WEEK 3

PART 1
Competency:
Describe the
different ways of
how representative
animals reproduce.
(S11/12LT-IIej- 15)
UNSCRAMBLE ME
Rearrange the letters in the boxes on
the next slides to get the correct term
being described.
1. The process where two gamete cells
unite.

T O F A L I R E Z I N I T

F E R T I L I Z A T I O N
2. It is the early stage of growth and
development of a multicellular organism.

B O R E M Y

E M B R Y O
3. A fertilized cell.

G E Z O Y T

Z Y G O T E
4. These are reproductive cells such as
sperm, egg, and pollen grain.

E S A M E T G

G A M E T E S
5. The product of the reproductive
processes of a living organism.

F I S O R P G F N

O F F S P R I N G
Reproduction
Reproduction

It is the process by which organisms

give rise to offspring.
Reproduction

It is one of the defining characteristics

of living things. Different processes
ensure that the parental generation
gives genetic material, DNA, to its
offspring.
The process of cell
division is how
multicellular
organisms grow
and repair
themselves.
It is also how many
organisms produce
offspring. How an
organism reproduces
determines the
amount of similarity
the organism will
have to its parent.
Why do you look
similar to your
parents, but not
identical?
Types of Reproduction
1. Sexual Reproduction
2. Asexual Reproduction
Sexual
Reproduction
It produces
genetically diverse
individuals.
Sexual
Reproduction
It is the creation of a
new organism by
combining the
genetic material of
two organisms.
Sexual
Reproduction
As both parents contribute
half of the new organism’s
genetic material, the
offspring will have traits
of both parents, but will
not be exactly like either
parent.
However, not all animals
have two parents.
Sometimes animals can
be made from just one
parent. Komodo dragons,
for example, can only
have a mother.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Asexual
Reproduction

It is the simplest and

most primitive
method of
reproduction which
involves a single
parent.
Asexual
Reproduction

Most of the types of

asexual reproduction
produce a clone, an
organism that is
genetically identical
to the parent.
 Types of Asexual Reproduction in Animals

1. Binary Fission
2. Fragmentation
3. Budding
4. Parthenogenesis
 1. Binary Fission
A parent organism splits into
two identical daughter cells of
the same size.
Examples: sea anemone,
coral polyps
2. Fragmentation
A parent organism
breaks into fragments,
or pieces, and each
fragment regenerates
into a new organism if
the parts are big
enough.
Fragmentation may
occur through
accidental damage,
damage from
predators, or as a
natural form of
reproduction.
Examples: starfish, flatworms
3. Budding
A parent organism forms a bubble-like bud. The
bud stays attached to the parent cell while it
grows and develops. When the bud is fully
developed, it breaks away from the parent cell
and forms a new organism.
Examples: hydra, sponges
4. Parthenogenesis
Growth and development of
embryos occur without fertilization.
The offspring are not always clones.
Examples: aphids, bees, Komodo
dragon
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Sexual Reproduction

It is the formation of a new

organism by the fusion of
gametes - an egg and a sperm
cell.
The sperm is usually produced by the male parent
and the egg is produced by the female parent.
Gametes
It contain half of the genetic information
of each parent (half of their
chromosomes), and their fusion during
fertilization provides a complete set of
chromosomes to the offspring.
These gametes are formed through meiosis, one of
the types of cell division.
The fusion of gametes may occur
inside the body of an organism or
in the external environment.

External and Internal Fertilization

External Fertilization
It is fertilization of an egg by a
sperm outside the body of the
female.
Usually, it occurs in
aquatic environments
where both eggs and
sperm are released
into the water.
External fertilization
happens during the process
of broadcast spawning
where one or several
females release their eggs
and the male/s release
sperm in the same area, at
the same time.
Nearly all fish spawn,
as do crustaceans
such as crabs and
shrimp, mollusks such
as oysters, squid, and
echinoderms such as
sea urchins and sea
cucumbers.
External
fertilization
in an aquatic
environment
protects the
eggs from
drying out.
Millions of eggs
must be produced
by individuals,
and the offspring
produced through
this method must
mature rapidly.
The survival rate
of eggs produced
through broadcast
spawning is low.
 It is fertilization of
Internal an egg by a sperm
Fertilization inside the body of
the female.
It occurs most
often in land-
based animals,
although some
aquatic animals
also use this
method.
Ways that Offspring are
Produced Following
Internal Fertilization
1. Oviparity In oviparity, fertilized
eggs are laid outside
the female’s body and
develop there,
receiving nourishment
from the yolk that is a
part of the egg.
This occurs in many
reptiles, most
amphibians, two
mammals, and all birds.
Reptiles and insects
produce leathery eggs,
while birds and turtles
produce eggs with high
concentrations of
calcium carbonate in
the shell, making them
hard.
2. Ovoviviparity In ovoviviparity,
fertilized eggs are
retained in the female,
but the embryo obtains
its nourishment from
the egg’s yolk and the
young are fully
developed when they
are hatched.
This occurs in
fish, some
sharks, some
lizards, some
snakes, and
some
invertebrate
animals.
3. Viviparity

In viviparity the young

develop within the
female, receiving
nourishment from the
mother’s body. The
offspring develops in the
female and is born alive.
This occurs in most
mammals, some
fish, and a few
reptiles.
Internal fertilization has the advantage of
protecting the fertilized egg from
dehydration on land. The embryo is isolated
within the female, which limits predation on
the young.
Internal fertilization enhances the
fertilization of eggs by a specific male. Fewer
offspring are produced through this method,
but their survival rate is higher than that for
external fertilization.
• ..\..\..\..\Downloads\Oviparous, viviparous and ovoviviparous
animals.mp4
 It occurs in animals where one
Hermaphroditism
individual has both male and
female reproductive parts.
Invertebrates such as
earthworms, slugs,
tapeworms, and snails
are often
hermaphroditic.
Hermaphrodites may self-
fertilize or may mate with
another of their species. Self-
fertilization is common in
animals that have limited
mobility, such as barnacles and
clams.
• ..\..\..\..\Downloads\Long Story Shorts_ What Kinds of
Hermaphrodites Live in the Sea_.mp4
 ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF EACH
TYPE OF REPRODUCTION
 Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
Advantages • It is more time and energy • Genetic diversity of the
efficient because it does offspring gives the species
not require another a better chance of surviving
organism of the opposite in an unpredictable
sex. environment.
• In purely asexual species,
• A disease is less likely to
every individual is capable
affect all the individuals in
of reproduction, so
population quickly a population.
increases.
• Organisms survive well
under stable
environmental conditions.
 Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
Disadvantages • The species may • Time and energy are
only be suited to needed to find a
one habitat. mate.
• Species may not
• It is not possible if
survive in an
unpredictable one of the sexes is
environment. missing.
• Disease may affect
all the individuals in
a population.