You are on page 1of 19

&RUHO'5$:

 QDMNUDLSULUXQLN
DXWRU3DYOH.QHHYL
&RUHO 'UDZ  MH JODYQL SURJUDP L] SURJUDPVNRJ SDNHWD &RUHO 'UDZ  NDQDGVNHILUPH&RUHO1DPHQMHQ MH ]D
GL]DMQ L ]D SULSUHPXWDPSH 9HRPD MH SUDNWLDQ L SRSXODUDQ D VYRMRP QDMQRYLMRP YHU]LMRP LVSUDYOMD JUHNH
SUHWKRGQLK YHU]LMD L QXGL LUL GLMDSD]RQ PRJXQRVWL 3RUHG &RUHO 'UDZD X SDNHWXVH QDOD]HL &RUHO 3+272
3$,17 REUDGD VOLND &RUHO &$3785( ]DVPHWDQMHWUHQXWQRJ SULND]DQD PRQLWRUXLOLQHNRJQMHJRYRJGHOD
XFOLSERDUG LWG

0HQLOLLQMD 7RROEDU 3URSHU\EDU =DJODYOMHSURJUDPD

5DGQDSRYULQD 6WDWXVQDOLQLMD

Ovaj fajl je skinut sa sajta www.tutoriali.org


7RROER[
$ODWL 7RROER[ 
3LFNWRRO ]DVHOHNWRYDQMHREMHNDWD
6KDSHWRRO ]DHGLWRYDQMHYRURYDLNULYLK
=RRPWRRO ]DNRQWUROX]XPLUDQMD
)UHHKDQGWRRO RORYND]DFUWDQMHVORERGQRPUXNRP
5HFWDQJOHWRRO ]DFUWDQMHSUDYRXJDRQLND
(OLSVHWRRO ]DFUWDQMHHOLSVL
3RO\JRQWRRO ]DFUWDQMHPQRJRXJORYD
7H[WWRRO ]DUDGVDWHNVWRP
,QWHUDFWLYHILOOWRRO ]DGRGDYDQMHILODREMHNWXXSRWUHERPPLD
,QWHUDFWLYHWUDQVSDUHQF\WRRO ]DGRGDYDQMHWUDQVSDUHQWQRVWLREMHNWXXSRWUHERPPLD
,QWHUDFWLYHEOHQGWRRO ]DEOHQGLUDQMHREMHNDWDPLHP
,QWHUDFWLYHH\HGURSHUWRRO SLSHWDX]LPDERMXVDQHNRJREMHNWD
2XWOLQHWRRO ]DHGLWRYDQMHNRQWXUDREMHNDWD
)LOOWRRO ]DHGLWRYDQMHILOOD LVSXQMHQMD REMHNDWD

6HWRYDQMHVWUDQH
.OLNRP QD /D\RXW RSFLMD 3DJH VHWXS SRGHDYDPR IRUPDW VWUDQHL RULMHQWDFLMX SDSLUD 9LGOMLYRVW LYLFH SDSLUD
SRGHDYD VH RSFLMRP 6KRZ 3DJH %RUGHU 7RROV L] PHQL OLQLMH NOLNRP QD 2SWLRQV NOLNRP X VWDEOX QD
'RFXPHQW?3DJH 3UHSRUXNDMHGUDWLXNOMXHQRMHUHVDPRREMHNWLNRMLVXQDSDSLUXELWLRGWDPSDQL'HRRSFLMD
VHWRYDQMDVWUDQHSRVWRMLQD3RUSHUW\EDUXNDGDMHDNWLYDQ3LFNWRROLNDGDMHVYHGHVHOHNWRYDQR

3LFN7RRO
6HOHNRYDQMHREMHNDWD
=DWR VHOHNWXMHPR REMHNWH" 6HOHNWXMHPRLK GD EL QD]QDLOL GD HOLPR QDG WLP VHOHNWRYDQLP REMHNWRP LOL
REMHNWLPD  GD SULPHQLPR QHNX RSHUDFLMX -HGQLP NOLNRP QD REMHNDW VHOHNWXMHWH REMHNDW 'UDQMHP 6KLIWD L
NOLNWDQMHP QD REMHNWH VHOHNWXMHWH YLH REMHNDWD 9LH REMHNDWD PRHWH VHOHNWRYDWL L UD]YODHQMHP VHOHNFLRQRJ
SUDYRXJDRQLND 6YH NUHLUDQH REMHNWH VHOHNWXMHWH GXSOLP NOLNRP QD 3LFN WRRO LOL (GLW  6HOHFW DOO 1DSRPHQD
=DGQMLNUHLUDQREMHNDWMHLVHOHNWRYDQEH]RE]LUDWR3LFNWRROQLMHDNWLYDQ
3RPHUDQMHREMHNDWD
.OLNQHPRQDVHOHNWRYDQLREMHNDW LOLREMHNWH ]DGULPROHYLWDVWHUSULWLVQXWLRGQHVHPRQDHOMHQRPHVWR$NR
SULOLNRPSRPHUDQMDGULPRWDVWHU&WUOREMHNDWHELWLSRPHUDQVDPRSR;LOLVDPRSR<RVL6HOHNWRYDQLREMHNDW
PRHWH SRPHUDWL L NRULHQMHP NXUVRU VWUHOLFD WDVWDWXUH .ROLNR H REMHNDW ELWL SRPHUDQ NRULHQMHP NXUVRU
VWUHOLFD SRGHDYDPRRSFLMRP 1XGJH XPHQLOLQLML7RROV2SWLRQV:RUNVSDFH (GLW 0RHLSUHNR3URSHUW\
EDUDNDGDMHVYHGHVHOHNWRYDQRLX]DNWLYDQ3LFNWRRO
6NDOLUDQMHREHNDWD
.DG MH REMHNDW VHOHNWRYDQ LOL REMHNWL VHOHNWRYDQL  RNR QMHJD SRVWRML RVDP UXLFDNYDGUDWLD HWLULUXLFHQD
RNRYLPDVOXH]D VNDOLUDQMH SURSRUFLRQDOQR SR; L < RVL 2VWDOH HWLULUXLFHVOXH]DVNDOLUDQMHVDPRSR;
OHYD L GHVQD  LOL VDPR SR< RVL JRUQMD L GRQMD $NRSULOLNRPVNDOLUDQMDGULWHWDVWHU6KLIWREMHNDWVNDOLUDWHX
RGQRVX QD QMHJRY FHQWDU 'UDQMHP WDVWHUD &WUO SULOLNRP VNDOLUDQMD REMHNDW SRYHDYDWH QWRVWUXNR  
SXWD 
5RWLUDQMHLXNRHQMHREMHNDWD
=DURWLUDQMHLXNRHQMHREMHNDWDNRULVWLPR3LFNWRRO3RWUHEQRMHGDSRQRYRNOLNQHPRQDVHOHNWRYDQLREMHNDW LOL
REMHNWH 'RELMDPR RVDPUXLFDVWUHOLFD L FHQWDU URWDFLMHREMHNWD5XLFHQDRNRYLPDVX]DURWDFLMXDRVWDOH
HWLUL ]D XNRHQMH REMHNWD &HQWDU URWDFLMH VH L]PHWD PLHP VWDQHPR PLHP QD FHQWDU URWDFLMH GRELMDPR

Ovaj fajl je skinut sa sajta www.tutoriali.org


NUVWL NOLNQHPR ]DGULPR SULWLVQXWOHYLWDVWHUPLD LRGQHVHPRJDQDHOMHQRPHVWR $NRWRNRPURWLUDQMD LOL
XNRHQMD  GULPRWDVWHU &WUO REMHNWDW HPRURWLUDWL LOL XNRVLWL  XPQRFLPDRG  VWHSHQL .ROLNL H ELWL RYDM
XPQRDNSRGHDYDVHRSFLMRP&RQVWUDLQDQJOH XPHQLOLQLML7RROV2SWLRQV:RUNVSDFH(GLW 
.RSLUDQMHREMHNDWD
2EMHNDW LOL REMHNWH  NRSLUDPR QD WUL QDLQD 3UYL QDLQ  VHOHNWXMHPR REMHNDW LOL REMHNWH  NOLNQHPR QD
(GLW&RS\ LOL SULWLVQHPR &WUO& NOLNQHPR QD (GLW3DVWH LOL SULWLVQHPR &WUO9 6DGD MH VHOHNWRYDQL REMHNDW
NRSLMDNRMDVHQDOD]LSUHNRRULJLQDOD'UXJLQDLQ SRQHPRGDSUHQRVLPRREMHNDWQDGUXJRPHVWR JGHHOLPR
GD EXGH NRSLMD L SUH SXWDQMD OHYRJ WDVWHUD PLD SULWLVQHPR GHVQL SD SXVWLPR OHYL 7UHL QDLQ  SRQHPR
GHVQLP WDVWHURP PLD GD SUHQRVLPR REMHNDW QD GUXJRPHVWR JGH HOLPRGDEXGHNRSLMD.DGD RWSXVWLPRGHVQL
WDVWHUSRMDYLVHSOLYDMXLPHQLXNRPHL]DEHUHPR&RS\+HUH

=RRPWRRO


$ODWL]D]XPLUDQMH
XYHOLDYDQMHSRJOHGDVHOHNWRYDQMHPSUDYRXJDRQLNRP
SDQWRRO]DSRPHUDQMHSRJOHGDEH]VFUROOEDUD
XYHDYDQMHSRJOHGDGYDSXWD
XPDQMLYDQMHSRJOHGDGYDSXWD
SRJOHGXVWYDUQRMYHOLLQL
SRJOHGQDVHOHNWRYDQHREMHNWH
SRJOHGQDVYHREMHNWH
SRJOHGQDVWUDQX
SRJOHGQDLULQXVWUDQH
SRJOHGQDYLVLQXVWUDQH
'D EL DODWL ]D ]XPLUDQMH ELOL VWDOQR GRVWXSQL L NDGD =RRP WRRO QLMH DNWLYDQ SRWUHEQRMH L]DEUDWL X PHQL OLQLML
7RROV  2SWLRQV  :RUNVSDFH  &XVWRPL]H L XNOMXLWL =RRP ,OL NUDH NOLN GHVQLP WDVWHURP QD 7RRO EDU L
XNOMXLYDQMHPRSFLMH=RRP

)UHHKDQGWRRO
2YRMHDODW]DFUWDQMHOLQLMDVORERGQRPUXNRPLNUHLUDQMHSUDYLKOLQLMD&UWDQMHVOREQRPUXNRP VWDQHPRPLHP
QD PHVWR RGDNOH HOLPR ]DSRHWL OLQLMX NOLNQHPR L ]DGULPR OHYL WDVWHU PLD SULWLVQXW L SRPHUDPR UXNRP X
HOMHQRP SUDYFX .UHLUDQMH SUDYLK OLQLMD NOLNQHPRPLHP QD PHVWR JGH HOLPR SRHWDN OLQLMH L NOLNQHPRQD
PHVWR JGH HOLPRNUDMOLQLMH$NRSULOLNRPNUHLUDQMDSUDYHOLQLMHNRULVWLWHWDVWHU&WUOGRELMDHWHOLQLMHSRGXJORP
NRML MH XPQRDN XJOD RG  VWHSHQL RYDM XPQRDN PRH VH SURPHQLWLRSFLMRP &RQVWUDLQDQJOH 6YDND SUDYD
OLQLMD LPDGYH SUHORPQH WDNH YRUD   WR VX SRHWDN L NUDM OLQLMH 2WYRUHQH L]ORPOMHQH OLQLMH GRELMDPR NDGD
SRVOH QDFUWDQHSUYH OLQLMH ]D SRHWDN GUXJHOLQLMHNOLNQHPRQDSUHORPQXWDNXSUYHOLQLMHRGUHGLPRNUDMGUXJH
OLQLMH SD WX WDNX X]PHPR ]D SRHWDN WUHH OLQLMH LWG =DWYRUHQH L]ORPOMHQH OLQLMH GRELMDPR NDGD VH
SRGXGDUDMXSRHWDNSUYHLNUDM]DGQMHOLQLMH

5HFWDQJOH(OLSVHL3RO\JRQWRRO
3UDYRXJDRQLNH HOLSVH L PQRJRXJORYH NUHLUDPRQD LVWL QDLQ NOLNQHPR ]DGULPR OHYL WDVWHU PLD SULWLVQXW L
SXVWLPR NDG HOLPR GD REMHNDW EXGH JRWRY $NR WRNRP NUHLUDQMD REMHNWD NRULVWLWH WDVWHU &WUONUHLUDWH SUDYLOQH
REMHNWH NYDGUDWH NUXJRYH L PQRJRXJORYH  $NR SULOLNRP NUHLUDQMD NRULVWLWH WDVWHU 6KLIW REMHNDW SRLQMHWH GD
NUHLUDWHL]QMHJRYRJFHQWUD

Ovaj fajl je skinut sa sajta www.tutoriali.org


5XOHUV OHQMLUL
9LGOMLYRVWKRUL]RQWDOQRJLYHUWLNDOQRJOHQMLUDUHJXOLHWHX9LHZ 5XOHUV0HUQHMHGLQLFH]DOHQMLUHSRGHDYDMXVH
XSROMX8QLWV 7RROV2SWLRQV'RFXPHQW5XOHUVLOLSUHNR3URSHUW\EDUDNDGDVXVYLREMHNWLGHVHOHNWRYDQLL
X]DNWLYDQ3LFNWRRO

+HOS SRPR
'HR SURJUDPD &RUHO 'UDZ MH L &RUHO 78725NRML YDP PRHSRPRLXUDGX=QDHQMH LXSRWUHEXQHNH RSFLMH
PRHWH SRWUDLWL X PHQL OLQLML VD +HOS  ,QGH[ XSLVLYDQMHP HOMHQH RSFLMH L NOLNRP QD GXJPHQFH 'LVSOD\
7DNRHWUHQXWQXSRPR XYH]LQHNH RSFLMHNRMDQLMH XPHQLOLQLMLPRHWH GRELWLLNOLNRPGHVQLPWHDVWHURPPLD
SRWRMRSFLMLSDNOLNRPQDSOLYDMXLPHQL:KDWV7KLV"

2XWOLQHWRRO
.OLNWDQMHPQD2XWOLQHWRRORWYDUDMXVHVOHGHHSRGRSFLMH

 

3RGRSFLMH VOHYDQDGHVQR 
GLMDORJ]DSRGHDYDQMHNRQWXUDREMHNWD
GLMDORJ]DGHWDOMQRSRGHDYDQMHERMHNRQWXUDREMHNWD
XNLGDQMHRXWOLQHDREMHNWD
GRGHOMLYDQMHGHEOMLQHRXWOLQHDRGPP SRLQWD LOL+DLUOLQHRXWOLQH 
GRGHOMLYDQMHGHEOMLQHRXWOLQHDRGSRLQWD
GRGHOMLYDQMHGHEOMLQHRXWOLQHDRGSRLQWD
GRGHOMLYDQMHGHEOMLQHRXWOLQHDRGSRLQWD
GRGHOMLYDQMHGHEOMLQHRXWOLQHDRGSRLQWD
GRGHOMLYDQMHGHEOMLQHRXWOLQHDRGSRLQWD
1DSRPHQH
'LMDORJ ]D GHWDOMQR SRGHDYDQMHERMH NRQWXUDREMHNDWD   VH GRELMDLNDGDXGLMDORJX]DSRGHDYDQMHNRQWXUD
REMHNDWD  RWYRULWHVSLVDNERMDLNOLNQHWHQDGXJPHQFH2WKHUV
2SFLMH  GRELMDWH L NDGD X GLMDORJX ]D SRGHDYDQMH NRQWXUD REMHNDWD   L]DEHUHWH GD GHEOMLQX OLQLMH
SRGHDYDWHXSRLQWLPDLL]DEHUHWHRGJRYDUDMXXGHEOMLQX

)LOOWRRO
.OLNWDQMHPQD)LOOWRRORWYDUDMXVHVOHGHHSRGRSFLMH
3RGRSFLMH VOHYDQDGHVQR 

'LMDORJ]DSRGHDYDQMHXQLIRUPQHERMHLVSXQMHQMDREMHNWD
'LMDORJ]DIHUODXILVSXQMHQMHREMHNWD )RXQWDLQILOO 
'LMDORJ]DLVSXQMHQMHREMHNWDGYRERMQLPYLHERMQLPLELWPDSREUDVFHP 3DWWHUQILOOGLDORJ 
'LMDORJ]DLVSXQMHQMDREMHNWDWHNVWXURP 7H[WXUHILOO 
'LMDORJ]D3RVWVFULSWLVSXQMHQMHREMHNWD
=DXNLGDQMHLVSXQMHQMDREMHNWD
'LMDORJ]DXQLIRUPQXERMXLVSXQMHQMDREMHNWD
5ROOXS]DSRGHDYDQMHLVSXQMHQMDREMHNWD
1DSRPHQD3RPRX,QWHUDFWLYHILOOWRRODL3URSHUW\EDU PRHWHGDPHQMDWHLVSXQMHQMHREMHNWD

Ovaj fajl je skinut sa sajta www.tutoriali.org


6HWRYDQMHSURJUDPD&RUHO'UDZ
6HWRYDQMHMH SRGHDYDQMHSURJUDPDGDUDGLQDRGUHHQLQDLQ
LOLSRRGUHHQRMRSFLML8WHNVWXNRMLVOHGLELHREMDQMHQGHR
VHWRYDQMD  NDNR VHWXMHWH &RUHO 'UDZ GD VYDNRP QRYRP
REMHNWX JUDILNH NRML NUHLUDPR SULGRGDMH RGUHHQH DWULEXWH
NRQWXUH RXWOLQHD  L LVSXQMHQMD ILOOD  2 VHWRYDQMX WHNVW
REMHNDWDELHUHLNDVQLMH
3ULOLNRP VHWRYDQMDREMHNDWD JUDILNH L OL  WHNVW REMHNDWD SUYL L
REDYH]QL NRUDN MH GHVHOHNWRYDQMH VYLK REMHNDWD 7R LQLPR
NOLNRP QD SUD]DQ GHR UDGQH SRYULQH LOL SDSLUD 3RWRP
L]DEHUHPR2XWOLQHWRRO ]DVHWRYDQMHNRQWXUD  LOL )LOOWRRO ]D
VHWRYDQMHILOOD LL]DEHUHPRQHNXRGSRQXHQLK RSFLMD=DWLP
&RUHOSRVWDYOMDVOHGHHSLWDQMH
3RWUHEQR MH GD RGJRYRULWH NRMLP WLSRYLPD QRYLK REMHNWDWD
GRGHOMXMHWH DWULEXWH NRMH QDPHUDYDWH GD GHILQLHWH 6YDNL
QRYRNUHLUDQL REMHNDW WLSD NRML VWHRYGH XNOMXLOL ELH NUHLUDQ
SDUDPHWULPDNRMHVWHXSUDYRGHILQLVDOL

5HGRVOHGREMHNDWD
2EMHNWLNRMHNUHLUDPRVPHWDMXVHQDMHGDQVORM OD\HU 6YDNLQRYRNUHLUDQLREMHNDWDXWRPDWVNLVHVPHWDSUHNR
SUHWKRGQR NUHLUDQRJ 'DNOH SUYL NUHLUDQ REMHNDW MH VNUR] SR]DGL D SRVOHGQMLNUHLUDQ REMHNDW MH VNUR]QDSUHG
5HGRVOHGVHOHNWRYDQRJREMHNWDVHPHQMDSRPRXPHQLMD$UUDQJHRSFLMD2UGHUNRMDQXGLSRGRSFLMH
7R)URQW SRVWDYOMDREMHNDWSUHNRRVWDOLK 
7R%DFN SRVWDYOMDREMHNDWL]DRVWDOLK 
)RUZDUG2QH SUHPHWDREMHNDWMHGQRPHVWRLVSUHG 
%DFN2QH SUHPHWDREMHNDWMHGQRPHVWRL]D 
,Q)URQW2I SUHPHWDREMHNDWLVSUHGHOMHQRJREMHNWD 
%HKLQG SUHPHWDREMHNDWL]DHOMHQRJREMHNWD 
5HYHUVHRUGHU SUDYLLQYHU]LMXUHGRVOHGDREMHNWDQDVORMX 
1DSRPHQD $NR VH REMHNWL QLJGH QH SUHNODSDMX QHHWH SULPHWLWL NRML MH SUHNR NRJD 7HN NDGD LK SUHNORSLWH
PRHWHGDXRLWHNDNRVXSRUHDQL

3RUDYQDQMHREMHNDWD
2YDM GLMDORJ ]D SRUDYQDQMH REMHNDWD GRELMD VH VD
$UUDQJH  $OLJQ DQG 'LVWULEXWH LOL NOLNRP QD
GXJPHQFH $OLJQ SD NOLNWDQMHP QD MH]LDN $OLJQ
QD 3RUSHUW\ EDUX 2SFLMH 7RS &HQWHU L %RWWRP
VOXH ]D KRUL]RQWDOQR SRUDYQDQMH REMHNDWD 2SFLMH
/HIW &HQWHU L5LJKWVOXH]DYHUWLNDOQRSRUDYQDQMH
REMHNDWD
3RUDYQDQMHGYDLOLYLHREMHNDWD
6YDNL REMHNDW LPD GHYHW WDDND ]D SRUDYQDQMH
VOLQR UXLFDPD ]D VNDOLUDQMH  2SFLMD $OLJQ
SRUDYQDYD GYH LVWH WDNH NRG UD]OLLWLK REMHNDWD
QSU JRUQMD OHYD WDND SUYRJ L JRUQMD OHYD WDND
GUXJRJREMHNWDLOLFHQWUDOQDWDNDSUYRJLFHQWUDOQD
WDND GUXJRJ REMHNWD LWG  3ULOLNRP SRUDYQDQMD REMHNDWD MHGDQ REMHNDW QHH PHQMDWL PHVWR D RVWDOL H VH
SRUDYQDWLXRGQRVXQDQMHJD3RVOHGQMLVHOHNWRYDQLREMHNDWQHHPHQMDWLPHVWR

Ovaj fajl je skinut sa sajta www.tutoriali.org


3RUDYQDQMHREMHNWD LOLREMHNDWD XRGQRVXQDVWUDQX
$NR HOLPR GD REMHNDW LOL REMHNWH  SRUDYQDPR X RGQRVX QD FHQWDU VWUDQHXNOMXLHPR&HQWHU RI SDJH 'D EL
SRUDYQDOLREMHNDWXRGQRVX QDLYLFHVWUDQHXNOMXLHPR(GJHRISDJHLSRVOXLWLVHRSFLMDPD]DYHUWLNDOQR WRS
FHQWHUERWWRP LKRUL]RQWDOQR OHIWFHQWHUULJKW SRUDYQDQMH

*UXSLVDQMHREMHNDWD
*UXSLVDQMH QDMHH NRULVWLPR GD EL VPR YLH REMHNDWD WUHWLUDOL NDR MHGDQ WR QDP RODNDYD SRPHUDQMH L
NRSLUDQMHREMHNDWD SRUDYQDYDQMH DOLJQ REMHNDWDGRGHOMLYDQMHLVWRJILOODLRXWOLQHDLGUXJR
.DNR JUXSLHPR" 6HOHNWXMHPR REMHNWH RG NRMLK HOLPR GD EXGX JUXSD L NOLNQHPR QD $UUDQJH  *URXS LOL
SULWLVQHPR&WUO*LOL SUHNR 3URSHUW\ EDUD GXJPHQFH*URXS 6HOHNWRYDQXJUXSXREMHNDWDPRHPRUD]JUXSLVDWL
VD $UUDQJH  8QJURXS LOL &WUO8 LOL SUHNR 3URSHUW\ EDUD GXJPHQFH 8QJURXS 7DNRH PRHPR YLH JUXSD
JUXSLVDWL X YHX JUXSX 9HX JUXSXPRHPRUD]JUXSLVDWLQDSRMHGLQDQHREMHNWHVD$UUDQJH8QJURXS$OO
LOLSUHNR3URSHUW\EDUDGXJPHQFH8QJURXS$OO
0HXWLP REMHNWL LDNR VX JUXSLVDQL L GDOMH RVWDMX GHOLPLQR VDPRVWDOQL 3RMHGLQDQL REMHNDW L] JUXSH &KLOG
REMHFW  VHOHNWXMHPR NRULVWHL WDVWHU &WUO SULOLNRP VHOHNWRYDQMD 1DG REMHNWRP L] JUXSH VH PRJX L]YULWL VDPR
QHNH RG RSHUDFLMD NRMH VX PRJXH QDG RELQLP REMHNWRP 1D SULPHU SRPHUDQMH NRSLUDQMH L]PHQD ILOOD
L]PHQDRXWOLQHD

6KDSHWRRO
1DPHQMHQ MH ]D HGLWRYDQMH SUDYLK L NULYLK OLQLMD L YRURYD REMHNDWD QDFUWDQLK SRPRX )UHHKDQG WRROD
0RJXQRVWWUDQVIRUPDFLMHSRPRXRYRJDODWDMHRJURPQD
.DGD MHDNWLYDQ6KDSHWRRONOLNWDQMHPQDREMHNDWGRELMDWHUDVSRUHGSUHORPQLKWDDND YRURYD WRJREMHNWD WR
VX NYDGUDWLL QD NRQWXUL REMHNWD 6OLQR NDR NRG REMHNDWD SUHORPQD WDND VH VHOHNWXMH MHGQLP NOLNRP OHYLP
WDVWHURP PLD YLH QMLK NOLNWDQMHP X] GUDQMH 6KLIWD LOL VHOHNFLRQLP SUDYRXJDRQLNRP7DNRPRHWH SRPHUDWL
MHGQXLOLYLHSUHORPQLKWDDNDSUDYRXJDRQLNDLOLQDGQMLPDSULPHQLWLQHNXRGRSFLMDLMHREMDQMHQMHVOHGL
2SFLMH]DUDGVDNULYDPDLSUHORPQLPWDNDPDVHYLGHQD3URSHUW\EDUXNDGDMHDNWLYDQ6KDSH7RRO

  

3RPRX 6KDSH WRROD PRHWH L ]DREOLWL XJORYH SUDYRXJDRQLND SUDYLWL LVHNHLRGVHNHHOLSVLRGPQRJRXJORYD


SUDYLWL]YH]GH
1DSRPHQD3RPRX6KDSHWRRODQHPRHWHWUDQVIRUPLVDWLJUXSLVDQHREMHNWH

GRGDYDQMHYRUD VSDMDGYHVHOHNWRYDQHWDNHOLQLMRP
HOLPLQLVDQMHYRUD UD]GYDMDQMHMHGQHNULYH OLQLMH XGYH
VSDMDQMHGYDVHOHNWRYDQDYRUDXMHGDQ VSDMDQMH SRHWQRJ L NUDMQMHJ YRUD NULYH
OLQLMH 
UD]GYDMDQMHVHOHNWRYDQRJYRUDXGYD
VNDOLUDQMHYRURYD
SUHWYDUDQMHNULYHXOLQLMX
URWDFLMDLXNRHQMHYRURYD
SUHWYDUDQMHOLQLMHXNULYX
SRUDYQDQMHVHOHNWRYDQLKYRURYD
VORPOMHQLYRU
W P D K

Ovaj fajl je skinut sa sajta www.tutoriali.org


.RQYHUWRYDQMHREMHNWDXNULYX
3UDYRXJDRQLNH HOLSVH L PQRJRXJORYH NUHLUDQH 5HFWDQJOH (OLSVH LOL 3RO\JRQ WROORP 6KDSH WRRORP PRHPR
PRGLILNRYDWLQDGYDQDLQD3UYLPQDLQRP SUDYRXJDRQLFLPDPRHPR]DREOLWLXJORYHRGHOLSVLSUDYLWLRGVHNH
L LVHNH RG PQRJRXJORYD SUDYLWL ]YH]GH 0HXWLP 6KDSH WRRORP JRUH QDYHGHQH REMHNWH QH PRHPR
WUDQVIRUPLVDWL NDR RVWDOH REMHNWH NUHLUDQH )UHHKDQG WRRORP  1H PRHPR QLMHGQX RSFLMX 6KDSH WRROD
XSRWUHELWL=DWR MHSRWUHEQRGDSUDYRXJRQLNHOLSVXLOLPQRJRXJDRNRQYHUWXMHPRXNULYX6HOHNWRYDQLREMHNDWVH
NRQYHUWXMHXNULYXSRPRX PHQLOLQLMH VD$UUDQJH &RYHUWWRFXUYHVLOLSUHNR3URSHUW\EDUDLOL&WUO43RWRP
REMHNDWPRHPRWUDQVIRUPLVDWLRSFLMDPD1RGH(GLWD

-RQHWRR7RROEDUX
.QLIHWRRO QR
.OLNRPQD6KDSHWRROL]DGUDYDQMHP OHYRJWDVWHUDPLD GRELMDWHDODW.QLIHWRRONRMLVOXL]DLVHFDQMHREMHNDWD
'D EL REMHNDW ELR VHHQ RYLP DODWRP SRWUHEQR MH GD SUHWKRGQR EXGH VOHNWRYDQ 'D EL VWH SULOLNRP VHHQMD
REMHNWDRGMHGQRJGRELOLGYDSRWUHEQRMHGDQD3URSHU\EDUXLVNOMXLWH/HDYH $V2QH2EMHFW'DELVHREMHNWL
QDPHVWLPDJGH VXLVHHQL]DWYRULOLSRWUHEQRMHGDQD3URSHU\EDUXXNOMXLWH$XWR&ORVH2Q&XW2SFLMH/HDYH
$V2QH2EMHFWL$XWR&ORVH2Q&XWPRHWH GRELWLLSRPRXPHQLOLQLMH VD7RROV2SWLRQVMH]LDN7RROER[
LOLNOLNRPGHVQLPWDVWHURPPLDQD.QLIHWRROSDSRWRPQD3URSHUWLHV
(UDVHU7RRO JXPLFD
.OLNRP QD 6KDSH WRRO L ]DGUDYDQMHP OHYRJ WDVWHUD PLD GRELMDWH (UDVHU WRRO NRML DODW ]D EULVDQMH REMHNDWD
3URPHU JXPLFH PHQMD VH QD 3URSHUW\ EDUX PRH L PHQL OLQLMRP VD 7RROV  2SWLRQV MH]LDN 7RROER[ LOL
NOLNRPGHVQLPWDVWHURPPLDQD(UDVHUWRROSDSRWRPQD3URSHUWLHV
%H]LHU 7RRO
.OLNRP L ]DGUDYDQMHP OHYRJ WDVWHUDPLD QD )UHHKDQGWRROX GRELMD VH%H]LHU WRRONRMLMHQDPHQMHQ ]DFUWDQMH
SUDYLK LOL NULYLK OLQLMD =D UD]OLNX RG )UHHKDQGWRROD %H]LHU WRRO NUHLUD OLQLMH WHN NDG NLOLNRP OHYLP WDWHURP
PLDRGUHGLWHSUHORPQXWDNX]DNUDMOLQLMH
$UWLVWLF0HGLD7RRO XPHWQLNR SHUR 
.OLNRPL]DGUDYDQMHP OHYRJWDVWHUDPLD QD)UHHKDQGWRROXGRELMDVH$UWLVWLF0HGLDWRRO3RPRXRYRJDODWD
PRHPRFUWDWLOLQLMH NRMHVXXVWYDULJRWRYLREMHNWLNRMLPDVHPRHGRGHOLWLQHNLILOOLNRMLLPDMXRXWOLQH2SFLMH
$UWLVWLF0HGLDWRRODPRHWHSRGHDYDWLQD3URSHUW\EDUX
'LPHQVLRQ7RRO DODW]DGLPHQ]LRQLVDQMH
.OLNRP L ]DGUDYDQMHP OHYRJ WDVWHUDPLD QD )UHHKDQGWRROX GRELMDVH'LPHQVLRQ7RRO1D3URSHUW\EDUXVH
SRMDYOMXMX DODWL 'LPHQVLRQ WRROD ]D KRUL]RQWDOQR YHUWLNDOQR L XNRHQR GLPHQ]LRQLVDQMH REMHNDWD NDR L ]D
GLPHQ]LRQLVDQMH XJORYD L &DOORXW WRRO ]D REHOHHYDQMH REMHNDWD 0RJXH MH L SRGHDYDWL PHUQH MHGLQLFH
GLPHQ]LRQLVDQMDLQMLKRYXYLGOMLYRVWEURMGHFLPDOQLKPHVWDLWG
5ROOXS]DGLPHQ]LRQLVDQMHPRHWHSRPRX GYDEU]DNOLND3LFNWRRORPQDQHNXYHNUHLUDQXGLPHQ]LMX
6SLUDO7RRO DODW]DNUHLUDQMHVSLUDOD
.OLNRP L ]DGUDYDQMHP OHYRJ WDVWHUD PLD QD 5HFWDQJOH WRROX GRELMD VH 6SLUDO WRRO 2SFLMH ]D UDG VD RYLP
DODWRPVHQDOD]HQD3URSHUW\EDUX3RGHDYDQMHRYRJDODWDPRHWHXUDGLWLLGYRNOLNRPPLDQD6SLUDOWRRO
*UDSK3DSHU7RRO
.OLNRPL]DGUDYDQMHPOHYRJWDVWHUDPLDQD5HFWDQJOHWRROXGRELMDVH*UDSKSDSHUWRRO2SFLMH]DUDGVDRYLP
DODWRPQDOD]HVHQD3URSHUW\EDUXNDGDMHDODWDNWLYDQ3RGHDYDQMHRYRJDODWDPRHWHXUDGLWLLGYRNOLNRPPLD
QD*UDSKSDSHUWRRO
'LVWRUWLRQ7RRO
$ODW QDPHQMHQ ]D GLVWRU]LMX REMHNDWD 1D 3URSHUW\ EDU PRH VH ELUDWL QDLQ GLVWRU]LMH REMHNWD 3XVK DQG3XOO
'LVWRUWLRQ=LSSHU'LVWRUWLRQ7ZLVWHU'LVWRUWLRQ6HOHNWRYDQLREMHNDWVHRYLPDODWRPWDQVIRUPLHNOLNRPOHYLP
WDVWHURP PLD SR REMHNWX LOL YDQ QMHJD  ]DGUDYDQMHP OHYRJ WDVWHUD PLD SRYODHQMHP X QHNRP SUDYFX L
QDM]DGRWSXWDQMHPOHYRJWDVWHUDPLD

Ovaj fajl je skinut sa sajta www.tutoriali.org


.RSLUDQMHRVRELQDRGGUXJRJREMHNWD
6HOHNWRYDQRP REMHNWX LOL REMHNWLPD  PRHPR GRGHOLWL RVRELQX )LOO L OL  2XWOLQH  QHNRJ GUXJRJ REMHNWD .OLN
PLHP X PHQL OLQLML QD (GLW  &RS\ 3URSHUWLHV
)URP LOL &WUO6KLIW$  SD VH X GLMDORJ ERNVX
NRMLVHSRMDYLRL]MDVQLPRNRMHRGRVRELQDHOLPR
GD LVNRSLUDPRQD VHOHNWRYDQLREMHNDWSDNOLNQD
REMHNDW RG NRJD HOLPR GD LVNRSLUDPR RVRELQX
RYDMREMHNDWQHVPHELWLVHOHNWRYDQ 
2VRELQHPRHPR NRSLUDWL L DNR GHVQLPWDVWHURP
RGQHVHPR REMHNDW LMX RVRELQX HOLPR GD
NRSLUDPR SUHNR REMHNWD NRPH HOLPR GD
GRGHOLPR WX RVRELQX L SRWRP X PHQLMX NRML VH
SRMDYLRL]DEHUHPRNRMXRVRELQXNRSLUDPR

3RJOHGQDREMHNWH
7RNRP UDGD X &RUHOX DNR UDGL VD YHLP EURMHP NRPSOHNVQLK REMHNDWD PRJX VH MDYLWL SHULRGL HNDQMD NRML
XVSRUDYDMXYDUDG=DWR PRHWH L]DEUDWLSRJOHGL]PHQLOLQLMH NRMLHSURPHQLWLVDPRQDLQ SULND]DREMHNDWDQD
PRQLWRUXDOLQHREMHNWH.OLNRPPLHPQD9LHZXPHQLOLQLMLGRELMDMHVHSRGRSFLMH
6LPSOH:LUHIUDPH 3ULND]DQLVXVDPR2XWOLQHRYLREMHNDWD
:LUHIUDPH 1LVXSULND]DQLQL)LOORYLQL2XWOLQHRYLREMHNDWD
'UDIW 3ULND]DQLVX2XWOLQHRYLLQHNL)LOORYL
1RUPDO 3ULND]DQRMHVYH
(QKDQFHG 'DMHQDMEROMLNYDOLWHWSULND]D

=DNOMXDYDQMHREMHNWD
3RQHNDG MH SRWUHEQR REMHNDW ILNVLUDWL WDNR GD RQ QH PRH GDVHSRPHUDURWLUDXNRVLNRSLUDREULHLOLQDELOR
NRML QDLQ L]PHQL -HGDQ LOL YLH VHOHNWRYDQLK REMHNDWD PRJX VH ]DNOMXDWL NOLNRP X PHQL OLQLML QD $UUDQJH 
/RFN 2EMHFW .DVQLMH VHVHOHNWRYDQLREMHNDWPRHRWNOMXDWLELUDQMHPXPHQLOLQLML$UUDQJH 8QORFN2EMHFW
6YL]DNOMXDQLREMHNWLVHRWNOMXDYDMXVD$UUDQJH8QORFN$OO2EMHFW

5DGVDWHNVWRP
&RUHO 'UDZ SRVHGXMH GYD PRGD UDGD VD WHNVWRP $UWLVWLF WH[W L 3DUDJUSDK WH[W $UWLVWLF WH[W XPHWQLNL 
NRULVWLPR]D NUDH]DSLVH LDNRHOLPRGDQDG LVWLPL]YULPRYHHWUDQVIRUPDFLMH3DUDJUDSKWH[W&RUHO'UDZD
NRULVWLPR]DGXH]DSLVHRGQRVQR&RUHO'UDZLPDPDOLWHNVWSURFHVRUXVHEL
)LOO L RXWOLQH VNDOLUDQMH URWLUDQMH L RVWDOH UDQLMH SRPHQXWH WUDQVIRUPDFLMH RYLK REMHNDWD YULPR NDR L NRG
REMHNDWDJUDILNH3RGHDYDQMDREMHNDWDWHNVWXDOQRJWLSD $UWLVWLFLOL3DUDJUDSK UDGLPRSRPRX3URSHUW\EDUD

$UWLVWLFWH[W
'D EL VWHNUHLUDOLQHNL REMHNDWNRMLMH$UWLVWLFWH[WWLSDSRWUHEQRMHGD NOLNQHWHPLHP QDLNRQLFX7H[W7RRODX
WRROER[X NOLNQHWH PLHP QD UDGQRM SRYULQL QD PHVWX JGH HOLWH GD SRQH LVSLV YDHJ WHNVWD L RWNXFDWH WD
HOLWH
6HOHNWRYDQL WHNVW PRHPR QDNQDGQR HGLWRYDWL DNR L] PHQL OLQLMH L]DEHUHPR 7H[W  (GLW 7H[W LOL SULWLVQHPR
&WUO6KLIW7(GLWRYDQMHMHPRJXH LQHSRVUHGQRQDUDGQRMSRYULQLDNRMHXNOMXHQDRSFLMD(GLWWH[WRQVFUHHQ
GRNRMHGROD]LPRSRPRXPHQLOLQLMHVD7RROV 2SWLRQVMH]LDN7H[W

Ovaj fajl je skinut sa sajta www.tutoriali.org


)RUPDWLUDQMHWHNVWDUDGLPRSRPRXPHQLOLQLMH7H[W )RUPDW WH[WLOL&WUO7

3RPRX MH]LND )RQWSRGHDYDPR IRQW YHOLLQXIRQWD VL]H  VWLO VW\OH SRGYXHQRVW XQGHUOLQH SUHYXHQRVW
VWULNHWKUX QDGYXHQRVW RYHUVFRUH SUHEDFLYDQMHXYHOLNDVORYD 8SSHUFDVH LSR]LFLMX SODFHPHQW 
3RPRX MH]LDND 6SDFH L $OLJQ SRGHDYDPR UD]PDN L]PHX VORYD X UHL &KDUDFWHU  UD]PDN L]PHX UHL
:RUG UD]PDNL]PHXUHGRYDSDVXVD /LQH LUDYQDQMHWHNVWD $OLJPHQW

3RUDYQDQMHWHNVWDX]VWD]X
7HNVW VH PRH LVSLVDWL L GX QHNH VWD]H REMHNWD LOL OLQLMH 3RWUHEQR GDMHGDNUHLUDWHHOMHQLWHNVWLREMHNDWX]
NRMLHWHNVWELWLLVSLVDQ VWD]XSRWRPGDLKREDVHOHNWXMHWHLL]PHQLOLQLMHL]DEHUHWH7H[W)LW7H[W7R3DWK3R
DNWLYLUDQMX RYH RSFLMH SRMDYOMXMX VH SRGRSFLMH QD 3URSHU\ EDUX *RUQMD VOLND DNR MH VWD]DOLQLMD LOL VSLUDOD D
GRQMDVOLNDDNRMHVWD]DHOLSVDSUDYRXJDRQLNLOLPQRJRXJDR 

Ovaj fajl je skinut sa sajta www.tutoriali.org


GHWHUPLQL GHWHUPLQL GHWHUPLQLH GHWHUPLQL GHWHUPLQLH VPHWD
H HGDOLVH KRUL]RQWDOQ H KRUL]RQDWDOQ WHNVWVD
XNODSDQMH VWD]DL XSR]LFLMX YHUWLNDOQR RXGDOMHQMH GUXJH
VORYDX VORYD O DL XGDOMHQMH O DRG VWUDQH
RGX QD NODSDMX O DRG

GHWHUPLQLHRULMHQWDFLMXVORYDVORYDPRJXELWLQDJRUQMRMGRQMRMOHYRMLOLGHVQRM

2VWDOHWUDQVIRUPDFLMH$UWLVWLFWH[WD
3RPRX 6KDSH WRROD VORYD MHGQRJ REMHNWD VH PRJX SUHPHWDWL PHXVREQR QH]DYLVQR 'D EL L]PHQLOL ILOO LOL
RXWOLQH MHGQRJ VORYD LOL JD SUHPHVWLOL SRWUHEQR MH GD JD VHOHNWXMHPR 7R LQLPR NOLNRP QD NYDGUDWL SRUHG
HOMHQRJ VORYD 9LH VORYD VHOHNWXMHPR GUDQMHP WDVWHUD 6KLIW L NOLNWDQMHP QD HOMHQD VORYD $NR WHNVW
NRQYHUWXMHPRXNULYXVORYDXREMHNDWPRHPRWUDQVIRUPLVDWLSRPRXRSFLMD6KDSHWRRODVD3URSHU\EDUD

'XSOLNDWLLNORQRYLREMHNWD
6HOHNWRYDQL REMHNDW LOL REMHNWH  PRHWH GXSOLFLUDWL ELUDQMHP L] PHQL OLQLMH RSFLMH (GLW  'XSOLFDWH LOL &WUO'
'XSOLNDW VH ]D UD]OLNX RG RELQHNRSLMHREMHNWDNDGDMHSUDYLPRRSFLMDPD&RS\L3DVWHQHVPHWDXPHPRULMX
&OLSERDUG 'XSOLFLUDQLREMHNDWVHSRMDYOMXMHRGPDKQDUDGQRMSRYULQL1DNRPPHVWXHVHGXSOLNDWSRMDYLWLX
RGQRVXQDRULJLQDOSRGHDYDPRQDGYDQDLQD 3UYLQDLQ 1D3URSHUW\EDUX NDGDMHDNWLYDQ3LFNWRROLNDGD
MH VYHGHVHOHNWRYDQR RSFLMRP'XSOLFDWH'LVWDQFH'UXJLQDLQ L]ERURPXPHQLOLQLML7RROV2SWLRQV LVWRMH
&WUO- :RUNVSDFH(GLW RSFLMD'XSOLFDWHSODFHPHQWDQGQXGJH 3R]LWLYQHYUHGQRVWLSRVWDYOMDMXGXSOLNDWJRUHL
GHVQRDQHJDWLYQHGROHLOHYRRGRULJLQDOD
6HOHNWRYDQLREMHNDW LOL REMHNWH  PRHPR L NORQLUDWL &LOM NORQLUDQMD MH GD VH QHNH RG SURPHQDQDGRULJLQDOQLP
PDVWHU REMHNWRPRGPDKSULPHQMXMXLQDGNORQRP6HOHNWRYDQLREMHNDWVHNORQLUDRSFLMRP(GLW&ORQH$NRVH
QDSUDYLELOR NDNYDSURPHQDQDGNORQRPDGDWRQLMH XUDHQRSUHNRRULJLQDODNORQSRVWDMHVDPRVWDODQREMHNDW
DOLVDPR]DWXRVRELQX$NRQDSULPHUVHOHNWXMHPRQHNLNORQLL]PHQLPRPXILOORQHSRVWDWLVDPRVWDODQNDGD
MH ILOO X SLWDQMX D ]D RVWDOH RVRELQH H QDVWDYLWL GD ]DYLVL RG RULJLQDOD *GH H VH ]DGDYDQMHP QDUHGEH ]D
NORQLUDQMH SRMDYLWL NORQ X RGQRVX QD RULJLQDOSRGHDYDVHLGHQWLQRNDR]DSRMDYXGXSOLNDWD'XSOLNDWNORQDMH
NORQRULJLQDODMHUNORQNORQDQHSRVWRML

Ovaj fajl je skinut sa sajta www.tutoriali.org


7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ5ROO8S
HVWR MH SRWUHEQR SRPHULWL URWLUDWL VNDOLUDWL SURPHQLWL YHOLLQX LOL XNRVLWL REMHNDW 6YH RYR VH PRH XUDGLWL
LQWHUDNWLYQR QD GR VDGD RSLVDQH QDLQH 0HXWLPMDYOMD VH SUREOHP PHWULNH SUHFL]QRVWL RYLK RSHUDFLMD 1D
SULPHU NDNR SRPHULWL REMHNDW ]D  PP XOHYR LOL NDNR URWLUDWL REMHNDW ]D  VWHSHQL LSULWRP L]PHVWLWL PX
FHQWDUURWDFLMHPPQDJRUHLPPXOHYRLOLVNDOLUDWLREMHNDWQDSUYRELWQHYHOLLQHLOLXNRVLWLJD
VWHSHQLLOLPX]DGDWLGLPHQ]LMHPPVDPPLWG
3UHFL]QR REDYOMDQMH RYLK RSHUDFLMD YULPR SRPRX 7UDQVIRUP 5ROO 8SD 'RELMDPR JD NDGD X PHQL OLQLML
L]DEHUHPR$UUDQJH7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ

2GDELU HOMHQH
WUDQVIRUPDFLMH

3ULPHQD
QD

3ULPHU]DYHEX
1DSUDYLWL IRUPXODU GLPHQ]LMD  Y  VD  K  PLOLPHWDUD 2G OHYH LYLFH IRUPXODUDSUYD YHUWLNDOQDOLQLMD MH
XGDOMHQDPPGUXJDRGSUYHPPWUHDRGGUXJHPPHWYUWDRGWUHHPPLWDNRGDOMHVYHGRGHVQH
LYLFH IRUPXODUD 2G JRUQMH LYLFH IRUPXODUD SUYD KRUL]RQWDOQDOLQLMD XGDOMHQDMH  PP GUXJDRG SUYH  PP
WUHDRGGUXJHPPHWYUWDRGWUHHPPLWDNRGDOMHVYHGRGRQMHLYLFHIRUPXODUD

*XLGHOLQHV OLQLMHYRGLOMH
2EMHNWH PRHPR SRPHUDWL GX OLQLMD YRGLOMD 3RVWRMH WUL WLSD OLQLMD YRGLOMD KRUL]RQWDOQH YHUWLNDOQHLOL XNRHQH
VODQWHG /LQLMH YRGLOMH PRHPR SRVWDYOMDWL LQWHUDNWLYQR SRPRX 5XOHUD .OLNQHPRQD L ]DGULPR
QD KRUL]RQWDOQL LOL YHUWLNDOQL  OHQMLU L L]YXHPROLQLMX QD UDGQX SRUYLQX ,QWHUDNWLYQR SRVWDYOMDQMH
YRGLOMD RPRJXDYD EU]UDG VD SRVWDYOMDQMHPSRPHUDQMHP L EULVDQMHP YRGLOMD DOLDNRMHSRWUHEQR
SUHFL]QR SRVWDYOMDQMH OLQLMD YRGLOMD NRULVWL VH *XLGHOLQHV 6HWXS 'RELMDPRJD NOLNRP QD 9LHZ 
*XLGHOLQHV VHWXS LOL VD GYD EU]D NOLND SR SRVWRMHRM YRGLOML =D SUHFL]QRVW SULOLNRP SRPHUDQMD
REMHNDWD GX OLQLMDYRGLOMD OHSOMHQMH NOLNQLWHQD9LHZ 6QDS7R*XLGHOLQHV$NRMHOHSOMHQMH
XNOMXHQRWDND]DNRMXXKYDWLWH REMHNDWGDELVWHJDSUHPHVWLOLHVHOHSLWL]DOLQLMHSRVRWRMHH
OLQLMHYRGLOMH

0HXVREQRQDYRGMHQMHREMHNDWD
3RUHG OLQLMD YRGLOMD SRVWRML L PRJXQRVW GD REMHNWL MHGQL GUXJLPD EXGX YRGLL $NR XNOMXLWH L] PHQL OLQLMH
RSFLMX/D\RXW6QDSWRREMHFWV1DLPHSULOLNRPSUHPHWDQMDREMHNWD3LFNWRRORPWDND]DNRMXVPRXKYDWLOL
REMHNDWNRMLSUHPHWDPRHVHOHSLWL]DMHGQXRGRVDPWDDNDGUXJRJREMHNWD

3RZHU&OLS
3RPRX 3RZHU FOLSD PRJXH MH XEDFLWL MHGDQ LOL YLH REMHNDWD NDR LVSXQMHQMH GUXJRJ L WDGD MHGDQ REMHNDW
SRVWDMH VDGUDM &RQWHQWV  GUXJRJ REMHNWD &RQWDLQHU  3RWUHEQRMH GD VHOHNWXMHPR REMHNDW LOLREMHNWH NRMLH
ELWL VDGUDM NOLNQHPRPLHP X PHQL OLQLML QD (IIHFWV  3RZHU&OLS  3ODFH,QVLGH &RQWDLQHUL NDGD VH SRMDYL

Ovaj fajl je skinut sa sajta www.tutoriali.org


YHOLNDFUQDVWUHOLFDNOLNQHPRQDREMHNDWNRMLHOLPRGDEXGHNRQWHMQHU,OLNUDHRGYXHPRREMHNDW LOLREMHNWH 
NRMLHELWLVDGUDMLGHVQLPWDVWHURPLKRGQHVHPRQDREMHNDWNRMLHELWLNRQWHMQHULXPHQLMXNRMLVHSRMDYOMXMH
NOLNQHPRQD RSFLMX 3RZHU&OLS,QVLGH $NR QDNQDGQR HOLPR GD HGLWXMHPRVDGUDMNOLNQXHPRPLHP XPHQL
OLQLML QD (IIHFWV  3RZHU&OLS  (GLW &RQWHQWV .DGD ]DYULPR HGLWRYDQMH VDGUDMD SRWUHEQR MH GD NOLNQHPR
PLHP X PHQL OLQLML QD (IIHFWV  3RZHU&OLS  )LQLVK (GLWLQJ7KLV/HYHO 0RJXH MH VDGUDM WUDMQR L]EDFLWL L]
VHOHNWRYDQRJ NRQWHMQHUD DNR NOLNQHPR PLHP X PHQL OLQLML QD (IIHFWV  3RZHU&OLS  ([WUDFW &RQWHQWV 2YD
RSFLMD MH X VWYDUL VXSURWQDRSFLML 3ODFH ,QVLGH &RQWDLQHU2SFLMH ]D UDG VD 3RZHU&OLSREMHNWRPGRELMDMXVHL
GHVQLPNOLNRPQDVHOHNWRYDQL3RZH&OLSREMHNDWLELUDQMHPHOMHQHRSFLMHXPHQLMXNRMLVHSRMDYOMXMH-HGQDRG
RYLK RSFLMD MH MH L /RFN &RQWHQWV 7R 3RZHU&OLS NRMD GHWHUPLQLH GD OL H VH SRPHUDQMHP 3RZHU&OLS REMHNWD
SRPHUDWLLQMHJRYVDGUDM

.RPELQRYDQMHSUHVHNVHHQMHLVWDSDQMHREMHNDWD
.RPELQRYDQMH &RPELQH
'YD VHOHNWRYDQD REMHNWD NRPELQXMHPR NOLNRP PLHP X PHQL OLQLML QD $UUDQJH  &RPELQH LOL NOLNRP QD
GXJPHQFH &RPELQHQD 3URSHUW\ EDUX 1RYRQDVWDOL REMHNDW GRELMD )LOO L 2XWOLQH]DGQMHJ VHOHNWRYDQRJ REMHNWD
DNR VWH VHOHNFLMX YULOL SRPRX WDVWHUD 6KLIW  LOL REMHNWD NRML MH ]DGQML DNR VWHVHOHNFLMX YULOL UD]YODHQMHP
VHOHNFLRQRJ SUDYRXJDRQLND  $NR VX VH SUH NRPELQRYDQMD VHOHNWRYDQL REMHNWL GHOLPLQR SUHNODSDOL QD WRP
PHVWX QRYRQDVWDOL REMHNDW MH XSDOM $NR VH REMHNWL SUH NRPELQRYDQMD QLVX SUHNODSDOL RQGD SRVWDMX MHGDQ
REMHNDW 8 VOXDMX NRPELQRYDQMD YLH REMHNDWD QD PHVWLPD JGH VH SUH NRPELQRYDQMD SUHNODSDR SDUDQ EURM
REMHNDWDQRYRQDVWDOLREMHNDWMHXSDOM
3UHVHN ,QWHUVHFWLRQ
3UHVHN GYD VHOHNWRYDQD REMHNWD GRELMDPR NOLNRP PLHP X PHQL OLQLML QD $UUDQJH  6KDSLQJ  ,QWHUVHFWLRQ 8
5ROOXSXNRMLVHSRMDYOMXMHNOLNQHPRQDGXJPHQFH,QWHUVHFWHG:LWK LSRWRPYHOLNRPFUQRPVWUHOLFRPNOLNQHPR
QDMHGDQRGVHOHNWRYDQLKREMHNDWD1RYRQDVWDOLREMHNDWMHQDVWDRQDPHVWXJGHVXVHREMHNWLSUHNODSDOLLGRELRMH
)LOOL2XWOLQHREMHNWDNRMLVPRNOLNQXOLYHOLNRPFUQRPVWUHOLFRP
6HHQMH 7ULP
6HHQMHVHOHNWRYDQLKREMHNDWDYULPRNOLNRPPLHPXPHQLOLQLMLQD$UUDQJH6KDSLQJ 7ULP85ROOXSXNRML
VHSRMDYOMXMHNOLNQHPRQDGXJPHQFH7ULPLSRWRPYHOLNRPFUQRPVWUHOLFRPNOLNQHPRQDREMHNDWNRMLHOLPRGD
LVHHPR 1RYRQDVWDOL REMHNDW PRH ELWL L MHGLQVWYR YLH UD]GYRMHQLK GHORYD 7H UD]GYRMHQH GHORYH PRHPR
UD]GYRMLWLVD$UUDQJH %UHDN$SDUWLOL&WUO.
6WDSDQMH :HOG
6WDSDQMH VHOHNWRYDQLK REMHNDWD YULPRNOLNRP PLHP X PHQL OLQLML QD $UUDQJH  6KDSLQJ  :HOG 8 5ROO XSX
NRML VH SRMDYOMXMH NOLNQHPRQD GXJPHQFH:HOG 7R L SRWRP YHOLNRP FUQRPVWUHOLFRP NOLNQHPRQD REMHNDW LML
)LOOL2XWOLQHHOLPR]DQRYRQDVWDOLREMHNDW

6LPEROL
&RUHO 'UDZ SRVHGXMH ERJDWX ELEOLRWHNX VLPEROD 7R VX LQWHUHVDQWQL L NRULVQL JRWRYL REMHNWL NRMH QH PRUDPR
VDPLNUHLUDWL6\PEROV5ROOXSGRELMDPRNOLNRPPLHPX3URSHUW\EDUXQDLNRQLFXLOL&WUO)3RVWRMLYLH
VNXSRYDVLPERODRGNRMLKMHQDURLWRLQWHUHVDQWDQ:LQGLQJVHOMHQLVLPEROGRELMDPRQDUDGQRMSRYULQLNOLNRP
L]DGUDYDQMHPOHYRJWDVWHUDPLDQDVLPEROXRGQHHQMHPQDUDGQXSRYULQXLRWSXWDQMHPOHYRJWDVWHUDPLD

,QWHUDFWLYH(QYHORSH7RRO
'RELMDPRJDNOLNRPLGUDQMHPPLHPQDMHGDQRGLQWHUDNWLYQLKDODWD&RUHODLLNOLNRPQDLNRQLFXRYRJDODWDX
PHQL OLQLML QD (IIHFWV  (QYHORSH 5ROO XS LOL &WUO) 3RPRX (QYHORSHD VHOHNWRYDQL REMHNDW PRHPR
WUDQVIRUPLVDWLLOLREOLNRYDWLXRGUHHQHJRWRYHREOLNH

3RPHUDQMH 8NOMXLHPRDNRHOLPRGD 'RGHOD


VDPRRND SULOLNRPXNODSDQMDREMHNWDX QRYRJ
REMHNWD (QYHORSHSUDYHOLQLMHRVWDQX

3RPHUDQMHVYDNH 'RGHOD
WDNH(QYHORSD JRWRYRJ
SRVHEQR
Ovaj fajl je skinut sa sajta www.tutoriali.org
3HUVSHNWLYD
6HOHNWRYDQRP REMHNWX PRHPR GRGHOLWL SHUVSHNWLYX NOLNRPPLHPXPHQLOLQLMLQD(IIHFWV$GG3HUVSHFWLYH
1D SULPHU PRHPR GRELWL HIHNDW REMHNWD NRML VH SULEOLDYD LOL XGDOMDYD LOL REMHNWD NRJ SRVPDWUDPR RGR]JR
RGR]GRLOLVDVWUDQH

.RSLUDQMH(QYHORSDLOLSHUVSHNWLYH
6HOHNWRYDQRP REMHNWX PRJXH MH GRGHOLWL (QYHORS LOL SHUVSHNWLYX QHNRJ GUXJRJ REMHNWD 3RWUHEQR MH GD
NOLNQHPRPLHP XPHQLOLQLMLQD(IIHFWV&RS\(IIHFW (QYHORSHIURP LOL3HUVSHFWLYHIURP LSRWRPNOLNQHPR
QDREMHNDWLML(QYHORSH LOLSHUVSHNWLYX HOLPRGDSULPHQLPRQDGVHOHNWRYDQLPREMHNWRP

,QWHUDFWLYH'URS6KDGRZ7RRO
2YDM DODW WRROER[D NRULVWL VH ]D GRGHOMLYDQMH VHQNH VHOHNWRYDQRP REMHNWX 3RWUHEQR MH NOLNQXWL PLHP QD
REMHNDWLOLYDQQMHJD]DGUDWLOHYLWDVWHUPLD SULWLVQXWSRYXLXQHNRPSUDYFXLRWSXVWLWLOHYLWDVWHUPLD2YDM
HIHDNWGDMHXWLVDNSRVWRMDQMDWUHHGLPHQ]LMH

,QWHUDFWLYH%OHQG7RRO
8&RUHOXMHPRJXH SRVWHSHQRWUDQVIRUPLVDWLMHGDQREMHNDWXGUXJL3UYRMHSRWUHEQRGDNUHLUDPRSUYL
LGUXJL3RWRPGDL]DEHUHPR,QWHUDFWLYH%OHQG7RROL]WRROER[D83URSHUW\EDUXVHSRMDYOMXMXRSFLMH
]DUDGVDRYLPDODWRP

3RGHDYDQMH 3RGHDYDQMH
EURMD NRUDND LOL SUDYFD 3RGHDYDQMH
UD]PDND PHX EOHQGH OXNDEOHQGH

3RGHDYDQMH 3RGHDYDQMH
SXWD XEU]DQMD
WUDQVIRUPDFLMH WUDQVIRUPDFLMH

2GUHLYDQMH VWD]H 3RYH]LYDQMH


WUDQVIRUPDFLMH DNFHOHUDFLMD REOLND L

(IHNDW EOHQGH L]PHX GYD REMHNWD VH GRELMD NOLNRP L ]DGUDYDQMHP OHYRJ WDVWHUD PLD QD SRHWQL REMHNDW L
RGYODHQMHPQDNUDMQMLREMHNDWSRVOHHJDVHRWSXWDOHYLWDVWHUPLD
3RVOH EOHQGLUDQMD QDVWDMH NRPSOHNDVDQ REMHNDW NRML QD]LYDPR EOHQGD JUXSD %OHQG JURXS  6DVWRML VH L]
SRHWQRJ L NUDMQMHJ REMHNWD NRML VX NRQWUROQLREMHNWL PHXREMHNDWD NRUDND  L HYHQWXDOQRVWD]H2YDM REMHNDW
UD]GYDMDPR QD SRHWQL NUDMQML L JUXSX NRUDND NOLNRP PLHP X PHQL OLQLML QD $UUDQJH  6HSDUDWH %OHQGX
UD]GYDMDPRQD SRMHGLQDQHREMHNWHVD8QJURXS

,QWHUDFWLYH&RQWXUH7RRO
3RPRX ,QWHUDFWLYH &RQWRXU WRROD PRJXH MH VWYRULWL NRQFHQWULQH REOLNH HOLSVH SUDYRXJDRQLNH LOL
QHNH OLQLMHREMHNDW X VOLQH VPDQMHQHLOL XYHDQH REMHNWH 3RWUHEQR MH GD VHOHNWXMHP REMHNDW RG NRJD
SRLQMHPRL NOLNQHPRQD ,QWHUDFWLYH &RQWXUH 7RRO NRML VH QDOD]LX WRROER[X 1D 3URSHU\ EDUX VH SRMDYOMXMX
RSFLMHYH]DQH]DRYDMDODW

Ovaj fajl je skinut sa sajta www.tutoriali.org




2SFLMHQD3URSHUW\EDUXNDGDMH&RQWRXUWRRODNWLYDQ
.RQFHQWULQLREOLFLHVHSRMDYOMLWLGRFHQWUDSRHWQRJREMHNWD
.RQFHQWULQLREOLFLHVHSRMDYOMLWLVYHGRFHQWUDSRHWQRJREMHNWDWRMHMHVWNDXQXWUD
.RQFHQWULQLREOLFLHVHSRMDYOMLWLRGFHQWUDSRHWQRJREMHNWDWRMHMHVWNDVSROMD
3RGHDYDQMHEURMDNRQFHQWULQLKREOLND
3RGHDYDQMHUD]PDNDL]PHX REMHNDWD
3RGHDYDQMHVPHUDWUDQVIRUPDFLMHERMD
%RMDRXWOLQHDSRVOHGQMHJREMHNWD
%RMDILOODSRVOHGQMHJREMHNWD

3RVOH NOLND QD GXJPHQFH $SSO\ QDVWDMH NRPSOHNVDQ REMHNDW NRML QD]LYDPR NRQWXU JUXSD &RQWRXU *URXS 
6DVWRML VH L] SRHWQRJ REMHNWD L VOLQLK PDQMLK LOL YHLK 2YDM REMHNDW UD]GYDMDPRQD SRHWQL LVOLQHNOLNRP
PLHPXPHQLOLQLMLQD$UUDQJH6HSDUDWH6OLQHREMHNWHUD]GYDMDPRQDSRMHGLQDQHREMHNWHVD8QJURXS

,QWHUDFWLYH([WUXGH7RRO
(NVWUXGLUDQMH REMHNWD GDMH WUHX GLPHQ]LMX REMHNWX 3RWUHEQRMH GD VHOHNWXMHPR REMHNDW NRML HOLPR GD
SRVWDQH WURGLPHQ]LRQDODQ NOLNQHPRQD ,QWHUDFWLYH ([WUXGH 7RRO .OLNHQPR L ]DGULPROHYL WDVWHU PLD
QDREMHNDWNRPHHOLPRGDGRGDPR'GRGDWDNLRGYXHPRSRWRPRWSXVWLPROHYLWDVWHUPLD3RMDYOMXMXVHQD
3URSHUW\EDUXRSFLMH]DUDGVDRYLPDODWRP

 

2SFLMHQD3URSHUW\EDUX
SRGHDYDQMHWLSDWUDQVIRUPDFLMHREMHNWDXWURGLPHQ]LRDOQLREMHNDW
SRGHDYDQMHGXELQHWUDQVIRUPDFLMH
SRGHDYDQMHUHODWLYQRJSRORDMDWHLQHWDNH
YH]LYDQMHWHLQHWDNH
L]UDDYDQMHSR]LFLMHWHLQHWDNHUHODWLYQRXRGQRVXQDOHMQLUH
L]UDDYDQMHSR]LFLMHWHLQHWDNHUHODWLFQRXRGQRVXQDFHQWDUREMHNWD
URWDFLMDWURGLPHQ]LRQDOQRJREMHNWD
XNLGDQMHURWDFLMH
ERMDWURGLPHQ]LRQDOQRJGRGDWND
WURGLPHQ]LRQDOQRVHHQMHLYLFDREMHNWD
WURGLPHQ]LRQDOQRRVYHWOMHQMHREMHNWD

Ovaj fajl je skinut sa sajta www.tutoriali.org


.RULHQMHP RYRJ HIHNWD GRELMDPR ' REMHNDW ([WUXGH *URXS  NRML VH VDVWRML RG NRQWUROQRJ L ' GRGDWND
.RPDQGRP $UUDQJH  6HSDUDWH UD]GYDMDPR JD QD SRHWQL REMHNDW L ' GRGDWDN NRML NDVQLMH UD]GYDMDPRVD
8QJURXS 

/HQV5ROOXS
/HQV5ROOXSVLPXOLUDHIHNWHYLHYUVWDVRLYD'RELMDPRJDNRPDQGRP(IIHFWV/HQVLOL&WUO)
7UDQVSDUHQF\
6RLYR PRH ELWL WUDQVSDUHQWQR SURSXVWOMLYR  6WHSHQ SURSXVWOMLYRVWL PHQMDWH RSFLMRP 5DWH D ERMX RSFLMRP
&RORU2SFLMRP )UR]HQ LNOLNRPQD$SSO\GHRREMHNWDNRMLJOHGDPRNUR]
VRLYR H VH GXSOLFLUDWL QD VRLYR 1RYRQDVWDOR VRLYR )UR]HQ /HQV
*URXS  MH JUXSD GXSOLNDWD L VRLYD 2SFLMRP 9LHZSRLQW PHQMD VH XJDR
SRG NRMLP JOHGDPR NUR] VRLYR $NR RSFLMD 9LHZSRLQW QLMH XNOMXHQD
REMHNDW JOHGDPR NUR] VRLYR RGR]JR SRG XJORP RG  VWHSHQL 8JDR
SRJOHGDNUR]VRLYRQDREMHNDWPHQMDPRXNOMXLYDQMHPRYHRSFLMHNOLNRP
QD (GLW L SRPHUDQMHP ]QDND ; 8NOMXLYDQMHP RSFLMH 5HPRYH )DFH
VRLYR SRVWDMHSURYLGQRQD PHVWLPDJGH JOHGDMXL NUR]VRLYRQHYLGLPR
REMHNWH
0DJQLI\
6RLYR PRH ELWL L OXSD 0DJQLI\  3RWUHEQRMHL]DEHUHWHRSFLMX0DJQLI\
2SFLMRP $PDXQW UHJXOLH VH VWHSHQ XYHDQMD D RSFLMD )UR]HQ L
9LHZSRLQW VXDQDORJQHLVWLPRSFLMDPDNRGWUDQVSDUHQWQLKVRLYD
:LUHIUDPH
.UR] :LUHIUDPH VRLYR VYL 2XWOLQHRYL L )LOORYL REMHNDWD NRMH JOHGDPR
PRJX ELWL RGUHHQH ERMH WR SRGHDYDPR X RSFLMDPD 2XWOLQH L )LOO
2SFLMH )UR]HQ 9LHZSRLQW L 5HPRYH )DFH DQDORJQHVX LVWLP RSFLMDPD
NRGWUDQVSDUHQWQRJVRLYD
7LQWHG*UD\VFDOH
2YRVRLYRPHQMD ERMH REMHNWDNRMLJOHGDPRNUR]VRLYRXQMLKRYHMHGQRERMQH QSUFUQHLOLFUYHQHLOLSODYH 
HNYLYDOHQWH%RMDVRLYD RSFLMD&RORU SRVWDMHQDMWDPQLMDERMDRGVYLKERMDREMHNDWDNRMHJOHGDPRNUR]VRLYR
6YHRVWDOHERMHSRVWDMXVYHWOLMHVHQNHRYHERMH2YLPHIHNWRPPRHPRQDSUDYLWLVRLYRNRMHREMHNWHXERMLYLGL
NDRFUQREHOHDNRL]DEHUHPRFUQXERMX2SFLMH)UR]HQ9LHZSRLQW L5HPRYH )DFH DQDORJQHVXLVWLPRSFLMDPD
NRGWUDQVSDUHQWQRJVRLYD
,QYHUW
.UR] RYRVRLYRNDGDJOHGDPRREMHNWHGRELMDPRLQYHU]QHERMH 1DSULPHUFUQDSRVWDMHEHODXWDSRVWDMHSODYD
]HOHQDUR]H LWG ,QYHU]QH ERMH VX ERMHNRMHVHQDOD]HVXSURWQRMHGQDRGGUXJHQDWRNXERMD WRMHVWVLPHWULQH
VX X GRQRVX QD FHQWDU WRJ WRND 2SFLMH )UR]HQ 9LHZSRLQW L 5HPRYH )DFH DQDORJQHVXLVWLPRSFLMDPDNRG
WUDQVSDUHQWQRJVRLYD
)LVK(\H
2YLP VRLYRP GRELMDPRHIHNDW SRJOHGD ULEOMHJ RND 2SFLMRP 5DWH PHQMDPR VWHSHQ GHIRUPDFLMH SRJOHGD NUR]
VRLYR 2YDM SDUDPHWDU PRH LPDWL YUHGQRVW RG  GR  2SFLMH )UR]HQ L 9LHZSRLQW VX LGHQWLQHNDR
NRGWUDQVSDUHQWQRJVRLYD
%ULJKWHQ
6RLYRQDPHQMHQR]DSRVYHWOMDYDQMHREMHNDWDNRMLVXLVSRGVRLYD2SFLMRP5DWH PHQMDVHVWHSHQSRVHWOMDYDQMD
2SFLMH)UR]HQ9LHZ3RLQW L5HPRYH )DFHLPDMXLVWR]QDHQMHNDRNRGWUDQVSDUHQWQRJVRLYD

,QWHUDFWLYH7UDQVSDUHQF\7RRO
2YDM DODW WRROER[D QDPHQMHQ MH ]D GRGHOMLYDQMH WUDQVSDUHQWQRJ IRXQWDLQ ILOOD 'RYROMQRMHNOLNQXWLQDREMHNDW
]DGUDWLOHYLWDVWHUPLDSULWLVQXWSRYXLXQHNRPSUDYFXSDRWSXVWLWLOHYLWDVWHUPLD2YDMILOOVHPRHXNORQLWL
VH VD VOHNWRYDQRJ REMHNWD NOLNRP QD GXJPH5HPRYH QD 3URSHUW\ EDUX 2YDM ILOO VH PRH VDXYDWL X REMHNWX
NRULHQMHPGXJPHWD)UHH]H

Ovaj fajl je skinut sa sajta www.tutoriali.org


.UHLUDQMH]DYUHWNDOLQLMHSDWHUQDLVLPEROD
&RUHO 'UDZ RPRJXXMH L VDPRVWDOQR NUHLUDQMH ]DYUHWND OLQLMH VWUHOLFH  SDWHUQD GYRERMQRJ NRORUQRJ LOL
ELWPDSLUDQRJ LVLPEROD3RWUHEQRMHXPHQLOLQLMLL]DEUDWL7RROV&UHDWHLL]DEUDWLWDHOLPRGDNUHLUDPR
.UHLUDQMH]DYUHWNDOLQLMH
6HOHNWXMHPR REMHNDW NRML HOLPR]D ]DYUHWDN OLQLMH VWUHOLFX  L L]DEHUHPRL] PHQL OLQLMH 7RROV&UHDWH$UURZ L
QD SLWDQMH GD OL HOLPR GD RG VHOHNWRYDQRJ REMHNWD NUHLUDPRVWUHOLFX RGJRYRULPR<HV 8 2XWOLQHGLDORJER[X
SRVWRMLLQRYRNUHLUDQDVWUHOLF
.UHLUDQMHSDWHUQD
,]DEHUHPRL] PHQLOLQLMH 7RROV&UHDWH3DWWHUQ LL]DEHUHPRGDOLHOLPRGYRERMQL 7ZRFRORUILOO  NRORUQL )XOO
FRORU LOL ELWPDSLUDQL %LWPDS  SDWHUQL NOLNQHPRQD 2.3RWRP XNUWHQLPOLQLMDPDNRMHVXVHSRMDYLOHELUDPR
]RQXRGNRMHHOLPRGDVWYRULPRSDWHUQLRGJRYRWLPRSRWYUGQRGDHOLPRSDWHUQRGWHVHOHNWRYDQH]RQH2VWDMH
MRGDSDWHUQLPHQXMHPRLVDXYDPR83DWWHUQGLDORJER[XSRVWRMLLQDQRYLSDWHUQ
.UHLUDQMHVLPEROD
6HOHNWXMHPR REMHNDW NRML HOLPR]D VLPERO L L]DEHUHPRL] PHQL OLQLMH 7RROV &UHDWH6\PERO,]DEHUHPRVNXS
VLPEROD X NRML HOLPR GD XEDFLPRQRYL VLPERO L NOLNQHPRQD 2.9DQR MH ]QDWL GD QRYL VLPERO QH PRHPR
XEDFLWLXQHNLRGVNXSRYDVLPERODNRMHVPRGRELOLSULOLNRPLQVWDODFLMH&RUHO'UDZD

3DUDJUDSK7H[W
3DUDJUDSK7H[W&RUHO'UDZDVLPXOLUDUDGWHNVWSURFHVRUD3DUDJUDSK7H[WREMHNDWNUHLUDPRRYDNRL]7RROER[
D L]DEHUHPR LNRQLFX 7H[W WRROD QD UDGQRM SRYULQL UD]YXHPR MHGDQ UDP HOMHQH YHOLLQH L RWNXFDPR WD
HOLPR
(GLWRYDQMH3DUDJUDSKWH[WD
(GLWRYDMH3DUDJUDSKWHNVWDMHLVWRNDRLHGLWRYDQMH$UWLVWLFWH[WD6HOHNWRYDQLWHNVWPRHPRQDNQDGQRHGLWRYDWL
DNR L] PHQL OLQLMH L]DEHUHPR7H[W (GLW7H[W LOL &WUO6KLIW7 (GLWRYDQMH MH PRJXH L QHSRVUHGQRQD UDGQRM
SRYULQLDNR MH XNOMXHQDRSFLMD (GLW WH[WRQ VFUHHQ GRNRMHGROD]LPRSRPRX PHQLOLQLMH VD7RROV 2SWLRQV
MH]LDN7H[W
)RUPDWLUDQMH3DUDJUDSKWH[WD
)RUPDWLUDQMH WHNVWD UDGLPR SRPRX PHQL OLQLMH 7H[W )RUPDW WH[W LOL&WUO7 =D UD]OLNXRG$UWLVWLFWH[WDJGH
VX SRVWRMDOD VDPR WUL MH]LND )RQW $OLJQ L 6SDFH RYGH SRVWRMH L MH]LFL 7DEV )UDPHV DQG &RORXPQV L
(IIHFWV
-H]LDN$OLJQ VOXLL]DXYODHQMHSDVXVD 3DVXVHXYODLPRXSLVXMXLHOMHQHYUHGQRVWLX)LUVWOLQH ]DXYODHQMH
SUYRJUHGD /HIW ]DXYODHQMHRVWDOLKUHGRYD L5LJKW ]DXYODHQMHSDVXVDXRGQRVXQDGHVQXPDUJLQX 
-H]LDN 6SDFH SRUHG UDQLMH SRPHQXWLK RSFLMD REXKYDWD L RSFLMH ]DXPHWDQMHUD]PDNDSUH %HIRUH SDUDJUDSK L
SRVOH $IWHU SDUDJUDSK  SDUDJUDID NDR L RSFLMD GR]YROH XSRWUHEH KLIHQDFLMH 8VH DXWRPDWLF K\SKHQDWLRQ 
+LIHQDFLMDMHUDVWDYOMDQMHUHL'XJPHQFH+\SKHQDWLRQ6HWWLQJV MH]DSRGHDYDQMHQDLQDKLIHQDFLMH
-H]LDN 7DEV MH ]D SRGHDYDQMH WDEXODWRUD 6 OHYH VWUDQHMH GDW VSLVDN SRVWRMHLK WDEXODWRUD 1RYL WDEXODWRU
NUHLUDPR GXJPHQFHWRP 1HZ SRVWRMHL EULHPR GXJPHQFHWRP 'HOHWH D VYH SRVWRMHH WDEXODWRUH EULHPR
GXJPHQFHWRP'HOHWH$OO=DL]PHQXSRVWRMHHJWDEXODWRUDSRWUHEQRMHNOLNQXWLXVSLVDNWDEXODWRUDQDPHVWRJGH
HOLPRGDSURPHQLPRQHNLSDUDPHWDU
-H]LDN )UDPHV DQG &RORXPQV MH ]D UHJXOLVDQMH LULQH UDPD L SRGHDYDQMH EURMD LULQH L UD]PDND L]PHX
NRORQD %URM NRORQDUHJXOLHPR X RSFLML 1XPEHURIFROXPQV8SUDYRXJDRQLNX&ROXPQZLGWK DQGJXWWHUELUDWH
NRMXNRORQXVHWXMHWH &ROXPQ QMHQXLULQX :LGWK LUD]PDNGHVQRRGQMHGRVOHGHHNRORQH *XWWHU $NRMH
XNOMXHQD RSFLMD (TXDO FROXPQ ZLGWK NRORQH H ELWL MHGQDNLK LULQD L UD]PDN PHX NRORQDPD ELH MHGQDN
2SFLMRP 9HUWLFDO MXVWLILFDWLRQ SRGHDYDPR YHUWLNDOQRUDYQDQMH WHNVWD GDOLHWHNVWELWLX]JRUQMX LYLFXUDPD
7RS  GRQMX LYLFX UDPD %RWWRP  FHQWDU &HQWHU  LOL X] JRUQMX L GRQMX LYLFX UDPD )XOO  $NR MH XNOMXHQD
RSFLMD0DLQWDLQFXUUHQWIUDPHZLGWK LULQDUDPDVHOHNWRYDQRJWHNVWDQHPRHVHPHQMDWL WRMHVWLULQHNRORQDL
UD]PDND PHX QMLPD PRUD H GD VH XNODSDMX X ILNVQX LULQX UDPD 6XSRWQR WRPH DNR MH XNOMXHQD RSFLMD
$XWRPDWLFDOO\DGMXVWIUDPHZLGWK LULQDUDPDHVHSULODJRDYDWLLULQLNRORQDLLULQLUD]PDNDPHXQMLPD

Ovaj fajl je skinut sa sajta www.tutoriali.org


-H]LDN (IIHFWV MH ]D SRGHDYDQMH QDEUDMDQMD WHNVWD VSHFLMDOQLP VLPEORP %XOOHW  LOL RWSRLQMDQMH SDVXVD SUYL
YHOLNLPVORYRPNDRXNQMLJDPDLDVRSLVLPD 'URSFDS 

:ULWLQJWRROV
8 &RUHO 'UDZX SRVWRMH DODWL ]D SLVDQMH :ULWLQJ WRROV  NDR X PQRJLP WHNVW SURFHVRULPD 3RVWRMH HWLULDODWD
NRMHGRELMDPRRGDELURPL]PHQLOLQLMH7H[W:ULWLQJWRROV7RVX
6SHOOFKHFN ]DLVSUDYOMDQMHJUHDNDXVSHORYDQMXHQHJOHVNRJMH]LND GRELMDPRJDLVD&WUO)
*UDPPDUFKHFN ]DLVSUDYOMDQMHJUDPDWLNLKJUHDNDXNXFDQMXHQJOHVNRJMH]LND
7KHVDXUXV ]DQDODHQMHVLQRQLPDLL]GDYDQMHGHILQLFLMD]DSRMHGLQHUHLHQJOHVNRJMH]LND UHQLN
7\SH$VV\VW ]D SRPR X NXFDQMX NDR WRMH LVSUDYOMDQMH QDMHLK JUHDNDX NXFDQMXQD HQJOHVNRP MH]LNX]D
LVSUDYOMDQMH SRHWQRJ YHOLNRJ VORYD X UHHQLFL ]D LVSUDYNX VOXDMQHXSRWUHEH &DSV/RFN WDVWHUD LWG =D QDH
VUSVNR JRYRUQR SRGUXMH NRULVQDMH SUYD SRPHQXWD RSFLMD MHU PRHPR XEDFLWL PQRJR QDLK UHL LOLVNUDHQLFD
7\SH $VV\VW GRELMDPRL DNR L] PHQL OLQLMH L]DEHUHPR7RROV  2SWLRQVL L]DEHUHPR RSFLMX:RUNVSDFH  7H[W 
7\SH$V\VW

*UDILNLLWHNVWXDOQLVWLORYL
$NR X UDGX HVWR NRULVWLPR REMHNWH RGUHHQLK NDUDNWHULVWLND NDR WR VX IRQW YHOLLQD VORYD XNRHQRVW
]DPDHQRVWSRGYXHQRVW ILOO L RXWOLQHPRHPRVDXYDWLRYHRVRELQHREMHNWDNDRVWLO WHNVWXDOQLLOLJUDILNL L
NDVQLMHVYDNLSXWSRSRWUHELQHNRPREMHNWXGRGHOLWLRYDMVWLO
.UHLUDQMHVWLOD

.DNR RG HOMHQRJ REMHNWD NUHLUDPR VWLO" .OLNQHPR GHVQLP


WDVWHURP PLD SR REMHNWX L]DEHUHPR 6W\OHV  6DYH VW\OH
SURSHUWLHV 3RWRP X PHQLMX NRML VH SRMDYLR RWNXFDPR QD]LY
VWLOD NRML NUHLUDPR L L]MDVQLPR VH NRMH RVRELQH RYRJ REMHNWD
HOLPR GD LPD QD VWLO 3RVWRMH WUL RVQRYQH RVRELQH ILOO
RXWOLQH L WH[W NRML VH GDOMH GHOH QDG SRGRVRELQH  =DWLP
NOLNQHPRQD2.

'RGHOMLYDQMHVWLODREMHNWX
3RVWRMH GYD QDLQD ]D GRGHOMLYDQMH VWLOD REMHNWX 3UYL QDLQ NOLNQHPR
GHVQLP WDVWHURP QD REMHNDW L]DEHUHPR6W\OHV  $SSO\ L NOLNQHPRQD HOMHQL
VWLO $NR QHPDHOMHQRJVWLOD SRWUHEQRMH GD NOLNQHPRQD 0RUH VW\OHV 'UXJL
QDLQ RWYDUDPR L] PHQL OLQLMH 7RROV *UDSKLF $QG7H[W6W\OHV PDQDJHULOL
VD&WUO)$NRMHREMHNDWNRPHHOLPRGRGHOLWLQHNLVWLOVHOHNWRYDQGRYROMQR
MH GYD SXWD EU]R NOLNQXWL SR LNRQLFL WRJ VWLOD 6WLO PRHPR GRGHOLWL REMHNWX L
WDNRWRHPRRGQHWLLNRQLFXVWLODL]6W\OHVPDQDJHUDQDREMHNDW
%ULVDQMHLSUHLPHQRYDQMHVWLOD
%ULVDQMHLSUHLPHQRYDQMHVWLODYULPRNOLNRPQDWURXJOLNRMLSRND]XMHXGHVQR
X6W\OHVPDQDJHUXLELUDQMHPRSFLMH'HOHWH LOL5HQDPH

(GLWRYDQMHSRVWRMHHJVWLOD
(GLWRYDQMH SRVWRMHHJ VWLOD SRVWLHPR NOLNRP QD WURXJOL NRML SRND]XMH
XGHVQR X6W\OHV PDQDJHUX L ELUDQMHP RSFLMH 3URSHUWLHV .DGD L]PHQLPR SDUDPHWUHNRMHHOLPRSRWUHEQRMHGD
NOLNQHPRQD2.

Ovaj fajl je skinut sa sajta www.tutoriali.org


*ULGVHWXS
&RUHO 'UDZ LPD PRJXQRVW UDGD VD SRPRQRP PUHRP WDNLFD *ULG  NRMD PRH SRVOXLWL ]D QDYRHQMH
REMHNDWD2YXPUHXSRGHDYDPRSRPRX *ULGVHWXSD'RELMDPRJDELUDQMHPL]PHQLOLQLMH7RROV2SWLRQV
'RFXPHQW*ULGLOLGHVQLPNOLNRPPLDSRMHGQRPOHQMLUXLELUDQMHP*ULG6HWXS
0UHX PRHPR SRGHDYDWL SRPRX IUHNYHQFLMH )UHTXHQF\  LOL SRPRX PHXUD]PDND WDDND 6SDFLQJ 
2SFLMDPD +RUL]RQWDO L 9HUWLFDO SRGHDYDMX SR YHUWLNDOL L KRUL]RQWDOL XHVWDORVW LOL UD]PDN L]PHX WDDND
2SFLMRP 6KRZ JULG SRGHDYD VH KRH OLVHLOLQHWDNHYLGHWL7DNHVHPRJXYLGHWLNDRWDNH 6KRZJULGDV
GRWV LOLNDROLQLMH 6KRZJULGDVOLQHV 2SFLMRP6QDSWRJULG ELUDVHKRHOLVHREMHNWLOHSLWLX]WDNHPUHH
7DNRHRYDRSFLMDVHPRHLVNOMXLYDWLWRNRPUDGDELUDQMHPXPHQLOLQLML/D\RXW6QDS7R*ULG LOL&WUO<

5XOHUVHWXS
'LDORJ ]D SRGHDYDQMH OHQMLUDPRH VH X &RUHO GRELWL QD WULQDLQD %LUDQMHP L] PHQL OLQLMH 7RROV  2SWLRQV 
'RFXPHQW  5XOHUV LOL GHVQLP NOLNRP PLD SR MHGQRPOHQMLUXLELUDQMHP5XOHU6HWXSLOLGYRNOLNRPSRMHGQRP
OHQMLUX 2SFLMDPD +RUL]RQWDO L 9HUWLFDO ELUDMX VH PHUQH MHGLQLFH ]D OHQMLUH D RSFLMRP 6DPH XQLWV IRU
KRUL]RQWDODQGYHUWLFDOUXOHUVKRH OLLOLQHELWLLVWHMHGLQLFH]DKRUL]RQWDOQLLYHUWLNDOQLOHQMLU2SFLMRP2ULJLQ
ELUD VH PHVWR NRRUGLQDWQRJ SRHWND $NR X SROMLPD+RUL]RQWDO RULJLQ L 9HUWLFDO RULJLQ VWRMH QXOH NRRUGLQDWQL
SRHWDNELHXGRQMHP OHYRPXJOXVWUDQH2SFLMRP6KRZ5XOHUV ELUDVHKRH OLVHOHQMLULYLGHWLLOLQH7RNRP
UDGDRYRVHSRGHDYDELUDQMHPXPHQLOLQLML9LHZ5XOHUV 2SFLMRP6KRZIUDFWLRQV ELUDVHKRHOLVHSULYHHP
]XPLUDQMXQDOHQMLUXYLGHWLUD]ORPFLLOLGHFLPDOQLEURMHYL2SFLMRP7LFNGLYLVLRQV ELUDVHQDNROLNRHSRGHRND
PHUQDMHGLQLFDELWLSRGHOMHQD

5DGVDYLHVWUDQD
8PHWDQMHVWUDQH
8PHWDQMH VWUDQHVH SRVWLHNOLNRP QD PHQL OLQLMX /D\RXW  ,QVHUW 3DJHLOL
NDGDVHQDOD]LPRQDSRVOHGQMRMVWUDQLGRNXPHQWDSULWLVNRPQDWDVWHU3DJH
'RZQLOL NDGD VH QDOD]LPRQDSUYRMVWUDQLGRNXPHQWDSULWLVNRPQDWDVWHU
3DJH'RZQ3RWUHEQRMH GD VH L]MDVQLPR NROLNR VWUDQDXPHHPR ,QVHUW
SDJHV LGDOLSUH %HIRUH LOLSRVOH $IWHU RGUHHQHVWUDQH 3DJH

0HQMDQMHVWUDQH
6WUDQDVHPHQMD WDVWHULPD3DJH8SL3DJH'RZQLOLLNRQLFDPDNRMHVHQDOD]HOHYRRGKRUL]RQWDOQRJVFUROOEDUD
0RJXHMHRWLLLQDWDQRRGUHHQXVWUDQXGRNXPHQWDNOLNRPQD/D\RXW *R7R3DJH

%ULVDQMHVWUDQH
-HGQXLOL YLH VWUDQDEULHPR ELUDQMHP L] PHQL OLQLMH /D\RXW  'HOHWH3DJH -HGQRVWUDQX EULHPR XSLVLYDQMHP
EURMD VWUDQHNRMX EULHPRQD PHVWR 'HOHWHSDJH SULHPXRSFLMD7KURXJKWWRSDJH WUHEDGDEXGHLVNOMXHQD
9LH VWUDQDEULHPR SRVLVWHPX2'B'2 XSLVLYDQMHPRGNRMHSRLQMHPR 'HOHWHSDJH XNOMXLYDQMHPRSFLMH
7KURXJKWWRSDJHLXSLVLYDQMHPVWUDQHNRMRM]DYUDYDPR ,QFOXVLYH 

3UHLPHQRYDQMHVWUDQH
6HOHNWRYDQX VWUDQX PRHPR SUHLPHQRYDWL DNR X PHQL OLQLML NOLNQHPR QD /D\RXW  5HQDPH 3DJH 2WNXFDPR
QRYRLPHVWUDQHLSULWLVQHPRHQWHU

Ovaj fajl je skinut sa sajta www.tutoriali.org


/D\HUPDQDJHU
9LGOMLYRVW WDPSOMLYRVW
VORMD VORMD

3RND]XMH =DNOMXDYDQ
DNWLYQLVORM MHVORMD

6YL REMHNWL NRMH NUHLUDPR DXWRPDWVNL VH VPHWDMX MHGDQ SUHNR GUXJRJ QD UDGQX SRYULQX L WR QD /D\HU 
0HXWLP PRJXH MH UDGLWL L VD YLH /D\HUD VORMHYD  =D UDG VD YLH VORMHYD NRULVWLPR 2EMHFW PDQDJHU
'RELMDPR JD ELUDQMHP L] PHQL OLQLMH 7RROV  2EMHFW 0DQDJHU .OLNRP GHVQLP WDVWHURP PLD SR QHNRP RG
/D\HUD GRELMDMX VH RSFLMH ]D UDG VD OD\HULPD 1HNH RG RSFLMD VH GRELMDMX X NOLNRP OHYLP WDVWHURP PLD QD
WURXJOLNRMLSRND]XMHXGHVQR1HNHRGQMLKVX
1HZ/D\HU XPHWDQMHQRYRJVORMD 
'HOHWH/D\HU EULVDQMHVORMD 
0RYH7R/D\HU SUHPHWDQMHVHOHNWRYDQLKREMHNDWDQDGUXJLVORM 
&RS\7R/D\HU NRSLUDQMHVHOHNWRYDQLKREMHNDWDQDGUXJLVORM 
6KRZ +LGH 2EMHFW3URSHUWLHV GDOLHVHYLGHWLLOLQHRVRELQHREMHNDWD 
(GLW$FURVV/D\HUV XNOMXLYDQMHPRYHRSFLMHPRJX MHUDGVDYLHVORMHYDDQHVDPRVDDNWLYQLPWRMHVOXDM
NDGDMHRYDRSFLMDLVNOMXHQD 
6ORMHYL VX X VSLVNX /D\HU PDQDJHUD LVSLVDQL RGR]JR QD GROH WR ]QDL GD VX WLP UHGRVOHGRP DUDQLUDQL
PHXVREQR SUYL VD VSLVND MH VNUR] QDSUHG D ]DGQML VD VSLVND VNUR] SR]DGL 5HGRVOHG VORMHYD VH PHQMD
MHGQRVWDYQR 3RWUHEQR MH NOLNQXWL L ]DGUDWL OHYL WDVWHU PLD QD VORMX X VSLVNX L RGQHWL JD LVSRG ]DSRPHUDQMH
SR]DGL  LOL L]QDG ]D SRPHUDQMH QDSUHG  5DQLMH SRPHQXWH RSFLMH UHGRVOHGD REMHNDWD QD VORMX X PHQL OLQLML
$UUDQJH2UGHU YDHVDPRXRNYLUXMHGQRJVORMD

Ovaj fajl je skinut sa sajta www.tutoriali.org

You might also like