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Alpha stunners
Topic : Digestion and Absorption
By: Abhishek Singh Jat

Chapter 16
Digestion and Absorption

Food is our basic requirement of all living organisms. The component of food are
carbohydrates, proteins and fat. Vitamins and minerals are also required but in small
quantity.

The process of absorption of these components in our body by converting these complex
components into simpler components is called digestion.

Digestive system

Alimentary canal Digestive glands

parts

Mouth Salivary glands

Oral cavity o Parotid gland
o Palate o Sublingual gland
o Tongue o Submaxillary gland
o Teeth Liver
Pharynx pancreas
Oesophagus
Stomach Cardiac, fundic and pyloric
Large intestine Caecum, Colon, Rectum
Small intestine Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
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Alimentary canal (it begins with mouth)

1. Mouth
It leads to buccal cavity or oral cavity. Oral cavity has number of teeth and a
muscular tongue. Teeth are embedded in jaw and this attachment is called
thecodent.
In human beings two sets of teeth occur:-
Permanent teeth and temporary teeth. This dentition is called diphyodent.
Total number of teeth in human being are 32. These are divided into three
parts:
o Incisors (I)
o Canine (pm)
o Canine (c)
o Molars (m)

These are represented by dental formula of 2123/2123.

The hard opening of mouth called chewing surface of teeth, made of enamel,
help in mastication of food. The tongue is freely movable muscular organ
attach to frenulum. Tongue has small projections which help as tasting food
called papillae.

2. Pharynx
It is a common passage for food and air. oesophagus and trachea open into
pharynx. Epiglottis is an organ or a flap which prevent entry of food into
glottis. Glottis is an region where wind pipe open.
3. Oesophagus
It is a long tube passing through neck, thorax and diaphragm and lead to J
shape region called stomach.
4. Small intestine
It consists of three parts
Cardiac portion in which Fundic and pyloric both opens in the region of small
oesophagus opens intestine. This region is first
region of small intestine.

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5. Small intestine
It is also a distinguished into here regions
o U shaped duodenum :- it is closing of stomach region.
o Ileum:- it opens into large intestine. It consists of caecum, colon and
rectum.
Caecum small blind sac host some symbiotic micro-organisms.
It opens into colon
Colon it is divided into three parts
I. Ascending
II. transverse
III. descending it opens into rectum
The walls of alimentary canal posses four layers from oesophagus to rectum.
They are:-
Serosa outermost layer made of mesothelium.
Muscularis formed by smooth muscles, arranged in inner circular and
outer longitudinal layer.
Sub mucosa formedof loose connective tissue, glands are present
Mucosa innermost layer, forms villi, helps in lubrication by secreting
mucus.

Digestive glands
These include

1) salivary gland:
Mainly produces saliva. It is produced by three parts:- the parotids(the
cheeks), the sum mandibular (lower jaw), and the sub linguial (below the
tongue). These are present in buccal cavity.
Liver: it is the largest gland of body. Hepatic lobules are structural and
functional units of liver containing hepatic cells. Each lobule is covered by a
thin connective tissue sheath called Glissons capsule. Bile is secreted by
hepatic cells, pass through hepatic duct and store in a thin muscular sac called
gall bladder. Gall bladder and hepatic duct combine and form bile duct.

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Digestion of food
The process of digestion of food start from the buccal cavity it performs two major
function mastication and facilitation. Mucus in saliva helps in lubricating and
forming bolus. The bolus goes to pharynx and then to oesophagus by swallowing.
Then food passes to stomach here starch is converted into maltose by the help
salivary amylase. Stomach stores food for 4 5 hours. Gastric juices get mixed with
food and this is then called chyme. then proteins are converted into amino acids
and dipeptides, polysaccharides into disaccharides. Fat into monoglycerides and
nucleic acid into nucleosides. It all happen into stomach (duodenum). Then
undigested food pass into large intestine and it gets stored in rectum as fecal
matter.
Absorption of digestion food
absorption of substance takes place in different place in different parts of
alimentary canal like mouth, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

Mouth Stomach Small intestine Large intestine

Certain drugs coming Absorption of water, Principal organ for Absorption of
in contact with the simple sugars, and absorption of nutrients. water, some
mucosa of mouth alcohol etc. take The digestion is completed minerals and
and lower side of the place. here and the final products drugs takes
tongue are absorbed of digestion such as place.
into the blood glucose, fructose, fatty
capillaries lining acids, glycerol and amino
them. acids are absorbed
through the mucosa into
the blood stream and
lymph.

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