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Psychomotor agitation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Psychomotor agitation is a set of signs and

symptoms that stem from mental tension and Psychomotor agitation
anxiety. The signs are unintentional and Classification and external resources
purposeless motions; the symptoms are Specialty Psychiatry, emergency medicine
emotional distress and restlessness. Typical
manifestations include pacing around a room, ICD-9-CM 308.2 (http://www.icd9data.com
wringing the hands, uncontrolled tongue /getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=308.2)
movement, pulling off clothing and putting it MeSH D011595 (https://www.nlm.nih.gov
back on, and other similar actions. In more /cgi/mesh/2017/MB_cgi?field=uid&
severe cases, the motions may become harmful term=D011595)
to the individual, such as ripping, tearing, or
chewing at the skin around one's fingernails, lips,
or other body parts to the point of bleeding. Psychomotor agitation is typically found in major
depressive disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder, and sometimes the manic phase in bipolar
disorder, though it can also be a result of an excess intake of stimulants. It can also be caused by
severe hyponatremia. The middle-aged and the elderly are more at risk to express it.

Contents
1 Causes
2 Treatment
3 See also
4 References
5 External links

Causes
Causes include:[1]

Bipolar disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Panic attacks
Anxiety disorder
Alcohol withdrawal
Claustrophobia
Dementia

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Psychomotor agitation - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation

Parkinson's disease
Traumatic brain injury
Alzheimer's disease[2]
Acute intermittent porphyria
Hereditary coproporphyria
Variegate porphyria

Treatment
Intramuscular midazolam, lorazepam, or another benzodiazepine can be used to both sedate
agitated patients, and control semi-involuntary muscle movements in cases of suspected akathisia.

Droperidol, haloperidol, or other typical antipsychotics can decrease the duration of agitation
caused by acute psychosis, but should be avoided if the agitation is suspected to be akathisia, which
can be potentially worsened.[3] In those with psychosis causing agitation there is a lack of support
for the use of benzodiazepines, although they can prevent side effects associated with dopamine
antagonists.[4]

See also
Agitation (dementia)
Akathisia
Body-focused repetitive behavior
Psychomotor retardation
Stereotypy

References
1. Causes of Psychomotor agitation (http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/symptoms/psychomotor_agitation
/causes.htm), Retrieved 11th March 2016.
2. Koenig, AM; Arnold, SE; Streim, JE (January 2016). "Agitation and Irritability in Alzheimer's Disease:
Evidenced-Based Treatments and the Black-Box Warning.". Current psychiatry reports. 18 (1): 3.
doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0640-7. PMID 26695173.
3. Isbister GK, Calver LA, Page CB, Stokes B, Bryant JL, Downes MA (October 2010). "Randomized
controlled trial of intramuscular droperidol versus midazolam for violence and acute behavioral
disturbance: the DORM study". Ann Emerg Med. 56 (4): 392401.e1.
doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.05.037. PMID 20868907.
4. Gillies, D; Sampson, S; Beck, A; Rathbone, J (Apr 30, 2013). "Benzodiazepines for psychosis-induced
aggression or agitation.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 4: CD003079.
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003079.pub3. PMID 23633309.

External links

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