Reproduction

How representative animals reproduce ?

Like plants, animals need to
reproduce in order to increase
the chance for the
perpetuation of the species.
There are varieties of organism
in the animal kingdom that
means they possess different
modes of reproduction
depending on the complexity
of their morphology and
physiology.

What is Morphology and Physiology ?

 Morphology
Refers to the study of
the size, shape, and
structure of animals,
plants, and
microorganisms and of
the relationships of their
constituent parts. The
term refers to the
general aspects of
biological form and
arrangement of the parts
of a plant or an animal.
 Physiology
Physiology in animals refers
to the study of how animals
work and investigates the
biological processes that occur
for animal life to exist. These
processes can be studied at
various levels of organization
from membranes through to
organelles, cells, organs, organ
systems, and to the whole
animal.
How do different
animals ensure
continuity of species?
There are two types of
reproduction that exist in
living organisms, asexual and
sexual reproduction. Asexual
reproduction is common
among lower form of animals
while sexual reproduction
can be found in more
complex animals.
Asexual Reproduction
This type of reproduction
involves only one parent
that produces two or more
genetically similar
organisms. Reproduction is
mainly through mitosis,
which creates a clone of
the parent. Therefore, the
offspring produced is the
exact copy of the parent
animal. Most common
forms are fission,
fragmentation, and
budding.
 Fission
- is
a type of asexual
reproduction wherein two
individuals will form as the
parent divides in half that
will form two identical
cells. After a period of
growth, an organism splits
into two separate
organisms, some sea
anemones and some coral
polyps also reproduce
through fission.
Fragmentation -the breaking of body parts into fragments, is alway
followed by regeneration and re-growth of lost parts. Even if the animal i
broken into many pieces, each piece will grow into a new individual.
Planarians, as shown in the illustration, as well as sponges, cnidarians,
bristle worms, and sea squirts reproduce by fragmentation.
Budding is when an outgrowth called a bud grows and develops
from the parent animal and would eventually separate to become a
new individual. This type of reproduction is common in certain
species of coral and hydra.
Sexual Reproduction
This type of reproduction needs two parents to produce an offspring. The
combination of the genes from both parents, the process of joining the haploid
gametes (sex cells) to form a diploid cell called a zygote, the zygote eventually
becomes an embryo and later on develop into an organism. Fertilization, the
union of egg and sperm cells, could happen internally or externally.
External Fertilization
the union of egg and
sperm occurs outside
the female reproductive
tract. This is common
among most species of
bony fish and
amphibians.
Internal Fertilization
the union of egg and
sperm occurs within
the female
reproductive tract.
Examples are
mammals, birds,
insects and reptiles.
Animals that undergo
in this type of
reproduction produce
offspring in any of the
following ways:
oviparity, ovoviviparity,
and viviparity.
Oviparous
meaning “egg birth” gives
birth to eggs that must
develop before hatching,
the eggs are fertilized
internally, and it would
complete its development
outside the mother’s body.
The egg would receive its
nourishment through its
yolk.
Animals who give birth
to live offspring are called
Viviparous, meaning "live
birth” it developed
internally and receive
nourishment directly
from the mother’s blood
through placenta. The
amphibians, reptiles and
almost all mammals
including humans are
viviparous.
Ovoviviparous
- are fertilized internally and
receive its nourishment
through its yolk. However,
eggs will complete its
development within the
mother. They are then fully
developed when they are
hatched and released by the
mother.