Modesty - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Modesty

Modesty
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Modesty and demureness is a mode of dress and deportment

which intends to avoid encouraging of sexual attraction in
others. Standards of modesty are culturally and context
dependent and vary widely. In this use, it may be considered
inappropriate or immodest to reveal certain parts of the body. In
some societies, modesty may involve women covering their
bodies completely and not talking to men who are not
immediate family members; in others, a fairly revealing but
one-piece bathing costume is considered modest when other
women wear bikinis. In some countries, exposure of the body in
breach of community standards of modesty is also considered to
be public indecency, and public nudity is generally illegal in
most of the world and regarded as indecent exposure. However,
nudity is at times tolerated in some societies; for example,
during a world naked bike ride,[1] while a lone man attempting
to walk naked from south to north Britain was repeatedly
imprisoned.[2]

Small children are widely not expected to be fully clothed in

public until they are grown up, or past the infant stage.

The religion of Islam especially emphasizes modesty. This

includes modesty within apparel and conduct.[3] However,
young Muslim schoolgirls are often considered by their parents
Modesty, by Louis-Lopold
to be exempt from modesty requirements that they would
Chambard
consider to be applicable to adult women, such as hair-covering
in public and not wearing short skirts or dresses. However, in
recent years there has been a trend away from this, with even
young Muslim girls being expected by their parents to wear a
hijab,[4] or to wear clothes under their skirts to avoid exposing
their bare legs or underwear in public.

In semi-public contexts standards of modesty vary. Nudity may

be acceptable in public single-sex changing rooms at swimming Recreation on a California beach
baths, for example, or for mass medical examination of men for in the first decade of the 20th
military service. In private, standards again depend upon the century
circumstances. A person who would never disrobe in the
presence of a physician of the opposite sex in a social context
might unquestioningly do so for a medical examination; others might allow examination, but only
by a person of the same sex.

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Contents
1 Origins of Modesty in Regards to Women
2 Necessity
3 Body
4 In dress
4.1 Generally accepted Western norms
4.2 Gender differences
5 Traditional indigenous
6 Religious traditions
6.1 Buddhism
6.2 Christianity
6.2.1 Catholic church
6.2.2 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
6.2.3 Other churches
6.3 Hinduism
6.3.1 Temples
6.3.2 Current trends
6.4 Islam
6.4.1 Women
6.4.2 Men
6.5 Judaism
6.5.1 Women
6.5.2 Men
6.6 Cross-cultural and non-religious
7 In the arts
8 Footnotes

Origins of Modesty in Regards to Women

The word Modesty comes from the Latin root modestus which means "keeping within measure".[5]
Originally, it was closely linked with the term moderation. Modesty eventually took on a different
meaning with regards to gender and sexual virtue mainly with emphasis on women more than men.
In 16th century writing, women were deemed more "lustful and unruly".[5] The feminist movement
claimed that women were in fact more modest because their private body parts were already
covered with hair while a man's tends to show. Into the Enlightenment Era, modesty became a
quality which every woman must possess because women had "sexual and physical weaknesses".[5]
These weaknesses tie back to the fact that women are descendants of Eve and therefore, are the first
sinners and inherit her "weaknesses.".[6] Weaknesses such as being "passionate, inconstant,

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credulous and even demonic",[6] modesty was a most commonly used tactic by religious leaders to
subdue these qualities. Modesty can also be tied to evolutionary theory, Darwin was baffled by the
major difference between male and female birds, the males were bright and colorful while the
females were meek and lacked those attractive qualities. Darwin concluded that the males are more
"beautiful"[5] because the females are more judging and their lust is less than males as well.
Therefore, the female must subdue herself to the male and carry on the species. Women's use of
modesty was of importance to 19th century sexologists in regards to their psychology. A physician
that studied human sexuality by the name of Havelock Ellis believed that, women used modesty as
an illusion to cover that underneath, there was sexual desire present. He also believed that modesty
had a second use to keep men lingering for a woman. From a Christian lens, the idea of modesty
came from the Genesis account in the Bible when Adam and Eve sinned and became ashamed of
their bodies because they knew they were naked. This translated into the conduct with which
people in the Christian time period of the 14th century dressed themselves, they wore long
garments and tunics to hide their bodies. During the age of the Renaissance, this type of dress of
changed to more tight fitted clothing, items that showed the bust or trousers that highlighted men's
legs, ornamentation and color was also allowed. Due to the changing political, cultural and
economic times, women's dress in regards to modesty has had to constantly be redefined and
changed, with the emergence of women into the workplace now the ideal form of dress has become
the "powersuit",[5] which shares similarities with the high neck and masculine look of 16th century
women. Modesty is different from culture to culture, some indigenous people feel no
embarrassment or shame when naked and in some Arab countries, women who are seen by a
stranger without their veils or coverings on, are mortified.

Necessity
At times of public or private emergency, expectations of modest dress may be suspended if
necessary. For example, during suspected anthrax attacks in 1998 and 2001 in the United States,
groups of people had to strip to their underwear in tents set up in parking lots and other public
places for hosing down by fire departments.[7] On the other hand, even in an emergency situation,
some people are unable to abandon their need to hide their bodies, even at the risk of their life.[7]
This may apply to decontamination after a chemical or biological attack, where removal of
contaminated clothing is important, or escaping from a night-time fire without time to dress.

Body
Standards of modesty discourage or forbid exposure of parts of the body, varying between societies,
which may include areas of skin, the hair, undergarments, and intimate parts. The standards may
also require obscuring the shape of the body or parts of it by wearing non-form-fitting clothing.
There are also customs regarding the changing of clothes (such as on a beach with no enclosed
facilities), and the closing or locking of the door when changing or taking a shower.

Standards of modesty vary by culture or generation and vary depending on who is exposed, which

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parts of the body are exposed, the duration of the exposure, the
context, and other variables. The categories of persons who could see
another's body could include:

a spouse or partner,
a friend or family member of the same sex,
strangers of the same sex

The context would include matters such as whether it is in one's own

home, at another family member's home, at a friend's home, at a
semi-public place, at a beach, swimming pool (including whether such
venues are considered clothes-optional), changing rooms or other
public places. For instance, wearing a bathing suit at the beach would
not be considered immodest, while it likely would be in a street or an
office.

Excessive modesty is called prudishness. As a medical condition, it is

also called gymnophobia.[8] Excessive immodesty is called
exhibitionism.[9] 1868 diagram from
Harper's Bazaar showing
Proponents of modesty often see it as a demonstration of respect for proper girls' skirt lengths
their bodies, for social norms, and for the feelings of themselves and increasing as they grow
others. Some critics assert that modesty reflects a negative body image up
and that there may be a correlation between repressive body attitudes
and undesirable outcomes such as sexual crimes, violence, and
stress.[10]

In dress
Most discussion of modesty involves clothing. The criteria for
acceptable modesty and decency have relaxed continuously in
much of the world since the nineteenth century, with shorter,
form-fitting, and more revealing clothing and swimsuits, more
for women than men. Most people wear clothes that they
consider not to be unacceptably immodest for their religion,
culture, generation, occasion, and the people present. Some
wear clothes which they consider immodest, due to
exhibitionism, the desire to create an erotic impact, or for
Three Ukrainian men, wearing
publicity.
trunks and briefs, attract attention
for immodesty relative to the
Generally accepted Western norms local norm in Cox's Bazar,
Bangladesh.
Appropriate modesty depends on context and place. For
example, in single-sex public changing rooms, nudity is often

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acceptable.[11]

In Western and some other societies, there are differences of opinion as to how much body
exposure is acceptable in public.[12] In contemporary Western society, the extent to which a woman
may expose cleavage depends on social, cultural and regional context. Women's swimsuits and
bikinis commonly may reveal the tops and sides of the breasts, or they may be topless as is
common on the beaches of French Riviera. Displaying cleavage is considered permissible in many
settings, and is even a sign of elegance and sophistication on many formal social occasions, but it
may be considered inappropriate in settings such as workplaces, churches and schools. Showing the
nipples or areolae is almost always considered toplessness or partial nudity. However, in some
circumstances partial breast exposure may be officially sanctioned in church as in 2014, newly
elected Pope Francis drew world-wide commentary when he encouraged mothers to breastfeed in
church if their babies were hungry.[13]

In private homes, the standards of modesty apply selectively. For instance, nudity among close
family members in the home can take place, especially in the bedroom and bathroom, and wearing
of undergarments only in the home is common.

In many cultures it is not acceptable to bare the buttocks in public; deliberately doing so is
sometimes intended as an insult. In public, Western standards of decency expect people to cover
their genitalia, and women to cover their breasts. In the early twenty-first century, public
breastfeeding has become increasingly acceptable, sometimes protected by law.[14] President
Barack Obama's health care bill from 2010 provides additional support to nursing mothers,
requiring employers to provide a private and shielded space for employees to use in order to
nurse.[15]

Since the 1980s it has become more common for young and/or fashionable women in Western
societies to wear clothing that bared the midriff, "short shorts," backless tops, sheer and other styles
considered to be immodest.[16]

Gender differences

Men and women are subject to different standards of modesty in

dress. While both men and women, in Western culture, are
generally expected to keep their genitals covered at all times,
women are also expected to keep their breasts covered. Some
body parts are normally more covered by men than
womene.g., the midriff and the upper part of the back.
Modesty in dress is a relative
Organizations such as the Topfree Equal Rights Association
cultural concept, even in the
(http://www.tera.ca) advocate for gender equality regarding
West, as seen above in the
display of the body. In 1992 New York State's highest court
dresses of Amish women on an
accepted 14th Amendment arguments and struck down the
provision in New York's Exposure of the Person statute that American beach in 2007.
made it illegal for women to bare their chests where men were

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permitted to do so.[17]

Traditional indigenous
Traditional indigenous cultures, such as some African and traditional Australian aboriginal cultures,
are more relaxed on issues of clothing, though how much clothing is expected varies greatly, from
nothing for some women, to everything except the glans penis for men of some tribes. In some
African cultures, body painting is considered to be body coverage, and is considered by many an
attire.

Modesty doesn't have to be related to having more clothes especially in the case of natives tribes.
Some feel exposed when seen in certain clothes even though normal attire is much more revealing.
Having ear or lip stoppers is seen as modest with the opposite being true as well.[18]

Religious traditions
Most world religions have sought to address the moral issues that arise from people's sexuality in
society and in human interactions. Each major religion has developed moral codes covering issues
of sexuality, morality, ethics etc. Besides other aspects of sexuality, these moral codes seek to
regulate the situations which can give rise to sexual interest and to influence people's behaviour and
practices which could arouse such interest, or which overstate a person's sexuality. These religious
codes have always had a strong influence on peoples' attitudes to issues of modesty in dress,
behavior, speech etc.

Buddhism

Modesty in dress is important in Buddhis. The Sekhiya rules of Buddhist Monastic code, for
example, provide guidelines on proper clothing as well as recommended ways of dressing for
monks.[19]

I will wear the lower robe [upper robe] wrapped around (me): a training to be observed.

Code 1.2, Sekhiya Rule, [20]

I will not go [sit] with robes hitched up in inhabited areas: a training to be observed.

Code 9.10, Sekhiya Rule, [20]

The 'robes hitched up' phrase above refers to lifting one's 1 or 2 piece cloth robe, thereby exposing
either side or both sides of one's body to other human beings in an inhabited area. Such
exhibitionism is not recommended to monks. Beyond monks, the Buddhist belief is that modesty

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has a purifying quality to everyone.[21]

Christianity

According to the New Testament, (1 Peter 3:3-4) Whose

adorning let it not be that outward adorning of plaiting the hair,
and of wearing of gold, or of putting on of apparel; But let it be
the hidden man of the heart, in that which is not corruptible,
even the ornament of a meek and quiet spirit, which is in the
sight of God of great price.

(1 Timothy 2:9) In like manner also, that women adorn

themselves in modest apparel, with shamefacedness and
sobriety; not with broided hair, or gold, or pearls, or costly
array; Modesty in dress for Buddhist
Monks visiting the Hindu-
(Proverbs 11:22) As a jewel of gold in a swine's snout, so is a
Buddhist temple complex Angkor
fair woman which is without discretion.
Wat, Cambodia
(Proverbs 31:30) Favour is deceitful, and beauty is vain: but a
woman that feareth the Lord, she shall be praised.

Catholic church

Catholics are expected to dress modestly; it is recognised that

the forms taken by modesty vary from one culture to
another.[22] The wearing of a headcovering at Mass was for the
first time mandated as a universal rule for the Latin Rite by the
Code of Canon Law of 1917,[23] abrogated by the 1983 Code of
Canon Law.[24] Apart from that, there have never been any
"official" guidelines issued by the Catholic Church. But from
time to time the Church hierarchy, and some popes, have given
opinions on various matters; although these guidelines are not A placard informs tourists about
binding, they are often followed. [25] Pope Pius XII stated that the minimum dress standards
women should cover their upper arms and shoulders, that their required to enter St. Peter's
skirts should cover at least as far as the knee, and the neckline Basilica in Vatican
should not reveal anything. [26] Giuseppe Cardinal Siri of Genoa
stated that trousers were unacceptable dress for women.[27]
Many traditional Catholics have attempted to further expand on this latter standard.[28]

Some Catholics have attempted to form cohesive theories of modesty. Sometimes this is from a
sociological perspective,[26] while at other times it takes a more systematic, Thomistic approach,
combined with the writings of the Church Fathers.[29] Approaches arguing primarily from

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traditional practices and traditional authorities, such as the Saints, can also be found.[30]

Around 1913, it became fashionable for dresses to be worn with a modest round or V-shaped
neckline. In the German Empire, for example, all Roman Catholic bishops joined in issuing a
pastoral letter attacking the new fashions.[31]

The Catholic Legion of Decency has been active from 1933 in monitoring morally objectionable
content in films. It has condemned a number of films including several on account of the clothing
worn. For example, the Legion has condemned the display of cleavage in The Outlaw (1941) and in
The French Line (1954).

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) has issued official statements on
modest dress for its members. Clothing such as "short shorts and short skirts, shirts that do not
cover the stomach, and clothing that does not cover the shoulders or is low-cut in the front or the
back"[32] are discouraged. Men and women are also encouraged to avoid extremes in clothing or
hairstyles. Rules on modesty also include women being asked to wear no more than one pair of
earrings.[32] Women are generally expected to wear skirts or dresses for church services. Most LDS
members do not wear sleeveless shirts or shorts that do not reach the knee.

The church-funded university, Brigham Young University (BYU), requires students and tenants of
BYU housing, to sign an agreement to live according to these standards of modesty.[33]

Other churches

Many other Trinitarian Christians also consider modesty extremely important,[34] though
considerable differences of opinion exist about its requirements and purposes.[35] Amish groups
and some Mennonite groups like Conservative Mennonites are known for their adherence to
modest fashion styles. Evangelical Christians and Holiness Christians also have strict guidelines on
modesty.

Hinduism

The premise and concepts of modesty have evolved under Hinduism. During Vedic times,[36] both
women and men wore at least two pieces of draped dress that was largely undifferentiated,
voluntary and flexible. Stitched clothes such as skirts and bodices were also common in the Vedic
period. However, modesty was not determined by the precepts of religion, but by local traditions,
social codes, profession, circumstances and occasion. The multiple pieces of draped dress for
women evolved into a single length of draped cloth among Indian Hindus, now called sari;[36] but
remained two or more pieces in Southeast Asian Hindus. For men, the draped dress reduced to one
piece now called by various names such as dhoti, lungi, pancha, laacha and other names among
Indian Hindus, and kamben among Balinese Hindu.

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The Hindu belief, suggests Christopher Bayly,[37]

is that modesty through appropriate dress has the
energy to transmit spirit and substance in a social
discourse, the dress serves as a means of
expression or celebration, with some dressing
elements such as saffron threads or white dress
worn by men as moral, transformative and a
means to identify and communicate ones social
role in a gathering, or one's state of life such as
mourning in days or weeks after the passing
away of a loved one.

The canons of modesty for Hindus in South Asia
underwent significant changes with the arrival of
Islam in the 12th century. The Islamic rulers
imposed a dress code in public places for Hindu
dhimmis, per their Islamic mores of modesty. [36]
The sari worn by Hindu women extended to
provide a veil, as well as a complete cover of her
navel and legs. In the early 18th century,
Tryambakayajvana court official in south
central Indiaissued an edict called
Stridharmapaddhati. The ruling outlined
required dress code for orthodox Hindus in that
region.[38] Stridharmapaddhati laced social trends with Hindu religion to place new rules on
modesty for women, but gave much freedom to men.
Dressing norms and concepts of modesty have
widely varied among Hindus before the 20th
century. Above is a topless Balinese (Indonesian)
Hindu woman at a temple complex in 1922,
during Dutch colonial rule of Indonesia. In the
background, in the center left, one can see other
topless women, as well as a woman who is fully
covered in European dress. The colored image is
typical dress observed in modern day Bali
temples.

The concept of modesty evolved again during colonial times when the British administration
required Indians to wear dresses to help identify and segregate the local native populations. Bernard
Cohn,[39] and others[40] remark that dress during colonial era became part of a wider issue in India
about respect, honor and modesty, with the dress code intentionally aimed by the administration to
reflect the nature of relationship between the British ruler and the Indian ruled. The British colonial
empire, encouraged and sometimes required Indians to dress in an 'oriental manner', to help define
and enforce a sense of modesty, identify roles and a person's relative social status.[36][41] Among
Indonesian Hindus, the accepted practice of toplessness among teenage Hindu girls changed during
the Dutch colonial rule, with women now wearing a blouse or colorful cloth.

Temples

Inside most Hindu temples, there is an expectation of modesty rather than sexual allurement. Men
and women typically wear traditional dress during religious ceremonies and rituals in a temple,
with women wearing sari or regional Indian dress.[42] In Indonesia and Cambodia, Hindu temple
visitors are often requested to wrap their waist with traditional single piece cloth called kamben,

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wastra or sarung, with or without saput.[43]

Current trends

Hindus have diverse views on modesty, with significant

regional and local variations. Among orthodox Hindu
populations, sexually revealing dress or any sexual behavior in
public or before strangers is considered immodest, particularly
in rural areas. In contrast, the dress of deities and other
symbolism in Hindu temples,[44] the discussion of dress and
eroticism in ancient Hindu literature,[45][46] and art works of
Women dressed in sari, heading
Hinduism[47] can be explicit, celebrating eroticism and human into a South Indian Hindu
sexuality. Temple.
In general, a disregard of modesty can be confusing or
distressing, in particular to traditional Hindu women. Even in health care context, some Hindu
women may express reluctance to undress for examination. If undressing is necessary, the patient
may prefer to be treated by a doctor or nurse of the same sex.[48]

Islam

Islam has strongly emphasized the concept of decency and

modesty. In many authentic hadiths, it has been quoted that
"modesty is a part of faith.".[49] Modesty is verily required in
the interaction between members of the opposite sex and in
some case between the members of same sex also. Dress code is
part of that overall teaching.

Women
A headscarf
"And tell the believing women to cast down their glances and
guard their private parts and not expose their adornment except
that which [necessarily] appears thereof and to wrap [a portion of] their headcovers over their
chests and not expose their adornment except to their husbands, their fathers, their husbands'
fathers, their sons, their husbands' sons, their brothers, their brothers' sons, their sisters' sons, their
women, that which their right hands possess, or those male attendants having no physical desire, or
children who are not yet aware of the private aspects of women." -Quran 24:31.

O Prophet! Say to your wives, your daughters, and the women of the believers that: they should let
down upon themselves their jalabib. -Quran 33:59. Jalabib is an Arabic word meaning "loose
outer garment".

In some Muslim societies, women wear the niqab, a veil that covers the whole face except the eyes,

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or the full burqa, a full-body covering garment that occasionally does cover the eyes. Wearing these
garments is common in some, but not all, countries with a predominantly Muslim population.

Though by some scholars these expressions of modesty are

interpreted as mandatory, most countries do not enforce
modesty by law. However, a few countries, such as Saudi
Arabia, Afghanistan and Iran, enforce specified standards of
dress for women.

Men
A taqiyah cap
"Tell the believing men to cast down their glances and guard
their private parts. That is purer for them. Indeed, Allah is
[well] acquainted with what they do." -Quran 24:30

Most scholars agree that men are required to cover everything from 'navel to knee'; some men
choose also to wear the traditional Islamic cap (taqiyah), similar to but larger than the Jewish
yarmulke or kippah. The taqiyah may vary in shape, size and color, with differences according to
tradition, region, and personal taste.

Judaism

Modesty in Judaism, called Tzniut, is important beyond aspects of clothing. It extends to behaviour
in public and in private, and depends on the context.

Women

Orthodox and ultra-Orthodox Jewish women usually wear skirts

to their knees, with blouses covering the collarbone and sleeves
coming to or covering elbows.[50] See-through materials may
not be used and clothes are expected not to be tight-fitting,
provocative, loud in color, or display texts.[51] These rules are
relaxed to allow for color and text in less strict communities.
Some modern Orthodox communities allow the collarbone to be
shown (so long as cleavage is amply covered), and sleeves not
to reach the elbow. There are many different opinions on these Three styles of hair covering
issues. Some communities apply these standards to girls as common among married
young as three. Less strict Conservative Judaism recommends Observant Jewish women. From
modest dress, but this is not broadly observed. Less restrictive right to left: snood, fall, and hat.
branches of Judaism tend to adopt the fashions of the society in
which they live.

It is the custom for an observant married Orthodox Jewish woman to cover her hair in public, and
sometimes at home. The hair covering may be a scarf, hat, snood called a Tichel, or a wig called a

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Sheitel.

Women who do not follow all the regulations in everyday life, often do so during religious
observances in a synagogue or elsewhere.

Men

Standards of modesty also apply to men. While some men will wear shorts and short-sleeve shirts,
many strictly observant Orthodox men will not.

Cross-cultural and non-religious

Some individuals adopt modesty standards of other groups or standards of previous generations.[52]
An example includes the Noahides who follow Jewish laws but are not themselves Jewish.

In the arts
Standards of modesty in art have varied at different times and in
different places. Nudity and various types of behaviour were
sometimes depicted, sometime not. In many cases where society did
not allow nudity or immodest dress, nudity was accepted in art. Where
nudity in art was not acceptable, full nudity was not displayed;
otherwise nude subjects had their private parts hidden by apparently
accidental draped fabric, flowers, other people, a fig leaf, etc. In films,
very brief nudity was accepted. Some nude artworks had fig leaves
added when standards became less permissive.

In a given society, the criteria varied according to the circumstances;

for example artworks on public display were more restrained than
those for private display to adults.

Nudity in art was sometimes suggested without actual depiction by:

Cupidon (French for
something seemingly by chance covering the private parts
Cupid), by William-
in film:
Adolphe Bouguereau,
showing a supposedly nude person from the waist or
1875; the tip of the right
shoulders up
maneuvering (turning, having objects in front) and editing wing covers the boy's
in such a way that no genitals are seen genitals.
showing nudity from a distance, or from the back only,
although other characters are nearby and/or would also see frontal nudity
showing nudity very briefly

In cartoons, even in cases where the genital area is not covered with clothing, genitals are often

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simply not drawn, as is the case in Family Guy and other animated sitcoms. In the film Barnyard,
showing anthropomorphized cattle of both sexes walking on two legs, instead of either showing
genitals of male cattle or not showing them, the concept of a "male cow" was used, with an udder.
In Underdog a partly animated anthropomorphized dog is shown with penis when a real dog is
filmed, and without penis in the animated parts.

Paintings are sometimes changed because of changed modesty standards, and later sometimes
changed back. During the Counter-Reformation there was a "fig-leaf campaign" aiming to cover all
representations of human genitals in paintings and sculptures that started with Michelangelo's
works. Works covered in this way include the marble statue of Cristo della Minerva (church of
Santa Maria sopra Minerva, Rome) which was covered by added drapery, as it remains today, and
the statue of the naked child Jesus in Madonna of Bruges (The Church of Our Lady in Bruges,
Belgium) remained covered for several decades. Also, the plaster copy of the David in the Cast
Courts (Victoria and Albert Museum) in London, has a fig leaf in a box at the back of the statue. It
was there to be placed over the statue's genitals so that they would not upset visiting female royalty.
The statue of Achilles at Hyde Park Corner now has an incongruous figleaf permanently attached,
after it was stolen several times.

Many fairytales and other related media feature women from or ethnic origin from Western Europe
and Northern Europe to be demure due to their typically soft features. Famous examples include
Snow White, Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, Beauty and the Beast, Little Red Riding Hood, Wendy
Darling from Peter Pan, Maid Marian from Robin Hood, Christine Daa from The Phantom of the
Opera, Ophelia from Hamlet, and Dorothy Gale from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.

Footnotes
1. Guardian newspaper: World Naked Bike Ride
in pictures, 10 June 2012
(https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle
/gallery/2012/jun/10/world-naked-bike-ride-
pictures) While most of the riders are naked, all
the photographs in this series obscure details by
strategically places handlebars.
2. Guardian newspaper: Naked rambler vows to
walk on, 26 August 2003 (http://news.bbc.co.uk
/1/hi/scotland/3182771.stm)
3. Kamil Mufti, Modesty (part 1 of 3): An
Overview (4 January 2015). "The Religion of
Islam". The Religion of Islam. A website of the
Cooperative Office for Dawah in Rawdah.
Retrieved 27 September 2016.
4. http://islam.about.com/od/dress
/f/hijab_girls.htm
5. Jennett, Sheila. The Oxford companion to the
body. Eds. Colin Blakemore, and Sheila
Jennett. Vol. 7. New York, NY: Oxford
University Press, 2001.
6. GORDON-SEIFERT, CATHERINE. From
Impurity to Piety: Mid 17th-Century French
Devotional Airs and the Spiritual Conversion of
Women. The Journal of Musicology, vol. 22,
no. 2, 2005, pp. 268291., www.jstor.org/stable
/10.1525/jm.2005.22.2.268
7. We'd rather die than take our clothes off,
disaster planners say, By Dru Sefton,
Newhouse News Service, Nation & World:
Saturday, May 25, 2002
(http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com
/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex
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Modesty - Wikipedia
8. "Definition of Gymnophobia".
MedicineNet.com. MedicineNet.com. Retrieved
27 September 2016.
9. "DSM 5: Understanding Exhibitionistic
Disorder". Hypersexual Disorders. Elements
Behavioral Health. 21 June 2013. Retrieved
27 September 2016.
10. http://www.onlineopinion.com.au
/view.asp?article=4845
11. Why are Britons so bad at being naked?
(https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree
/2013/jan/16/britons-bad-being-naked-victoria-
coren) Sarah Ditum, The Guardian, United
Kingdom (16 January 2013)
12. Salmansohn, Karen. "The Power of Cleavage
(http://www.huffingtonpost.com/karen-
salmansohn
/the_power_of_cleavage_b_70260.html)". The
Huffington Post, October 29, 2007.
13. Pope Francis encourages mothers to breastfeed
- even in the Sistine Chapel | World news | The
Guardian (https://www.theguardian.com/world
/2014/jan/12/pope-mothers-breastfeeding-
children-sistine-chapel)
14. "Breastfeeding Laws". Breastfeeding State
Laws. National Conference of State
Legislatures, United States.
15. CNN, By Elizabeth Landau,. "Breastfeeding
rooms hidden in health care law - CNN.com".
Retrieved 2017-02-05.
16. http://www.osisa.org/buwa/regional/fashion-
feminists-how-fashion-and-dress-shape-
women%E2%80%99s-identities
17. Santorelli & Schloss v. State of New York
(http://www.law.cornell.edu/nyctap
/I92_0160.htm)
18. "The dominant idea that clothing is necessary
for reasons of modesty is a cultural premise. It's
an". Scribd. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
19. The 75 sekhiyas (http://en.dhammadana.org
/sangha/vinaya/227/75sk.htm) Buddhism
Dhamma Dana (2009)
20. Buddhist Monastic Code I
(http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors
/thanissaro/bmc1/bmc1.ch10.html) Chapter 10,
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21. Edward Thomas (2002), The History of
Buddhist Thought, Dover Publications, ISBN
978-0486421049, pp 163, 207-208
22. See, e.g., [1] (http://www.scborromeo.org
/ccc.htm) Para. 2521-2524
(http://www.scborromeo.org
/ccc/p3s2c2a9.htm#II).
23. "1917 Codex Iuris Canonici". Canon 1262,
Section 2. (Latin)
24. "Canon 6 1 of the Code of Canon Law".
25. See all the following citations, which all
expound at least partly upon such guidelines.
26. Modesty and beauty - the lost connection
(http://www.theuniversityconcourse.com/article
/1819.html) by Regina Schmiedicke
27. Notification Concerning Men's Dress Worn by
Women (http://www.webcitation.org
/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/athens
/rhodes/3543/nodress.htm&
date=2009-10-25+12:55:36) by Giuseppe
Cardinal Siri (1960)
28. See G. K. Chesterton, What's Wrong with the
World (http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world
/readfile?fk_files=39813), Part III, Chap. V, for
an early attempt (1910); see also In Praise of
the Skirt (http://gorpub.freeshell.org
/cr.html#praise), for a more contemporary one
(2006)
29. The Modesty Handbook
(http://gorpub.freeshell.org
/books.html#modesty) (describing the nature of
modesty from a Catholic perspective, based on
St. Thomas Aquinas and the Church Fathers).
30. See, e.g., Those Who Serve God Should Not
Follow the Fashions (http://sicutincaelo.org
/b03_twsg.html) by Robert T. Hart (2004).
31. Gernsheim, Alison. Victorian and Edwardian
Fashion. A Photographic Survey. Mineola,
N.Y.: Dover Publications, 1981. Reprint of
1963 edition. ISBN 0-486-24205-6, p. 94
32. "Dress and Appearance" (http://www.lds.org
/youth/for-the-strength-of-youth/dress-
and-appearance), For the Strength of Youth.
33. The Brigham Young University Honor Code
(http://honorcode.byu.edu), which includes
"Dress and Grooming Standards," agreement to
which is required for application.
4/20/2017 6:58 PM
Modesty - Wikipedia
34. See, e.g., Modesty: The Undressing of Our
Youth (http://www.christianaction.org.za
/articles_ca/2004-3-
ModestyTheUndressingOfOurYouth.htm), by
Lenora Hammond.
35. The Modesty Survey
(http://www.therebelution.com
/modestysurvey/): An anonymous discussion
among Christians concerning various aspects of
modesty.
36. Emma Tarlo (1996), Clothing Matters: Dress
and Identity in India, University of Chicago
Press, ISBN 978-0226789767; page 28-30 Cite
error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "etarlo"
defined multiple times with different content
(see the help page).
37. C. A. Bayly, D.H.A. Kolff, Two Colonial
Empires: Comparative Essays on the History of
India and Indonesia in the Nineteenth Century,
Springer, ISBN 978-9024732746
38. Lesile, J. (Editor) (1992), Roles and Rituals for
Hindu Women, Motilal Banarsidass
Publications
39. Bernard Cohn (1987), An Anthropologist
Among the Historians and Other Essays,
Oxford University Press, ISBN
978-0195618754
40. Robert Ross, Clothing: A Global History,
Cambridge, ISBN 978-0-7456-3186-8
41. see Bernard Cohn, "Cloth, Clothes and
Colonialism: India in the 19th Century", and
Susan Bean, "Gandhi and Khadi: The Fabric of
Independence"; both in Weiner and Schneider
(editors), Cloth and Human Experience,
Smithsonian Institution Press (1989)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org
/w/index.php?title=Modesty&oldid=776243120"
Categories: Modesty Philosophy of love Naturism
Seven virtues
This page was last modified on 19 April 2017, at 20:27.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modesty
42. Nye, M. (1995). A Place for Our Gods: The
Construction of an Edinburgh Hindu Temple
Community (Vol. 8). Psychology Press
43. Rubinstein and Connor (1999), Staying Local in
the Global Village: Bali in the Twentieth
Century, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN
978-0824821173
44. Gupta, M. (1994). "Sexuality in the Indian
subcontinent". Sexual and Marital Therapy,
9(1), pp 5769
45. McConnachie, J. (2008), The Book of Love:
The Story of the Kamasutra, Macmillan
46. Dwyer, R. (2000). "The erotics of the wet sari
in Hindi films". South Asia: Journal of South
Asian Studies, 23(2), pp 143160
47. Ichaporia, N. (1983). "Tourism at Khajuraho an
Indian enigma?" Annals of Tourism Research,
10(1), 7592
48. Culture and Religion Information Sheet:
Hinduism (http://www.omi.wa.gov.au/resources
/publications/cr_diversity/hinduism.pdf)
Government of Western Australia (July 2012),
page 7
49. "Hadith 20 :: Modesty is from Faith".
40hadithnawawi.com. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
50. "Modesty: Not Only A Woman's Burden"
(http://www.patheos.com/Resources
/Additional-Resources/Modesty-Not-Just-
for-Women?offset=0&max=1), Patheos
51. The Laws of Jewish Modesty
(http://www.modestworld.com/laws.html)
Archived (https://web.archive.org
/web/20150510043220/http:
//www.modestworld.com/laws.html) May 10,
2015, at the Wayback Machine.
52. http://canadianundercover.wordpress.com
/about/ Canadian Undercover
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