy, khong
thi gian bt ng mc nh l 40 giy. Trong mng khng qung b, khong thi
gian hello mc nh l 30 giy v khong thi gian bt ng mc nh l 120 giy.
Cc gi tr mc nh ny c nh hng n hiu qu hot ng ca OSPF v i
khi bn cn phi thay i chng.
Ngi qun tr mng c php la chn gi tr cho hai khong thi gian ny.
tng hiu qu hot ng ca mng bn cn u tin thay i gi tr ca hai khong
thi gian ny. Tuy nhin, cc gi tr ny phi c cu hnh ging nhau cho mi
router lng ging kt ni vi nhau.
cu hnh khong thi gian hello v khong thi gian bt ng trn mt cng
ca router, bn s dng cu lnh sau:
Hnh 2.3.5
275
OSPF router phi thit lp mi quan h lng ging hoc thn mt vi OSPF router
khc trao i thng tin nh tuyn. Mi quan h ny khng thit lp c c th
do nhng nguyn nhn sau:
Trong cu hnh nh tuyn OSPF vic m bo tnh chnh xc ca cc thng tin sau
cng v cng quan trng:
kim tra cu hnh OSPF bn c th dng cc lnh show c lit k trong bng
2.3.8.a. Bng 2.3.8.b lit k cc lnh show hu dng cho bn khi tm s c ca
OSPF.
thay i.
Bng 2.3.8.b. Cc lnh clear v debug dng kim tra hot ng OSPF.
TNG KT
Chng 3: EIGRP
GII THIU
Mt h thng mng c xy dng bi nhiu thit b, nhiu giao thc v nhiu loi
mi trng truyn. Khi mt b phn no ca mng khng hot ng ng th s
c mt vi ngi dng khng truy cp c hoc c th c h thng mng cng
khng hat ng c. Cho d trong trng hp no th khi s c xy ra ngi
281
thng thc s
Bng thng trong cng thc trn p dng cho EIGRP = (10 000 000 / bng
thng thc s) * 256
tr trong cng thc trn p dng cho IGRP = tr thc s/10
tr trong cng thc trn p dng cho EIGRP = ( tr thc s/10) * 256
IGRP c s lng hop ti a l 255. EIGRP c s lng hop ti a l 224. Con s
ny d sc p ng cho mt mng c thit k hp l ln nht.
cc giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau nh OSPF v RIP chng hn thc hin chia
s thng tin nh tuyn vi nhau th cn phi cu hnh nng cao hn. Trong khi
IGRP v EIGRP c cng s AS ca h t qun s t ng phn phi v chia s
thng tin v ng i vi nhau. Trong v d hnh 3.1.1, RTB t ng phn phi
cc thng tin v ng i m EIGRP hc c cho IGRP AS v ngc li.
EIGRP nh du nhng ng m n hc c t IGRP hay t bt k ngun bn
ngoi no khc l ng ngoi vi v nhng con ng ny khng xut pht t
EIGRP router. IGRP th khng phn bit ng ngoi vi v ni vi.
V d nh hnh 3.1.1, trong kt qu hin th ca lnh show ip route, ng EIGRP
c nh du bng ch D, ng ngoi vi c nh du bng ch EX. RTA
phn bit gia mng hc c t EIGRP (172.16.0.0) v mng c phn phi t
IGRP (192.168.1.0). Trong bng nh tuyn ca RTC, giao thc IGRP khng c s
phn bit ny. RTC ch nhn bit tt c cc ng u l ng IGRP mc d 2
mng 10.1.1.0 v 172.16.0.0 l c phn phi t EIGRP.
284
Hnh v 3.1.2.b.
Bng cu trc mng cn lu nhiu thng tin khc v cc ng i. EIGRP phn
loi ra ng ni vi v ng ngoi vi. ng ni vi l ng xut pht t bn
trong h t qun ( Autonomous system) ca EIGRP. EIGRP c dn nhn
(Administrator tag) vi gi tr t 0 n 255 phn bit ng thuc loi no.
ng ngoi vi l ng xut pht t bn ngoi ca EIGRP. Cc ng ngoi vi
l nhng ng c hc t cc giao thc nh tuyn khc nh RIP, OSPF v
IGRP. ng c nh cng c xem l ng ngoi vi.
287
3.1.3. Cc c im ca EIGRP
Tc hi t nhanh.
S dng bng thng hiu qu.
288
EIGRP c th h tr cho IP, IPX v Apple Talk nh c cu trc tng phn theo giao
thc (PDMs Protocol-dependent modules). EIGRP c th phn phi thng tin
ca IPX RIP v SAP ci tin hot ng ton din. Trn thc t, EIGRP c th
iu khin hai giao thc ny. Router EIGRP nhn thng tin nh tuyn v dch v,
ch cp nht cho cc router khc khi thng tin trong bng nh tuyn hay bng SAP
thay i.
Hnh 3.1.4
EIGRP gi cc thng tin quan trng v ng i v cu trc mng trong bng lng
ging v bng cu trc mng. Hai bng ny cung cp cho DUAL cc thng tin v
ng i khi cn thit. Nu c mt ng lin kt b t, DUAL s tm ng thay
th hoc mt feasible successor trong bng cu trc mang.
Mi PDM chu trch nhim thc hin mi chc nng lin quan n mt giao thc
c nh tuyn. V d phn IP- EIGRP chu trch nhim cc vic sau:
C 5 loi gi EIGRP:
Hello.
Bo nhn.
Cp nht.
Yu cu.
294
p ng.
EIGRP da vo cc gi hello pht hin, kim tra v ti pht hin cc router lng
ging. Ti pht hin c ngha l router EIGRP khng nhn c hello t mt router
lng ging trong sut khong thi gian lu gi nhng sau router lng ging ny
li ti lp li thng tin lin lc.
EIGRP router lu thng tin v cc lng ging trong bng lng ging. Bng lng
ging ny c lu s th t (Seq No) v thi gian lu gi ca gi EIGRP cui cng
nhn c t mi router lng ging. Theo nh k v trong gii hn ca khong
thi gian lu gi, router phi nhn c gi EIGRP th nhng ng tng ng mi
c trng thi Passive. Trng thi Passive c ngha l trng thi hot ng n nh.
Nu router khng nghe ngng c g v router lng ging trong sut khong thi
gian lu gi th EIGRP s xem nh lng ging b s c v DUAL phi tnh
ton li bng nh tuyn. Mc nh, khong thi gian lu gi gp 3 ln chu k
hello. Ngi qun tr mng c th cu hnh gi tr cho 2 khong thi gian ny ph
hp hn vi h thng ca mnh.
Hnh 3.1.5
OSPF bt buc cc router lng ging vi nhau phi c cng khong thi gian hello
v khong thi gian bt ng th mi c th thng tin lin lc vi nhau c.
EIGRP th khng yu cu nh vy. Router s hc cc khong thi gian ca router
lng ging thng qua vic trao i gi hello. Chng s dng thng tin trong
295
Gi cp nht c s dng khi router pht hin mt lng ging mi. Router EIGRP
s gi gi cp nht cho router lng ging mi ny n c th xy dng bng cu
trc mng. C th s cn nhiu gi cp nht mi c th truyn ti ht cc thng tin
cu trc mng cho router lng ging mi ny.
Hnh 3.1.6.a
Hnh 3.1.6b
Hnh 3.1.6.c
Hnh 3.1.6.d
Trong Router E:
Hnh 3.1.6.e
Hnh 3.1.6.f
Hnh 3.2.1
router(config-router)#network network-number
3. Khi cu hnh cng serial s dng trong EIGRP, vic quan trng l cn t
bng thng cho cng ny. Nu chng ta khng thay i bng thng ca cng,
EIGRP s s dng bng thng mc nh ca cng thay v bng thng thc s. Nu
ng kt ni thc s chm hn, router c th khng hi t c, thng tin nh
tuyn cp nht c th b mt hoc l kt qu chn ng khng ti u. t bng
thng cho mt cng serial trn router, bn dng cu lnh sau trong ch cu hnh
ca cng :
router(config-if)#bandwidth kilobits
Gi tr bng thng khai trong lnh bandwidth ch c s dng tnh ton cho tin
trnh nh tuyn, gi tr ny nn khai ng vi tc ca cng.
router(config-if)#eigrp log-neighbor-changes
router(config-router)#no auto-summary
RTC(config-router)#no auto-summary
RTC(config-router)#exit
255.255.0.0
307
Ngoi ra, cc lnh debug l nhng lnh gip bn theo di hot ng EIGRP khi
cn thit.
Show ip eigrp Hin th bng lng ging ca EIGRP. S dng tham s type
number xc nh c th cng cn xem. T kho details cho
neighbors [type
php hin th thng tin chi tit hn.
number] [details]
308
Show ip eigrp Tu theo bn s dng t kho no, router s hin th thng tin
v cc ng i ang hot ng, ang ch x l hay khng c
topology [active |
successor.
pending | zero-
successors]
Router nh tuyn theo vect khong cch dng n gin khng thit lp mi quan
h vi cc lng ging ca n. RIP v IGRP ch n gin l pht qung b hoc
multicast thng tin cp nht ra cc cng c cu hnh. Ngc li, EIGRP router
ch ng thit lp mi quan h vi cc lng ging ca n ging nh router OSPF
lm.
Bng lng ging l bng quan trng nht trong EIGRP. Mi EIGRP lu mt bng
lng ging, trong l danh sch cc router lng ging thn mt. Bng ny tng
t nh c s d liu v lng ging ca OSPF. EIGRP c ring tng bng lng ging
cho mi giao thc m EIGRP h tr.
T ng hc c ng mi khi ng ny kt ni vo mng.
Xc nh router lng ging b t kt ni hay khng cn hot ng na.
Ti pht hin cc router vn trc b xem l t kt ni.
310
Hnh 3.2.4.b. Qu trnh trao i thng tin nh tuyn gia hai router
DUAL l thut ton vect khong cch ca EIGRP, n s dng thng tin trong
bng lng ging v bng cu trc mng tnh ton ng c chi ph thp nht n
mng ch. ng chnh c chn ra c gi l ng successor. Sau khi tnh
312
3.2.6. Chn ng
EIGRP lu cc thng tin quan trng v ng i trong bng lng ging v bng cu
trc mng. Hai bng ny cung cp thng tin y cho DUAL. Da vo DUAL
c th chn ng thay th nhanh chng khi cn thit.
Khi pht hin mt lng ging mi, router s ghi nhn li a ch v cng kt ni ca
lng ging . Thng tin ny c lu trong bng lng ging. Khi router lng ging
gi gi hello, trong c thng s v khong thi gian lu gi. y l khong thi
gian m router vn ch v xem l router lng ging vn cn hot ng v kt ni li
c. Hay ni cch khc, nu router khng nhn c gi hello trong sut khong
thi gian lu gi th khi khong thi gian ny kt thc, router lng ging xem nh
khng kt ni c na hoc khng cn hot ng na. DUAL s thng bo s
thay ny v thc hin tnh ton li vi cu trc mng mi.
Tp lnh show l cng c quan trng nht gip bn hiu c trng thi hot ng
ca router, xc nh cc router lng ging, theo di hot ng tng qut v khoanh
vng s c mng.
Tp lnh debug cung cp cc thng tin sng v giao thng trn mt cng, cc
thng ip bo li bn trong, phn tch cc gi d liu ca mt giao thc no v
nhiu thng tin khc c ch. Chng ta ch dng lnh debug xc nh s c ch
khng dng n xem cc hot ngbnh thng ca mng. Ch s dng debug
tm mt giao thng c bit no hay mt s c no . Bn nn thu hp cc
nguyn nhn gy ra s c trc khi s dng lnh debug. Bn dng lnh show
debugging xem nhng debug no ang c bt ln trong router.
V d trong hnh 3.3.2.b, router R1 ang nhn thng tin cp nht t mt router khc
c a ch l 192.168.3.1. Router ny gi thng tin v hai mng ch l 172.30.0.0
v 172.16.0.0. Router R1 cng gi thng tin cp nht ca n ra cng FastEthernet
0/0. C hai router u s dng a ch qung b 255.255.255.255 lm a ch ch
320
IGRP l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch c pht trin bi Cisco
t gia thp nin 80. IGRP c nhiu c im khc vi cc giao thc nh tuyn
theo vect khong cch nh RIP chng hn. Cc c im ny c lit k trong
bng 3.3.3.
c im Gii thch
Bng 3.3.3
321
R1 (config-router)#network 172.30.0.0
R1 (config-router)#network 192.168.3.0
R1#show ip protocols
R1#show ip route
Hnh 3.3.3.a
322
Hnh 3.3.3.b
OSPF l 1 giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt.Mt lin kt tng
ng vi mt cng giao tip trn mt router.Trng thi ca mt ng lin kt bao
gm thng tin v cng giao tip v mi quan h vi cc router lng ging kt ni
vo cng .V d : thng tin v mt cng giao tip bao gm a ch IP ,subnet
mask v loi mng kt ni vo cng cng nh cc router kt ni vo cng
ny.Tp hp cc thng tin nh vy to thnh c s d liu v trng thi cc ng
lin kt.
-Bn s dng lnh debug ip ospf events hin th thng tin v cc s kin lin
quan n OSPF nh:
+Kim tra xem c hai router lng ging vi nhau c cu hnh IP c cng
subnet mask ,cng khong thi gian hello v khong thi gian bt ng hay cha.
+Kim tra xem c hai router lng ging ca nhau c nm trong cng mt vng hay
khng.
hin th thng tin v mi gi OSPF nhn c ,bn dng lnh debug ip ospf
packet.Dng dng no ca cu lnh ny tt debug.
Lnh debug ip ospf packet s hin th cc thng tin ca tng gi OSPF m router
nhn c.Thng tin hin th thay i mt cht tu theo loi c ch xc minh ang
c s dng.
TNG KT
GII THIU
Vic thit k LAN uc pht trin v thay i nhiu theo thi gian.Cho n gn
y cc nh thit k mng vn cn s dng hub,bridge xy dng h thng
mng.Cn hin nay ,switch v router l hai thit b quan trng nht trong
LAN,kh nng v hot ng ca hai loi thit b ny khng ngng c nng
cao.
Switch hin i c kh nng thc hin nhiu nhim v phc tp khc nhau
trong mng. Chng ny s gii thiu v cch phn on mng v m t hot
ng c bn ca Switch.
+ nh ngha CSMA/CD
+ nh ngha tr mng
+ M t hot ng c bn ca Switch
+ nh ngha b nh hng i
+ Xc nh on mng LAN
327
+ M t tin trnh lc ti
Hnh 4.1.1.a.Kt ni user dng Hub.Cc user trn cng mt Hub truy sut cng
mt bng thng ng truyn cng ging nh nhiu xe hi cng r vo mt ln
ng vy.Con ng ny ch c mt ln ng nn ti mt thi im ch
c mt xe r m thi.
-Khi hai thit b kt ni vo Switch thc hin trao i vi nhau, Switch s thit
lp mt mch o cung cp mt ng lin lc ring gia hai thit b ny. Switch
c kh nng phn on mng cc nh, ngha l to ra mi trng ko ng
gia ngun v ch,nh ti a ho lng bng thng kh dng. Switch c th
to nhiu mch o ng thi gia cc cp thit b khc nhau. Hnh nh ny
tng t nh ng cao tc c th chia thnh nhiu ln ng v mi xe c
ring mt ln ng cho mnh.
Hinh 4.1.1.c
- Mng LAN ngy nay ngy cng tr nn qu ti v tnh trng nghn mch gia
tng. Thm vo s lng ngi dng mng tng ln nhanh chng cng vi
331
+Cc ng dng dng client/server gii phng cho cc my trm gnh nng ca
vic lu tr d liu v chi ph trang b a cng lu tr. Chnh v nhng u
im ny m vic s dng cc ng dng dng client/server s cng c s
dng rng ri trong tng lai.
Hnh v 4.1.2
Hnh 4.1.3.a
333
Hnh 4.1.3.b
nghn cho cc host khc.Khi nhn c tn hiu bo nghn ,mi host s ngng
vic truyn d liu li v ch mt thi gian ngu nhin trc khi bt u thc
hin truyn li.Khong thi gian ch ngu nhin ny do thut ton back-off(vn
hi ng )tnh ton.Cng c nhiu host kt ni vo mng v bt u truyn
d liu th ng cng nhiu hn.
-Ngy nay ,mng thc hin truyn rt nhiu cc loi d liu nh:
+Hnh nh
+Hnh ng(video)
-Ngoi ra s lng ngi dng trong mng cng tng ln nhanh chng.Tt c
cc yu t trn t mt sc p rt ln i vi bng thng 10Mb/s.Khi c qu
nhiu ngi cng thc hin chia s tp tin,truy cp file server v kt ni Internet
th tnh trng nghn mch s xy ra.Hu qu l thi gian p ng ca mng
chm,thi gian ti tp tin lu hn v lm gim nng sut lm vic ca ngi s
dng. gii quyt tnh trng nghn mch ny,bn cn phi c nhiu bng
thng hn hoc l phi s dng lng bng thng ang c mt cch hiu qu
hn.
-Th hai l khong thi gian tn hiu lan truyn trn ng dy.Thi gian ny
khong 0,556 us trn 100m cp UTP CAT5.Cp cng di v vn tc truyn
cng chm th thi gian tr ny cng ln.
-Thi gian tr khng ph thuc hon ton vo khong cch v s lng thit b
mng.V d :Nu 3 Switch gia 3 my trm c cu hnh ng th thi gian tr
gia hai my trm s t hn l nu gia chng t mt Router v router thc
hin chc nng phc tp hn,cn nhiu thi gian x l hn.Router phi x l
d liu lp 3 ch khng phi d liu lp 2 nh Switch
-Thi gian truyn c tnh bng s lng bit gi i nhn vi thi bit tng
ng ca k thut m bn ang s dng.Hay ni cch khc,thi gian truyn l
khong thi gian truyn ht mt gi d liu.Do gi d liu cng di th
khong thi gian ny cng di.
Trong mng bng thng 10Mb/s trc y, Ethernet ch s dng khong 50% -
60% lng bng thng do ng v thi gian tr. Ethernet song cng c th
s dng 100% bng thng trn c hai chiu, mi chiu Tx v Rx bn c
10Mb/s, tng cng l bn c thng lng 20Mb/s.
340
Truyn khng c ng .
Phn on mng bng bridge gip gim s lng ngi dng trn mt
segment.
bridge nhn frame, gi frame ri chuyn frame i da theo a ch Lp 2.
343
Trong mng Ethernet LAN thun chuyn mch, cc node thc hin chc
nng truyn v nhn ging nh l trong mng ch c duy nht mnh n vy. Khi hai
node thit lp k ni, mt mch o c thit lp gia chng v cuing cp ton b
bng thng mng. Mch o ny ch tn ti trong switch khi cc node cn trao i.
Cc kt ni bng switch cung cp nhiu thng lng h so vi Ethernet LAN kt
ni bng bridge hay hub.
Hnh 4.2.5.d. thi im ny, trn bng chuyn mch ca switch cha c
thng tin g v a ch ch l a ch MAC ca my B. Do , switch chuyn
frame ra tt c cc port t port s 3 l port nhn frame vo.
4.2.9. B m.
Ethernet switch s dng b m gi v chuyn frame. B m cn c
s dng khi port ch ang bn. C hai loi b m c th s dng chuyn frame
l b m theo port v b m chia s.
Trong b m theo port, frame c lu thnh tng hng i tng ng vi
tng port nhn vo. Sau frame ch c chuyn sang hng i ca port ch khi
tt c cc frame trc n trong hng i c chuyn ht. Nh vy mt frame c
th lm cho tt c cc frame cn li trong hng i phi hon li v port ch ca
frame ny ang bn. Ngay c khi port ch ang trng th cng vn phi ch mt
khong thi gian chuyn ht frame .
B m c chia s tt c cc frame vo chung mt b nh. Tt c cc
port ca switch chia s cng mt b m. Dung lng b m c t ng phn
b theo nhu cu ca mi port mi thi im. Frame c t ng phn b theo
nhu cu ca mi port mi thi im. Frame trong b m c t ng a ra
port pht. Nh c ch chia s ny, mt frame nhn c t port ny khng cn phi
chuyn hng i pht ra port khc.
Switch gi mt s cho bit frame no tng ng vi port no v s ny
s c xo i sau khi truyn frame thnh cng. B m c s dng theo dng
chia s. Do lng frame lu trong b m b gii hn bi tng dung lng ca
b ca b m ch khng ph thuc vo vng m ca tng port nh dng b m
theo port. Do frame ln c th chuyn i c v t b rt gi hn. iu ny rt
quan trng i vi chuyn mch bt ng b v frame c chuyn mch gia hai
port c tc khc nhau.
- B m theo port lu cc frame theo hng i tng ng vi tng port nhn
vo.
- B m chia s lu tt c cc frame vo chung mt b nh. Tt c cc port
trn switch chia s cng mt vng nh ny.
4.2.10. Hai phng php chuyn mch.
Sau y l hai phng php chuyn mch dnh cho frame:
- Store-and-forwad: Nhn vo ton b frame xong ri mi bt u chuyn i.
Switch c a ch ngun, ch v lc frame nu cn trc khi quyt nh chuyn
frame ra. V switch phi nhn xong ton b frame ri mi bt u tin trnh chuyn
354
mch frame nn thi gian tr s cng ln i vi frame cng ln. Tuy nhin nh
vy switch mi c th kim tra li cho ton b frame gip kh nng pht hin li
cao hn.
- Cut-through: Frame c chuyn i trc khi nhn xong ton b frame. Ch
cn a ch ch c th c c ri l c th chuyn frame ra. Phng php ny
lm gim thi gian tr nhng ng thi cng lm gim kh nng pht hin li
frame.
Sau y l hai ch chuyn mch c th theo phng php cut-through:
- Fast-forward: Chuyn mch nhanh c thi gian tr thp nht. Chuyn mch
nhanh s chuyn frame ra ngay sau khi c c a ch ch ca frame m khng
cn phi ch nhn ht frame. Do c ch ny khng kim tra c frame nhn
vo c b li hay khng mc d iu ny khng xy ra thng xuyn v my ch
s hu gi nu gi b li. Trong ch chuyn mch nhanh, thi gian tr c tnh
t lc switch nhn vo bit u tin cho n khi switch pht ra bit u tin.
- Fragment-free: C ch chuyn mch ny s lc b cch mnh gydo ng
gy ra trc khi bt u chuyn gi. Hu ht nhng frame b li trong mng l
nhng mnh gy ca frame do b ng . Trong mn hot ng bnh thng, mt
mnh frame gy do ng gy ra nht phi nh hn 64 byte. Bt k frame no
ln hn 64 byte u c xem l hp l v thng khng c li. Do c ch chuyn
mch khing mnh gy s ch nhn 64 byte u tin ca frame m bo
frame nhn c khng phi l mt mnh gy do b ng ri mi bt u
chuyn frame i. Trong ch chuyn mch ny, thi gian tr cng c tnh t
lc switch nhn c bit u tin cho n khi switch pht i bit u tin .
Thi gian tr ca mi ch chuyn mch ph thuc vo cch m switch
chuyn frame nh th no. chuyn frame c nhanh hn, switch bt thi
gian kim tra li frame i nhng lm nh vy li lm tng lng d liu cn truyn
li.
4.3. Hot ng ca switch.
4.3.1. Chc nng ca Ethernet switch.
Switch l mt thit b mng chn la ng dn gi frame n ch, C
switch v bridge u hot ng Lp 2 ca m hnh OSI.
355
C hai loi lc frame trn u gip kim sot giao thng mng v tng kh
nng bo mt.
mng, s dng giao thc nh tuyn phn lung giao thng trn mng. Cn
bridge s dng k thut lc ci tin da trn thng tin lp mng c gi l
brouter. Brouter khc vi router ch l khng s dng giao thc nh tuyn.
Bridge chia mng ra bng cch xy dng bng i ch trong cho bit a
ch ca tng thit b mng nm trong segment no. Khi , da vo a ch MAC
ca frame bridge s c th quyt nh chuyn frame hay khng. Ngoi ra, bridge
cn c xem l trong sut i vi cc thit b khc trong mng.
Bridge lm tng thi gian tr trong mng ln khong 10% n 30%, thi gian
tr ny l thi gian bridge quyt nh v thc hin chuyn mch d liu. Bridge
chuyn mch theo dng nhn ri chuyn nn n phi nhn ht ton b frame,
kim tra a ch ngun v ch, tnh ton CRC kim tra li frame ri mi chuyn
frame i. Nu port ch ang bn th bridge s tm thi lu frame li cho n khi
port ch c gii phng. Chnh nhng khong thi gian ny lm tng thi gian tr
v lm chm qu trnh truyn trn mng.
362
* c lp vi giao thc lp 3
mt khong thi gian ngu nhin theo quy lut ca CSMA/CD. Nu ng nhiu
qu mc s lm cho mng khng hot ng c.
Thng tin lin lc trong mng c thc hin theo 3 cch. Cch thng dng
nht l gi trc tip t mt my pht n mt my thu.
370
Khi hai switch kt ni vi nhau, kch thc min qung b c tng ln. V
d nh hnh 4.3.9.b-c, gi qung b c gi ra tt c cc port ca Switch. 1 Switch
1 kt ni vi Switch 2. Do gi qung b cng c truyn cho tt c cc thit b
kt ni vo Switch 2.
Tng kt
Sau khi kt thc chng ny, bn cn nm c cc quan trng sau:
* Microsegment.
* CSMA/CD
* Hot ng c bn ca switch
* B m
CHNG 5: Switch
Gii thiu
* Vn pht hin ng
* Phn on mng
* Min qung b
378
Server cung cp dch v chia s tp tin, my in, thng tin lin lc v nhiu
dch v ng dng khc, server khng thc hin chc nng nh mt my trm thng
thng. Server chy cc h iu hnh c bit nh NetWare, Windows NT, UNIX,
v Linux. Mi server thng ginh cho mt chc nng ring nh Emai hoc chia s
tp tin.
Server c th c phn thnh hai loi: Server ton h thng v server nhm.
Server ton h thng cung cp dch v ca n dng cho mi ngi dng trong h
thng mng. V d nh Email hay DNS l nhng dch v m mi ngi trong t
chc u cn s dng v tnh cht tp trung ca nhng dch v ny. Cn server
nhm th ch cung cp dch v phc v cho mt nhm ngi dng c th. V d
nh nhng dch v x l v chia s tp tin c th ch phc v cho mt nhm ngi
dng no thi.
* K nng ca h mc no?
* Thng lng
* Thi gian p ng
Sau khi phn tch v tnh kh dng, bc tip theo l phn tch cc yu cu
ca h thng mng v ngi s dng mng . V d khi cng c nhiu ng dng
mng v thoi v video th nhu cu v bng thng mng cng tng ln nhiu hn.
Lp Mng
Lp lin kt d liu
Lp vt l
Bc cui cng trong thit k LAN l ghi nhn li cc cu trc vt l v lun
l ca h thng mng. Cu trc vt l ca mng l s kt ni vt l ca cc
384
thnh phn trong mng LAN. Cn thit k lun l l cch phn dng d liu trong
mng. N cng bao gm c s tn v a ch c s dng trong thit k LAN.
S thit k LAN
H s thit k LAN bao gm nhng thnh phn quan trng sau:
Xc nh v tr t MDF v IDF
Ghi li loi cp v s lng s dng kt ni cc IDF v MDF
Ghi li s lng cp dnh tng bng thng gia cc t ni dy. V
d: nu cp vertical gia IDF 1 v MDF chy ht 80% th s s dng
thm 2 cp cp na tng gp i bng thng.
Cung cp h s chi tit v tt c cc cp trong h thng, ch s danh nh
v s port ca chng trn HCC hoc VCC.
392
5.1.5. Thit k lp 2.
Thit b lp 3 c s dng chia mng LAN thnh nhiu mng ring bit.
Thit b lp 3 cho php thng tin lin lc gia 2 mng thng qua a ch lp 3, v d
nh a ch IP. Trin khai thit b lp 3 cho php chia nh mng LAN v mt vt l
v lun l. Router cn c th kt ni WAN nh ni ra Internet chng hn.
Phn nhm user theo phng ban, i nhm v cc ng dng thng dng.
Router cung cp thng tin lin lc gia cc VLAN vi nhau.
401
Tng phn phi nm gia tng truy cp v tng trc chnh gip xc nh v
phn bit vi h thng trc chnh. Mc tiu ca tng phn phi l cung cp gii hn
cho php cc gi d liu c di chuyn trong . tng ny, h thng mng c
chia thnh nhiu min qung b, ng thi p dng cc chnh sch v truy cp, lc
gi d liu ti y. Tng phn phi gip c lp s c trong phm vi mt nhm v
ngn khng cho s c tc ng vo tng trc chnh. Switch trong tng ny hot
ng lp 2 v 3 ca m hnh OSI. Tm li, tng phn phi thc hin cc chc
nng sau:
Switch tng phn phi l im tp trung cho cc switch tng truy cp. Do ,
cc switch tng ny phi gnh ton b lng giao thng t cc thit b tng truy cp
nn chng phi c nng lc hot ng cao. Switch tng phn phi l im kt thc
cho min qung b. Tng ny tp trung giao thng ca VLAN v cc chnh sch
quyt nh dng chy ca giao thng. Do , switch ca tng phn phi hot ng
c lp 2 v 3 trong m hnh OSI. Switch trong tng ny thng l switch a lp.
Switch a lp l s kt hp chc nng ca router v switch vo chung trong mt
thit b. Chng c thit k chuyn mch giao thng vi hiu sut hot ng
cao hn mt router thng thng. Nu cc switch ny khng c router module gn
trong n th bn c th s dng mt router ring bn ngoi thc hin chc nng
lp 3.
Catalyst 2926G
Catalyst 5000
Catalyst 6000
407
Tng trc chnh l xng sng ca h thng mng. Switch trong tng ny c th
s dng mt s cng ngh lp 2. Nu khong cch gia cc switch c th s
dng cng ngh Ethernet. Mt s cng ngh lp 2 khc nh chuyn mch t bo
ATM (Asynchoronous Transfer Mode) cng c th c s dng. Trong thit k
mng, tng trc chnh cng c th nh tuyn lp 3 nu cn thit. Khi chn la
switch cho tng ny bn cn quan tm n nhng yu t nh s cn thit, gi c
v kh nng hot ng.
Sau y l mt s dng Switch ca Cosco ph hp cho tng trc chnh:
408
Catalyst 6500
Catalyst 8500
IGX 8400
Lighstream 1010
409
Tng kt
Sau khi kt thc chng trnh ny, bn cn nm c cc im quan
trng sau:
6.1. Bt u vi switch
RPS LED cho bit switch c s dng b ngun bn ngoi hay khng.
LED ch port cho bit ch hin th hin ti ca cc LED trng thi port.
chn cc ch hin th trng thi khc nhau, bn nhn nt Mode mt hoc
nhiu ln cho n khi LED ch port hin th ng ch m bn mun.
LED ch Mu ca cc M t
port LED trng thi
trn tng port
STAT Tt Khng c kt ni
Kt ni ang b li
Lc mu xanh lc
mu cam
LED trng thi ca cc port cng thay i trong sut qu trnh POST. LED
trng thi trn mi port s bt ln mu cam trong khong 30 giy l qu trinhd
switch ang pht hin cu trc mng v d tm vng lp. Nu sau LED trng
thi trn port chuyn sang mu xanh c ngha switch thit lp c kt ni
trn port vi h thng mng. Nu LED trng thi trn port tt c ngha l
switch nhn thy khng c g cm vo port ny c.
Hnh 6.1.4.b
415
Sau khi switch hon tt qu trnh POST v khi ng xong, du nhc ca phn
i thoi cu hnh h thng s xut hin. Bn c th cu hnh switch bng tay
hoc vi s tr gip ca phn i thoi cu hnh. Phn i thoi cu hnh trn
switch n gin hn trn router.
418
Bn c th kim tra phin bn IOS v gi tr cho thanh ghi cu hnh bng lnh
show version.
Hnh 6.2.1.e
Cc thit b mng thng minh c th giao tip c bng Web cu hnh v qun
l chng. Sau khi switch c cu hnh a ch IP v gateway, chng ta c th
truy cp vo switch bng web. Trnh duyt web truy cp v dch v ny trn switch
bng a ch IP ca switch v port 80 l port mc nh ca HTTP. Bn c th m
hoc tt dch v HTTP trn switch v c th chn port khc cho dch v ny.
Hnh 6.2.2.d. M dch v HTTP v chn port cho dch v ny trn switch.
428
Hnh 6.2.3.a
430
Hnh 6.2.3.b
kim tra mng trng thi ca port bo v, bn dng lnh show port security.
Hnh 6.2.5
Cc bc c bn cu hnh port bo v:
<cr>
Tn switch
a ch IP ca switch trong VLAN qun l.
Default gateway.
434
SOFT (fc1)
WS-C2950-24 starting
The system has been interrupted prior to initializing the flash files
System. The following commands will initialize the flash files system.
Flash_init
Load_helper
Boot
Load_helper
Dir flash:
Ch : Khng c qun du hai chm (:) lin sau ch flash trong cu lnh
th 3 trn.
8. Sau cho switch chy tp tin cu hnh ny bng cch copy tp tin cu hnh
ny ln RAM:
Switch#copy flash:config.text system:ruinning-config
AlSwitch (config-line)#exit
AlSwitch (config)#exit
Building configuration.
[OK]
437
AlSwitch#
TNG KT
Gii thiu
Switch l mt thit b mng Lp 2 hot ng nh mt im tp trung kt ni
ca my trm, server, router, hub v cc switch khc.
Chnh v vai tr quan trng ca switch trong h thng mng hin nay nn
vic tm hiu v cu hnh switch l rt quan trng i vi ngi lm v mng.
Sau khi hon tt chng ny, bn c th thc hin nhng cng vic sau:
7.1.1. S d phng.
Hnh 7.1.1
Hnh 7.1.3
Switch hc a ch MAC ca thit b kt ni vo port ca n, nh n c
th chuyn d liu n ng ch. Nu switch khng bit g v a ch ca my
ch th n s chuyn gi ra tt c cc port cho n khi no n hc c a ch
MAC ca thit b ny. Gi qung b v multicast cng c chuyn ra tt c cc
port ca switch.
Chnh v vy, cu trc chuyn mch d phng nh hnh 7.1.3 c th s gy ra
trn bo qung b, chuyn nhiu lt frame v bng a ch MAC khng n nh.
Hnh 7.1.4.a
Hnh 7.1.5
Hnh 7.1.6
Ta xt v d nh trn hnh 7.1.6: gi s a ch MAC ca Router Y khng c
trong bng a ch ca c hai switch.
Gi s host X gi mt gi d liu trc tip n Router Y. Switch A v B u
nhn c gi gi liu ny v hc c a ch MAC ca Host X l nm trn port
0. Sau khi d liu ny c hai switch chuyn ra tt c cc port v trn hai
switch u cha c a ch MAC ca Router Y. Kt qu l switch A nhn li gi d
liu ny t switch B vo port 1 v ngc li, Switch B cng nhn li d liu t
Switch A vo port 1. Khi Switch A v B hc li l a ch MAC ca Host X nm
trn port 1, k tip, khi Router Y gi mt gi d liu cho Host X, Switch Av B
cng u nhn c gi d liu t Router Y n Host X s b ri vo vng lp.
7.2. Giao thc Spanning Tree (Giao thc phn nhnh cy).
Hnh 7.2.2.a. Giao thc Spanning - Tree xy dng mng hnh lun l hnh cy. Kt
ni no d tha, to thnh vng lp s b kho li.
Giao thc Spanning - Tree i hi thit b mng phi trao i thng tin vi
nhau c th pht hin ra vng lp trong mng. Thng ip trao i ny c gi
l Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU). Kt ni no to thnh vng lp s b t vo
trng thi kho. Trn kt ni ny khng nhn gi d liu nhng vn nhn cc gi
BPDU xc nh kt ni cn hot ng hay khng. Nu c mt kt ni b t
hay mt thit b h hng th mt cu trc hnh cy mi s c tnh ton li.
BPDU cha y cc thng tin gip cho switch thc hin c cc vic
sau:
450
Hnh 7.2.2.d. Mt v d kt qu tnh ton ca giao thc Spanning - Tree. Sau khi
tnh ton xong, v mt lun l, cu trc mng s c dng r nhnh cy, khng cn
vng lp na.
Hnh 7.2.6.a
Giao thc Rapid Spanning - Tree c nh ngha trong chun IEEE 802.1w.
Giao thc ny gii thiu cc vn mi sau:
Hnh 7.2.7.a. Port 1 trn Switch Y l port thay th cho port 1 trn Switch X.
So snh giao thc Spanning - Tree v giao thc Rapid Spanning - Tree.
462
CHNG 8 : VLAN
GII THIU
Hnh 8.1.1 Phn on mng LAN theo kiu truyn thng v theo VLAN.
Trong hnh 8.1.2.b chng ta thy 3 VLAN tc l 3 min qung b khc nhau
c to ra trn mt switch v mt router. Router s s dng nh tuyn Lp 3
chuyn giao thng gia 3 VLAN.
465
Switch trong hnh 8.1.2.b s truyn frame ln cng giao tip ca router khi:
+Gi d liu l gi qung b.
+Gi d liu c a ch MAC ch l mt trong cc a ch MAC ca router.
Nu my trm 1 trong VLAN k thut mun gi d liu cho my trm 2 trong
VLAN Bn hng, hai my ny nm trong hai min qung b khc nhau, thuc hai
mng khc nhau, do a ch MAC ch trong gi d liu s l a ch MAC ca
default gateway ca my trm 1. V vy a ch MAC ch ca gi d liu ny s l
a ch MAC ca tng Fa0/0 trn router. Gi d liu c chuyn n router, bng
nh tuyn IP, router s chuyn gi n ng VLAN Bn hng.
Nu my trm 1 trong VLAN k thut mun gi gi d liu cho my trm 2
trong cng VLAN th a ch MAC ch ca gi d liu s chnh l a ch MAC
ca my trm 2.
Tm li, switch s x l chuyn mch gi d liu khi c chia VLAN nh sau:
+i vi mi VLAN switch c mt bng chuyn mch ring tng ng
466
8.1.4 ch li ca VLAN
Li ch ca VLAN l cho php ngi qun tr mng t chc mng theo lgc
ch khng theo vt l na. Nh nhng cng vic sau c th thc hin d dng
hn:
*Di chuyn my trm trong LAN d dng.
* Thm my trm vo LAN d dng.
*Thay i cu hnh LAN d dng.
469
Hnh 8.1.4
Hnh 8.2.1.a
l thnh vin ca mi VLAN. Switch phi dn nhn frame khi chuyn frame gia
cc switch tng truy cp vi switch phn phi.
ISL l giao thc c quyn ca Cisco dn nhn cho frame khi truyn frame gia
cc switch vi nhau v vi router. CnIEEE802.1Q l mt chun dn nhn
frame. Catalyst 2950 khng h tr ISL trunking.
Cc server hot ng theo ch client/server. Do cc server theo nhm nn t
trong cng VLAN vi nhm user m server phc v, nh vy s gi cho dng
lu lng tp trung trong VLAN, gip ti u ho hot ng chuyn mch lp 2.
Router tng trc chnh c s dng nh tuyn gia cc subnet. Ton b h
thng ny c t l lu lng l 80% lu lng trong ni b mi VLAN, 20% giao
thng i qua router n cc server ton b h thng v i ra internet, WAN.
Hnh 8.2.2
Giao thc pht hin thit b Cisco (Cisco Discovery Protocol CDP) v
giao thc VLAN Trunking (VTP) u gi gi qung b ca mnh trong VLAN 1.
Hnh 8.2.4.a
Hnh 8.2.4.b
Hnh 8.2.5
8.2.6. Xo VLAN.
8.3. X l s c VLAN.
Hnh 8.3.1
Hin nay rt nhiu mng LAN phi i mt vi m hnh giao thng cha
c tnh trc, l kt qu ca s gia tng giao thng trong intranet, t phn nhm
server hn v tng s dng multicast. Nguyn tc 80/20 vi ch c 20% giao thng
i ln cc ng trc chnh tr ln lc hu. Ngy nay, cc trnh duyt web ni
b c th cho php user xc nh v truy cp thng tin bt k u trong mng ni
b ca tp on.
Nu mng thng xuyn b nghn mch, qu ti, rt gi v truyn li nhiu
ln th ngha l c qu nhiu port cho mt ng trunk hoc c qu nhiu yu cu
truy sut vo cc ngun ti nguyn ca ton h thng v cc server intranet.
Nghn mch cng c th do phn ln giao thng u c truyn ln ng
trc chnh, hoc l do user m ra nhiu ti nguyn v nhiu ng dng a phng
tin. Trong trng hp ny th h thng mng nn nng cp p ng nhu cu
pht trin.
TP 4
GII THIU
Router, server v cc thit b quan trng khc trong mng thng i hi phi c
cu hnh bng tay a ch IP c nh. Trong khi , cc my tnh client khng cn
thit phi t c nh mt a ch m ch cn xc nh mt di a ch cho n. Di
a ch ny thng l mt subnet IP. Mt my tnh nm trong subnet c th c
phn phi bt k a ch no nm trong subnet .
484
1.1.1. a ch ring
1 a ch lp A: 10.0.0.0/8.
16 a ch lp B: 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12).
485
a ch ni b bn trong l 10.0.0.3.
a ch ton cc bn trong l: 179.9.8.80.
a ch ton cc bn ngoi l: 128.23.2.2.
489
PAT s dng s port ngun cng vi a ch IP ring bn trong phn bit khi
chuyn i. S port c m ha 16 bit. Do c ti 65.536 a ch ni b c th
c chuyn i sang mt a ch cng cng. Thc t th s lng port c th gn
cho mt a ch IP l khong 4000 port. PAT s c gng gi nguyn s port ngun
ban u. Nhng nu s port ny b s dng thi PAT s ly s port cn trng u
tin trong cc nhm port 0-511, 512-1023, 1024-65535.
Hnh 1.1.3.a.
Hnh 1.1.3.b.
491
1.1.4.1. Chuyn i c nh
3 nh du cng ny l cng kt ni vo
mng ni b bn trong.
6 nh du cng ny l cng kt ni ra
mng cng cng bn ngoi.
Hnh v - 2 hnh
1.1.4.2. Chuyn i ng
7 Xc nh cng kt ni ra bn ngoi.
8 nh du cng ny l cng kt ni ra bn
ngoi.
Danh sch iu khin truy cp (ACL Access Control List) cho php khai bo
nhng a ch no c chuyn i. Bn nn nh l kt thc mt ACL lun c cu
lnh n cm tuyt i trnh nhng kt qu khng d tnh c khi mt ACL c
qu nhiu iu kin cho php. Cisco khuyn co l khng nn dng iu kin cho
php tt c permit any trong ACL s dng cho NAT v cu lnh ny lm hao tn
qu nhiu ti nguyn ca Router v do c th gy ra s c mng.
497
Hnh 1.1.4.c
trn.
4 Xc nh cng kt ni vi bn ngoi.
Hnh 1.1.4.d.
Sau khi NAT c cu hnh, chng ta c th dng lnh clear v show kim
tra hot ng ca NAT.
Hnh 1.1.5.a
Hnh 1.1.5.b
S dng lnh debug ip nat kim tra hot ng ca NAT, hin th cc thng tin
v mi gi c chuyn i NAT bi router. Lnh debug ip nat detal cn cung
cp thm mt s thng tin lin quan n s chuyn ca mi gi gip chng ta xc
nh li, v d nh li khng xc nh c a ch i din bn ngoi.
Hnh 1.1.6
S= a.b.c.d l a ch ngun.
a ch ngun a.b.c.d c dch sang w.x.y.z.
D=e.f.g.h l a ch ch.
Gi tr trong giu ngoc vung l ch s danh inh IP. Thng tin ny c th
s hu dng v da vo chng ta s tm c nhng gi d liu tng
ng c phn tch t nhng phn mn phn tch giao thc khc.
1.1.7. Nhng vn ca NAT
NAT lm tng thi gian tr. Thi gian tr chuyn mch s ln hon do phi
chuyn i tng a ch IP trong mi d liu. Gi d liu u tin lun phi s l
chuyn mch nn thi gian chuyn mch nhanh hnnu c b m.
505
ICMP
File Transfer Protocol (FTP), bao gm lnh PPRRT v PV.
Dch v NetBIOS qua TCP/IP, gi d liu, tn v phin giao tip.
RealNetworks RealAudio
White Pines CUSeeMe
Xing Technologies StreamWorks
DNS A and PTR queries
H.323/Microsoft NetMeeting, IOS versions 12.0(1)/ 12.0(1) T v sau .
VDOnets VDOLive, IOS version 11.3(4)11.3(4)T v sau .
VXtremes Web Theater, IOS versions 11.3(4)11.3(4)T v sau .
IP Multicast, IOS version 12.0(1)T ch chuyn i a ch ngun.
Cisco IOS NAT khng h tr cc loi giao thc sau:
506
1.2. DHCP
Hnh 1.2.1.c. H iu hnh trn DHCP client s dng nhng thng tin nhn c
trong gi tr li server cu hnh IP cho client .
Server chy DHCP thc hin tin trnh xc nh a ch IP cp cho client. Client s
dng a ch c cp t server trong mt khong thi gian nht nh do ngi
qun tr mng quy nh. Khi thi ny ht hn th client phi yu cu cp li a ch
mi mc d thng thng client s vn c cp li a ch c.
Cc nh qun tr mng thng s dng dch v DHCP v gii php ny gip qun
l h thng mng d v c kh nng m rng. Cisco router c th s dng Cisco
IOS c h tr Easy IP lm DHCP server. Mc nh , Easy IP cp cu hnh IP
cho client s dng trong 24 ting. C ch ny rt tin li cho cc vn phng nh
hoc nhng vn phng ti nh, ngi s dgn ti nh c th tn dng dihc v
DHCP v NAT ca router m khng cn phi c thm mt server NT hoc UNIX.
Ngi qun tr mng ci t di a ch cho DHCP server cn c th cung cp
nhiu thng tin khc nh a ch DNS server, a ch WINS server v tn min.
Hu ht cc DHCP server u cho php ngi qun tr mng khai bo nhng a
ch MAC no cn phc v v t ng cp cho nhng a ch MAC ny a ch IP
khng thay i mi ln chng yu cu.
DHCP s dng giao thc UDP (User Datagram Protocol) lm giao thc vn
chuyn ca n. Client gi thng ip cho server trn port 67. Server gi thng ip
cho client trn port 68.
509
u tin cng ng Internet pht trin giao thc BOOTP cu hnh cho my trm
khng c a. BOOTP c nh ngha trong RFC 951 vo nm 1985. L mt
phin bn i trc ca DHCP nn BOOTP cng c nhiu c im hat ng
tng t nh DHCP. C hai giao thc ny gu da trn c s client-server v s
dng port UDP 67, 68. Hai port ny hin vn c bit n nh l port BOOTP.
a ch IP.
a ch Gateway.
Subnet mask.
a ch DNS server.
BOOTP khng t ng cp pht a ch IP cho mt host. Khi client yu cu mt
a ch IP, BOOTP server tm trong bng c cu hnh trc xem c hng no
tng ng vi a ch MAC ca client hay khng.Nu c th a ch IP tng ng
s c cung cp cho client. iu ny c ngha l a ch MAC v a ch IP tng
ng phi c cu hnh trc trn BOOTP server.
BOOTP DHCP
Subnet mask
Router
Tn min
Server DNS
WINS server
Chng ta c th to trn DHCP server nhiu di a ch IP v thng s nh trn
tng ng. Mi mt di a ch dnh ring cho mt subnet IP. iu ny cho php
511
Hnh 1.2.3
1. Client phi c cu hnh DHCP khi bt u tin trnh tm cc thnh vin trong
mng. Client gi mt yu cu cho server yu cu cu hnh IP. i khi
client c th ngh trc a ch IP m n mun, v d nh khi n ht thi
gian s dng a ch IP hin ti v mun gia hn thm thi gian. Client s
xc nh c DHCP server bng cch gi gi qung b gi l
DHCPDISCOVER.
2. Khi server nhn c gi qung b, n s tm trong c s d liu ca n v
quyt nh l c tr li c yu cu ny khng. Nu server khng tr li
yu cu th n s gi gi tr li trc tip bng DHCPOFFER v cho client,
trong mi client s dng cu hnh IP ca server. Trong DHCPOFER c
512
Tng t nh NAT, DHCP server cng yu cu ngi qun tr mng phi khai bo
trc di a ch. Cu lnh ip dhcp pool dng khai bo di a ch m server c
th cp php cho host.
Thng thng, chng ta cn c th cu hnh thm nhiu thng tin khc ngoi thng
tin v a ch IP cho mt DHCP server. Trong ch cu hnh DHCP, chng ta
dng lnh default-router khai bo cng mc nh gateway, lnh dns-server
khai bo a ch ca DNS server, lnh netbios-name-server dng khai bo cho
WINS server.
515
/prefix-length] trc.
Address8]
Address8]
Address8]
Name
Lease [days Khai bo khong thi gian cho php client c s dng
mt a ch IP. Thi gian mc nh l mt ngy.
[hours}
[minutes] /
infinite]
kim tra hat ng DHCP, bn dng lnh show ip dhcp binding. Lnh ny s
hin th danh sch cc a ch IP c dch v DHCP cp pht cho cc host no
tng ng.
Hnh 1.2.6
1.2.7. X l s c DHCP
517
Hnh 1.2.7.
DHCP khng phi l mt dch v quan trng duy nht s dng qung b Cisco
router v cc thit b khc cng s dng qung b tm TFTP server. Mt s
client cn s dng qung b tm TACACS server. TACACS server l mt
server bo v. Thng thng, trong cu trc mng phn cp phc tp, client ny
pht qung b tim server th mc nh l router s khng chuyn cc gi qung
b ra ngoi subnet ca client.
a ch ca Cisco IOS. Vic chy cc dich v nh DHCP hay DNS trn nhiu
my tnh s to s qu ti v kh qun tr nn gii php u khng hiu qu. Nu
c th th ngi qun tr mng nn s dng gii php th hai l dng lnh ip
helper-address chuyn tip yu cu qung b cho nhng dch v UDP quan
trng ny.
Time
TACES
DNS
BOOTP/DHCP server
BOOTP/DHCP client
TFTP
Dch v NetBIOS name
Dch v NetBIOS datagram
Chng ta xt c th dch v DHCP, client pht qung b gi DHCPDISCOVER ra
mng ni b ca n. Gi qung b ny s n c Gateway chnh l router. Nu
trn router c cu hnh lnh ip helper-address th gi DHCP ny s dc chuyn
tip cho mt a ch IP xc nh. Trc khi chuyn tip gi yu cu ny, Router s
in a ch ca cng Router kt ni vi client vo phn GIADDR ca gi
DHCPDISCOVER. a ch ny s l a ch Gateway cho DHCP client sau khi
client ly c a ch IP.
519
TNG KT
2.2.2. ISDN
Mt ng dng thng thng ca ISDN l cung cp thm dung lng truyn cho
ng truyn thu ring. ng truyn thu ring c s dng chnh, trong
nhng thi im nhu cu dung lng tng cao th ISDN c kch hot h tr
thm. Ngoi ra, ISDN cn c s dng lm ng truyn d phng trong trng
hp ng truyn thu ring gp s c. Chi ph cc ca ISDN c tnh trn tng
knh B v cng tng t nh kt ni thoi quay s.
Hnh 2.2.2.b. Cu trc chung ca mng WAN vi ISDN, Router cn phi c cng
giao tip ISDN hoc phi kt ni thng qua b chuyn i giao tip.
56 DS0 56 Kbps
64 DS0 64 Kbps
E1 ZM 2.048 Mbps
E3 M3 34.064 Mbps
J1 Y1 2.048 Mbps
cng Serial cho mt kt ni, do chi ph cho thit b s tng thm. Mi ln mun
thay i dung lng ng truyn ta cn phi lin h vi nh cung cp dch v.
2.2.4.X.25
Cng ngh X.25 t lu khng cn c s dng rng ri. Frame Relay thay
th cho X.25
khc. i vi nhng ng dng ny, bng thng thp v thi gian tr cao khng
phi l vn ln, trong khi chi ph thp li l mt u im ca X.25.
Do nhu cu bng thng ngy cng cao v yu cu thi gian chuyn mch gi nhanh
hn, nh cung cp dch v gii thiu Frame Relay, Frame Relay cng hot ng
nh X.25 nhng c tc cao hn, ln n 4 Mb/giy hoc hn na.
Frame Relay khng thc hin iu khin lung v kim tra li. Do , thi gian tr
do chuyn mch frame gim i.
2.2.6. ATM
ATM l mt cng ngh c kh nng truyn thoi, video v d liu thng qua mng
ring v mng cng cng. ATM c xy dng da trn cu trc t bo (cell) ch
khng da trn cu trc frame. Gi d liu c truyn i trn mng ATM khng
c gi l frame m gi l t bo (cell). Mi t bo ATM lun c chiu di c
nh l 53 byte. T bo ATM 53 byte ny cha 5 byte phn ATM header, tip theo
532
2.2.7. DSL
Digital Subscriber Line DSL l mt cng ngh truyn bng rng s dng ng
truyn hai dy xon ca h thng in thoi truyn d liu vi bng thng ln
n thu bao dng dch v. K thut truyn bng rng ghp nhiu di tn s khc
nhau trn cng mt ng truyn vt l truyn d liu xDSL bao gm cc cng
ngh DSL nh sau:
Hnh 2.2.7.a.
Cc loi DSL khc nhau cung cp bng thng khc nhau vi dung lng c th
vt qua ng thu ring T1 hoc E1. Tc truyn ph thuc vo chiu di thc
t ca mch vng ni b, loi cp v iu kin i dy cp. dch v c cung
cp tt th mch vng ni b nn ngn hn 5,5 km. DSL thng khng c chn
lm kt ni gia nh ring v h thng mng trong cng ty v thu bao khng th
t nh ring kt ni trc tip vo mng trung tm ca cng ty, m phi thng qua
mt nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP Internet Service Provider). T y, mt
kt ni IP mi c thc hin thng qua Internet n mng trung tm ca cng
ty. Nh vy rt nguy him v mt bo mt. m bo tnh an ton, dch v DSL
c cung cp kh nng s dng mng ring o VPN (Virtual Private Network)
kt ni vo server VPN t ti cng ty.
Cable modem thc hin truyn d liu hai chiu tc cao, s dng cp ng trc
trong h thng mng cp truyn hnh. Mt s nh cung cp dch v cn cam kt tc
truyn d liu cao gp 6,5 ln ng thu ring T1. Tc ny cho php truyn
c nhanh chng mt lng ln thng tin s bao gm video clip, audio Lng
thng tin cn phi mt 2 pht nu ti bng ng truyn ISDN BRI th by gi ch
mt 2 giy thng qua kt ni cable modem.
Vi cable modem, thu bao vn c th nhn song song ng thi dch v truyn
hnh cp v d liu cho my tnh thng qua mt b phn gii 1-2 n gin.
Thu bao cable modem phi s dng ISP lin kt vi nh cung cp dch v truyn
hnh cp. Tt c cc thu bao ni b u chia s cng mt bng thng cp. Do
cng nhiu ngi tham gia vo dch v th lng bng thng cho mi ngi s
gim xung.
537
538
WAN truyn ti rt nhiu loi lu lng khc nhau nh d liu, thoi v video. Do
thit k c a ra phi cung cp dung lng, thi gian truyn p ng
c vi yu cu ca ton b h thng. Ngoi ra, ngi thit k cn phi quan tm
n cu trc ca mng ni gia cc trung tm vi nhau, v c tnh t nhin, v
bng thng v kh nng ca cc kt ni ny.
539
Chng ta thng phi thay i mng WAN mi khi cn m rng server WAN,
cng vic kinh doanh thc t c s thay i
Cc cng ty lp t mng WAN thc hin trao i d liu gia cc chi nhnh.
Mng WAN ny phc v cho ton b h thng mng ca cng ty. Chi ph bao gm
nhiu phn, v d trong c chi ph cho thit b v cho vic qun l ng truyn.
Trong thit k WAN, chng ta cn bit trong mng WAN truyn nhng loi lu
lng no, t u n u. WAN c th truyn ti nhiu loi d liu khc nhau vi
yu cu bng thng, tr v ngh mch khc nhau.
Cc c im ca lu lng mng:
Kt ni v mc dng lu lng.
D liu Client/Server.
Hng kt ni hay khng hng kt ni.
Kh nng ko di thi gian tr.
Kh nng hot ng ca mng.
542
T l li.
Mc u tin.
Loi giao thc.
Chiu di trung bnh ca gi d liu.
Vic xc nh v tr cc im cui ca kt ni s gip chng ta xy dng s cu
trc WAN. Cu trc ny phi tho mn cc iu kin v a l cng nh cc iu
kin hot ng. Nu iu kin hot ng i hi cao th cn phi c thm cc kt
ni d phng v chia s ti.
C rt nhiu mng WAN s dng cu trc hnh sao. Khi t chc pht trin hn,
thm mt chi nhnh cn kt ni vo trung tm th khi trin khai thm mt nhnh
cho cu trc hnh sao. i khi cc im cui ca hnh sao c kt ni cho vi
nhau to thnh mng li, to thm nhiu kh nng kt ni. Khi thit k, nh
gi li hoc thay i mng WAN chng ta cn chn ra mt cu trc ph hp vi
yu cu.
Mng ATM, Frame Relay v X.25 truyn lu lng ca nhiu khch hng khc
nhau trong cng mt kt ni. Khch hng khng kim sot c s lng ng
kt ni, s lng trm trung gian m d liu phi i qua trong mng chia s, cng
nh khng th iu khin c thi gian ch ti mi trm. Chnh v nhc im v
thi gian tr v nghn mch m cc cng ngh ny khng ph hp vi mt s loi
lu lng mng. Tuy nhin, nhc im ny vn thng c chp nhn v cc
mng chia s ny li c u im ln l chi ph r. Khi c nhiu khch hng cng
chia s mt ng kt ni th ng nhin chi ph s thp hn nhiu so vi chi ph
cho mt ng thu knh ring c cng dung lng.
Vic chn la cc cng ngh cho WAN thng da trn loi lu lng v dung
lng ca chng. ISDN, DSL, Frame Relay hoc ng thu ring thng c s
dng kt ni cc chi nhnh vo mt trung tm. Frame Relay, ATM hoc ng
thu ring thng c s dng kt ni cc vng m rng vo ng trc
chnh. ATM hoc ng thu knh ring c s dng lm ng trc chnh cho
WAN.
D trin Cu trc phn cp c chc nng r rng cho tng lp nn cng vic
khai trin khai cng c thc hin d dng hn.
D dng Vic phn chi chc nng r rng cho mi lp cho php vic xc nh
x l s s c d dng hn. Vic chia h thng mng ra thnh nhiu phn
c on gip gim thiu phm vi nh hng ca s c.
Thay vo chng ta s thit kt theo m hnh phn cp. Cc mng LAN trong
cng mt vng a l s c lin kt li vi nhau thnh mt vng. Cc vng s
c kt ni vi nhau to thnh mt khu vc. Cc khu vc kt ni vi nhau v
ng vai tr l trc chnh ca mng WAN.
TNG KT
GII THIU
PPP (Point to Point Protcol) l mt giao thc thng c chn trin khai
trn mt kt ni WAN ni tip. PPP c th thc hin c
Thong tin lien lien lc thng tin lin lc ng b, bt ng b v pht hin li.
Quan trng nht l PPP c qu trnh xc minh s dng CHAP hoc PAP. PPP c
th s dng c trn nhiu mi trng vt l khc nhau bao gm cp xon, cp
quan v truyn qua v tinh.
Gi i th ch s truy n n i ti p
M t v cho v d v TDM
M t ch c n ng c a DTE v DCE
X c nh nh ng u i m khi s d ng PPP
RS-232-E
V.35
High Speed Serial Interface (HSSI)
3.1.2 Phn knh theo thi gian (TDM- Time Division Multiplexing)
Phn knh theo thi gian TDM l truyn nhiu ngun thong tin trn cng mt tn
hiu, sau li tch ra thnh cc ngun ring bit nh ban u ti im cui
Trong TDM cc khe thi gian lun lun tn ti cho d khng c d liu truyn
vo. TDM c th c v nh mt xe la c 3 toa xe. mi toa xe thuc s hu ca
mt cng ty v mi ngy xe la u cy vi 32 toa. Nu cng ty no c hang gi i
th toa xe ca cng ty y. Nu cng ty no khng c g gi i th toa xe
trng nhng vn hin din trong on tu
557
3.1.4 DTE/DCE
My tnh, my in, my fax cng l nhng v d cho thit b DTE, DCE, thng
thng l moderm hoc CSU/DSU l thit b chuyn i tn hiu t DTE sang
dng tn hiu ph hp vi ng truyn trong mng WAN ca nh cung cp dch
v. Tn hiu ny c thit b DCE u bn kia nhn c v li c chuyn
i thnh dng tn hiu ph hp vi DTE v c truyn cho DTE
559
Cisso cng gii thiu loi cp Smart Serial vi nhy cao hn v kiu dng
nh gn hn . u cp Smart Serial cm vo cng Serial trn router ch c 26 chn
tn hiu nh gn hn so vi u DB-60
3.1.5 ng gi HDLC
Truyn ni tip t c s trn giao thc hng bit. Giao thc hng bit tuy
c hiu qu hn nhng thng mang tnh c quyn. Nm 1979, ISO
chp thun HDLC l giao thc chun hng bit ca lp Lin kt d liu)
cho ISDN
Link Aceess Procedure f or Mod emsthc hin ng gi d liu cho ng truyn
ni tip ng b. S chun ho ny gip cho cc t chc khc p dng v m
rng giao thc ny. T nm 1981, ITU-T pht trin mt lot cc phin bn ca
HDLC. Sau l mt v d, nhng giao thc ny c gi l giao thc truy cp
ng lin kt:
Chun HDLC khng h tr nhiu giao thc trn mt ng kt ni, ng thi cng
khng c thng tin cho bit giao thc lp trn no ang c truyn trn ng
truyn. Cisso c gii thiu mt phin bn HDLC c quyn ring. Frame Cisso
HDLC c phn type cho bit giao thc lp trn ca ca frame. Nh c phn ny
m nhiu giao thc lp Mng c th chia s cng mt ng truyn ni tip .
HDLC l giao thc Lp 2 mc nh trn cng Serial ca Cisso router
HDLC nh ngha 3 loi frame mi loi c nh dng phn iu khin khc nhau
Kt qu hin th ca lnh show interfaces serial cho bit cc thng tin v cng
serial. Khi cng serial c cu hnh kiu ng gi HDLC th chng ta s c thy
dng Encapsulation HDLC trong kt qu hin th ca lnh ny
250000,500000,800000,1000000,
1300000,2000000,8000000.
566
4. Nu c v nh s c xy ra u
bn kia kt ni th chng ta thc
hin li bc 1 modem, CSU hoc
DSU u bn kia
5. Nu CSU/DSU khng th cu
hnh bng tay c th chng ta nn
lin h vi nh cung cp dch v
yu cu h tr x l s c trn
ng truyn
4. Nu c trng a ch th thay th
a ch IP khc
V d khi chng ta cn xem thng tin v cng Serial trn router Cisco 7000 th
dng lnh show controllers cbus
PPP s dng cu trc phn lp. Cu trc phn lp l m hnh giao tip logic gia
cc lp. M hnh OSI l mt v d v m hnh phn lp trong mng. PPP cung cp
cch ng gi ph hp cho nhiu gi d liu ca nhiu giao thc khc nhau
truyn trn mt ng truyn im-ni-im, ng thi PPP s dng lp lin kt
d liu kim tra kt ni. Do PPP c chia thnh hai giao thc con:
569
Nn: Thc hin yu cu nn frame khi truyn kt ni PPP s gip tng thng
lng ca ng truyn, gim lng d liu phi truyn trn ng dy. Ti
u nhn frame d liu s c gii nn. Router Cisco c h tr hai giao
thc nn l Stacker v Predictor
Pht hin li: C ch pht hin li ca PPP thc hin qu trnh kim tra
iu kin ng truyn. Ch s Quality Magic gip xc nh vng lp v
tin cy ca ng truyn.
Ghp knh (Multilink PPP):Cisco IOS phin bn 11.1 tr i cho php thc
hin ghp knh PPP trn cng ca router thc hien chia s ti
PPP Callback: gia tng kh nng bo mt, Cisco IOS phin bn 11.1 tr
i cho php thc hin chc nng gi li trn kt ni PPP. Cisco router
ng vai tr l callback client hoc callback server. Callback client thit lp
570
Thi gian ch ht hn
S can thip ca ngi s dng
3.2.3 Giao thc xc minh PPP
572
Khi cu hnh qu trnh xc minh PPP, ngi qun tr mng c th chn giao thc
PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) hay CHAP (Challenge Handshake
Authentication Protocol). Ni chung Chap l giao thc thng c ngh hn
Sau khi giai on thit lp kt ni PPP hon tt, router trung tm gi mt thng
ip th thch cho router u xa. Router u xa s dng thng ip ny vi
password ca n thng qua thut ton MD5 (Message Digest ) to ra mt thng
ip tr li. Router u xa gi thng ip tr li ny cho router trung tm. Router
trung tm s dng thng ip tr li tnh toan ra mt gi tr. Nu gi tr ny
ng vi thng ip th thch ban u th thng tin xc minh c xc nhn nu
khong th kt ni s b xo ngay
Sauk hi nhp lnh encapsulation ppp thi bn c th thm cu hnh cho qu trnh
xc minh PAP hoc Chap. Nu khng cu hnh qu trnh xc minh th phin kt ni
PPP c bt u ngay . Nu bn c cu hnh cho qu trnh xc minh th s din ra
nh sau:
Cu hnh PPP bao gm cc thng tin v : phng php xc minh, nn d liu pht
hin li c ghp knh hay khng
ng nh mt knh logic,
gip tng thng lng v
gim thi gian tr gia hai
router
Bc M t
PAP l phng thc xc minh n gin s dng hai bc bt tay v c thc hin
khi thit lp kt ni. Qu trnh xc minh PAP thc hin v ng truyn c thit
lp
Chng ta s dng lnh show interfaces serial kim tra cu hnh ng gi HDLC
hoc PPP trn cng Serial. Nu cng c cu hinh ng gi HDLC th trong kt
qu hin th c dng Encapsulation HDLC. V d nh trn hnh 3.3.4 chng ta
thy dng Encapsulation PPP nh vy l cng serial 0/0 c cu hnh ng
gi PPP. Sauk hi cu hnh PPP, chng ta c th kim tra trng thi ca LCP
(Link Control Protocol ) v NCP (Network Control Protocol) cng bng lnh Show
interfaces serial
581
Tng kt
GII THIU
ISDN cho php nhiu knh k thut s cng hot ng ng thi trn mt ng
cp in thoi thng thng, nhng ISDN truyn tn hiu s ch khng truyn tn
hiu tng t. Thi gian tr trn ng ISDN cng thp hn so vi ng truyn
tn hiu tng t
ng in thoi truyn thng PSTN truyn tn hiu tng t trn mch vng ni
b kt ni gia thu bao v mng ca cng ty in thoi. Mch tn hiu tng t c
gii hn bng thng khng c ln hn 3000Hz. Cng ngh ISDN cho php
truyn tn hiu s trn mch vng ni b ny tc truy cp cao hn. Cc cngty
in thoi ch cn nng cp cc b chuyn mch c th x l c tn hiu s.
ISDN thng c cc vn phng nh xa s dng kt ni vo mng LAN
trung tm
Cc cng ty in thoi cng pht trin cc chun cho ISDN. Cc chun ISDN
nh ngha v thit b phn cng v qu trnh thit lp cuc gi. Nhng chun ny
gip cho mng ISDN giao tip d dng vi cc mng khc trn ton cu. Trong
mng ISDN vic s ho tn hiu c thc hin ngay bn pha thu bao thay v
c thc hin bn pha nh cung cp dch v nh trc y
Sau y l mt s u im ca ISDN:
586
Truyn nhiu loi lu lng khc nhau bao gm d liu thoi v v video
Tc thit lp cuc gi nhanh hn modem
Knh B cung cp tc truyn d liu nhanh hn modem
Knh B ph hp vi kt ni PPP
ISDN l mt dch v linh hot c th truyn d liu thoi v video cho php
truyn nhiu loi lu lng trn nhiu knh khc nhau trn cng mt kt ni
ISDN nh ngha hai phng php truy cp chun l BRI v PRI. Mt cng BRI
hay PRI cung cp mt knh D v nhiu knh B
Hnh 4.1.3.b
Mi frame ISDN BRI cha hai frame con trong mi frame con c:
8 bit ca knh B1
8 bit ca knh B2
2 bit ca knh D
6 bit chn thm
Do mi frame ISDN BRI c 48 bit , 4000 frame c truyn i mi giy. Mi
knh B c dung lng l 8*4000*2=64kb/giy trong khi knh D c dung lng
l 2*4000*2=16kb/giy. Dung lng tng cng (B1+b2+D) l 144kb/giy, trn
mt cng vt l ISDN c dung lng l 192kb/giy. Phn dung lng chnh lch
cn li l ca cc bit chn thm:6*4000*2=48kb/giy
Cc bit chn thm trong mi frame con ISDN c chc nng nh sau
C nhiu hot ng trao i thng tin din ra khi mt router s dng ISDN kt
ni n router khc. Knh D c s dng thit lp kt ni gia router v ISDN
switch. Tn hiu SS7 c s dng gia cc switch trong mng ca nh cung cp
dch v
Knh D gia router v ISDN switch lun lun trong trng thi hot ng. Q.921
m t tin trnh hot ng ca LAPD lp 2 ca m hnh OSI. Knh D c s
dng truyn tn hiu khin nh thit lp cuc gi kt thc cuc gi iu khin
591
cuc gi. Nhng chc nng ny nh ngha trong giao thc Q.931 lp 3 ca m
hnh OSI.Q.931 nh ngha kt ni mng gia thit b u cui v ISDN switch
nhung khng nh ngha kt ni u cui -n-u cui. C nhiu ISDN switch
c pht trin trc khi Q.931 c chun ho, do c nhiu nh cungcp dch
v ISDN v nhiu loi ISDN switch trin khai Q.931 khc nhau. Cng chnh v
khng c chun chungcho loi ISDN switch nn trong cu hnh router phi c cu
lnh khai bo ISDN switch m router kt ni n.
Hnh 4.1.4.a
Hnh 4.1.4b
Chun ISDN nh ngha cc nhm chc nng l cc nhm thit b phn cng cho
php user truy cp dch PRI. Cc hang sn xut c th to ra mt thi b phn cng
thc hin mt hoc nhiu chc nng. Chun ISDN cng nh ngha bn im lin
kt gia cc thit b ISDN. Mi thit b trong mng ISDN thc hin mt nhim v
to nn mt kt ni u cui - n - u cui
Chuyn i tn hiu
BRI dy sang tn hiu 2
dy
594
1. Xc nh v tr cng ISDN BRI trn router. Chng ta nhn pha sau router
xch nh v tr cng BRI hoc v tr gn BRI WAN Interface
(WIC).
Hnh 4.1.6
Nu router khng c cng BRI v thuc loi cu trc c nh, khng th gn thm
card bn ngoi vo th chng ta bt buc phi s dng cng Serial. Khi chng ta
cn phi c thm thit b i TA bn ngoi c th thc hin kt ni BRI trn
cng Serial. Nu router c kh nng gn thm card bn ngoi th chng ta c th
gn thm card BRI WIC cho router
Hnh 4.1.7
Lnh ISDN switch type l cu lnh khai bo loi ISDN switch m router cn kt
ni n. Cu lnh ny c th s dng ch cu hnh ton cc hay ch cu
hnh cng BRI. Nu khai bo cu lnh ny ch cu hnh ton cc th mi cng
ISDN trn router u s c p dng loi ISDN switch c khai bo. Chng ta
cng c th khai bo loi ISDN switch ring tng ng cho tng cng BRI. Sau
597
Sau khi lp t dch v ISDN xong, nh cung cp dch v s cho bit cc thng tin
v loi ISDN switch v s SPID. Mi s SPID nh ngha mt cu hnh dch v
tng ng cho mi khc thu bo. Tuy theo tng loi switch m ta c th cn hoc
khng cn khai bo s SPID trong cu hnh router. Switch loi National ISDN 1
v DMS 100 i hi phi c s SPID nhng switch AT&T 5ESS th khng cn
s SPID
Hnh 4.2.1
ISDN PRI chy trn ng T1 hay E1. Sau y l ba nhim v chnh khi cu hinh
PRI
598
Tng t nh BRI chnta cng dng lnh ISDN switch type khai bo loi
ISDN switch m router kt ni n Router (config) # isdn switch-ttype primary-
net5
Hnh 4.2.2.a
2.Cu hnh mt cng giao tip tng ng cho knh D PRI hot ng
Hnh 4.2.2.b
Hnh 4.2.c
Chng ta c th s dng nhiu lnh show khc nhau kim tra cu hnh ISDN
600
xc nh trng thi hot ng ca BRI chng ta dng lnh show ISDN status.
Chng ta s dng lnh ny sau khi cu hnh xong ISDN BRI kim tra xem
router giao tip c vi ISDN switch hay cha. Trong v d hnh 4.2.3.a cho
thy router giao tip thnh cng v ISDN Lp 3 cng sn sang thc hin
hay nhn cuc gi. Trong kt qu hin th ca lnh show isdn status chng ta nn
lu n trng thi ca lp 1 v lp 2 Layer 1 Status: Active, layer 2 status
Multiple _ Frame _ Established
Hnh 4.2.3.a
Lnh show isdn active cho bit cc thng tin v nhng cuc gi ang thc hin bao
gm
S gi n
Thi gian gi
Cc ph
n v tnh cc ph trong sut cuc gi
Thng tin v thit b kt ni u bn kia
Lnh show interface bri0/0 cho bit trng thi ca cng BRI trn router. Bn mun
xem thng tin ca tng lnh th khai bo thm s knh cui cu lnh ny. V d
lnh show interface br0/0:1 cho bit:
Hnh 4.2.3.b
4.2.4 X l s c ISDN
Lnh debug isdn q921 hin th cc thng tin v lp lin kt d liu cc thng
ip trn knh D gia router v ISDN switch. Chng ta nn s dng lnh
ny khi trong kt qu hin th ca lnh show isdn status khng cho thy l :
Layer 1 :Active Layer 2 Multiple_Frame-Established
Lnh debug isdn q931 cho bit thng tin v cc thng ip Lp 3 trong qu
trnh thit lp v kt thc cuc gi.
Lnh debug ppp authentication hin th cc thng ip trao i ca giao thc
xc minh PAP hoc Chap
Lnh debub ppp negotiation hin th cc thng tin v lu lng PPP khi cc
thnh phn trong PPP ang thc hin vic tho thun cu hnh. Trong c
qu trnh tho thun ca LCP qu trnh xc minh v qu trnh tho thun ca
NCP
lnh debug ppp error hin th cc li ca giao thc v li trng thi ca kt
ni PPP. Chng ta nn s dng cc lnh debug ppp tm s c lp 2 khi
kt qu hin th ca lnh show isdn status khng cho thy c s c ca ISDN
4.3. Cu hnh DDR
602
Hnh 4.3.1
Cu hnh nh tuyn c nh
Xc nh lu lng c bit
Cu hnh cc thng tin quay s
4.3.3 Cu hnh nh tuyn c nh cho DDR
Hnh 4.3.3
cu hnh DDR chng ta phi thc hin qua nhiu bc. Trc tin l cu hnh
PPP cho cng quay s chng ta cng phi s dng cc lnh tng t nh khi cu
hnh PPP cho cng serial. HDLC l giao thc ng gi mc inh trn cng ISDN
ca Cisco router. Nhng hu ht cc mng u s dng PPP cho kt ni chuyn
mch . PPP phc tp hn d tng thch v c nhiu chc nng hn. V d nh c
qu trnh xc minh nn PPP l giao thc lin kt d liu c s dng trn knh B
trn hu ht mi router. cu hnh PPP trn cng DDR chng ta xem v d sau
606
255.255.255.0
Hnh 4.3.5a
Hnh 4.3.5b
Hnh 4.3.5c
Sau chng ta cu hnh thng tin quay s cho DDR bng lnh dialer map
Lnh dialer idle timeu seconds cho php cu hnh khong thi gian ch tnh theo
giy trc khi ngt kt ni, second l s giy ch tnh lc gi d liu c bit cui
cng c gi i. Thi gian ch mc nh l 120
Hnh .4.3.5.d
Hnh 4.3.6a
609
Khi s dng dialer profile chng ta thc hin c nhng vic sau
Hnh 4.3.6.b
Hnh 4.3.6.c
DDR hay dialer profile u kch hot ng truyn khi cn truyn lu lng c
bit ra cng DDR. Trc tin lu lng c bit c nh tuyn n trm DDR
k tip. Sau router tm cng quay s c a ch IP nm trong cng subnet vi a
ch IP ca trm DDR k tip. Nu c router tip tc tm trong dialer pool mt cng
vt DDR cn trng. Sau cu hnh ca dialer profile c p dng cho cng
611
Sau y l nhng cng vic cn thc hin khi cu hnh cng quay s:
Thi giam ch
Dialer group
Hnh 4.3.7.a
612
Hnh 4.3.7.b
Mt cng c th gn vo nhiu dialer pool khc nhau bng cch dng nhiu ln
lnh dialer pool member. Nu c nhiu cng vt l trong mt dialer pool
thchng ta c th s dng thng s u tin priority trong lnh dialer poole-
member nh mc u tin cho cc cng trong dialer pool
Cng serial ng b
Cng serial bt ng b
BRI
PRI
4.3.8 Kim tra cu hnh DDR
Thng lnh Dialer state is data link layer up. Interface bound to profile Dialer1
cho bit cuc gi thc hin tt v cng BRI o/0:1 c gn vi dialer profile 1i
613
Hnh 4.3.8a
Lnh show ISDN active hin th thng tin v cc cuc gi ISDN ang thc hin.
Trong v d hnh 4.3.8.b chng ta thy ang c cuc gi ra n router Seatle
Hnh 4.3.8.b
Lnh show ISDN status hin th cc thng tin 3 lp ca cng BRI. Trong v d
hnh 4.3.8. c chng ta thy ISDN Lp 1 hot ng ISDN Lp 2 c thit lp
vi s SP1D1 v SP1D2 v ang c mt kt ni Lp 3
614
Hnh 4.3.8.c
C hai loi s c chng trong DDR. Mt l router khng thc hin quay s khi cn
thit hai l router lin tc gi i khi khng cn thit. Cc lnh debug s rt hu
dng khi chng ta xc nh s c trong cu hnh DDR
615
Hnh 4.3.9.a
0*07 Thng ip kt ni
Lnh debug ISDN q931 cho chng ta xem cc thng tin trao i Lp 2 ca ISDN
khi cuc gi ra hoc vo c thit lp. Cc ch s i= l ch s Hex ca cc
thng ip Q931
616
Hnh 4.3.9b
Hnh 4.3.9c
Hnh 4.3.9d
Khng phi li cu hnh DDR no cng dn n vic quay s khng ng. Giao
thc nh tuyn ng cng c th lm cho router quay s lin tc mc d khng c
d liu ca ngi dng cn truyn i. Lnh debug dialer packets s hin th thng
ip mi khi c mt gi d liu c truyn ra cng DDR. Do chng ta c th
dng lnh ny xc nh chnh xc loi lu lng no kch hot lin tc cng
DDR
Hnh 4.3.9.e
TNG KT
DDR c s dng tit kim chi ph khi mt cng ty hay t chc khng c nhu
cu cn mt ng kt ni WAN c nh. ng truyn ny cng c s dng
lm ng d phng cho kt ni chnh.
Mt h thng mng c xy dng bi nhiu thit b nhiu giao thc v nhiu loi
mi trng truyn. Khi mt b phn no ca mng khng hot ng ng th s
c mt vi ngi dng khng truy cp c hoc c th c h thng mng cng
khng hot ng c. Cho d trong trng hp no th khi s c xy ra ngi
619
G sai cu lnh
Cu hnh danh sch kim tra truy cp ACL khng ng hoc t ACL khng
ng ch
Cu hnh thiu cho router switch v cc thit b mng khc
Kt ni vt l khng tt
Ngi qun tr mng cn tip cn vi s c mt cch c phng php, s dng s
x l s c tng qut. Trc tin l kim tra s c lp Vt l trc ri mi i
dn ln cc lp trn. Mc d chng ny ch tp trung vo x l s c cc hot
ng ca giao thc nh tuyn lp 3 nhng cng rt quan trng cho cc bn khi
cn loi tr cc lp di
3.1 C c kh i ni m c a EIGRP
EIGRP v IGRP c cch tnh thng s nh tuyn khc nhau. EIGRP tng thng s
nh tuyn ca IGRP ln 256 ln v EIGRP s dng thng s 32 bit cn IGRP s
dng thng s 24 bit. Bng cch nhn ln hoc chia i 256 ln , EIGRP c th d
dng chuyn i thng s nh tuyn ca IGRP
cc giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau nh GSPF v RIP chng hn thc hin chia
s thng tin nh tuyn vi nhau th cn phi cu nh nng cao hn. Trong khi
IGRP v EIGRP c cng s AS ca h t qun s t ng phn phi v chia s
thng tin v ng i vi nhau. Trong v d hnh 3.1.1, RTB t ng phn phi
cc thng tin v ng i m EIGRP hc c cho IGRP AS v ngc li
Hnh 3.1.1
Mi EIGRP router lu mt bng cu trc mng ring tng ng vi tng loi giao
thc mng khc nhau. Bng cu trc mng cha thng tin v tt c cc con ng
m router hc c. Nh nhng thng tin ny m router c th xc nh ng i
khc thay th nhanh chng khi cn thit. Thut ton DUAL chn ra ng tt
nht n mng ch gi l ng chnh
Hnh 3.1.2.a
625
Hnh 3.1.2.b
Hnh 3.1.2.c
Hnh 3.1.2.d
627
Hnh 3.1.2.e
Hnh 3.1.2.f
3.1.3 Cc c im ca EIGRP
EIGRP hot ng khc vi IGRP, v bn cht EIGRP l mt giao thc nh tuyn
theo vect khong cch nng cao nhng khi cp nht v bo tr thng tin lng
ging v thng tin nh tuyn th n lm vic ging nh mt giao thc nh tuyn
theo trng thi ng lin kt . Sau y l cc u im ca EIGRP so vi giao thc
nh tuyn theo vect khong cch thng thng
628
Tc hi t nhanh
S dng bng thng hiu qu
C h tr VLSM v CIDR. Khng ging nh IGRP EIGRP c trao i
thng tin v subnet mask nn n h tr c cho h thng IP khng theo lp
H tr cho nhiu giao thc mng khc nhau
Khng ph thuc vo giao thc c nh tuyn. Nh cu trc tng phn
ring bit tng ng vi tng giao th m EIGRP khng cn phi chnh sa
lu. V d nh khi pht trin h tr mt giao thc mi nh IP chng hn.
EIGRP cn phi c thm phn mi tng ng cho IP nhng hon ton
khng cn phi vit li EIGRP
EIGRP router hi t nhanh v chng s dng DUAL, DUAL bo m hot ng
khng b lp vng khi tnh ton ng i cho php mi router trong h thng mng
thc hin ng b cng lc khi c s thay i xy ra
EIGRP c th h tr cho IP, IPX v Apple talk nh c cu trc tng phn theo giao
thc, EIGRP c th phn phi thng tin ca IPX RIP v SAP ci tin hot ng
ton din. Trn thc t EIGRP c th iu khin hai giao thc ny Router EIGRP
nhn thng tin nh tuyn dch v, ch cp nht cho cc router khc nhau khi thng
tin trong bng nh tuyn hay bng SAP thay i
cho Apple talk ch nn chy trong mng khng c client v d nhcc lin kt
WAN chng hn
Hnh 3.1.4
EIGRP gi cc thng tin quan trng v ng i v cu trc mng trong bng lng
ging v bng cu trc mng. Hai bng ny cung cp cho DUAL cc thng tin v
ng i khi cn thit. Nu c mt ng lin kt b t, DUAL s tm ng thay
th hoc mt feasible successor trong bng cu trc mng
Mi PDM chu trch nhim thc hin mi chc nng lin qan n mt giao thc
c nh tuyn. V d phn IP EIGRP chu trch nhim cc vic sau:
C 5 loi gi EIGRP
Hello
Bo nhn
Cp nht
Yu cu
p ng
EIGRP da vo cc gi hello pht hin, kim tra v ti pht hin cc router lng
ging. Ti pht hin c ngha l router EIGRP khng nhn c hello t mt router
632
lng ging trong sut khong thi gian lu gi nhng sau router lng ging ny
li ti lp li thng tin lin lc
EIGRP router lu thng tin v cc lng ging trong bng lng ging. Bng lng
ging ny c lu s th t v thi gian lu gi ca gi EIGRP cui nhn c t
mi router lng ging. Theo nh k v trong gii hn cak hong thi gian lu
gi. Router phi nhn c gi EIGRP th nhng ng tng ng mi c trng
thi Pasive. Trng thi Passive c ngha l trng thi hot ng n nh
Nu roter khng nghe ngng c g v router lng ging trong sut khong thi
gian lu gi th EIGRP s xem nh lng ging b s c v DUAL phi tnh
on li bng nh tuyn. Mc nh khong thi gian lu gi gp 3 ln chu k hello.
Ngi qun tr mng c th cu hnh gi tr cho 2 khong thi gian ny ph hp
hn vi h thng ca mnh
Hnh 3.1.5
OSPF bt buc cc router lng ging vi nhau phi c cng khong thi gian hello
v khong thi gian bt ng th mi c th thng tin lin lc vi nhau c.
EIGRP th khng yu cu nh vy. Router s hc cc khong thi gian ca router
lng ging thng qua vic trao i gi hello. Chng s dng thng tin trong thit
lp mi quan h n nh m khng cn cc khong thi gian ny phi ging nhau
gia chng.
Gi cp nht c s dng khi router pht hin mt lng ging mi. Router EIGRP
s gi gi cp nht cho router lng ging mi ny n c th xy dng bng cu
trc mng. C th s cn nhiu gi cp nht mi c th truyn ti ht cc thng tin
cu trc to
Hnh 3.1.6.a
635
Hnh 3.1.6.b
ng ny b xo khi bng
ng ny l successor ca router C
Hnh 3.1.6.c
Trong router D
Hnh 3.1..6.d
Trong router C
Hnh 3.1.6.e
Hnh 3.1.6.f
Trong router D
Hnh 3.2.1
Ch s VC Loi VC
992..1007 CLLM
652
Loi LMI.
LMI DLCI.
Loi Frame Relay DTE hay DCE.
Thng thng th router c xem l thit b DTE. Tuy nhin, chng ta c
th s dng mt Cisco router cu hnh lm Frame Relay switch. Khi router
ny tr thng thit b DCE.
Chng ta s dng lnh show frame-relay lmi xem trng thi ca cc hot
ng LMI. V d: lnh ny s cho bit s lng cc gi LMI c trao i gia
router v Frame Relay switch.
662
Lnh show frame-relay pvc [interface interface] [dlci] hin th trng thi
ca mi PVC tng ng c cu hnh v thng tin v cc lu lng trn PVC
. Mt PVC c th trng thi hot ng (active), khng hot ng (inactive) hay
b xa (deleted). Bng lnh ny chng ta cn c th xem c s lng cc gi
BECN v FECN c nhn vo bi router.
TNG KT
GiI THIU:
6.1.1. My trm:
6.1.2. Server:
Trong mi trng mng, nhiu client cng truy cp v chia s ti nguyn trn
mt hay nhiu server. My client c trang b b nh, a v cc thit b ngoi
vi nh bn phm, mn hnh. Cn server pha c trang b c th h tr cho
nhiu user, nhiu tc v ca nhiu client cng lc trn server.
669
Kh nng hot ng: NOS phi thc hin c v ghi cc file dc truyn
qua mng gia client v server. Server phi c kh nng hot ng tt vi p lc
cao khi c nhiu client cng gi yu cu cng mt lc. Yu cu hot ng tt di
p lc cao l mt tiu chun hng u cho mt NOS.
Kh nng qun l v theo di: Giao din qun l ca NOS cung cp cng
c theo di, qun l client v a. Giao din qun l ca NOS cn cung cp
cng c ci t v cu hnh dch v mi. Ngoi ra, server cn i hi phi c
thng xuyn theo di v iu chnh.
server xa. windows2000 Advance Server h tr thm nhiu phn cng v phn
mm khc cho cc mng ln v cc ln.
Microsoft cng pht trin windows.NET Server cung cp kh nng bo mt cng
nh tin cy cao chy cc Wed v cc FPT sites cc ln, cnh tranh vi linux,
UNIX v novelss One NET. Windows.NET Server cung cp dch v XML Wed
cho cc cng ty, t chc c mc lu lng web va v cao.
Mas OSX(10)
H iu hnh Macintosh, Mac OSX, i khi cn c gi l Apple system
10.
679
Chia s tp in
FTP
FTP l mt giao thc hot ng theo phin truy cp. Client phi m phin giao tip
lp ng dng vi Server, thc hin xc minh v sau ti huc chp tp tin nn
Server. Nu phin kt ni khng hot ng trong mt khong thi gian nht nh
th Server s ngt kt ni . Thi gian ch cho mi phin kt ni ty thuc tng
phn mm khc nhau.
Dch v Web
Wornd wide web l dch v mng ph bin nht hin nay. tong vng khng
y mt thp nin Wornd wide web ch thnh mng ton cu cho thng tin,
bun bn, gio dc v gii tr. Hng t cc cng ty t chc v c nhn t trang
Web ca mnh trn Internet Web site l mt tp hp cc trang Web vi nhau.
Wornd wide web da trn cc m hnh client/ server. Client thit lp phin
bn kt ni TCB vi Web server. Khi kt ni c thit lp song, client c th
yu cu nhn d liu t server HTTP. Thc hin cc giao thc truyn dc liu gia
client v server. Phn mm Web/client l cc trnh duyt Web v d Netscape,
Internet explorer.
Trang Web c trn Server c chy phn mm dch v Web. Hai phn mm
Web server thng dng nht l ernet explorer.
Trang Web c trn Server c chy phn mm dch v Web. Hai phn mm
Web server thng dng nht l Microsoft Internet information Services (IIS) v
Apache Web Server. Microsoft (IIS) chy trn Windows Apache Web Server chy
trn UNIX v Linnux.
DNS
thnh i ch IP. Giao thc DNS cho php client gi yu cu n DNS server
thc hin dch tn min sang i ch IP. Sau chng trnh ng dng c th s
dng a ch IP ny gi d liu. Nu khng c dch v ny c l Internet
khng th pht trin nh ngy nay.
DHCP
Kim sot phc tp: S pht trin bng n s lng thit b mng,
user, giao thc v cc nh cung cp dch v, thit b l nhng iu
gy kh khn cho cng vic qun tr mng
Pht trin dch v: Ngi s dng lun mong ch nhng dch v mi
hn, tt hn khi h thng mng pht trin hn.
Cn bng cc nhu cu khc nhau: Ngi s dng lun i hi cc
phn mm ng dng khc nhau vi nhng mc h tr khc nhau v
yu cu khc nhau v mc hot ng, kh nng bo mt
Gim ti a thi gian ngng hot ng do s c: S dng cc bin
php d phng m bo kh nng cung cp dch v v ti nguyn
mng.
Kim sot chi ph: Theo di v kim sot mc s dng ti nguyn
ph hp vi mc chi ph chp nhn c.
6.2.2. OSI v m hnh qun tr mng:
ISO (International Standards Organization) a ra m hnh qun tr mng vi
4 phn:
T chc.
Thng tin.
Lin lc.
Chc nng.
Phn t chc m t cc thn phn qun tr mng, bao gm cc thnh phn
qun l, cc chi nhnh v mi quan h gia chng. Vic b tr cc thnh phn ny
s dn n cc loi cu trc m chng ta s bn n trong phn sau ca chng.
Phn thng tin lin quan n cu trc v lu tr thng tin qun tr mng. Nhng
thng tin ny c lu tr trong mt c s d liu gi l MIB (Management
Information Base). ISO nh ngha cu trc ca thng tin qun tr SMI (Structure of
Management Information) nh ngha c php v thng tin qun tr lu trong
MIB. MIB v SIM s c cp trong phn su hn trong phn sau ca chng.
Phn lin lc lin quan n thng tin qun tr c lin lc nh th no gia
trm qun l v cc chi nhnh. Phn ny lin quan n cc giao thc vn chuyn,
gioa thc ng dng, yu cu v p ng gia 2 bn giao dch.
Phn chc nng phn chia vic qun tr mng theo 5 lnh vc chc nng nh
sau:
Cu hnh.
Tnh ton chi ph.
Hiu sut hot ng.
Bo mt.
M hnh thng tin lin lc nh trn c xem l m hnh hai tng, xem hnh
6.2.4.a. Mi thnh phn trong mng u c qun l bi SNMP. Trong mt vi
trng hp, mt s thit b c quyn u tin qun tr cao hn, chng ta cn c m
hnh ba tng. Trm qun l mng thu thp thng tin v kim sot nhng thit b c
quyn u tin ny thng qua mt chi nhnh proxy. Chi nhnh proxy dch cc yu
cu SNMP t trm qun l sang dng ph hp vi h thng bn di n v s dng
mt giao thc qun tr mng ring, ph hp vi h thng bn di. Proxy nhn
c tr li t h thng bn di, sau dch cc tr li ny sang thng ip SNMP
v gi li cho trm qun l.
Phn mm qun tr mng thng chuyn mt s chc nng qun tr mng
cho my d RMON(remote monitor) . my d RMON thu nhp thng tin qun tr
mng ni b , sau gi thng tin tng hp theo nh k cho trm qun l.
687
m 64 bit cho MIB. Vic thu nhp thng tin bng GetBulkRequest v
GetnextRequest khng c hiu qu v ch ly c mt gi tr cho mt cho mi
ln gi. Vi GetnextRequest trm qun l c th nhn c nhiu thng tin. B
m 64 khc phc c nhc im b trn qu nhanh ca b m trc y,nhat
l vi ng truyn tc cao hin nay nh Gigabit Ethernet.
Trm qun l x l thng tin thu nhp c t cc trm chi nhnh vi nhiu
cch khc nhau. Cc thng tin ny c th c truy cp, hin th v so snh vi cc
gi tr c cu hnh trc kim tra iu kin hot ng c c tho mn
hay khng. Nh qun tr mng vn c kh nng cu hnh, thay i cc gi tr trong
trm qun l.
Vic trao i thng tin gia trm qun l v cc chi nhnh lm tng thm lu
lng mng. y l im cn lu mi khi t trm qun l vo mng. vic theo
di h thng qu chi tit i khi li c tc dng ngc i vi hiu sut hot ng
ca mng v cc thit b c theo di phi x l thm cc thng tin trao i theo
nh k cng t cng tt. Chng ta cn xc nh nhng thit b v nhng ng kt
ni no l quan trng v chng ta cn nhng thng tin no nht.
SNMP s dng UDP lm giao thc khng theo hng kt ni v khng tin cy, do
SNMP c th b mt thng ip. Bn thn SNMP cng khng c c ch bo m
vic truyn d liu do cc ng dng s dng SNMP phi c trch nhim kim
sot vic mt mt cc thng ip.
692
6.2.8. RMON:
RMON l mt bc tin quan trng trong vic qun tr h thng mng n
nh ngha mt MIB theo di t xa chnh l MIB-II v cung cp cho nh qun tr
mt lng thng tin ln v h thng mng. u im chnh ca RMON l n m
rng chc nng cuae SNMP m khng h thay i nn tng bn di ca giao thc
SNMP. RMON dn gin ch l mt dng dc bit ca MIB.
694
Chun RMON u tin c thit k theo IETF RFC 1271 hin nay l RFC 1757.
RMON c thit k cung cp kh nng theo di v phn tch linh ng. Cc
thit b oc theo di chnh l cc chi nhnh nm trong cc mng con c th bo
ng cho ngi s dng v thu thp thng tin v cc trng thi hot ng bng cch
phn tch mi frame trong mng .
Chun RMON chia cc chc nng theo di thnh 9 nhm h tr cho m hnh
Ethernet v nhm th 10 trong RFC 1513 h tr thm cho cc c tnh ring ca
Token ring. Sau ay l cc nhm RMON c nh ngha
6.2.9. syslog
Tnh nng syslog ca cisco da trn tnh nng syslog ca UNIX cc s kin
ca h thng c hin th ra mn hnh console ca h thng tr khi tnh nng ny
b tt i. Tnh nng syslog l c ch cho php cc ng dng, cc tin trnh v hot
ng h thng ca thit b Cisco thng bo cc hot ng v li.
Cc thng ip syslog c 8 mc khc nhau, t 0 n 7, trong mc 0 l
mc nguy cp nht:
0 Emergencies
1 Alerts
2 Critical
3 Erros
4 Warnings
5 Notifications
6 Informational
7 Debugging
NMS c th nhn v nghi li cc thng ip h thng t cc thit b th
trn cc thit b phi c cu hnh syslog. Sau y l cc lnh cu hnh cho cc
thit b ny.
m ch logging:
Tng kt