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Alpha stunners
Topic: Reproduction in organisms
By: Sonu Kumar Pandit

CHAPTER- 1
REPRODUCTION IN
ORGANISMS
Reproduction is defined as a biological process in which an
organism give rise to young ones similar to itself. No individual is
immortal except single celled organism.

There are two types of reproduction:

i. Asexual reproduction when offspring is
produced by a single parent
ii. Sexual reproduction when two parents are
involved of opposite sex
1.1 Asexual reproduction
Single parent is involved.
Offsprings produced are morphologically and genetically
similar (clone).
No gamete formation takes place.
Found mostly in lower forms like protozoans, poriferans, etc.

Modes of asexual reproduction:

1.Binary fission: Cell division of parent cell into 2
daughter cells.
E.g.. Amoeba, Paramecium, etc.

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2.Budding: Parent cell divides to form large cell and small

cell, called bud, attached to the large cell; the bud gets separated
and grows into an adult. E.g., Yeast

In fungi and algae specialized asexual reproductive units are

formed Zoospores in many algae and certain aquatic fungi,
Conidia (Penicillium), Buds (Hydra), Gemmules (Sponge).

In higher plants, vegetative propagation is followed using

units such as rhizome, sucker, offset, bulb, tuber etc. known
as vegetative propagules.

Examples of Vegetative Propagation:

WATER HYACINTH (Terror of Bengal)

One of the most invasive weeds

Grows wherever there is standing water
Drains oxygen from water- leads to death of fishes.
Introduced in India because of its pretty flowers &
shape of leaves
Vegetative propagation occurs at a phenomenal rate.

Sexual reproduction
Two different parents - male and female
Specialised cells called gametes are involved
Male male gametes Isogamous (similar gametes)
Female female gametes Anisogametes (dissimilar)
Fusion fertilization

Zygote develops into adult

Female organisms accommodates the embryo
Female are well equipped for reproduction
Oestrus and menstrual cycle
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Events in sexual reproduction

Pre fertilization fertilization post fertilization

Pre fertilization events

Gametogenesis and gamete transfer
Production of gametes
Male : antherozoid or sperm
Female : ovum or egg
Bisexual both sexes in same plant
Unisexual separate sexes
Homothallic or monoecious (bisexual)
Heterothallic or dioecious (unisexual)
Flowering plant Male staminate
Female - pistillate
In mammals possing both male and female organs
hermaphrodites
Cell division during gamete formation gametes
o Gametes are haploid
o Haploid parents haploid gametes
o Diploid parents haploid gametes
Gamete transfer : pollination in plants
Matting in animals
Fertilization
Both gametes fuses together fusion (syngamy)
Development of organism without fertilization
parthenogenesis

Post fertilization
The development of zygote into embryo
Embryogenesis : process of development of an embryo

Oviparous Viviparous
These animals lay eggs. These animals give birth to young
ones.
The fertilized eggs have a Embryo is protected inside the
calcareous shell to protect them mothers body
from harsh environment.

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