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Lesson 3: Reproduction in Animals

The formation of new animal
individuals, which may occur by
asexual or sexual means. All
animals must reproduce asexually
or sexually to create new
individuals of their species.
Perpetuation of Life
There are varieties of organism in animal kingdom processing
the different modes of reproduction depending on the
complexity of their morphology and physiology. Simple
organism reproduce through asexual reproduction – offspring
come from a single parent and has the exact copy off the genes
hence it referred as “clone”.
Sexual reproduction in animals is the production of new living
organism by combining two gametes from different organism,
one male producing motile gamete that must fused with the
egg cell from female organism. through this process similarity
is preserved with respect to the transfer of genes from the
parts to offspring and individuality that explains the
individual characteristics possessed by an organism different
from their parents nor siblings.
MORPHOLOGY
Morphology, in biology, the study of the size, shape,
and structure of animals, plants, and
microorganisms and of the relationships of their
constituent parts. The term refers to the general
aspects of biological form and arrangement of the
parts of a plant or an animal. There are different
examples of morphology in biology.
Examples: radial symmetry (like a starfish) and
bilateral symmetry (like a lobster) are the two basic
anatomical planes. Fin structure for swimming
differs from the limb structure for running.
Dolphins have five fins to balance and control body.
PHYSIOLOGY
Branch of biology that deals with the
normal functions of living organism and
their parts. The way in which a
living organism or bodily part functions.
Example
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Asexual Reproduction
 Requires only one parent
 Offsprings are identical
 Offspring have 100% the same chromosomes as the
parent.
 In other words, the offspring are exact “clones” of the
parent.
 Most unicellular organisms reproduce this way.
 Movie

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 CLONING
the aggregate of genetically identical cells or
organisms asexually produced by or from a single
progenitor cell or organism.
an individual grown from a single somatic cell or
cell nucleus and genetically identical to it.
 TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

❖ BINARY FISSION
❖ FRAGMENTATION AND REGENERATION
❖ BUDDING
❖ PARTHENOGENESIS
Asexual Reproduction
 Binary Fission
 Bacteria
 Protists

Binary fission, asexual reproduction by a separation

of the body into two new bodies. In the process of
binary fission, an organism duplicates its genetic
material, or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and then
divides into two parts (cytokinesis), with each new
organism receiving one copy of DNA
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 Asexual Reproduction
 Budding
 Hydra

Budding is a means of
asexual reproduction
whereby a new individual
develops from an
outgrowth of a parent,
splits off, and lives
independently.

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 Asexual Reproduction
 Fragmentation
Fragmentation is a means of
asexual reproduction whereby a
single parent breaks into parts
that regenerate into whole new
individuals.

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 Asexual Reproduction
 Regeneration
Regeneration occurs when a
body part has broken off and
the organism grows a new
one.

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 Asexual Reproduction
• parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis (PG) is an asexual reproduction in which a female can produce an
embryo without fertilizing an egg with sperm. In Greek, it means the virgin
creation.

 It occurs naturally in aphids, rotifers, nematodes, and some other invertebrates, as

well as in many plants and certain lizards, such as the Komodo.
 In this kind of asexual reproduction, the female organism of the species produces
egg without fertilization and the offspring arise from that. Lizards, few insects and
some fishes reproduce in this way. This type of reproduction is not seen in
mammals. This kind of asexual reproduction is seen in both plants and animals.
 Parthenogenesis involves the development of an egg that has not
been fertilized into an individual. Most organisms that reproduce through this
method can also reproduce sexually. Animals like water fleas reproduce by
parthenogenesis. Most kinds of wasps, bees, and ants (which have no sex
chromosomes) also reproduce by parthenogenesis. Additionally, some reptiles and
fish are capable of reproducing in this manner.
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 Advantages & Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

Advantages Disadvantages

 Asexual reproduction  Same DNA being passed

produces more offspring down→ NO GENETIC
 Asexual reproduction takes VARIATION IN THE
less time OFFSPRING
 Only one parent involved. No  If parent has genetic disease
searching for mates offspring will have it too
 Requires less energy

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 Sexual Reproduction
The process in which the male and female
gametes fuse together to form a new
individual is called sexual reproduction.

 All the members of the Animal

Kingdom
 Fish
 Mammals
 Amphibians
 Birds
 Reptiles
 Insects
 Crustaceans
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 Sexual reproduction is defined as a mode of
reproduction wherein a gamete containing
only one set of chromosomes (haploid)
combines with the other gamete to form
a diploid offspring. For example, animals
sexually reproduce via a haploid egg cell (also
called an ovum) and a haploid sperm cell to
produce a diploid zygote.

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GAMETES

Gametes are an organism's reproductive cells.

They are also referred to as sex cells. Female
gametes are called ova or egg cells, and male
gametes are called sperm. Gametes are haploid
cells, and each cell carries only one copy of each
chromosome.
 FERTILIZATION
Fertilization is a complex multi-step process that
is complete in 24 hours. The sperm from a male
meets an ovum from a female and forms a zygote;
this is the point in which pregnancy begins and
leads to a 280-day journey for a female.
FERTILIZATION
Fertilization is of two types:
Internal Fertilization
The fertilization that takes place inside the body of
the female is known as internal fertilization. For eg.,
humans, cows, dogs, etc. This method is more
prevalent in terrestrial animals. However, some
aquatic animals also adopt this method. This may
take place by direct introduction of sperms by the
male in the female reproductive tract, or the male
deposits the sperms in the environment which is
picked up by the female in her reproductive tract.
 There are three ways by which offspring are produced by
internal fertilization:

 Oviparity– The fertilized eggs are laid outside, where they

receive nourishment from the yolk.
Examples: frogs, reptiles except snake, birds

 Ovoviviparity– The fertilized eggs are retained in the

female’s body where they receive nourishment from the
yolk. The eggs are laid right before they are hatched.
Examples: sharks, snakes, fish, insects

 Viviparity– The offspring are born directly instead of

hatching from the eggs. They receive nutrition from the
mother. This can be seen in mammals.
Examples: dolphin, whales, humans, lion, tiger, dogs, most sea
snake species
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 External Fertilization
 The fertilization that takes
place outside the female is
called external fertilization.
For eg., frogs, and fish. Most
fertilization takes place
during the process of
spawning. Environmental
signals such as water
temperature trigger
spawning.

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 Advantages vs Disadvantages of Sexual
Reproduction

Advantages Disadvantages

 Variation in offspring  Requires two organisms.

 Organism is more protected Must find a mate
because of genetic variation  requires more cellular energy
 More time required for
offspring development

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