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.
..........................................................................................3
......................................................................................5
..................................................................................6

1. ...................................................................................... 9
1.1 .................................................. 9
1.1.2 .................... 10
1.1.3
.................................................... 11
1.1.4
16
G. herbaceum......................................................................... 17
G.arboreum............................................................................. 18
G. hirsutum............................................................................. 19
G. barbadense......................................................................... 20

1.2. ....................................................... 22
........................................................................ 22
................................................................................... 23
....................................................................................... 24
......................................................................................... 25
.......................................................................... 28
..................................................................................... 29
........................................................................................... 30
..................................................................................... 31

6
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Sf:

1.3. ..................................................................................32

1.4. ..................................................................35
..................................................................................37
..................................................................... 38
.............................................38
............. 39
................................................................................40
-.................... 41
.................................................................................43

1.5. ................................................... 44
1.5.1. ................................................................. 44
1.5.2. ......................................................................... 46
1.5.3. ............................................................................... 48
1.5.4. ......................................................................... 48

1.6. ....................................................................................50
1.6.1 ................................................................................50
1.6.2 ............................... 51
().................................................................................51
()........................................................................ 52
()..................................................................................53
(Ca)......................................................................... 54
(Mg)........................................................................ 54
(S)....................................................................................54
()..............................................................................54
()..................................................................................55

7
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(Fe)............................................................................. 55
(Cu)............................................................................. 55
...................................................................55
()......................................................................... 55
()...................................................................55
1.6.3 ..................................... 56
1.6.4 .............. 57
1.6.5 .............................................57
1.6.6 ............................................58
1.6.7 (.)......................59
1.6.8 ENTEC..........................................................60
1.6.9 ENTEC...62
1.6.10 ENTEC...................................................... 63
1.6.11 ENTEC........................................64
1.6.12 .........................................................65

2. ...................................................................66
2.1 ......................................................66
2.2 ............................................. 68
2.3 .........................................................69
2.4 ............................................. 71
2.5 ........................................................ 73

3. - ................................................ 74
3.1 .....................74
3.2 ....................................................... 81

4. ......................................................................... 84

5. .............................................................................. 85

8
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1.

1.1

,
.
.
' 1.500
.. .
800 ..
, , 445 .. :

.
,
( 1965).
, ,
.
,
.
,
(, ., 1983).
502 ..
1280 ..
, ,
.
. .

. 2 ..
, 174 ..
. ,
6 .. . 10
. 1300

9
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<<


(, ., 1982).

1.1.2

280.000.000
, 15.000 -17.000
. 70 .
: .., , , ,
2/3
(, 2005).

1. (www.agro.gr).

10
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1 :
1999 - 2000 ( : 1999).


()
() (/)
1 3.900.000 37.500.000 104,0
2 ... 3.690.000 53.000.000 69,6
3 2.750.000 87.300.000 31,5
4 1.800.000 28.000.000 64,3
5 1.160.000 15.000.000 77,3
6 850.000 7.260.000 117,0
7 660.000 4.600.000 143,5
8 569.000 9.400.000 60,5
9 435.000 4.295.710 101,3
10 280.000 5.600.000 50,0
11 228.000 2.740.000 83.2
16.322.000 254.695.710 64,1

1.1.3
.

1930
.
1931

.
. 2001.
200.000 1931-32
800.000 1940.
(1940-1950)
.
1963,
2.312.000 ( - 2003).
15 (1965-1980)
1.300.000-1.400.000 .
(1981-1985) 2.000.000

11
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m <<

. 1986
1995 4.400.000
95% , 1.250.000
, . 1995

4.000.000 1.000.000
( - 2003).

2: ,
( : 1999).

: . .
: kg/.

-t

1975 ESSIHSU 1975 H'HilfliliTiliTl mm
695,145 1.733,387 506,500 287 292 306 283
322,017 1.213,523 421,000 300 347 238 302
159,700 641,554 195.961 238 305 256 297
. , & 57,848 586,408 157,493 249 269 198 209
20,100 109,430 37,120 162 339 298 306
38,100 10,689 2,651 216 248 246 218


. 10%
30% .
40 .
80.000-100.000

,
. , ,
,
.

12
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fr* << >>

( , , , ),
( /, , , , , ),
( , , )
, (, 2002).



,
,
(-, 2003).

3 : , ,
1970 - 2000 (-, 2002).


..
ka/. /ko
1970 1.317 308.000 234 8,09
1971 1.302 330.000 253 9.58
1972 1.650 360.000 218 9,93
1973 1.466 310.000 211 19,00
1974 1.510 350.000 232 16,56
1975 1.350 368.000 273 14,10
1976 1.492 340.000 228 23,75
1977 1.820 435.000 239 19,86
1978 1675 451.200 269 20.68
1979 1,422 320.000 225 24,90
1980 1.412 356.000 252 33.12
1981 1.263 358.835 284 45,21
1982 1,375 315.869 230 62,44
1983 1.680 402.545 240 81,94
1984 1.920 452.370 236 103,35
1985 2.090 526.045 252 112,12
1986 2,100 623.592 297 115,13
1987 2.020 571.051 283 136,78
1988 2.560 749.807 293 139,03
1989 2.800 829.049 296 169,12
1990 2.680 662.844 247 182,75
1991 2,330 675.904 290 254,73
1992 3.235 741.488 229 265.49
1993 3,541 976.698 275 269.40
1994 3.858 1.184.700 307 277.92
1995 4.444 1,355.500 305 268,14
1996 4.274 962.000 225 297.11
1997 3,861 1 059.338 274 287,92
1998 4,173 1.182.454 283 270,96
1999 4.296 1.320.865 307 225.36*
2000 4.050 1.236.893 315 300,41

40 /kg
3
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1999 4.300.000
101 / . (
) 2006,
3.700.000 . , ...
..
26 2003,
, :
, ,

(...) (, 2005).
,
. 65%
,
. 65%
(
). ,
2007 2013 ( )
,
5.000. 2002-03
182 /,
28 (, 2005).
35% ( )

.
(....)
.
, 10 100% (-
2003).

14
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m 0% .
0% 5%
5% 15%
15% 50%
50%
-
m


38.547 .


4.318 . .

_1.325 .

.
11,2%

( 1999)

, .. .

, , ' , ,

(, 2002).

,
,
( , 1999).

15
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>

, , ,
, , ,

. ,
,
. ,

(-, 2003).

1.1.4

Gossypium, Malvaceae.
49 ()
( ). 3 ,
, .
3-5 , ,
. , 19
4 . : Gossypium
herbaceum, G. arboreum, G. hirsutum G. barbadense.
(=13),
. , ,
(=26) , (G.hirsutum
G. barbadence ). To G. hirsutum
(90% )
G. barbadence, (10% ).
( ) 1%
(, ., 1978, , ., 1968).

16
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<< ^

G. HERBACEUM ( ).

1 - 1,5 m .
. 3 - 5 .
, . 6 - 8
(, ., 1976).

2. G. herbaceum (www.agro.gr).

To G.herbaceum ,
. .

17
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G.ARBOREUM ( )

.
( ) .
,
. (www.agro.gr).
0,50 - 1,5 m,
2 m. 5 - 7 .
, , (www.agro.gr).

. 3 4 , 6 - 17 .
(, ., 1976).

G- orboneum

3. G. arboreum (www.agro.gr).

18
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<<

G. HIRSUTUM ( )

13 13
.
Upland.
, G. barbadense.
(www.agro.gr).
1 - 1,5 m
. 3 - 5 ,
4 - 12 . ,
3 - 5
5-11 (, ., 1976).

4. G. hirsutum (www.agro.gr).

19
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<< >>

13-33 mm
( ). , : G.hirsutum
var. Punctatum (, A., 1976).

G. BARBADENSE ( )

. .
.
, 1 - 3 m. 3 - 5
. , 10 - 15 .
, 3,5 - 6 cm, 3 -
4 5 - 8 (, ., 1976).

5. G.barbadense (www.agro.gr).

20
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V*

.
, 35 - 42 mm
(, ., 1976).

21
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tr*

1.2.

.
. .

.


, 10-15 cm.
40 - 60 cm,
2 m.
.
, .
,
( ) 20 - 25C ( 1965).

6.
Oosterhuis 1990 ( -, 2002).

22
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>>

,
. ,
.
.
0,60 - 1,80 m, 4,5 m.

.
, .

(-,
1994).
.
.
. -
. '
.

. 6 - 8
.

, (-
, 2002).

23
Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly
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m <<

* ()
()

7.
(Oosterhuis Jernstedt 1999).

, ,
, .
. ,
, ,
(-, 2002).
(G. hirsutum) ,
(G. barbadense) .
3 - 5 . (
)

24
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.
,
.
(-
, 1994).

, .

X \.
T
V 1 '

G. herbaceum G. arboreurn

G. hirsutum G. barbadense

8. () ( =
, = , , = )
( 1965).


.
.

25
Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly
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9.
( 1965).

3 ,
. 5
5 .

(-, 1994).
90 - 100
.
.
(-
, 1994).
) 3 ( 2) G.
barbadense 4 - 5 ( 3 6) G. hirsutum, ) ) .
. 8-12

26
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.
9 .
10-30 .
(),
(-, 2002).

10. Oosterhuis 1990 (


-, 2002).

11. ( 1965).

27
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%* << >>
%>

, ,
.
10%
. ,
,
. ,
30 ,
10
(-, 2002).

().
. ,
(-, 1994).

12. ( G.
hirsutum G. barbadense) (-, 2002).

28
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V* >>
Wttm


. 3 4
. 45 - 65
.
.

, ( )
.
,
(-, 2002).
, ,
.
(-
, 1994).

13. upland (-,


2002).

29
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,
, ,
. .
,
.
(-, 1994).
15-25 .
25 - 40 .
,
(, ., 1988).

.
.
, .

(-, 1994).
,
. ,
.

.
(-,
2002).

30
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^ >>

14. (Anderson Kerr 1938) ( 1965).

,
.
, .
, 6-12 mm 0,10 - 0,13 g .
( ) .
, (-, 1994).
,
. ,
( )
.
15 , 25
42 . ( ).
,
.
(-, 2002).

31
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1.3.

, ,

(
) .
G. Hirsutum.
G. Barbadense , ,
(-, 1994).
G. Barbadense ,
.
, G. Hirsutum G.
Barbadense ,
, .
,
, .
,

G. Hirsutum.
,
(-, 2002).

.
4S (
), 80 (
), - 2, - 5 ( ) .

, .
474, , . ,

.

32
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<< >>

, , 1990
90% ,
1998 78%
( 1999).
. ,
G. barbadense. G. hirsutum.
1) . Upland
, '
. , : () Deltapine. 26 - 28 mm,
38 - 40%. , () Stoneville.
26 - 28mm, 35 - 37%. () Coker. 27 - 28mm
36 - 39%. () Acala. 28 mm ..
2) . , ,
Ashmouni 32 mm. 35%.
, Giza 19, Pima
Sakel. Karnak, Menoufi
Giza.
.
3) .
Upland
2, 2, 10 4S.
Acala 4 - 42 .
,
.
. , ,

. , Menoufi
(-, 1994).
4S.
, .
10 Sus. ,
, .

33
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>>

28 mm 35 - 37%.
(1966-80), 90 - 95% . 1981

. 4S ,
,
(-,
1994).
.
: ) 80:
4S . 4S,
. 4S .
, ,
.
) 2 7-10 4S,
. ,
, . .
) 5 2 2 - 3
. ,
. .
) : , 2 - 3 80.
. .
, .
, (5 1999 ).

34
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<< >>

1.4.

.

, ,
.
, G. hirsutum,
,

,
. ,
, ,
, ,
(- 2002).
,
,
. ,
,
,
.

. ,

,
.
, ,
.
(....)
, .
,
, , ..,
, (-

35
Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly
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<< >>

1977).

(G. hirsutum)
.

.
: 1) , 2) , 3)
, 4) .

,
..., . 15. . 16
(' ) ,
(- 2002).

-
1 000 *
.

800! ,--/
/ \
> /
I

X

600 9-
CQ.

cr

C
: 3L

400! > *
< ! CO $
3 < >- ' /
<0/ *
200 /
3 c /
^ * J*T,
/
.. .1... JL^aJL JL
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
I I I I I
1 1 1 1 1

15.
... (Oosterhuis 1990, Oosterhuis and Jernstedt 1999).

36
Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly
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<<

ZJZAWIOKTONA

- -
a*v)
|~~ j

16.
( : 1995).

.
(, )
.
. '
.
33 - 34C, 40C
14C. 20 - 30C 15C
.

30C 24C,
18C 39C.
, '
.
, ,
( -, 2002).

37
Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly
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**
^- W&-


,
. ()
(, ., 1988).


, , .
,
.
, , 37C
. ,
.
,
( -, 1977).
CO2 ,

. , .
, .
560 It ,
1kg ( -, 2002).
,
,
. , , , .
,
(, ., 1988).


4 - 5 ,

38
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, .
.
4 - 5
. ,
65 9-10 5 - 6
( 1977, Oosterhuis and Jernstedt 1999).

(2004) Oosterhuis and Jernstedt (1999)




.
.
(...). ... (Leaf Area : L.A.I.)
. ...
6 - 7 ,
, ,
.
.
65 , 20
,
(-, 2002).
,
,
, .
,


,
,
. Basinskii (1975)
... .

39
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, ...
3 5.
, ... ,
, , (
, ),
, ( 1977).


. 40 - 45
.
21 - 25 .
.

.
.
. .
,
,
(Cothren 1999).
20
, .
,
,
.
(, ., 1988).
, ,
, , ,
.
. , , (
), , ,
, , .

40
Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly
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<<

. ....

(-, 1977).

-.

, ,
.
, ,
( , ,
) .

,
,
(Cothren 1999).

, .
,
, (, 1976).
,

.
.
,

, ....
.... , 129
- 124 /m2 36,8 - 48,8%.
,

(323 kg/.) (Cothren 1999).
,
. ,

41
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<< >>

, , . 10
.
, , 7
, 3-10 . 10
, ,
.. ( - , 1994).

17. (Karnak
= , 7S2 = ). (
1965).

42
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<

&
<

OLT 16 48*180 P-1S3F OLT-16 48*180 P-150F

18. ,
(-, 2002).


25 . ' ,
. '
, ,
.
, ,
, .
.
, ,
,
.
(, ., 1988).

43
Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly
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1.5.



(-, 1979).
,
(
15C),
.

,
, ,
.
.

1.5.1

10C
, 15C
20 - 30C
(5C),
, .
.

,
(Christiansen 1968, Abou-EI-Fittough et al. 1969, Christiansen and Thomas 1969).
To
, ,
.
(-
1977).

44
Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly
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m

,
,
,
(Mauney 1966).

15C (), 10 -12C
-2C .

33C. 15C

40C , .
, ,
. ,
,
(Growing Degree Days,
10C) 2.200 ( .. 1977).

, .
, .., 29
, , , 40 .
,
.
. , .. 48 68
, 26,7
18C. 38
,
.

. ,
,

(, , )
(Mauney 1966, Powell McMichael1968, Guinn 1974).

45
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.
, ,
,
, . ,

,
( 1965, Grimes et al. 1969).

,
,
. ,
, 75%,
(-,
2002).

1.5.2.

.
350 mm,
175 - 200 mm .
,
.
,
.

, , , .

.

.
, .
, .

46
Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly
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,
( 45
....) (-, 2002).

, ,
.
, .
, , ,
,
, ,
.
,
,
. ,

,
. ,
( 1965, Grimes et al. 1969).
.
,
.
, .
,
.

. ,


. , ,
.
, ,
, . -
, ,

47
Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly
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m

.
(-, 2002).
, ,
, .
, ,
(- 1995).

1.5.3.

,
.
.
upland ,

,
(-, 2002).
,
.


,

.
.
.... ,
, (=0.868) (
..1977).

1.5.4.

48
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m >>
s-l. s-

.
, . ,
, ,
.
.
5,5-8,5. 7 - 8.
, .
(-, 2002).

. ,
, ,
.
, ,
( , 1996).

49
Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly
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ir*

1.6.
1.6.1

,
.
.
,
,
, , . ,
.
, ,
, , , , .
(, )
.
,

( 1965).
240kg/aTp.
5 kg (), 0,9 kg () 1,8 kg () .
(Ca), (Mg),
(S) (Na) , (),
(Fe), (), (Cu), (CI) ().
, ,
, , , Ca Mg.
,
, ,
.
,
, .
, ,

(, 1999 ).

50
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1.6.2

().

,
, ,
.
.
.
.
.
,
. , ,
( ., 1997).
,
, ,
.
,
.

. ,
.
. , ,
,
( ., 1997).
,
.
,
. 9-16 /.
,

. ,
, ,

51
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.
, , .
(..)
,
24 ( )
12 14 7 ,
, (Gertsis et al. 1997) .
....
,
.

, ( ., 1997).

().

,
.

( ., 1997).
3 - 4 kgP/., .
.
.
,
, : 2:1.
.
,
.
,
( ., 1997).

52
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().

.
, , ,
, .
, (
) .
,
Fusarium
Verticillium.
( .., 1982).
,
.
( ),
.
" " (cotton rust). ,
,
. ,
.
23 kg
2 - 4 kg .
( 1965).
,
. ,
,
,
,
.
( ) ,
, ,
,
(, 1999).

53
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(Ca).

To Ca .
Ca,
.
Ca. CaO
(, 1999).

(Mg).

Mg
,
. Mg .
1 - 5 kg MgO
( ..,1982.,).

(S).

S
, .

, ( ., 1997).

().

( Ca), '
. Na
( ., 1997).

54
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>>

().

,
.
,
. ,
. pH
6,5 . 10 ppm ,
( .., 1996.).

(Fe).

, .

(Cu).

1 kg CuS04 .

().


, ,
. ,
,
. (, 1999).

().

. ,
,
.
.

55
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>>

,
, ,
( 1965,
, 1988).

,
.
,
,
( ., 1997).

, ..
, .

1.6.3 .

.

5 cm 6 cm .
.
1,5-2
.
,
.

( .., 1996).
()
. ,
, ,
( .., 1996, ,1999).

56
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1.6.4 .


.
.
( 1995) ,
1979 - 95, (94,3% )
51% .
,
(, 1999).
( ) 1995 96%
56% .
90% ,
,
() . 74%
23% .
1995 4,5 . . ( .,
1997).

1.6.5

,
, ,
, (,
, ). :
10-18 .
.
.7-10
(, 1999).
,
.

57
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*

6 - 8 .
. :
16-20-0,20-10-0, 33,5-0-0, 26-0-0, 21-0-0, 45-0-0, 20-10-10, 0-20-0, 0-21-0 ( ..,
1996. , 1999).

1.6.6


. (),
() (, , ).
, .
,
.
COMBO HELLAS 1950
1962
[nitrapyrin - 2-chloro-6(trichloromethyl)pyridine]
(Goring 1962a, 1962b).
(dicyandiamide), DCD,
1982 (Solansky 1982).
, , ,

58
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jf* >>


.
ENTEC 2 .
DCD
[ DowElanco N-Serve (NS)].

1.6.7 (.)

COMBO HELLAS
.. ,
(Slangen and Kerkhoff 1984; Prasad and Power 1995;
McCarty 1999).
, (Wilson 1977a, 1977b), , (Domsch and Paul 1974,
Hauck 1980 1984, Winley San Clemente 1971),
(Bhargava Ghosh 1979).
,
.
..
:
' 03
(Scheffer and Bartels 1998)
' , 20 (Bremner
and Yeomans 1987; Michel and Wozniak 1998; Linzmeier et al 2001; Weiske et al
2001)
'
(Prasad and Power 1995)
' (Timmermann and Sochtig 1984; Zerulla and
Lutz 1992)
'
(Munzert
1984; Dachler 1993).

59
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1950
1962 [nitrapyrin - 2-chloro-
6(trichloromethyl)pyridine]
(Goring 1962a, 1962b).
To ENTEC BASF
1999 2001
( ).

,


.

1.6.8 ENTEC


ENTEC. (, )
,
ENTEC, ENTEC.
ENTEC
:
- Ecology
- A/itrogen
- Technology
ENTEC
. ,
.

ENTEC

60
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<<

To ENTEC ,
. 3,4
dimethylpyrazole - phosphate (3,4 --- ) ENTEC
. To ENTEC (
, )
Nitrosomonas,
. To ENTEC
,
( 1).

1. ENTEC

E(^TEC

I
\4------------- -------------- '
Nitrosomonas
NOT"
Nitrobacter


(Andreae 1999; Roll 1999).
.
[EEC 93/21] ENTEC
.
:

.

61
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.
,
.

.
. . ,
.
To ENTEC
.
. ENTEC
.
ENTEC

(
).

1.6.9 ENTEC

' ' (
) - .
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,
.
' ( ) -
.
' - ,
.
' -
.

62
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'*4

s - ,
.


, -
-
.

1.6.10 ENTEC

ENTEC

.
25%
.


.
2
1.


.

63
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1.6.11 ENTEC

COMPO ENTEC SOLUB

ENTEC SOLUB

TO ------- ---------- * 21-0-0


TO -------- ------------ + 14- 48 - 0

TO NPK ------- ---------- *- 20-5-10

TO ---------- 20-0-0 + 6

Folie 9 Dateiname

ENTEC SOLUB
ENTEC SOLUB ENTEC SOLUB ENTEC SOLUB ENTEC SOLUB
21-0-0 14-8-30 16-10-17



21/ 14/ 20/ 14/ 16/

- - 5.8% 8% 5%

21% 14% 14.2% 6% 11%

205 48/ 5/ 8/ 10/

20 - - 10/ 30/ 17/

MgO - - 1.3/ - -

* TOY DMPP 0,8% TOY I

Folie 2 Dateiname

64
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<<

1.6.12

,

.
, ,
20,5-0-0 ENTEC Solub 21-0-0,
.
ENTEC Solub (21-0-0)
(
)
, ,
.
,
ENTEC Solub 21-0-0 20,5-0-0
.

65
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2.

2.1


2006.
.
(RCB)

. 20,5-0-0
ENTEC Solub 21-0-0 ( ).
0,6,12 18 . 24 (2*4*3) (

1).
5 4 4
,
,
.

NOVA BIOS ().

66
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NOVA

6 , 12 , 18 , 12,5 +
------------------------------------------- 1--------------------------------------- *
4m

0 6 12 18

-----------
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ES
4 3 2 1

20m2

1.

67
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2.2


. 2005
. 2006
.
4 2006 ,
.
> : 6,12,18 (
20,5-0-0), (ENTEC Solub 21-0-0) 12.5
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>
( 300 / Treflan).
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.

.
5 . 1
25 /m ,
20 /m2 .
.
250 mm.
, ,
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.

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2.3


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2. , 2006, .

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,

( 3).

3: 2006

1 2006 0

3. 2006

70
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200 ( 4).

4. 2006
( 15,6 C).

2.4

,
.
,
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. 24 .

71
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.

, ,
.

.
,
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,
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. ,
.

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3 .
30 3 .
,
.
30
.

, (Harvest Index).

72
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2.5


(ANOVA) MSTAT (Michigan State University, 1982)
Microsoft - Excel.


(LSD) ,
:

2(MTS) ,
LSD = ta/2DF ^------ -------

LSD=
MTS=
DF=E3a0poi
=
a/2=0,001 (, 1991-1992)

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3. -

3.1


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Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly


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80
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3.2


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.
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.
6 .

E.S.
,
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( 9).

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: 23/10/2006

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.

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E.S.
: 23/10/2006

10. .

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m << >>
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84
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>**'

., 1977.
(Gowwypium hirsutum L.) ,
, , .66.

., 1979.
3, 15-20.

., 1994.
, . 39-
56.

., 1994. , ,
, . 2-70.

., 1995. , . 69-
78.

- ., 2002. ,-
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69.

- ., 2003.
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, , , 2003.

, 1996. , ,
1996, . . 14-20.

85
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, 1999. ,
2000, . . 15-17, 122.

, 2001. 2001, MarketAgri


No 1/2001, 50-72.

- 2002. ,
, . 2002.

, ,.. , 1985 .
. . 69-76.

., 1999. , , 132-134

., 1999. , , 74-83

.., 1996. , 73-77.

., 1999. ,
, 2000, , 56-62.

. . , 2005.
. .
, , .

.., 1982. ' , 17-


33, 159-195.

......

86
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>>

...... (2005).
.
. 1995

. 1999

- ., 2002. ,
, . 2002.

, ., 1976. .

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, ., 1988. . .

, ., 1968. . .

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