APPENDIX B

Selected Normal Pediatric Laboratory Values

All laboratory values listed are approximate. Consult your local laboratory for guidelines as to normal values for the
specific testing procedures used.

NORMAL VALUES: BLOOD

Albumin (S)1 Ammonia (P)1
Newborn: 2.63.6 g/dL Newborns:
50 mmol/L
13 years: 3.44.2 g/dL Thereafter: 035 mmol/L
46 years: 3.55.2 g/dL
79 years: 3.75.6 g/dL
1019 years: 3.75.6 g/dL Base Excess (B)1

Newborn: 10 to 2 mmol/L
Aldolase (S)1 Infant: 7 to 1 mmol/L
Child: 4 to +2 mmol/L
1024 months: 3.411.8 U/L Thereafter: 3 to +3 mmol/L
27 years: 1.28.8 U/L
Adults: 1.74.9 U/L
Bicarbonate, Actual (P)2

Aldosterone (S)1 Calculated from pH and PaCO2

Newborns: 17.223.6 mmol/L
69 years: 124 ng/dL
2 months2 years: 1924 mmol/L
1011 years: 215 ng/dL
Children: 1825 mmol/L
1214 years: 122 ng/dL
Adult males: 20.128.9 mmol/L
1517 years: 132 ng/dL
Adult females: 18.428.8 mmol/L

Alkaline Phosphatase (S)2

Bilirubin, Conjugated (S)1
Values in IU/L at 37C (98.6F) using p-nitrophenol phosphate buffered
with AMP (kinetic). Neonates:
10 mol/L
Neonate:
2 mol/L
Age Males Females Preterm (16 days):
10 mol/L

Newborns (13 days) 95368 95368 Bleeding Time (Simplate)2

224 months 115460 115460
25 years 115391 115391 29 min.
67 years 115460 115460
89 years 115345 115345 Blood Volume2
1011 years 115336 115437
1213 years 127403 92336 Premature infants: 98 mL/kg
1415 years 79446 78212 At 1 year: 86 mL/kg (range, 69112 mL/kg)
1618 years 58331 35124 Older children: 70 mL/kg (range, 5186 mL/kg)
Adults 41137 39118
Calcium (S)2
a1Antitrysin (S)1
Premature infants (first week): 3.54.5 mEq/L (1.72.3 mmol/L)
Newborn: 143440 mg/dL Full-term infants (first week): 4.05.0 mEq/L (2.02.5 mmol/L)
13 years: 147244 mg/dL Thereafter: 4.45.3 mEq/L (2.22.7 mmol/L)
49 years: 160245 mg/dL
1013 years: 166267 mg/dL
Carbon Dioxide, Partial Pressure (PCO2) (B)1
1419 years: 152317 mg/dL
Newborn: 2740 mmHg (3.65.5 kPa)
Infant: 2741 mmHg (3.65.5 kPa)
Note: Modified from: Children: 3248 mmHg (4.36.4 kPa)
1Soldin, S.J., Brugnara, C., & Hicks, J.M. (1999). Pediatric reference ranges

(3rd ed.). Washington, DC: AACC Press.

2Hay, W.W., Hayward, A.R., Levin, M.J., Sondheimer, J.M. (2000). Current Carbon Dioxide, Total (P)1
pediatric diagnosis and treatment (15th ed.). New York: Lange Medical
Books/McGraw Hill. Cord blood: 1329 mmol/L

1 year: 1731 mmol/L
Adults: 2430 mmol/L

1447
Chloride (S, P)1 Fasting Insulin Level3

1 year: 96111 mmol/L 1.824.6 mU/L

117 years: 102112 mmol/L
Adults: 100108 mmol/L Fibrinogen (P)2

200500 mg/dL (5.914.7 mol/L)

Cholesterol, High-Density Lipoprotein (S)1

19 years: 3582 mg/dL (0.912.12 mmol/L) Galactose (S, P)2

1013 years: 3684 mg/dL (0.932.17 mmol/L)
1419 years: 3565 mg/dL (0.911.68 mmol/L) 1.12.1 mg/dL (0.060.12 mmol/L)

Cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein (S)1 Galactose 1-Phosphate (RBC)

59 years: 63140 mg/dL (1.633.63 mmol/L) Normal: 1 mg/dL of packed erythrocyte lysate; slightly higher in cord blood
1014 years: 64136 mg/dL (1.663.52 mmol/L) Infants with congenital galactosemia on a milk-free diet:
2 mg/dL
1519 years: 59137 mg/dL (1.533.55 mmol/L) Infants with congenital galactosemia taking milk: 920 mg/dL

Cholesterol, Total (S, P)1 Galactose 1-Phosphate Uridyl Transferase (RBC)2

13 years: 44181 mg/dL (1.154.70 mmol/L) Normal: 308475 mIU/g of hemoglobin
46 years: 108187 mg/dL (2.804.80 mmol/L) Heterozygous for Duarte variant: 225308 mIU/g of hemoglobin
79 years: 112247 mg/dL (2.906.40 mmol/L)
Homozygous for Duarte variant: 142225 mIU/g of hemoglobin
1013 years: 125244 mg/dL (3.256.30 mmol/L)
Heterozygous for congenital galactosemia: 142225 mIU/g of hemoglobin
1419 years: 106224 mg/dL (2.755.80 mmol/L)
Homozygous for congenital galactosemia:
8 mIU/g of hemoglobin

Complement (S)2
Glucose (S, P)2
C3: 96195 mg/dL
Premature infants: 2080 mg/dL (1.114.44 mmol/L)
C4: 1520 mg/dL
Full-term infants: 30100 mg/dL (1.675.56 mmol/L)
Children and adults (fasting): 60105 mg/dL (3.335.88 mmol/L)
Creatine Kinase (S, P)2

Newborns (13 days): 40474 IU/L at 37C (98.6F) Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (RBC)2
Adult males: 30210 IU/L at 37C (98F)
150215 units/dL
Adult females: 20128 IU/L at 37C (98.6F)

Glucose Tolerance Test Results in Serum a2

Creatine (S, P)2

Values in mg/dL (mol/L) GLUCOSE INSULIN

Age Males Females TIME mg/dL mmol/L U/mL pmol/L

13 daysa 0.21.0 (17.788.4) 0.21.0 (17.788.4) Fasting 5996 3.115.33 540 36287
1 year 0.20.6 (17.753.0) 0.20.5 (17.744.2) 30 min 91185 5.0510.27 36110 258789
23 years 0.20.7 (17.761.9) 0.30.6 (26.553.0) 60 min 66164 3.669.10 22124 158890
47 years 0.20.8 (17.770.7) 0.20.7 (17.761.9) 90 min 68148 3.778.22 17105 122753
810 years 0.30.9 (26.579.6) 0.30.8 (26.570.7)
2 hr 66122 3.666.77 684 43603
1112 years 0.31.0 (26.588.4) 0.30.9 (26.579.6)
3 hr 4799 2.615.49 246 14330
1317 years 0.31.2 (26.5106.1) 0.31.1 (26.597.2)
1820 years 0.51.3 (44.2115.0) 0.31.1 (26.597.2) 4 hr 6193 3.395.16 332 21230
5 hr 6386 3.504.77 537 36265
a Values may be higher in premature newborns.
aNormal levels based on results in 13 normal children given glucose,

1.75 g/kg orally in one dose, after 2 weeks on a high-carbohydrate diet.

Creatinine Clearance2

Values show great variability and depend on specificity of analytical Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Hemoglobin A1) (B)1
methods used.
Newborns (1 day): 550 mL/min/1.73 m2 Normal: 47% of total hemoglobin
(mean, 18 mL/min/1.73 m2) Diabetic patients in good control 810%
Newborns (6 days): 1590 mL/min/1.73 m2 of their condition:
(mean, 36 mL/min/1.73 m2) Diabetic patients in poor control: 818%
Adult males: 85125 mL/min/1.73 m2 Pregnant Women: 5%8%
Adult females: 75115 mL/min/1.73 m2
Values tend to vary with testing technique.
aNote: These values reflect total Hemoglobin A1 levels. When Hemoglobin
C-Reactive Protien (S)1
A1c is computed, values are usually 24% lower.
Cord blood: 10350 g/L
Adult: 688,200 g/L

1448 APPENDIX B Selected Normal Pediatric Laboratory Values

Growth Hormone (S)2 Immunoglobulin E (S, P)1

After infancy (fasting specimen): 05 ng/mL 012 months
1 KIU/L

In response to natural and artificial provocation (e.g., sleep, arginine, insulin, 13 years
90 KIU/L
hypoglycemia): 8 ng/mL 410 years
193 KIU/L
During the newborn period (fasting specimen): GH levels are high 1118 years
398 KIU/L
(1540 ng/mL) and responses to provocation variable
Iron (S, P)2
Hematocrit (B)1
Newborns: 20157 g/dL (3.628.1 mol/L)
Age Males (%) Females (%) 6 weeks3 years: 20115 g/dL (3.620.6 mol/L)
Newborns 43.456.1 37.455.9 39 years: 20141 g/dL (3.625.2 mol/L)
6 months2 years 30.937.0 31.237.2 914 years: 21151 g/dL (3.827 mol/L)
26 years 31.737.7 32.037.1 1416 years: 20181 g/dL (3.632.4 mol/L)
612 years 32.739.3 33.039.6 Adults: 44196 g/dL (7.231.3 mol/L)
1218 years 34.843.9 34.040.7
18 years 33.446.2 33.041.0 Iron-Binding Capacity (S, P)2

Newborns: 59175 g/dL (10.631.3 mol/L)

Hemoglobin (B)1 Children and adults: 275458 g/dL (4572 mol/L)
Age Males (g/dL) Females (g/dL)
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) (S, P)2
Newborns 14.718.6 12.718.3
6 months2 years 10.312.4 10.412.4 Values using lactate substrate (kinetic).
26 years 10.512.7 10.712.7 13 days: 40348 IU/L at 37C (98.6F)
612 years 11.013.3 10.913.3 1 month5 years: 150360 IU/L at 37C (98.6F)
1218 years 11.514.8 11.213.6 58 years: 150300 IU/L at 37C (98.6F)
18 years 10.915.7 10.713.5 812 years: 130300 IU/L at 37C (98.6F)
1214 years: 130280 IU/L at 37C (98.6F)
1416 years: 130230 IU/L at 37C (98.6F)
Hemoglobin A1C
Adult males: 70178 IU/L at 37C (98.6F)
See Glycosylated Hemoglobin. Adult females: 42166 IU/L at 37C (98.6F)

Hemoglobin Electrophoresis (B)2 Lead (B)1

A1 hemoglobin: 96%98.5% of total hemoglobin 015 years
10 g/dL (
0.48 mol/L)
A2 hemoglobin: 1.5%4% of total hemoglobin
Magnesium (P)1
Hemoglobin, Fetal (B)2 Values in mg/dL (mmol/L)
At birth: 50%85% of total hemoglobin
Age Males Females
At 1 year:
15% of total hemoglobin
Up to 2 years: 5% of total hemoglobin 130 days 1.72.4 (0.700.99) 1.72.5 (0.701.03)
Thereafter:
2% of total hemoglobin 31365 days 1.62.5 (0.661.03) 1.92.4 (0.780.99)
13 years 1.72.4 (0.700.99) 1.72.4 (0.700.99)
Immunoglobulins (S)1 49 years 1.72.4 (0.700.99) 1.62.3 (0.660.95)
1015 years 1.62.2 (0.660.91) 1.62.2 (0.660.91)
IgG IgA IgM 1618 years 1.52.2 (0.620.91) 1.52.2 (0.620.91)
Age (mg/dL) (mg/dL) (mg/dL)

130 days 2211031 119 12117

16 months 195794 159 9212 Osmolality (S)1
712 months 184974 9107 4216 Birth1 month: 275305 mOsm/kg
13 years 5071407 18171 63298 Adults: 282300 mOsm/kg
46 years 5711550 47231 64298
79 years 5891717 41252 49270 Oxygen, Partial Pressure (PO2) (B)1
1012 years 7051871 61269 58340
1315 years 7091907 42304 57361 Birth: 824 mmHg 1.13.2 kPa
1618 years 6322108 89322 59360 1 hour: 5580 mmHg 7.310.6 kPa
1 day: 83108 mmHg 11.014.4 kPa

Immunoglobulin D (S)1
Oxygen Saturation (B)1
Newborn: 0 mg/dL
Newborns: 85%90%
Thereafter: 08 mg/dL
Thereafter: 95%99%

APPENDIX B Selected Normal Pediatric Laboratory Values 1449

Partial Thromboplastin Time (P)2 Prothrombin Time (P)2

Children: 4254 sec Children: 1115 sec

PH (B)1 Protoporphyrin, Free (FEP, ZPP) (B)2

06 months 7.187.50 Values for free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP)
612 months 7.277.49 are 1.22.7 g/g of hemoglobin.

Phenylalanine (S, P)2 Red Blood Cell Count (B)1

0.73.5 mg/dL (0.040.21 mmol/L) Values  106/L. (L  mm3)

Age Males Females

Phosphorus, Inorganic (S, P)2
Newborns6 months 4.25.5 3.45.4
Newborns: 5.07.8 mg/dL (1.612.52 mmol/L) 6 months2 years 4.15.0 4.14.9
1 year: 3.86.2 mg/dL (1.232.0 mmol/L) 212 years 4.04.9 4.04.9
10 years: 3.65.6 mg/dL (1.161.81 mmol/L) 1218 years 4.25.3 4.04.9
Adults: 3.15.1 mg/dL (1.01.65 mmol/L) 18 years 3.85.4 3.84.8

Platelet Count (RBC)1

Sedimentation Rate (Micro) (B)2
Value  103/L. (L  mm3)

2 years: 15 mm/hr
Age Males Females 2 years: 18 mm/hr

Newborns 164351 234346

12 months 275567 295615 Sodium (P)1
26 months 275566 288598 Newborns: 133146 mmol/L
6 months2 years 219452 229465 Children and adults: 135148 mmol/L
26 years 204405 204402
612 years 194364 183369
Thrombin Time (P)2
1218 years 165332 185335
18 years 143320 171326 Children: 1216 sec

Potassium (S, P)2 Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) (P, S)1

Premature infants: 4.57.2 mmol/L Values in mU/L.

Full-term infants: 3.75.2 mmol/L
Age Males Females
Children: 3.55.8 mmol/L
Adults: 3.55.5 mmol/L 130 days 0.5216.00 0.7213.10
1 month5 years 0.557.10 0.468.10
Proteins in Seruma2 618 years 0.376.00 0.365.80

Total
1-
2- Thyroxine (T4) (S, P)1

Age Protein Globulin Globulin
Values in g/dL (nmol/L).
At birth 4.67.0 0.10.3 0.20.3
3 months 4.56.5 0.10.3 0.30.7 Age Males Females
1 year 5.47.5 0.10.3 0.51.1
130 days 5.921.5 (76276) 6.321.5 (81276)
4 years 5.98.0 0.10.3 0.40.8
112 months 6.413.9 (82179) 4.913.7 (63176)
13 years 7.013.1 (90169) 7.114.1 (91180)
Age -Globulin -Globulin 46 years 6.112.6 (79162) 7.214.0 (93180)
712 years 6.713.4 (86172) 6.112.1 (79156)
At birth 0.30.6 0.61.2
1315 years 4.811.5 (62148) 5.811.2 (75144)
3 months 0.30.7 0.20.7
1 year 0.41.0 0.20.9 1618 years 5.911.5 (76148) 5.213.2 (67170)

4 years 0.51.0 0.41.3

aValues are for cellulose acetate electrophoresis and are in g/dL. SI conversion
factor: g/dL  10  g/L.

1450 APPENDIX B Selected Normal Pediatric Laboratory Values

Throxine, Free (Free T4) (S, P)1 Urea Clearance2

Newborns: 0.802.78 ng/dL (1036 pmol/L) Premature infants: 3.517.3 mL/min/1.73 m2

112 months: 0.762.00 ng/dL (1026 pmol/L) Newborns: 8.733 mL/min/1.73 m2
15 years: 0.901.72 ng/dL (1222 pmol/L) 212 months: 4095 mL/min/1.73 m2
610 years: 0.811.68 ng/dL (1022 pmol/L) 2 years: 52 mL/min/1.73 m2
1115 years: 0.791.57 ng/dL (1020 pmol/L)
1618 years: 0.831.53 ng/dL (1120 pmol/L) Urea Nitrogen (P)1

Thyroxine-binding Globulin (TBG) (P)1 13 years 517 mg/dL (1.86.0 mmol/L)

413 years 717 mg/dL (2.56.0 mmol/L)
112 months: 16.232.9 mg/L 1419 years 821 mg/dL (2.97.5 mmol/L)
13 years: 16.433.8 mg/L
46 years: 16.630.8 mg/L
Uric Acid (S, P)2
712 years: 15.029.2 mg/L
1318 years: 13.428.7 mg/L Males:
014 years: 27 mg/dL (119416 mol/L)
Triglycerides (S)1 14 years: 38 mg/dL (178476 mol/L)

Values in mg/dL (mmol/L) Females:

All ages: 27 mg/dL (119416 mol/L)
Age Males Females
13 years 27125 (0.311.41) 27125 (0.311.41)
White Blood Cell Count (B)1
46 years 32116 (0.361.31) 32116 (0.361.31)
79 years 28129 (0.321.46) 28129 (0.321.46) Values  103/mL. (L = mm3)
1011 years 24137 (0.271.55) 39140 (0.441.58)
Age Males Females
1213 years 24145 (0.271.64) 37130 (0.421.47)
1415 years 34165 (0.381.86) 38135 (0.431.52) Newborns 6.813.3 8.014.3
1619 years 34140 (0.381.58) 37140 (0.421.58) 6 months2 years 6.214.5 6.415.0
26 years 5.311.5 5.311.5
612 years 4.510.5 4.710.3
Triiodothyronine (T3) (S, P)1
1218 years 4.510.0 4.810.1
130 days 15210 ng/dL 18 years 4.410.2 4.910.0
112 months 50275 ng/dL
15 years 80258 ng/dL
610 years 96232 ng/dL
1115 years 73211 ng/dL
1618 years 69201 ng/dL

NORMAL VALUES: URINE

Addis Count2 Catecholamines (Norepinephrine, Epinephrine)2

Red cells (12-hr specimen):
1 million Values in g/24 hr (nmol/24 hr).

White cells (12-hr specimen):
2 million
Casts (12-hr specimen):
10,000 TOTAL CATE- NOREPI-
Protein (12-hr specimen):
55 mg AGE CHOLAMINES NEPHRINE EPINEPHRINE

1 year 20 5.415.9 0.14.3 (0.523.5)
Albumin2 (3294)
15 years 40 8.130.8 0.89.1 (4.449.7)
First month: 1100 mg/L (48182)
Second month: 0.234 mg/L 615 years 80 19.071.1 1.310.5 (7.157.3)
212 months: 0.519 mg/L (112421)
15 years 100 34.487.0 3.513.2 (19.172.1)
Ammonia2 (203514)

212 months: 420 mEq/min/m2

116 years: 616 mEq/min/m2
Chloride2

Infants: 1.78.5 mmol/24 hr

Calcium2
Children: 1734 mmol/24 hr
412 years: 48 mEq/L (24 mmol/L) Adults: 140240 mmol/24 hr

APPENDIX B Selected Normal Pediatric Laboratory Values 1451

Corticosteroids (17-Hydroxycorticosteroids)1 Phosphorus, Tubular Reabsorption

02 years: 24 mg/24 hr (5.511 mmol) 78%97%.

26 years: 36 mg/24 hr (8.316.6 mmol)
610 years: 68 mg/24 hr (16.622.1 mmol) Porphyrins2
1014 years: 810 mg/24 hr (22.127.6 mmol)
-Aminolevulinic acid: 07 mg/24 hr (053.4 mol/24 hr)
Porphobilinogen: 02 mg/24 hr (08.8 mol/24 hr)
Creatine2
Coproporphyrin: 0160 mg/24 hr (0244 mol/24 hr)
1858 mg/L (1.374.42 mmol/L) Uroporphyrin: 026 mg/24 hr (031 mol/24 hr)

Potassium2
Creatinine2
26123 mmol/L
Newborns: 710 mg/kg/24 hr
Children: 2030 mg/kg/24 hr
Adult males: 2126 mg/kg/24 hr Sodium2
Adult females: 1622 mg/kg/24 hr Infants: 0.33.5 mmol/24 hr (610 mmol/m2)
Growth Hormone1 Children and adults: 5.617 mmol/24 hr

2.213.3 years (Tanner 1): 0.46.3 ng/24 hr (0.912.3 ng/g creatinine) Specific Gravity
10.314.6 years (Tanner 2): 0.812.0 ng/24 hr (1.014.1 ng/g creatinine)
11.515.3 years (Tanner 3): 1.720.4 ng/24 hr (1.917.0 ng/g creatinine) 1.0101.030
12.717.1 years (Tanner 4): 1.518.2 ng/24 hr (1.314.4 ng/g creatinine)
13.519.9 years (Tanner 5): 1.214.5 ng/24 hr (0.811.0 ng/g creatinine) Urobilinogen2

3 mg/24 hr (
5.1 mol/24 hr)
Homovanillic Acid2
Children: 316 g/mg of creatinine Vanillymandelic Acid (VMA)2
Adults: 24 g/mg of creatinine
Because of the difficulty in obtaining an accurately timed 24-hour collection,
values based on microgram per milligram of creatinine are the most reliable
Mucopolysaccharides2 indications of VMA excretion in young children.
112 months: 135 g/mg of creatinine (31135 mg/kg/24 hr)
Acid mucopolysaccharide screen should yield negative results. Positive
results after dialysis of the urine should be followed up with a thin-layer chro- 12 years: 130 g/mg of creatinine
matogram for evaluation of the acid mucopolysaccharide excretion pattern. 25 years: 115 g/mg of creatinine
510 years: 114 g/mg of creatinine
1015 years: 110 g/mg of creatinine
Osmolality2
(17 mg/24 hr; 535 mmol/24hr)
Infants: 50600 mosm/L Adults: 17 g/mg of creatinine
Older children: 501400 mosm/L (17 mg/24 hr; 535 mmol/24 hr)

NORMAL VALUES: FECES

Fat, Total2

26 months: 0.31.3 g/d

6 months1 year:
4 g/d
Children:
3 g/d
Adolescents:
5 g/d
Adults:
7 g/d

NORMAL VALUES: SWEAT

Electrolytes2

Normal:
40 mmol/L for both sodium and chloride.

Patients with cystic fibrosis: 60 mmol/L for both sodium and chloride.

NORMAL VALUES: CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

Protein1 Glucose1
Newborns: 40120 mg/dL All ages: 60%80% of blood glucose

1 month: 2080 mg/dL
1 month: 1545 mg/dL

1452 APPENDIX B Selected Normal Pediatric Laboratory Values