1 Intro To CFD Analysis PDF

Introduction to CFD
Analysis
Introductory FLUENT Training
2006 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Introductory FLUENT Notes Fluent User Services Center
FLUENT v6.3 December 2006 www.fluentusers.com
What is CFD?
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the science of predicting fluid
flow, heat and mass transfer, chemical reactions, and related
phenomena by solving numerically the set of governing mathematical
equations.
z Conservation of mass, momentum, energy, species, etc.
The results of CFD analyses are relevant in:
z conceptual studies of new designs
z detailed product development
z troubleshooting
z redesign
CFD analysis complements testing and experimentation.
z Reduces the total effort required in the experiment design and data
acquisition
2006 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-2 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary
How Does CFD Work?

FLUENT solvers are based on the finite
volume method.
z Domain is discretized onto a finite set Control
of control volumes (or cells). Volume
z General conservation (transport)
equations for mass, momentum, energy,
species, etc. are solved on this set of
control volumes. Fluid region of pipe flow is

t
V

A

dV + V dA = dA + S dV
A
V
discretized into a finite set of control
volumes (mesh).
Unsteady Convection Diffusion Generation Equation Variable

z Partial differential equations are Continuity 1
discretized into a system of algebraic X momentum u
equations. Y momentum v
Z momentum w
z All algebraic equations are then solved Energy h
numerically to render the solution field.
CFD Modeling Overview

Solver
Pre-Processing
Transport Equations
Solid Mesh z Mass Physical Models
Modeler Generator Species mass z Turbulence
fraction z Combustion
Phase volume z Radiation
fraction
z Multiphase
z Momentum
z Phase Change
Solver Settings z Energy
Equations of state z Moving Zones
Supporting physical models z Moving Mesh
Material Properties
Boundary Conditions
Post Processing
Initial Conditions
CFD Analysis The Basic Steps

Problem Identification and Preprocessing
1. Define your modeling goals.
2. Identify the domain you will model.
3. Design and create the grid.
Solver Execution
4. Set up the numerical model.
5. Compute and monitor the solution.
Post-Processing
6. Examine the results.
7. Consider revisions to the model.
Define Your Modeling Goals

Problem Identification and Pre-Processing
1. Define your modeling goals
2. Identify the domain you will model
3. Design and create the grid
What results are you looking for (i.e. pressure drop, mass flowrate),
and how will they be used?
z What are your modeling options?
What physical models will need to be included in your analysis (i.e.
turbulence, compressibility, radiation)?
What simplifying assumptions do you have to make?
What simplifying assumptions can you make (i.e. symmetry, periodicity)?
Do you require a unique modeling capability?
User-defined functions (written in C) in FLUENT 6
What degree of accuracy is required?
How quickly do you need the results?
Identify the Domain You Will Model

Gas
2. Identify the domain you will model Domain of interest
3. Design and create the grid
Cyclone
How will you isolate a piece of the
complete physical system?
Where will the computational
Riser
domain begin and end?
z Do you have boundary condition
information at these boundaries?
z Can the boundary condition types
accommodate that information?
z Can you extend the domain to a
point where reasonable data exists?
L-valve
Can it be simplified or
approximated as a 2D or Gas
axisymmetric problem?
Example: Cyclone Separator
Design and Create the Grid

2. Identify the domain you will model
Can you benefit from another code, such as
3. Design and create the grid MixSim, IcePak, or AirPak?
Can you use a quad/hex grid or should you use
a tri/tet grid or hybrid grid?
z How complex is the geometry and flow?
Triangle Quadrilateral z Will you need a non-conformal interface?
What degree of grid resolution is required in
each region of the domain?
z Is the resolution sufficient for the geometry?
z Can you predict regions with high gradients?
Tetrahedron Hexahedron z Will you use adaption to add resolution?
Do you have sufficient computer memory?
z How many cells are required?
z How many models will be used?
Pyramid Prism/Wedge
Tri/Tet vs. Quad/Hex Meshes

For simple geometries, quad/hex
meshes can provide higher-quality
solutions with fewer cells than a
comparable tri/tet mesh.
z Shows reduced false diffusion when
the grid is aligned with the flow.
For complex geometries, quad/hex

meshes show no numerical
advantage, and you can save meshing
effort by using a tri/tet mesh.
z Flow is generally not aligned with
the grid.
Hybrid Mesh Example

Valve port grid Tetrahedral
z Specific regions can be mesh
meshed with different cell
types. Hexahedral
z Both efficiency and accuracy mesh
are enhanced relative to a
hexahedral or tetrahedral
mesh alone.
z Tools for hybrid mesh
generation are available in
GAMBIT and TGrid.
Wedge mesh
Hybrid mesh for an

IC engine valve port
Non-Conformal Mesh Example

A non-conformal mesh is a mesh in which the grid nodes to not match
across an interface.
z Can be helpful for meshing complex geometries.
z Required for sliding mesh applications.
Example: Non-conformal
z 3D film cooling interface
Coolant is injected into a duct

from a plenum.
Plenum is meshed with
tetrahedral cells.
Duct is meshed with
hexahedral cells.
Plenum part could be replaced
with new geometry with reduced
meshing effort.
Set Up the Numerical Model

Solver Execution
4. Set up the numerical model.
5. Compute and monitor the solution.
For a given problem, you will need to:
z Select appropriate physical models.
Turbulence, combustion, multiphase,
etc.
z Define material properties.
Fluid
Solid
Solving initially in 2D will Mixture
provide valuable experience z Prescribe operating conditions.
with the models and solver z Prescribe boundary conditions at all
settings for your problem in a
boundary zones.
short amount of time.
z Provide an initial solution.
z Set up solver controls.
z Set up convergence monitors.
Compute the Solution

Solver Execution
4.
5.
Set up the numerical model.
Compute and monitor the solution.
The discretized conservation equations are
solved iteratively.
z A number of iterations are usually required to
reach a converged solution.
Convergence is reached when:
z Changes in solution variables from one
iteration
to the next are negligible.
Residuals provide a mechanism to help
monitor this trend.
A converged and grid- z Overall property conservation is achieved.
independent solution on a well-
The accuracy of a converged solution is
posed problem will provide
useful engineering results!
dependent upon:
z Appropriateness and accuracy of physical
models.
z Grid resolution and independence
z Problem setup
Examine the Results

Postprocessing
6.
7.
Examine the results
Consider revisions to the model
Examine the results to review solution
and extract useful data.
z Visualization Tools can be used to answer
such questions as:
What is the overall flow pattern?
Is there separation?
Where do shocks, shear layers, etc.
form?
Examine results to ensure Are key flow features being resolved?
property conservation and
z Numerical Reporting Tools can be used to
correct physical behavior.
calculate quantitative results:
High residuals may be
attributable to only a few Forces and Moments
cells of poor quality. Average heat transfer coefficients
Surface and Volume integrated
quantities
Flux Balances
Consider Revisions to the Model

Postprocessing
6. Examine the results
7. Consider revisions to the model
Are physical models appropriate?
z Is flow turbulent?
z Is flow unsteady?
z Are there compressibility effects?
z Are there 3D effects?
Are boundary conditions correct?
z Is the computational domain large enough?
z Are boundary conditions appropriate?
z Are boundary values reasonable?
Is grid adequate?
z Can grid be adapted to improve results?
z Does solution change significantly with
adaption, or is the solution grid independent?
z Does boundary resolution need to be
improved?
Demonstration of FLUENT Software

Start FLUENT (assume the mesh has already been generated).
z Set up a simple problem.
z Solve the flow field.
z Postprocess the results.
Online help and documentation is available on each panel by pressing

the help button
z Requires that you have the documentation installed and properly
connected to your web browser.
Navigating the PC at Fluent

Log in to your workstation
z Login name: fluent
z Password: fluent
Directories
z Your FLUENT session will start in c:\users
z Tutorial mesh/case/data files can be found in:
c:\Student Files\fluent\tut\
z We recommend that you save your work into a central working folder:
c:\users
z Working folder shown on the desktop is a shortcut to c:\users
To start FLUENT and/or GAMBIT
z From the Start menu or desktop, launch the appropriate icon.
z From a system prompt, enter either fluent or gambit
Your support engineer will save your work at the end of the week.
It is recommended that you restart FLUENT for each tutorial to avoid
mixing solver settings from different tutorials.

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Introduction to CFD

Introductory FLUENT Training

2006 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

How Does CFD Work?

Unsteady Convection Diffusion Generation Equation Variable

CFD Modeling Overview

CFD Analysis The Basic Steps

Define Your Modeling Goals

Identify the Domain You Will Model

Design and Create the Grid

Tri/Tet vs. Quad/Hex Meshes

For complex geometries, quad/hex

Hybrid Mesh Example

Hybrid mesh for an

Non-Conformal Mesh Example

Coolant is injected into a duct

Set Up the Numerical Model

Compute the Solution

Examine the Results

Consider Revisions to the Model

Demonstration of FLUENT Software

Online help and documentation is available on each panel by pressing

Navigating the PC at Fluent

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