09b Eurocodes Steel Workshop LANDOLFO PDF

Seismicdesign
ofsteelstructures
RaffaeleLandolfo
DepartmentofStructuresfor
EngineeringandArchitecture
UniversityofNaplesFedericoII
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples Brussels,16 17October2014
Contents:
PART1 PART2
GENERAL PRINCIPLES CHAPTER 6:
Eurocode 8
SEISMIC DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
General Benefits of steel structures
Performance requirements Design criteria for steel structures

and compliance criteria
Detailing rules for steel structures
Ground conditions and seismic MRF, CBF, EBF

action
Worked examples
Design of buildings
Low seismicity zones

PART1
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
General
Performance requirements
and compliance criteria
Ground conditions and seismic

action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity zones

3
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
General Eurocode 8
Performance Designofstructuresforearthquake
requirements and resistance.
compliance criteria
Part1.Generalrules,seismicactionsand
rulesforbuildings
Ground conditions
and seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
CONTENTS
1 General GENERALOBJECTIVES
2 Performancerequirementsandcompliancecriteria
3 Groundconditionsandseismicaction
4 Designofbuildings
5 Specificrulesforconcretebuildings
6 Specificrulesforsteelbuildings
7 Specificrulesforcompositesteel concretebuildings
8 Specificrulesfortimberbuildings
9 Specificrulesformasonrybuildings
10 Baseisolation
EN19981tobeappliedincombinationwithotherEurocodes
1. GENERAL
GENERAL
1.1SCOPE
PRINCIPLES
THEmaingoalsintheDESIGNOFSEISMICRESISTANTSTRUCTURES
Eurocode 8
Intheeventofearthquakes:
General
Humanlivesareprotected
Performance Damageislimited
requirements and Structuresimportantforcivilprotectionremainoperational
compliance criteria
Ground conditions
and seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
CONTENTS
1 General
2 Performancerequirementsandcompliancecriteria LIMIT STATES
4 Designofbuildings
10 Baseisolation
2. PERFORMANCEREQUIREMENTSANDCOMPLIANCECRITERIA
GENERAL 2.1FUNDAMENTALREQUIREMENTS
PRINCIPLES
Twodifferentlimitstatesaredefinedfortheachievementoffundamentalrequirements
Eurocode 8
DamageLimitationRequirement NoCollapseRequirement
General
DamageLimitationState(DLS) UltimateLimitState(ULS)
Performance
requirements and Forordinarystructuresthis Forordinarystructuresthis
compliance criteria requirementshouldbemetfora requirementshouldbemetfora
seismicactionwith10%probability referenceseismicactionwith10%
Ground ofexceedancein10years probabilityofexceedancein50years
conditions and ReturnPeriod=475years
ReturnPeriod=95years
seismic action
Performancelevelrequired: Performancelevelrequired:
Design of buildings Withstandthedesignseismicaction Withstandthedesignseismicaction
withoutdamage withoutlocalorglobalcollapse
Low seismicity Avoidlimitationsofuseandhigh Retainstructuralintegrityand
zones residualloadbearingcapacityafter
repaircosts
theevent
PerformanceBasedDesign
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Baseshear
2. 3.
Eurocode 8
General 1.
4.
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Structuraldisplacement
1.Fullyoperational:
Ground Continuousservice.Negligiblestructuralandnonstructuraldamage.
conditions and 2.Operational:
seismic action Mostoperationsandfunctionscanresumeimmediately.Structuresafeforoccupancy.
Essentialoperationsprotected,nonessentialoperationsdisrupted.Repairrequiredto
restoresomenonessentialservices.Damageislight.
Design of buildings 3.LifeSafety:
Damageismoderate,butstructureremainsstable.Selectedbuildingsystems,features,or
Low seismicity contentsmaybeprotectedfromdamage.Lifesafetyisgenerallyprotected.Buildingmay
zones beevacuatedfollowingearthquake.Repairpossible,butmaybeeconomicallyimpractical.
4.NearCollapse:
Damagesevere,butstructuralcollapseprevented.Nonstructuralelementsmayfall.Repair
generallynotpossible
PerformanceBasedDesign
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Earthquake Performance Level
Eurocode 8 Fully Operational Operational Life Safe Near Collapse
General
Frequent
95 years
Earthquake Design Level
Performance Unacceptable
requirements and Performance
Occasional (for New Constructions)
compliance criteria 225 years
Ground Rare
conditions and 475 years
seismic action
Very Rare
Design of buildings 2475 years
Low seismicity
zones
CONTENTS
1 General
3 Groundconditionsandseismicaction DEFINITION OF SEISMIC ACTION
4 Designofbuildings
10 Baseisolation
3. GROUNDCONDITIONSANDSEISMICACTION
GENERAL 3.1GROUNDCONDITIONS
PRINCIPLES
Identificationofgroundtypes
Eurocode 8
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
GENERAL 3.2SEISMICACTION
PRINCIPLES
Seismiczones
Eurocode 8 NationalterritoriesshallbesubdividedbytheNationalAuthoritiesintoseismiczones,
dependingonthelocalhazard.
General
ThehazardisdescribedbyagR ,thevalueofthereferencepeakgroundacceleration
Performance ontypeA,derivedfromzonation mapsinNationalAnnex;
requirements and
compliance criteria TheparameteragR correspondstothereferencereturnperiodTNCR oftheseismic
actionforthenocollapserequirement;
Ground
conditions and TheparameteragR ismodifiedbythe
seismic action ImportanceFactorI tobecomethedesign
groundacceleration(ontypeAground)ag=agR.I
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
theItaliancase
PRINCIPLES
Importancefactors
Eurocode 8
Targetreliabilityofrequirementdependingonconsequencesoffailure:
General Classifythestructuresintoimportanceclasses
Assignahigherorlowerreturnperiodto thedesignseismicaction
Performance
requirements and InoperationaltermsmultiplythereferenceseismicactionbytheimportancefactorI
compliance criteria
I
Ground
conditions and 0,8
seismic action
1,0
Design of buildings
1,2
Low seismicity
zones 1,4
PRINCIPLES
Basicrepresentationoftheseismicaction
Eurocode 8
Theearthquakemotionatagivenpointonthesurfaceisrepresentedbyanelastic
General groundaccelerationresponsespectrum,calledELASTICRESPONSESPECTRUM.
Performance CommonshapefortheULSandDLSverifications
requirements and
compliance criteria Twoorthogonalindependenthorizontalcomponents
Ground Verticalspectrumshapedifferentfromthehorizontalspectrum
conditions and (commonforallgroundtypes)
seismic action Possibleuseofmorethanonespectralshape
(tomodeldifferentseismogeneticmechanisms)
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
PRINCIPLES
ELASTICRESPONSESPECTRUM
Eurocode 8
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
PRINCIPLES
TheELASTICRESPONSESPECTRUMisdividedin4different
Eurocode 8 branchesdefinedbythefollowingexpressions:
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
PRINCIPLES
TheELASTICRESPONSESPECTRUMisdifferentforthedifferentgroundstypes:
Eurocode 8
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
PRINCIPLES
VERTICALELASTICRESPONSESPECTRUM
Eurocode 8
Theverticalcomponentoftheseismicactionshallberepresentedbyanelastic
General responsespectrum,Sve(T),derivedusingexpressions:
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
PRINCIPLES
DESIGNRESPONSESPECTRUM
Eurocode 8
Thecapacityofstructuralsystemstoresistseismicactionsinthenonlinearrange
General generallypermitstheirdesignforresistancetoseismicforcessmallerthanthose
correspondingtoalinearelasticresponse.
Performance
requirements and Thecapacityofthestructuretodissipateenergyistakenintoaccountbyperformingan
compliance criteria elasticanalysisbasedonareducedresponsespectrum,called''DESIGNSPECTRUM'
Ground Thisreductionisaccomplishedbyintroducingthebehaviour factorq.
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
PRINCIPLES
BEHAVIOURFACTORq
Eurocode 8
Thebehaviour factorqisanapproximationoftheratiooftheseismicforcesthatthe
General structurewouldexperienceifitsresponsewascompletelyelasticwith5%viscous
damping,totheseismicforcesthatmaybeusedinthedesign,withaconventional
Performance elasticanalysismodel,stillensuringasatisfactoryresponseofthestructure.
requirements and
compliance criteria Thevalues ofthebehaviour factorq,whichalsoaccountfortheinfluenceofthe
viscousdampingbeingdifferentfrom5%,aregivenforvariousmaterials and
Ground structuralsystems accordingtotherelevantductilityclasses.
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
PRINCIPLES
BEHAVIOURFACTORq
Eurocode 8

General e
Performance q e u
requirements and
compliance criteria
q0 q i e u e
u 1 1
Ground u
conditions and
i u 1
seismic action
1
Design of buildings
K
Low seismicity 1 y u=ui=ue
zones
PRINCIPLES
BEHAVIOURFACTORq
Eurocode 8
Thebehaviour factortakesintoaccountthedissipativecapacityofthestructural
General systems.Hence,itvarieswiththestructuraltypology.
Performance
requirements and Sa Elastic spectrum
compliance criteria
Ground q1
conditions and
seismic action q2
Design of buildings Design spectra
Low seismicity
zones
T
PRINCIPLES
COMBINATIONSOFSEISMICACTIONSWITHOTHERACTIONS
Eurocode 8
ThedesignvalueEd oftheeffectsofactionsintheseismicdesignsituationshall
General bedeterminedinaccordancewithEN1990:2002
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria Theinertialeffectsofthedesignseismicactionshallbeevaluatedbytakinginto
accountthepresenceofthemassesassociatedwithallgravityloadsappearinginthe
Ground followingcombinationofactions:
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings E,i isthecombinationcoefficientforvariableactioni, ittakesintoaccountthe

likelihoodoftheloadsQk,i notbeingpresentovertheentirestructureduringthe
Low seismicity earthquake.Thesecoefficientsmayalsoaccountforareducedparticipationofmasses
zones inthemotionofthestructureduetothenonrigidconnectionbetweenthem.
PRINCIPLES
COMBINATIONSOFSEISMICACTIONSWITHOTHERACTIONS
Eurocode 8
ThecombinationcoefficientsEi forthecalculationoftheeffectsoftheseismic
General actionsshallbecomputedfromthefollowingexpression:
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
CONTENTS
1 General
4 Designofbuildings
GENERAL DESIGN RULES
10 Baseisolation
4. DESIGNOFBUILDINGS
GENERAL 4.2CHARACTERISTICSOFEARTHQUAKERESISTANTBUILDINGS
PRINCIPLES
BASICPRINCIPLESOFCONCEPTUALDESIGN
Eurocode 8
Inseismicregionstheaspectofseismichazardshallbetakenintoaccountinthe
General earlystagesoftheconceptualdesignofthebuilding.
Theguidingprinciplesgoverningthisconceptualdesignare:
Performance
requirements and structuralsimplicity;
compliance criteria
uniformity,symmetryandredundancy;
Ground
conditions and bidirectionalresistanceandstiffness;
seismic action
torsionalresistanceandstiffness;
Design
of buildings diaphragmaticbehaviouratstoreylevel;
Low seismicity adequatefoundation.
zones
GENERAL 4.3STRUCTURALANALYSIS
PRINCIPLES
Modelingandmethodsofanalysis
Eurocode 8
Themodelofthebuildingshalladequatelyrepresentthedistributionofstiffness
General andmassinitsothatallsignificantdeformationshapesandinertiaforcesare
properlyaccountedforundertheseismicactionconsidered.Inthecaseofnon
Performance linearanalysis,themodelshallalsoadequatelyrepresentthedistributionof
requirements and strength.
compliance criteria
Ground Accidentaltorsionaleffects
conditions and
seismic action Methodsofanalysis
Design
of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
GENERAL 4.4SAFETYVERIFICATIONS
PRINCIPLES
Forthesafetyverificationstheultimatelimitstate(ULS)andthedamagelimitation
Eurocode 8 state(DLS)shallbeconsidered
General ULTIMATELIMITSTATE(4.4.2)
Performance Thenocollapserequirement(ultimatelimitstate)undertheseismicdesign
requirements and situationisconsideredtohavebeenmetifthefollowingconditionsregarding
compliance criteria resistance,ductility,equilibrium,foundationstabilityandseismicjointsaremet.
Ground Resistancecondition(includingP effects)

conditions and Globalandlocalductilitycondition(includingcapacitycriteriaforMRF)
seismic action Equilibriumcondition
Resistanceofhorizontaldiaphragms
Design Resistanceoffoundations
of buildings Seismicjointcondition
Low seismicity
zones
GENERAL 4.4SAFETYVERIFICATIONS
PRINCIPLES
DAMAGELIMITATIONSTATE(4.4.3)
Eurocode 8
Limitationofinterstorey drift
General
Thefollowinglimitsshallbeobserved:
Performance a)forbuildingshavingnonstructuralelementsofbrittlematerialsattachedtothe
requirements and structure:
compliance criteria
Ground b)forbuildingshavingductilenonstructuralelements:
conditions and
seismic action
c)forbuildingshavingnonstructuralelementsfixedinawaysoasnottointerfere
Design withstructuraldeformations,orwithoutnonstructuralelements:
of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
Buildings in low seismicity zones

GENERAL
PRINCIPLES DEFINITION OF LOW SEIMICITY
It is recommended to consider as low seismicity zones either those in which the
Eurocode 8 design ground acceleration on type A ground, ag, is not greater than 0,08 g (0,78
m/s2), or those where the product agS is not greater than 0,1 g (0,98 m/s2).
General
Performance The selection of whether the value of ag, or that of the product agS will be used in a
requirements and country to define the threshold for low seismicity cases, may be found in the
compliance criteria National Annex.
DESIGN OF BUILDINGS
Ground conditions
and seismic action In cases of low seismicity, reduced or simplified seismic design procedures for
certain types or categories of structures may be used.
Design of buildings
The selection of the categories of structures for which the provisions of low
Low seismicity seismicity apply may be found in the National Annex
zones
Buildings in very low seismicity zones

GENERAL
PRINCIPLES DEFINITION OF VERY LOW SEIMICITY
Eurocode 8 It is recommended to consider as very low seismicity zones either those in which
the design ground acceleration on type A ground, ag, is not greater than 0,04 g (0,39
General m/s2), or those where the product agS is not greater than 0,05 g (0,49 m/s2).
Performance
The selection of whether the value of ag, or that of the product agS will be used in a
requirements and
country to define the threshold for low seismicity cases, may be found in its National
compliance criteria
Annex.
Ground conditions DESIGN OF BUILDINGS

and seismic action
For building inverylowseismicityzones,theprovisionsofEN1998neednotbe
observed.Basicallywecanjustforgetaboutseismicdesign(EXCLUSIONCRITERIA)
Design of buildings
TheselectionofthecategoriesofstructuresforwhichEN1998provisionsneednot
Low seismicity beobservedmaybefoundintheNationalAnnex
zones
PART2
CHAPTER 6:
SEISMIC DESIGN OF STEEL
STRUCTURES
Design criteria for steel structures
Detailing rules for steel structures
MRF, CBF, EBF
Innovative solutions
33
Eurocode 8:SteelBuildings
Eurocode 8: Steel Buildings
GenesisofEUseismiccodeforsteelbuildings
Thedevelopmentofseismicdesignprovisionsforsteelstructuresisongoingforover
thirtyyearsintheframeworkofECCS.
Firstactivitiesstartedin1980s
FirstEUseismiccode:
ECCScode1991
EuropeanforRecommendations
forSteelStructuresinSeismicZones.
CONTENTS
Eurocode 8: Steel Buildings
6.1 General DESIGN CONCEPT AND SAFETY VERIFICATIONS

6.2 Materials REQUIRED STEEL PROPERTIES
6.3 Structuraltypesandbehaviorfactors DEFINITION OF SEISMIC ACTION
6.4 Structuralanalysis
DUCTILITY REQUIREMENTS:
6.5 Designcriteriaanddetailingrulesfordissipative RULES FOR DISSIPATIVE
MEMBERS AND FOR
structuralbehaviorcommontoallstructuraltypes
CONNECTIONS
6.6 Designanddetailingrulesformomentresistingframes
6.7 Designanddetailingrulesforframesconcentricbracings
6.8 Designanddetailingrulesforframeswitheccentricbracings
RULES FOR GLOBAL
6.9 Designrulesforinvertedpendulumstructures HIERARCY AND LOCAL
CAPACITY DESIGN
6.10 Designrulesforsteelstructureswithconcretecoresorconcrete RULES FOR THE
andformomentresistingframescombined SPECIFIED DISSIPATIVE
withconcentricbracingsorinfill STRUCTURAL TYPES
CONTENTS
6.1 General DESIGN CONCEPT AND SAFETY VERIFICATIONS

CHAPTER 6 6.2 Materials
6.3 Structuraltypesandbehaviorfactors
Design criteria for 6.4 Structuralanalysis
steel structures
6.5 Designcriteriaanddetailingrulesfordissipative
Detailing rules for
steel structures 6.6 Designanddetailingrulesformomentresistingframes
6.9 Designrulesforinvertedpendulumstructures
6.10 Designrulesforsteelstructureswithconcretecoresorconcrete
andformomentresistingframescombined
withconcentricbracingsorinfill
EN199816 2DESIGN CONCEPTS 3DUCTILITY CLASSES SEVERAL BEHAVIOUR

FACTORS
CHAPTER 6
a
Lowdissipative DCL(low) q1.5 2
Design criteria for structural
steel structures behaviuor
Specificrulesfor
Detailing rules for steelbuildings* q=f (structural type)
b DCM(medium)
steel structures andq4
Dissipative
structural
behaviuor DCH(high) q=f (structural type)
Rules for Dissipative Structures

Design criteria for low dissipative structures
CHAPTER 6 Structures with low dissipative behaviour con be designed according to Low
Ductility Class concept (DCL)
Design criteria for The DCL concept is a design approach where the strength assigned to the
steel structures structure is sufficiently large to make the plastic deformation demand from the
design earthquake sufficiently small. This implies that some detailing rules for
Detailing rules for ductility can be waived.
steel structures
Thereisalwayslargeuncertaintyabouttheseismicactions.Therearechances
thattheintensityofarealearthquakeoccurringatthebuildingsiteisexceeding
thedesignvalue.Iftherealearthquakeintensityisexceedingthedesignvalue,the
demandisbeinglargerthanassumedforthedesign.
Becauseofthepreviousargumentregardingtheuncertainties,theDCLconcept
shouldbeusedwithcaution(EC8suggestsonlyincaseoflowseismicityzone)

Design criteria for dissipative structures
Structures with dissipative zones shall be designed such that yielding or local
CHAPTER 6 buckling or other phenomena due to hysteretic behaviour do not affect the overall
stability of the structure
Design criteria for Dissipative zones shall have adequate ductility and resistance. The resistance
steel structures shall be verified in accordance with EN 1993
Detailing rules for Dissipative zones may be located in the structural members or in the connections
steel structures
If dissipative zones are located in the structural members, the nondissipative
parts and the connections of the dissipative parts to the rest of the structure shall
have sufficient overstrength to allow the development of cyclic yielding in the
dissipative parts
When dissipative zones are located in the connections, the connected members
shall have sufficient overstrength to allow the development of cyclic yielding in the
connections
CONTENTS
6.1 General
6.2 Materials REQUIRED STEEL PROPERTIES

Material Properties
Estimate the actual yield strength of dissipative
CHAPTER 6 members/connections, which can be substantially
larger than the nominal one.
Design criteria for

steel structures fy,max 1,1ov fy
Detailing rules for
steel structures
RECOMMENDED EC8VALUE
OV =1.25
fy,max :Actualmaximumyieldstrengthofthesteelofdissipativezone
fy :Nominalyieldstrengthspecifiedforthesteelgrade
ov :Overstrenghtfactor

Material Toughness
The choice of material to avoid brittle

CHAPTER 6 fracture in view of toughness is
another key issue in the seismic
design of steel structures .
Design criteria for
steel structures
EC8 requires that the toughness of the
Detailing rules for steels should satisfy the requirements
steel structures for the seismic action at the quasi
permanent value of the service
temperature according to see EN
19931 10.
Recent studies have shown that the

limitation given in Eurocode 8 is safe
sided for European earthquakes.
CONTENTS
6.1 General
6.2 Materials
6.3 Structuraltypesandbehaviorfactors DEFINITION OF SEISMIC ACTION
Rules for Dissipative Structures MomentResisting Frames (MRF)

Structural typologies and behaviour factors
Code behaviour factors are mostly empirical,
and are supposed to account for ductility,
CHAPTER 6 redundancy and overstrength of different
structural typologies. Diagonalbracedframes(CBF)
Design criteria for
steel structures MRF
CBF
Detailing rules for
steel structures Eccentricbracedframes(EBF)
EBF
Concrete cores/walls
MRF + CBF
MRF + infills
Unconnected infills VBracing(CBF) MRF+CBF
Connected infills
Isolated infills
CONTENTS
6.1 General
6.2 Materials
DUCTILITY REQUIREMENTS:
6.5 Designcriteriaanddetailingrulesfordissipative RULES FOR DISSIPATIVE
MEMBERS AND FOR
CONNECTIONS

Element in compression of dissipative zones
Sufficient local ductility of members which dissipate energy in compression or
CHAPTER 6 bending shall be ensured by restricting the widththickness ratio b/t according to
the crosssectional classes specified in EN 199311
Localslendernessb/tandlocalductility
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for

steel structures

Element in tension of dissipative zones
For tension members or parts of members in tension, the ductility requirement of
CHAPTER 6 EN 199311 should be met.
Where capacity design is requested, the design plastic resistance Npl,Rd should be
less than the design ultimate resistance of the net section at fasteners holes Nu,Rd
Design criteria for so the following expression should be satisfied:
steel structures
Ares f
Detailing rules for 1,1 M 2 yk
steel structures A M 0 ftk
Ares :netresistantarea
A:grossarea
M0 : safetyfactorfortheresistanceofthememberswithoutholes
M2 :safetyfactorfortheresistanceofthememberswithholes

Connections
CAPACITYDESIGN Dissipative zones may be located in the structural
CHAPTER 6 PRINCIPLES members or in the connections.
If dissipative zones are located in the structural

Design criteria for members, the connections of the dissipative parts to
steel structures the rest of the structure shall have sufficient
overstrength to allow the development of cyclic
Detailing rules for yielding in the dissipative parts.
steel structures
CourtesyofPiluso
When dissipative zones are located in the connections,

the connected members shall have sufficient
overstrength to allow the development of cyclic
yielding in the connections
CourtesyofPiluso

Non dissipative connections in dissipative zones Connection
The design of connections shall be such as to satisfy overstrength
the overstrength criterion.
CHAPTER 6
Column
For fillet weld or bolted non dissipative connections, Beam
the following expression should be satisfied:
Thehardening factor is assumed constant
Design criteria for
steel structures Rd 1,1ov Rfy
Detailing rules for Rd :resistanceoftheconnectioninaccordancewithEN1993
steel structures
Rfy :plasticresistanceoftheconnecteddissipativemember
ov :overstrenghtfactor
Thehardeningfactor
shouldberelatedtocross
sectionclassification
WELDEDCONNECTION BOLTEDCONNECTION
Provisions for dissipative connections
CHAPTER 6 EN1998allowstheformationofplastichingesintheconnectionsincaseofpartial
strengthand/orsemirigidjoints,providedthat:
Design criteria for Jointcyclicrotationcapacityshouldbeatleast0.035radincaseofDCHor0.025

steel structures radincaseofDCM
Detailing rules for

steel structures
Weldedjoint Endplatejoint Anglecleatjoint


Dissipativeconnections
HowcomputingJointcyclicrotationcapacity?
EN 19981 (2004) requires design supported by specific experimental testing,
CHAPTER 6 resulting in impractical solutions within the typical time and budget constraints of
reallife projects.
Jointmodelling Experimentaltests
Design criteria for
steel structures cwt-c
cfb
cfb
epb
epb
M
Detailing rules for
cfb epb
cws cwt-c cfb epb
steel structures
CourtesyofPiluso

Dissipativeconnections
Potential upgrade
CHAPTER 6
It is clear that this procedure is unfeasible from the designers
point of view
Design criteria for As an alternative to design supported by testing, the code
steel structures prescribes to find existing data on experimental test
performed on similar connections in the scientific literature,
Detailing rules for matching the typology and size of to the project.
steel structures
In US and Japan this issue has been solved adopting pre
qualified standard joints.
Unfortunately, the standard joints adopted in the current US

and Japan practice cannot be extended to Europe (different
materials, section shapes and welding process)
Europeanprequalifiedsteeljoints(EQUALJOINTS)projectis
currentlyongoingtosolvethisissue
CONTENTS
6.1 General
6.2 Materials
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for 6.4 Structuralanalysis

steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures 6.6 Designanddetailingrulesformomentresistingframes RULES FOR GLOBAL
HIERARCHY AND LOCAL
6.7 Designanddetailingrulesforframesconcentricbracings CAPACITY DESIGN
RULES FOR THE
6.8 Designanddetailingrulesforframeswitheccentricbracings SPECIFIED DISSIPATIVE
STRUCTURAL TYPES
Structural Typologies for Steel Buildings
Steelbuildingsshallbeassignedtooneofthefollowingstructuraltypologies
accordingtothebehaviour oftheirprimaryresistingstructureunderseismicactions:
CHAPTER 6
MomentResistingFrames(MRF)
Design criteria for FrameswithConcentricBracings(CBF)

steel structures
FrameswithEccentricBracings(EBF)
Detailing rules for
steel structures InvertedPendulumstructures
Structureswithconcretecoresorconcretewalls
MomentResistingFramescombinedwithconcentricbracings
MomentResistingFramescombinedwith infills
Structural Typologies for Steel Buildings

MomentResistingFrames(MRF)
horizontalforcesareresistedbymembersactinginan
essentiallyflexuralmanner
CHAPTER 6
FrameswithConcentricBracings(CBF)
horizontalforcesaremainlyresistedbymembers
Design criteria for
subjectedtoaxialforces
steel structures
FrameswithEccentricBracings(EBF)
Detailing rules for
horizontalforcesaremainlyresistedbyseismiclinks
steel structures
bycyclicbendingorcyclicshear
InvertedPendulumstructures
dissipativezonesarelocatedatthebasesofcolumns
Structureswithconcretecoresorconcretewalls
arethoseinwhichhorizontalforcesaremainly
resistedbythesecoresorwalls
Detailing rules for MRF

MomentResistingFrames
Thehorizontalforcesaremainlyresistedby
membersactinginessentiallyflexuralmanner.
CHAPTER 6 Energyisthusdissipatedbymeansofcyclic
bending.
Design criteria for
steel structures M
Detailing rules for
steel structures
MRF
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for

steel structures
Detailing rules for

steel structures
MRF

DesignConcept
Globalmechanism:
CHAPTER 6 Plastichingesinbeams notincolumns
Design criteria for Thedissipativezonesshouldbemainly

steel structures locatedinplastichingesinthebeams
orinthebeamstocolumnsjoints
Detailing rules for
steel structures Dissipativezoneincolumnsmaybe
located:
MRF atthebaseoftheframe
atthetopofthecolumninthe
upperstoryofmultistorey building
Detailing rules for MRF OVERSTRENGTH

(LocalHierarchy)
BasicPrinciples
CHAPTER 6 Globalcapacitydesign:
Allowstheformationoftheglobal
Design criteria for dissipativemechanisms
Rd 1,1 M b , Rd
steel structures
Localcapacitydesign:
Detailing rules for Allowstheformationoflocalplastic OVERSTRENGTH
steel structures mechanismsandensuresthetransfer (GlobalHierarchy)
offullplasticforces
MRF Concernsmainlyconnections

Beams
Forplastichingesinthebeamsitshouldbeverifiedthatthefullplasticmoment
resistanceandrotationcapacityarenotdecreasedbycompressionandshearforce.
Atthelocationoftheexpectedplastichingeit
CHAPTER 6
shouldbeverified:
Design criteria for
steel structures
M Ed /M pl , Rd 1, 0
Detailing rules for
N Ed / N pl , Rd 0 ,15
steel structures
V Ed , G V Ed , M / V pl , Rd 0 , 50
MRF
where:
MEd ,NEd ,VEd designvaluesofbendingmoment,axialforceandshearforce
Mpl,Rd ,Npl,Rd ,Vpl,Rd designplasticmoment,axialforces,andshearresistance
VEd,G designvalueofshearforceduetononseismicactions
VEd,M isthedesignvalueoftheshearforceduetotwoplasticmomentsMpl,Rd withthesamesign
atthelocationofplastichinges

Columns
Columnsshallbeverifiedconsideringthemostunfavourable
combinationoftheaxialforceandthebendingmoment
CHAPTER 6 assumingthefollowingdesignvalues:
N E d N E d , G 1,1 0 V N E d , E
Design criteria for
steel structures M E d M E d , G 1,1 0 V M E d , E
Detailing rules for V E d V E d , G 1,1 0 V V E d , E
steel structures
MRF Thecolumnshearforceshallsatisfytherelation:
V E d / V p l , R d 0, 5 0
where:
MEd,G ,NEd,G ,VEd,G arethedesignvaluesoftheeffectofthenonseismicactions
MEd,E ,NEd,E ,VEd,E arethedesignvalueoftheeffectsofseismicactions
0Vistheoverstrengthfactor
istheminimumvalueofi =Mpl,Rd,/MEd,i ofallbeamsinwhichdissipativezonesarelocated
CapacityDesign(BeamColumn)
Inordertoallowthedevelopmentoftheglobal
collapsemechanismithastobeensuredthe
localcapacitydesign.
CHAPTER 6
Inframebuildingsthefollowingcondition
Design criteria for shouldbesatisfiedatallbeamtocolumnjoints:
steel structures
Detailing rules for

steel structures M Rc 1, 3 M Rb
MRF
where:
MRcisthesumofthedesignvaluesofthemomentsofresistanceofthecolumnsframingthe
joint.Theminimumvalueofcolumnmomentsofresistancewithintherangeofcolumnaxial
forcesproducedbytheseismicdesignsituationshouldbeusedinthepreviousexpression
M,Rb isthesumofthedesignvaluesofthemomentsofresistanceofthebeamsframingthe
joint.Whenpartialstrengthconnectionsareused,themomentsofresistanceofthese
connectionsaretakenintoaccountinthecalculationofM,Rb

BeamColumnconnections
Ifthestructureisdesignedtodissipateenergy
inthebeams,thebeamtocolumnconnections
CHAPTER 6 ofthewholeframemustprovideadequate
overstrength topermittheformationofthe
Design criteria for plastichingesattheendsofthebeams.
steel structures Sothefollowingrelationshipmustbeachieved:
Detailing rules for

steel structures M j ,Rd 1,1 0 V M b , p l , R d
MRF
where:
Mj,Rd isthebendingmomentresistanceoftheconnection
Mb,pl,Rd isthebendingmomentresistanceoftheconnectedbeam
NodalWebPanels
Inbeamtocolumnconnectionsthewebpanels
ofthecolumnsmustprovideadequate
CHAPTER 6
overstrength topermitthedevelopmentofthe
expecteddissipativemechanism,avoidingtheir
Design criteria for
plasticizationorshearbuckling.
steel structures
Thisrequirementissatisfiedif:
Detailing rules for
V vp , Ed / min V vp , Rd ; V vb , Rd 1
steel structures
MRF
where:
Vvp,Ed isthedesignshearforceinthewebpanelduetotheactioneffects
Vvp,Rd istheshearresistanceofthewebpanel
Vvb,Rd istheshearbucklingresistanceofthewebpanel
ColumnFoundationconnections
ThebeamtoFoundationconnectionhastobedesignedinsuch
CHAPTER 6 awaytohaveadequateoverstrength withrespecttothe
column.
Design criteria for Inparticular,thebendingmomentresistanceoftheconnection
steel structures mustachievethefollowingrelationship:
Detailing rules for

steel structures M C , R d 1,1 0 V M c , p l , R d N E d
MRF
where:
Mc,pl,Rd isthedesignplasticbendingmomentofthecolumn,takingintoaccounttheaxial
forceNEd actinginthecolumn,thatgivetheworstconditionforthebaseconnection
Calculation example
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for

steel structures
Detailing rules for

steel structures
MRF
Calculation example
Characteristic values of vertical persistent and transient actions
CHAPTER 6 Gk (kN/m2) Qk (kN/m2)

Storey slab 4.20 2.00
Design criteria for
steel structures 0.50
Roof slab 3.60
1.00 (Snow)
Detailing rules for
Stairs 1.68 4.00
steel structures
Claddings 2.00
MRF
Calculation example
Seismic action:
Elastic and design response spectra
8
Elastic spectrum
CHAPTER 6 7
Design spectrum for MRFs
6
Design criteria for
Se, Sd (m/s2)
5
steel structures
4
Detailing rules for 3

steel structures 2
1
MRF lower bound = 0.2ag
0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
T (s)
behaviour factor q was assigned according to EN 1998-1

(6.3.2) as follows:
q u
qo 1.3 5 6.5
1
Calculation example
Combination of actions
In case of buildings the seismic action should be combined with permanent
CHAPTER 6 and variable loads as follows:
Design criteria for

steel structures
G k,i " " 2,i Qk,i " " AEd
Detailing rules for

steel structures
Type of variable actions 2i
MRF Category A Domestic, residential areas 0.30
Roof 0.30
Snow loads on buildings 0.20
Stairs 0.80
Calculation example
Masses
In accordance with EN 19981 3.2.4 (2)P, the inertial effects in the seismic
CHAPTER 6 design situation have to be evaluated by taking into account the presence of
the masses corresponding to the following combination of permanent and
Design criteria for variable gravity loads:
steel structures
Detailing rules for

G k,i " " E,i Qk,i
steel structures
Type of variable actions 2i Ei
MRF
Category A Domestic, residential areas 0.30 0.50 0.15
Roof 0.30 1.00 0.30
Snow loads on buildings 0.20 1.00 0.20
Stairs 0.80 0.50 0.40
Calculation example
Seismic weights and masses in the worked example

CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for Storey Gk Qk Seismic Weight Seismic Mass

steel structures
(kN) (kN) (kN) (kN/m2) (kN s2/m)
Detailing rules for VI 3256.27 1326.00 3579.67 4.81 364.90
steel structures V 3992.08 1608.00 4233.28 5.69 431.53
IV 3994.08 1608.00 4235.28 5.69 431.73
MRF
III 4020.54 1608.00 4261.74 5.73 434.43
II 4034.87 1608.00 4276.07 5.75 435.89
I 4092.99 1608.00 4334.19 5.83 441.81
Calculation example
Verifications
IPE 550 IPE 550 IPE 550 IPE 550
HEM 600 HEM 600 HEM 600 HEM 600 HEM 600
CHAPTER 6
IPE 550 IPE 550 IPE 550 IPE 550
Design criteria for

steel structures IPE 600 IPE 600 IPE 600 IPE 600
Detailing rules for

steel structures IPE 600 IPE 600 IPE 600 IPE 600
MRF HEA 600 HEA 600 HEA 600 HEA 600
HEA 600 HEA 600 HEA 600 HEA 600

HEM 600
HEM 600
HEM 600
HEM 600
HEM 600
HEM 600
Calculation example
Verifications
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for

steel structures
Detailing rules for

steel structures
MRF
Calculation example
the coefficient ranges within 0.10.2 at the lower storeys (namely

those indicated in bold, which are from storey 1 to 4). Hence, to take
CHAPTER 6 into account second order effects the seismic effects were magnified
through the relevant multiplier a , which is calculated at each storey
Design criteria for
steel structures
having > 0.1
Detailing rules for

steel structures
MRF
Calculation example
flexural checks for beams belonging to MRF in X direction:
Left end Right end
Storey
MEd,G MEd,E MEd i MEd,G MEd,E MEd i min
CHAPTER 6
(kNm) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm)
Design criteria for VI 59.39 110.45 169.84 4.51 55.86 102.81 158.67 4.83
steel structures V 82.89 156.86 239.75 3.20 74.49 152.34 226.84 3.38
Span A-B
IV 82.60 252.84 369.95 2.61 74.68 240.38 347.87 2.78

Detailing rules for
steel structures
M Ed III
M Ed,G 283.28
81.65 76.72
M Ed,E412.43 kNm
2.34 1.13
75.62 339.87
270.44 kNm
391.40 460.10kNm
2.47
II 81.62 381.72 531.76 2.77 77.92 354.88 496.41 2.96
MRF I 76.72 339.87 460.10 3.20 81.50 312.77 434.31 3.39
2.32
VI 46.19 106.74 152.93 5.01 41.96 115.27 157.23 4.87
V 57.96 163.18 221.14 3.47 58.59 168.04 226.63 3.38
Span B-C
IV 60.56 258.75 354.62 2.72 59.52 272.17 368.82 2.62

III 59.83 294.20 403.36 2.39 57.45 307.83 416.89 2.32
II 62.30 383.11 514.09 2.86 56.59 411.86 542.27 2.71
I 65.58 340.87 450.09 3.27 52.92 369.45 469.66 3.13
Calculation example
flexural checks for columns belonging to MRF in X direction:
MEd,G MEd,E MEd NEd,G NEd,E NEd MNRd M N , Rd
storey
M Ed M Ed,G 1.1 ov M Ed,E M Ed
CHAPTER 6 (kNm) (kNm) (kNm) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm)
VI 59.39 110.28 410.69 65.56 30.47 162.60 3114.06 7.58
12.06 kNm 1.13 1.1 1.25 2.32 509.64kNm 1843.28kNm
Design criteria for
steel structures V 38.24 164.55 562.40 167.59 74.53 405.00 3114.06 5.54
1.1733.11
ov
top end
N EdIV N41.79
Ed,G 190.97 N Ed,E
270.15 791.82 3114.06 4.25
144.11
Detailing rules for

III 40.52 173.68 686.50 372.43 221.10 1194.82 3114.06 4.54
steel structures 590.11 kN 1.13 1.1 1.25 2.32 410.72kN 2065.89kN
II 41.54 189.13 751.98 476.27 322.09 1686.15 3114.06 4.14
MRF I 31.91 115.02 445.20 578.91 410.72 2054.69 3114.06 6.99
VI 44.65 45.37 189.17 75.37 30.47 172.41 3114.06 16.46
bottom end
V 40.81 97.71 352.04 177.40 74.53 414.80 3114.06 8.85

IV 41.13 142.34 556.43 279.95 144.11 801.63 3114.06 5.60
III 40.08 213.96 835.91 382.24 221.10 1204.62 3114.06 3.73
II 44.81 240.19 947.06 486.08 322.09 1695.95 3114.06 3.29
I 12.06 509.64 1843.28 590.11 410.72 2065.89 3114.06 1.69
Calculation example
Local hierarchy criterion for external and inner columns in X
M 2 M 2 3114.06kNm 6228.12kNm
direction:
CHAPTER 6 Rc Rc
Design criteria for

steel structures
M External
2 M 2 1471.25kNm 2942.5kNm
Rb Rb
joints (Vertical A) Inner joints (Vertical B)
Detailing rules for M M 2.12M 1.3 M M M
Rc
M
storey
M
M (kNm) (kN) M (kNm) (kNm) (kNm) M
Rc Rb Rc Rc Rb, left side Rb, right side Rc
steel structures
Rb Rb Rb
MRF VI 766.43 4.06 766.43 766.43 2.03
V 766.43 8.13 965.80 965.80 4.06
IV 965.80 6.45 1471.25 1471.25 3.22
3114.06 3114.06
III 965.80 6.45 766.43 766.43 3.22
II 1471.25 4.23 965.80 965.80 2.12
I 1471.25 4.23 1471.25 1471.25 2.12
Detailing rules for CBF

CHAPTER 6
ConcentricBracedFrames
Thehorizontalforcesareresistedbydiagonal
Design criteria for membersactingintension.
steel structures
Detailing rules for N

steel structures
CBF

CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for

steel structures
Detailing rules for

steel structures
CBF

CHAPTER 6
DesignConcept
Design criteria for Globalmechanism:

steel structures Thedissipativeelementsarethe
bracingsintension.
Detailing rules for
steel structures Concentricbracedframesshallbe
designedsothatyieldingofthe
CBF diagonalsintensionwilltakeplace
beforefailureoftheconnectionsand
beforeyieldingorbuckling
ofthebeamsorcolumns.

CHAPTER 6 BasicPrinciples
Globalcapacitydesign:
Design criteria for Allowstheformationoftheglobal
steel structures dissipativemechanisms
Detailing rules for

steel structures
CBF
Npl
Npl

CHAPTER 6 OVERSTRENGTH
BasicPrinciples (GlobalHierarchy)
Localcapacitydesign:
Design criteria for
Allowstheformationoflocalplastic
steel structures
mechanismsandensuresthetransfer
offullplasticforces OVERSTRENGTH
Detailing rules for (LocalHierarchy)
Concernsmainlyconnections
steel structures
Rd 1,1 N pl , Rd
CBF

CHAPTER 6 Diagonalmembers
Instructuresofmorethantwostoreys
Design criteria for thenondimensionalslendernessof
steel structures diagonalmembersshouldbe:
Detailing rules for

steel structures 1, 3 2
in frames with X bracings.
CBF
Theoverstrength factortoapplythe
capacitydesigncriteriais:
Calculatedoverallthediagonalsofthe
N bracedsystem.Inordertosatisfya
i
pl , Rd , i
homogeneousdissipativebehaviourof
N Ed , i thediagonals,itshouldbecheckedthat
themaximumvaluedoesnotdifferfrom
theminimumvaluebymorethan25%.

CHAPTER 6 BeamsandColumns
Beamsandcolumnswithaxialforces
Design criteria for shouldmeetthefollowingminimum
steel structures resistancerequirement:
Detailing rules for

steel structures
N Ed / N pl , Rd M Ed 1
CBF where:
N E d N E d , G 1,1 0 V N E d , E
andNpl,Rd isthedesignbucklingresistanceofthebeamorthecolumninaccordance
withEN1993,takingintoaccounttheinteractionofthebucklingresistancewiththe
bendingmomentdefinedasitsdesignvalueintheseismicdesignsituation:
M Ed M E d ,G 1,1 0 V M Ed ,E

CHAPTER 6 Connections
Theconnectionsofdiagonalmemberstothe
Design criteria for
structurehavetoprovideadequate
steel structures
overstrength topermitthedevelopmentof
theexpecteddissipativemechanism.
Detailing rules for
steel structures
Forfilletweldorboltednondissipative
connections,thefollowingexpressionshould
CBF
besatisfied:
R j , d 0 V 1,1 R p l , R d RU , R d
where:
Rj,d isthedesignresistanceoftheconnection;
Rpl,Rd istheplasticresistanceoftheconnecteddissipativememberbasedonthedesignyieldstressof
thematerial
RU,Rd istheupperboundoftheplasticresistanceoftheconnecteddissipativemember;
0V istheoverstrengthfactor
Detailing rules for CBF -V bracing

CHAPTER 6 Thehorizontalforcesareresistedbydiagonal
membersactingintension.
Design criteria for

steel structures
Detailing rules for N

steel structures
CBF

CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for

steel structures
Detailing rules for

steel structures
CBF

CHAPTER 6
DesignConcept
Design criteria for Globalmechanism:

steel structures Thedissipativeelementsarethe
bracingsintension.
Detailing rules for
steel structures Concentricbracedframesshallbe
designedsothatyieldingofthe
CBF diagonalsintensionwilltakeplace
beforefailureoftheconnectionsand
beforeyieldingorbuckling
ofthebeamsorcolumns.

CHAPTER 6
BasicPrinciples
Design criteria for Globalcapacitydesign:

steel structures Allowstheformationoftheglobal
dissipativemechanisms
Detailing rules for
steel structures Localcapacitydesign:
Allowstheformationoflocalplastic
CBF mechanismsandensuresthetransfer
offullplasticforces
Concernsmainlyconnections

CHAPTER 6 DiagonalBracings
Modeling:
Design criteria for
steel structures Sincehorizontalforcesareresistedbydiagonalmembers
actingintension,applyingthecapacitydesigncriteria,the
Detailing rules for contributionoftheresistanceofthecompresseddiagonals
steel structures hastobeneglected.
CBF InframeswithVbracings,boththetensionandcompression
diagonalsshallbetakenintoaccount.
Moreover,thebeamsshouldbedesignedtoresistallnon
seismicactionswithoutconsideringtheintermediatesupport
givenbythediagonals.

CHAPTER 6
DiagonalBracings
Npl
Design criteria for Duringthedesignitshouldbetakenintoaccount
steel structures boththetensionandcompressiondiagonals.
0,3 Npl
Detailing rules for Duringthesafetychecks,shouldbeconsidered

steel structures thebucklingofthediagonalincompression.
CBF Theunbalancedverticalseismicactioneffect Npl

appliedtothebeambythebracesafterthe
bucklingofthecompressiondiagonaliscalculated 0,3 Npl
considering:
Npl,Rd intensiondiagonals
pb Npl,Rd incompressiondiagonals
withpb =0,30isthefactorusedfortheestimationofthepostbucklingresistance
ofdiagonalsincompression.

CHAPTER 6 Diagonalmembers
Instructuresofmorethantwostoreys
Design criteria for thenondimensionalslendernessof
steel structures diagonalmembersshouldbe:

steel structures
inframeswithVbracings
CBF
Theoverstrength factortoapplythe
capacitydesigncriteriais:
Calculatedoverallthediagonalsofthe
bracedsystem.Inordertosatisfya
N homogeneousdissipativebehaviourof
i
pl , Rd , i
thediagonals,itshouldbecheckedthat
N Ed , i themaximumvaluedoesnotdifferfrom
theminimumvaluebymorethan25%.

CHAPTER 6 BeamsandColumns
Beamsandcolumnswithaxialforces
Design criteria for shouldmeetthefollowingminimum
steel structures resistancerequirement:
Detailing rules for

steel structures
N Ed / N pl , Rd M Ed 1
CBF where:
N E d N E d , G 1,1 0 V N E d , E
andNpl,Rd isthedesignbucklingresistanceofthebeamorthecolumninaccordance
withEN1993,takingintoaccounttheinteractionofthebucklingresistancewiththe
bendingmomentdefinedasitsdesignvalueintheseismicdesignsituation:
M Ed M E d ,G 1,1 0 V M Ed ,E

CHAPTER 6 Connections
Theconnectionsofdiagonalmemberstothe
Design criteria for structurehavetoprovideadequate
steel structures overstrength topermitthedevelopmentof
theexpecteddissipativemechanism.
Detailing rules for
steel structures Forfilletweldorboltednondissipative
connections,thefollowingexpressionshould
CBF besatisfied:
R j , d 0 V 1,1 R p l , R d RU , R d
where:
Rpl,Rd istheplasticresistanceoftheconnecteddissipativememberbasedonthedesignyieldstressof
thematerial
RU,Rd istheupperboundoftheplasticresistanceoftheconnecteddissipativemember;
0V istheoverstrengthfactor
Calculation example
31
CHAPTER 6 1
7
2
6
3
5 6 7
6
Design criteria for 4 5 6
steel structures
6
7 8 9
Detailing rules for
24
steel structures 6
CBF 2.33 2.34 2.33 2 2 2 2.5 2.5

6
X Bracings V Bracings
Direction X Direction Y
Calculation example
CHAPTER 6 Seismic action
Elastic and design response spectra
8
Design criteria for Elastic spectrum
7
steel structures Design spectrum-X braces
6
S e, S d (m/s )
2
Design spectrum-Inverted-V braces

steel structures 4
3
CBF 2
1 lower bound = 0.2a g
0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
T (s)
behaviour factor q was assigned according to EC8 (DCH

concept) as follows:
q4 for X-CBFs
q 2.5 for inverted V-CBFs
Calculation example
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for

steel structures
Detailing rules for

steel structures
CBF
Calculation example
CHAPTER 6 Verification of Braces: XCBF
The circular hollow sections are suitable to satisfy both the slenderness limits
Design criteria for (1.3 < 2.0) and the requirement of minimizing the variation among the
steel structures diagonals of the overstrength ratio i, whose maximum value (max) must not
differ from the minimum one (min) by more than 25%. .
Detailing rules for
steel structures Brace cross
section
CBF
Storey (d x t) Npl,Rd NEd i = Npl,Rd i min (x 100)
(mm x
(kN) (kN)
NEd min
mm)
VI 114.3x4 178.10 1.90 326.65 180.65 1.81 16.70
V 121x6.3 171.08 1.82 533.45 325.70 1.64 5.71
IV 121x8 173.22 1.85 667.40 430.74 1.55 0.00
III 121x10 176.29 1.88 820.15 517.46 1.58 2.29
II 133x10 159.31 1.70 907.10 576.19 1.57 1.61
I 159x10 136.57 1.45 1099.80 650.07 1.69 9.19
Calculation example
CHAPTER 6 Verification of beams: XCBF
Storey Section NRd NEd,G NEd,E NEd=NEd,G+1.1ovNEd,E NRd
(kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) NEd
Design criteria for VI IPE 360 156.05 265.96 9.70
steel structures
V IPE 360 281.34 479.51 5.38
IV IPE 360 2580.85 0.00 372.07 634.15 4.07
Detailing rules for
steel structures III IPE 360 446.98 761.82 3.39
II IPE 360 497.72 848.29 3.04
CBF I IPE 360 540.90 921.90 2.80
NEd= MEd=
Storey NEd,G NEd,E NEd,G+1.1ovNEd,E MEd,G MEd,E MEd,G+1.1ovMEd,E MN,Rd MRd
(kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm) MEd
VI 78.02 132.98 64.28 64.28 361.75 5.63
V 218.70 372.74 86.27 86.27 361.75 4.19
IV 326.71 556.83 86.27 86.27 355.97 4.13
0.00 0.00
III 409.53 697.99 86.27 86.27 331.14 3.84
II 472.35 805.06 86.27 86.27 312.31 3.62
I 510.16 869.51 86.27 86.27 300.98 3.49
Calculation example
CHAPTER 6 Verification of columns: XCBF
column type a
NEd=
Design criteria for Storey Section A Npl,Rd NEd,G NEd,E NEd,G+1.1ovNEd,E Npl,Rd
steel structures (mm ) 2
VI HE180A 4530 0.59 1608.15 103.77 0.00 103.77 9.12
Detailing rules for V HE180A 4530 0.59 1608.15 237.62 91.03 392.76 2.41
steel structures IV HE240B 10600 0.75 3763.00 372.52 253.90 805.26 3.52
III HE240B 10600 0.75 3763.00 507.15 465.92 1301.24 2.18
CBF
II HE240M 19960 0.77 7085.80 646.06 716.86 1867.85 2.94
I HE240M 19960 0.71 7085.80 786.00 994.39 2480.80 2.03
column type b
VI HE180A 4530 0.59 1608.15 92.33 91.03 247.47 3.82
V HE180A 4530 0.59 1608.15 214.20 253.90 646.94 1.46
IV HE240B 10600 0.75 3763.00 338.31 465.92 1132.41 2.50
III HE240B 10600 0.75 3763.00 461.08 716.86 1682.87 1.68
II HE240M 19960 0.77 7085.80 586.39 994.39 2281.19 2.40
I HE240M 19960 0.71 7085.80 710.44 1341.94 2997.59 1.68
Calculation example
CHAPTER 6 Verification of Braces: inverted VCBF
design checks in tension
Design criteria for Brace cross
Storey Npl,Rd NEd, D1
steel structures section (d x t) Npl,Rd i
i = (x 100)
(mm x mm) (kN) (kN) NEd d,D1
Detailing rules for
VI 127x6.3 561.65 245.60 2.29 2.04
steel structures
V 193.7x8 1097.45 461.96 2.38 6.00
CBF IV 244.5x8 1395.90 622.87 2.24 0.00
III 244.5x10 1722.55 756.68 2.28 1.58
II 273x10 1941.10 843.92 2.30 2.63
I 323.9x10 2317.10 986.84 2.35 4.77
Calculation example
CHAPTER 6 Verification of Braces: inverted VCBF
design checks in compression
Design criteria for Brace cross
steel structures Storey

section (d x t) Nb,Rd NEd, D1 Nb,Rd
Detailing rules for (mm x mm) (kN) (kN) NEd,D1
steel structures VI 127x6.3 107.94 1.15 0.56 315.86 245.60 1.29
V 193.7x8 70.15 0.75 0.82 904.70 461.96 1.96
CBF
IV 244.5x8 55.07 0.59 0.89 1249.31 622.87 2.01
III 244.5x10 55.53 0.59 0.89 1538.50 756.68 2.03
II 273x10 49.51 0.53 0.92 1777.16 843.92 2.11
I 323.9x10 45.05 0.48 0.93 2155.83 986.84 2.18
Calculation example
CHAPTER 6 Verification of beams: inverted VCBF
Design criteria for Npl

steel structures
Detailing rules for 0,3 Npl

steel structures
CBF
Storey Section NEd MEd,G MEd,E MEd MRd MRd
(kN) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm) MEd
VI HE320 B 475.25 41.90 447.83 489.73 762.90 1.56
V HE320 M 928.63 58.13 875.05 933.19 1574.43 1.69
IV HE360 M 1181.17 58.35 1113.02 1171.38 1771.10 1.51
III HE450 M 1457.57 58.62 1373.48 1432.10 2247.51 1.57
II HE500 M 1642.50 59.24 1547.74 1606.98 2518.37 1.57
I HE550 M 1807.34 61.28 1946.36 2007.64 2816.22 1.40
Calculation example
CHAPTER 6 Verification of columns: inverted VCBF
Design criteria for

Storey Section A Npl,Rd NEd,G NEd,E NEd= NEd,G+1.1ovNEd,E Npl,Rd
steel structures (mm )2
VI HE180A 4530 0.59 1608.15 94.72 0.00 94.72 9.99
Detailing rules for
V HE180A 4530 0.59 1608.15 225.44 182.06 674.27 1.40
steel structures
IV HE240M 19960 0.77 7085.80 384.77 527.24 1684.50 3.26
III HE240M 19960 0.77 7085.80 534.95 984.00 2960.71 1.85
CBF
II HE320M 31200 0.85 11076.00 694.41 1535.70 4480.22 2.10
I HE320M 31200 0.81 11076.00 847.88 2139.46 6122.07 1.46
Detailing rules for EBF

EccentricBracedFrames
Thehorizontalforcesareresistedbyspecificelements
calledseismiclinksactinginbendingand/orshear.
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for

steel structures V
Detailing rules for

steel structures
EBF
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for

steel structures
Detailing rules for

steel structures
EBF
DesignConcept
CHAPTER 6 Globalmechanism:
Thedissipativeelementsaretheseismic
links.
Design criteria for
steel structures Frameswitheccentricbracingsshallbe
designedsothatspecificelementsor
Detailing rules for partsofelementscalledseismiclinks
steel structures areabletodissipateenergybythe
formationofplasticbendingand/or
EBF plasticshearmechanisms,beforefailure
oftheconnectionsandbeforeyielding
orbucklingofthebeams,columnsand
diagonalmembers.
BasicPrinciples
CHAPTER 6 Globalcapacitydesign:
Allowstheformationoftheglobal
dissipativemechanisms
Design criteria for
steel structures Localcapacitydesign:
Nondissipativeelementsand
Detailing rules for connectionsaredesignedwith
steel structures adequateoverstrength respectto
dissipativezones(link)
EBF
Detailing rules for EBF SHORTLINKS

dissipateenergybyyielding
Classificationofseismiclinks essentiallyinshear
Seismiclinksareclassifiedinto3categories
CHAPTER 6
accordingtothetypeofplasticmechanism
developed:
Design criteria for
LONGLINKS
steel structures dissipateenergybyyielding
essentiallyinbending
Detailing rules for Link corti
steel structures
V
EBF
Link lunghi
INTERMEDIATELINKS
M
theplasticmechanisminvolves
bendingandshear

Classificationofseismiclinks
Indesignswhereequalmomentswouldformsimultaneouslyatbothendsofthe
link(seeFigure),linksmaybeclassifiedaccordingtothelengthe.
CHAPTER 6
ForIsections,thecategoriesare:
SHORTLINKS:
Design criteria for
steel structures
M
e 1, 6
p , lin k
V p , lin k
Detailing rules for
steel structures
LONGLINKS:
EBF
M whereMp.link andVp,link arethe
e 3, 0
p , lin k
V p , lin k designbendingmomentandshear
resistanceofthelinksandtheyare
calculatedhereforIsections:
INTERMEDIATELINKS:
M M M p , lin k f y b t f d t f
e 3, 0
p , lin k p , lin k
1, 6
tw d t f
V p , lin k V p , lin k fy
V p , lin k
3

Classificationofseismiclinks
Indesignswhereonlyoneplastichingewouldformatoneendofthelink(see
Figure),linksmaybeclassifiedaccordingtothelengthe.
CHAPTER 6
ForIsections,thecategoriesare:
SHORTLINKS:
Design criteria for
M
steel structures e 0, 8 1 p , lin k
V p , lin k
Detailing rules for
steel structures
LONGLINKS:
M where
EBF e 1, 5 1 p , lin k
V p , lin k istheratiobetweenthesmallerand
thegreaterbendingmomentsatthe
endsofthelinkintheseismicdesign
INTERMEDIATELINKS:
situation;
M M
0, 8 1 e 1, 5 1 Mp.link andVp,link arethedesign
p , lin k p , lin k
V p , lin k V p , lin k bendingmomentandshearresistance

ofthelinksandtheyarecalculated
hereforIsections:

SeismicLinks
IfNEd/Npl,Rd 0,15thedesignresistanceofthelinkshouldsatisfybothofthefollowing
relationshipsatbothendsofthelink:
CHAPTER 6
V E d V p , lin k
Design criteria for
steel structures
M Ed M p , lin k
Detailing rules for
steel structures
IfNEd/Npl,Rd >0,15thedesignresistanceofthelinkshouldsatisfybothoftheprevious
EBF relationshipsatbothendsofthelinkwiththereducedvaluesVp,link,r andMp,link,r
V p , lin k , r V p , lin k 1 N E d / N p l , R d
0 ,5
2

M M 1 N E d / N p l , R d
p , lin k , r p , lin k
WebStiffeners
Ductilityofseismiclinksisguaranteedbythedisposalofwebstiffeners.
Forrotationangleshouldnotexceed:
CHAPTER 6
ForShortLinksForLongLinks
Design criteria for
steel structures p 0 , 08 rad p 0 , 02 rad
Detailing rules for Linksshouldbeprovidedwithintermediatewebstiffenersasfollows:
steel structures
intermediatewebstiffenersspacedatintervalsnotexceeding(30tw d/5)fora
EBF rotationanglep of0,08radiansor(52tw d/5)forrotationanglesp of0,02radians;
forLongLinksoneintermediatewebstiffenerplacedatadistanceof1,5timesb
fromeachendofthelinkwhereaplastichingewouldform;
theintermediatewebstiffenersshouldbefulldepth,ononlyonesideofthelink
webforlinksthatarelessthan600mmindepth,andonbothsidesofthewebfor
linksthatare600mmindepthorgreater.

MembersnotcontainingSeismicLinks
Columnsanddiagonalmembers,ifhorizontallinksinbeamsareused,andalsothe
beammembers,ifverticallinksareused,shouldbeverifiedincompression
CHAPTER 6
consideringthemostunfavourable combinationoftheaxialforceandbending
moments:
Design criteria for
steel structures
N Rd M Ed , V E d N E d , G 1,1 0 V N E d , E
Detailing rules for Theoverstrength factorscalculatedforeachmembernotcontainingseismiclinksare:
steel structures
forShortLinkstheminimumvalueof i 1, 5 V p , lin k , i / V E d , i
EBF
forLongLinkstheminimumvalueof i 1, 5 M p , lin k , i /M E d ,i
Inordertoachieveaglobaldissipativebehaviour ofthestructure,itshouldbe
checkedthatthemaximumvaluedoesnotdifferfromtheminimumvaluebymore
than25%.

Connections
Theconnectionsoflinkstotheothermembershavetoprovideadequateoverstrength
topermitthedevelopmentoftheexpecteddissipativemechanism,avoidingtheir
CHAPTER 6
plasticizationorbuckling.
Design criteria for Nondissipativeconnectionsofdissipativemembersmadebymeansoffull

steel structures penetrationbuttweldsmaybedeemedtosatisfytheoverstrength criterion.
Detailing rules for R j , d 0 V 1,1 R p l , R d RU , R d

steel structures
EBF
where:
Rpl,Rd istheplasticresistanceofthedissipativemember;
RU,Rd istheupperboundoftheplasticresistanceof
thedissipativemember;
0V istheoverstrengthfactor.
FutureofEUseismiccodes
European Convention for Constructional Steelwork
Technical Committee n.13Seismic Design TC13
TC13 MISSION
TC13 is devoted to the topic of seismic design with the mission to promote the use of
steel in seismic regions.
TC13 CHAIRMAN
Raffaele Landolfo
TC13PUBLICATIONS
References
EN 1998-1-1. Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance

Part 1:General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings. CEN; 2004.
EN 1998-3. Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance

Part 3: Assessment and retrofitting of buildings. CEN; 2005.
EN 1993-1. Eurocode 3: Design of steel structuresPart 1-1: General rules

and rules for buildings. CEN; 2005.
Landolfo Raffaele, editor. Assessment of EC8 provisions for seismic design of

steel structures. Technical Committee 13Seismic Design, No 131/2013.
ECCSEuropean Convention for Constructional Steelwork; 2013.
R. Landolfo, F. M. Mazzolani, D. Dubina, L. da Silva, M. DAniello. DESIGN OF

STEEL STRUCTURES FOR BUILDINGS IN SEISMIC AREAS. ECCSEuropean
Convention for Constructional Steelwork; (in preparation)
118
Thanks for your kind attention

landolfo@unina.it
119

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