BELLWORK:

Why do we need variations in life?

 OBJECTIVES
•compare reproductive strategies used by
various organisms,
•identify the important reproductive
structures of representative organisms
 Lesson 2
REPRODUCTIVE
STRATEGIES
WHAT IS REPRODUCTION?

• process by which organisms replicate themselves.

• the production of offspring by a sexual or asexual

process.
 REPRODUCTION

ASEXUAL SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• process by which an organism
creates a genetically- similar or
identical copy of itself without a
contribution of material from
another individual.
• One parent
• No reproductive organs
• No genetic variation
MITOSIS

• is a type of cell division in which one

cell (the mother) divides to produce
two new cells (the daughters) that are
genetically identical to itself.
PHASES OF MITOSIS
These are some species that do asexual mode of reproduction
a. Single – celled bacteria
b. Hydra
c. Plants
d. Worms
e. Mollusks
f. Some reptiles
A. Jelly Fish B. Hydra
C. Plants D. Worm
E. Komodo Dragon
 Binary Fission

• Binary Fission - a separation of the

body into two new bodies. In the
process of binary fission, an
organism duplicates its genetic
material, or deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA), and then divides into two
parts (cytokinesis), with each new
organism receiving one copy of
DNA.
• This is called binary fission.
Budding
•

• Budding is a process by which an

entirely new organism grows on an
existing one. The developing organism
begins its life as an entirely separate life
form from its "parent", separating into an
autonomous entity only when it has fully
matured.
REGENERATION
• Regeneration is asexual
reproduction is the ability of a
simple organism to re-grow its lost
parts.

• Simple organisms are more

successful with regeneration than
complex organisms. Regeneration
of lost body parts occurs mostly in
invertebrates.
PLANARIUM
FRAGMENTATION

• multicellular organisms is a form of asexual

reproduction in which an organism is split into
fragments. Each of these fragments develop
into matured, fully grown individuals that are
identical to their parents.
• Fragmentation, also known as splitting, as a
method of reproduction
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
• is a form of asexual reproduction of a
plant. Only one plant is involved and
the offspring is the result of one
parent. The new plant is genetically
identical to the parent.

• This method use vegetative plant

parts, vegetative parts of the original
plant, such as the leaves, stems and
roots.
Parthenogenesis
• parthenogenesis is the development of a
new individual from an unfertilized
gamete. Often referred to as unisexual
reproduction, it has been observed in
almost every major invertebrate group.

• Parthenogenesis, which apparently

occurs only rarely in the annelids and
mollusks, is found more frequently
among the arthropods.

WATER FLEA
 APHID
NEMATODES
Sexual Reproduction
• Is a biological process by
which organisms create
descendants that have a
combination of genetic
material contributed from two
different members of species.
• Each of the two parent
organisms contributes half of
the offspring’s genetic
makeup.
• Can you get pregnant by a ghost?
• Can a woman get pregnant from an animal?
• Can a girl have a baby with a girl?
• Can a 12 year old boy get a girl pregnant?
• Can you get pregnant if a guy comes in your anus?
• Can a woman who has gone through menopause get pregnant?
• This variation improves
the chances that a
species will adapt to his
environment and survive
• In sexual reproduction
a. internal fertilization
b. external fertilization
 Internal Fertilization
• Fertilization occurs within the female.
• is the union of an egg cell with a
sperm during sexual reproduction
inside the body of a parent
• Internal fertilization occurs in
mammals, insects, birds, reptiles.
• Mammals (gorillas, lions, elephants,
rats, zebras, and dolphins have live
births)
• Insects, birds, reptiles lay eggs
External Fertilization

• External fertilization usually

requires a medium such as
water, which the sperms can use
to swim towards the egg cell.
External fertilization usually occur
in fish and amphibians.
• The females lay the eggs in the
water and the male squirts the
sperm in the same area.
 In vitro ( In vitro fertilization)
• in vitro, in contrast, means, literally, "in
glass," or "in a test tube." It indicates an
experiment carried out in an artificial
environment, usually conditions that are
intentionally simplified.

• A baby is developed from such

techniques is commonly called “ test
tube baby”.
 Reproductive System
( Male and Female Reproductive
System)
 Meiosis

• DNA replication is followed by two rounds

of cell division to produce four daughter
cells, each with half the number
of chromosomes as the original parent cell.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Sexual reproduction produces new

individuals
• Gametes (sperm & egg) formed by testes
and ovaries
• Fertilization produces one cell (a zygote)with
one set of chromosomes from each parent
• Creates genetic variation
• Gonads produce gametes & secrete sex
hormones
Male Reproductive System
Male Reproductive
System

SPERMATOGENESIS

production of
reproductive cells
(sperm)
Scrotum

• is a sac-like organ made of

skin and muscles that houses
the testes.
 Testes

• The 2 testes, also known as

testicles, are the male gonads
responsible for the production of
sperm and testosterone.
Epididymis
o Site of sperm maturation and
storage
o Takes 20 days for sperm to
travel through it
o Can store sperm for several
months
Vas Deferens

• transport sperm from the

epididymis to the
ejaculatory ducts for the
production of ejaculation
The urethra is the tube that
carries urine from the bladder to
outside of the body. In males, it
has the additional function of
ejaculating semen when the man
reaches orgasm.
• PUBIC
BONE
Female Reproductive
Organ
Female Reproductive System

Oogenesis

production of
reproductive
cells (egg
cell)
Vagina
• receives sperm
during copulation;
serves as birth canal
Uterus

Site of implantation
& development
Cervix

• narrow neck of
the uterus which
projects into the
vagina inferiorly
Fallopian Tube

transport sperm toward

the egg, which is
released by the ovary,
and to then allow
passage of the fertilized
egg back to the uterus
for implantation.