Solutions Manual

for
Microwave Engineering
4th edition
David Pozar
April 2011
Chapter 1
This is an open-ended question where the focus of the answer may be largely chos
en by
1.1 the student or the instructor. Some of the relevant historical developments
related to the
early days of radio are listed here (as cited from T. S. Sarkar, R. J. Mailloux,
A. A. Oliner, M.
Salazar-Palma, and D. Sengupta, History of Wireless, Wiley, N.J., 2006):
1865: James Clerk Maxwell published his work on the unification of electric and
magnetic
phenomenon, including the introduction of the displacement current and the theor
etical
prediction of EM wave propagation.
1872: Mahlon Loomis, a dentist, was issued US Patent 129,971 for aerial telegraphy
by
employing an aerial used to radiate or receive pulsations caused by producing a distur
bance in
the electrical equilibrium of the atmosphere . This sounds a lot like radio, but in
fact Loomis was
not using an RF source, instead relying on static electricity in the atmosphere.
Strictly speaking
this method does not involve a propagating EM wave. It was not a practical syste
m.
1887-1888: Heinrich Hertz studied Maxwell s equations and experimentally verified EM
wave
propagation using spark gap sources with dipole and loop antennas.
1893: Nikola Tesla demonstrated a wireless system with tuned circuits in the tra
nsmitter and
receiver, with a spark gap source.
1895: Marconi transmitted and received a coded message over a distance of 1.75 m
iles in Italy.
1894: Oliver Lodge demonstrated wireless transmission of Morse code over a dista
nce of 60 m,
using coupled induction coils. This method relied on the inductive coupling betw
een the two
coils, and did not involve a propagating EM wave.
1897: Marconi was issued a British Patent 12,039 for wireless telegraphy.
1901: Marconi achieved the first trans-Atlantic wireless transmission.
1943: The US Supreme Court invalidated Marconi s 1904 US patent on tuning using reso
nant
circuits as being superseded by prior art of Tesla, Lodge, and Braun.
So it is clear that many workers contributed to the development of wireless tech
nology during
this time period, and that Marconi was not the first to develop a wireless syste
m that relied on the
propagation of electromagnetic waves. On the other hand, Marconi was very succes
sful at
making radio practical and commercially viable, for both shipping and land-based
services.
1
1.2
1.3
2
1.4
1.5
3
1.6
4
1.7
5
1.8
6
1.9
7
1.10
8
1.11
9
1.12
10
1.13
1.14
11
1.15
12
1.16
13
1.17
14
15
1.18
16
Chapter 2
2.1
2.2
17
2.3
18
2.4
19
2.5
20
2.6
21
2.7
2.8
2.9
22
2.10
2.11
2.12
23
2.13
2.14
2.15
24
2.16
25
2.17
2.18
26
2.19
27
2.20
28
2.21
2.22
2.23
29
2.24
2.25
30
2.26
31
2.27
32
2.28
33
2.29
34
2.30
35
2.31
36
Chapter 3
3.1
37
3.2
3.3
38
3.4
39
3.5
3.6
40
3.7
41
3.8
42
3.9
43
3.10
44
3.11
45
3.12
46
3.13
47
3.14
48
3.15
49
3.16
50
3.17
51
3.18
52
3.19
3.20
53
3.21
54
3.22
55
3.23
3.24
56
3.25
3.26
57
3.27
3.28
58
3.29
59
Chapter 4
4.1
4.2
60
4.3
4.4
61
4.5
4.6
62
4.7
63
4.8
4.9
64
4.10
65
4.11
66
4.12
67
4.13
68
4.14
69
4.15
70
4.16
71
4.17
72
4.18
4.19
73
4.20
74
4.21
75
4.22
4.23
76
4.24
77
4.25
78
4.26
79
80
4.27
81
4.28
82
4.29
83
4.30
4.31
84
4.32
85
4.33
86
4.34
87
4.35
88
4.36
89
4.37
90
Chapter 5
5.1
91
5.2
5.3
92
5.4
5.5
5.6
93
5.7
94
5.8
95
96
5.9
97
98
5.10
5.11
99
5.12
100
101
5.13
5.14
102
5.15
103
5.16
104
105
5.17
106
107
5.18
108
5.19
109
110
5.20
111
5.21
112
5.22
113
5.23
114
5.24
115
5.25
116
117
Chapter 6
6.1
6.2
118
6.3
119
6.4
6.5
120
6.6
121
6.7
122
6.8
6.9
123
6.10
124
6.11
125
6.12
126
6.13
127
6.14
128
6.15
129
6.16
6.17
130
6.18
131
6.19
132
6.20
133
6.21
134
6.22
135
136
6.23
137
6.24
6.25
138
Chapter 7
7.1
139
7.2
7.3
140
7.4
141
7.5
142
7.6
143
7.7
144
145
7.8
146
7.9
147
148
7.10
149
7.11
150
151
7.12
7.13
152
7.14
7.15
153
7.16
154
7.17
155
7.18
156
157
7.19
7.20
158
7.21
159
160
7.22
7.23
161
7.24
162
7.25
163
164
7.26
165
166
7.27
167
7.28
168
7.29
169
7.30
170
7.31
171
7.32
172
7.33
173
174
Chapter 8
8.1
175
8.2
176
8.3
177
8.4
178
179
8.5
180
181
8.6
182
8.7
183
184
8.8
185
186
8.9
187
8.10
188
8.11
189
8.12
190
8.13
191
192
193
8.14
194
8.15
195
8.16
196
8.17
197
198
8.18
199
200
8.19
201
202
203
8.20
204
205
8.21
206
8.22
207
208
8.23
209
8.24
210
211
8.25
212
Chapter 9
9.1
213
9.2
9.3
214
9.4
215
9.5
216
9.6
217
9.7
218
9.8
219
9.9
220
9.10
221
9.11
222
9.12
223
9.13
224
9.14
225
226
9.15
227
9.16
9.17
228
9.18
9.19
229
9.20
230
Chapter 10
10.1
231
10.2
232
10.3
233
10.4
10.5
234
10.6
235
10.7
236
237
10.8
238
10.9
239
10.10
240
10.11
241
10.12
242
10.13
243
10.14
244
10.15
245
10.16
246
10.17
10.18
247
Chapter 11
11.1
248
11.2
249
11.3
250
11.4
251
11.5
252
11.6
253
11.7
254
Chapter 12
12.1
255
12.2
256
12.3
257
12.4
258
12.5
12.6
259
12.7
12.8
260
12.9
261
12.10
262
12.11
263
12.12
264
265
12.13
266
12.14
267
12.15
268
12.16
269
270
12.17
271
272
12.18
273
274
12.19
275
12.20
276
12.21
277
12.22
278
Chapter 13
13.1
279
13.2
280
13.3
281
13.4
282
13.5
283
13.6
284
13.7
285
286
13.8
287
13.9
288
13.10
289
13.11
13.12
13.13
290
13.14
13.15
291
13.16
292
13.17
293
13.18
294
13.19
295
13.20
13.21
296
13.22
297
298
13.23
299
Chapter 14
14.1
Data on satellite fading at L-band in various environments can be found in Handbook
of
Propagation Effects for Vehicular and Personal Mobile Satellite Systems , by J. Gold
hirsh and
W. Vogel, and in Satellite Systems for Personal and Broadband Communications , by E. Lu
tz,
M. Werner, and A. Jahn, as well as from various other sources. Typically, one ca
n expect fading
levels of 15 to 20 dB for domestic and commercial buildings, for 95% link availa
bility. For
vehicles, the fading levels can be 20 dB or more. On the other hand, a line-of-s
ight system (as
when the handset is used outdoors with little or no blockage to the satellite) w
ould require a link
margin of 0 dB in principal, although a few dB of margin would provide a more ro
bust system.
In view of this data, it is not clear why the Iridium system was designed with a
link margin of 16
dB.
300
14.2
301
14.3
14.4
302
14.5
14.6
14.7
303
14.8
14.9
304
14.10
305
14.11
306
14.12
14.13
307
14.14
308
14.15
14.16
309
14.17
14.18
14.19
310
14.20
14.21
311
14.22
14.23
312
6.26
313
6.27
314