ACKNOWLEDGING THE IMPACT AND PREVENTIONS OF MATERNAL

ADOLESCENT CHILDBEARING IN ALBAY

A Research Paper Presented to the

Faculty of Marcial O. Rañola Memorial School
Guinobatan, Albay

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

In Practical Research 1

Maravilla, Jhana Trisha B.

Moro, Jasmine Marie O.
Mujar, Danica Mae N.
Naga, Michaella
Navales, Faith M.
Oxina, Diana Mae J.
Palmes, Ivy O.

November 2022
 Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM

Introduction

The Philippines National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) declared

teenage pregnancy a “National Social Emergency”. As of 2019 among the ASEAN

member states, the Philippines have one of the highest rates of adolescent deliveries.

Based on World Bank data (2020), the United Nations Fund for Population Activities

(UNFPA) reports that "everyday 500 adolescent females are either getting pregnant or

giving birth," with the global average being 44 births per 1000 women aged fifteen to

nineteen. The Most alarming is the fact that there were at least 2,000 10 to 14 year-old

Filipinas who became pregnant in 2017. There was also a 63% jump in the number of

births delivered by 10- to 14-year-old teenage mothers, based in the data that was

compared from 2011 and 2018. Teenagers who get pregnant often do not seek and get

the right prenatal care, which may lead to health complications. According to Vanessa

Tobin, the UNICEF country representative for the Philippines, the country has an

adjusted maternal mortality ratio of 160 per 100,000 live births against a goal of 55-60

deaths per 100,000 live births.

Teen pregnancy usually refers to pregnancies that happen to girls between the

ages of thirteen and nineteen, it can also happen to girls as young as ten who had an

early menstrual cycle. According to the Philippine Legislators’ Committee on Population

and Development Foundation, Inc., adolescent reproductive health and teenage

pregnancy is connected to sexual violence, peer pressure, and lower educational levels

due to poorer economic households are more likely to experience these cases. Another

reason is the phrase “SEX IS A TABOO” Because talking about sex is forbidden; many
conservative parents avoid doing so. Teenagers lack fundamental information about sex

and safe sexual behaviors as a result. Teenagers who lack resources for sexual

education turn to their classmates for assistance, which ultimately gives them incorrect

ideas about sex. Based on a journalist Sue Jaye Johnson in her 2017 TED Talk, we

need to shift the way we think about sex and how it needs to be taught to children.

Teenagers' dangerous and sexual behavior has gotten quite worrisome. The lack of sex

education and the legal consent age are the key contributors to the problem of

adolescent pregnancy in the Philippines. The topic of contraceptives and abortion is

hampered because it contradicts what Catholic doctrines teach due to the country's

predominately Catholic-based values. Women in the Philippines are required to carry

their pregnancies to term due to a pro-life or believe that all human life is valued

because of that abortion and euthanasia are still prohibited in our country.

According to the UN and the University of the Philippines Population Institute, at

least 102 000 Filipino teenagers are estimated to have given birth during the pandemic

last year. However, according to the two-month study by the DOST-NRCP led by Dr.

Gloria Luz Nelson, an NRCP member of Division VII (Social Sciences) and a trained

sociologist with a focus on population studies, found that several mediating factors,

including school closures, dysfunctional families, and a lack of access to sexual and

reproductive health education, are what actually cause teen pregnancies, not the

pandemic.

Due to a variety of concerns, including a high probability of birth abnormalities,

more maternal issues, societal anxieties, and challenges for the mother in raising the

kid, teenage pregnancies are generally not encouraged. Many teenagers today are

unaware of the responsibility involved in raising a child while still a youngster. Early

pregnancy among teenagers can lead to emotional issues such as anxiety and
 depression. When everything seems to be stacked against you and you are a child

yourself, how can you take care of a new born child? Teen parents are the victims, thus

we shouldn't ignore them in any situation the reason why this social issue needs more

attention.

This study will reinforce the requirement for teen pregnancy prevention measures

given the long-term effects on both teen parents and their children. Additionally, it will

show how important it is to educate the people on the causes and moral implications of

this issue in order to reduce stigma and stereotype-based discrimination, especially here

in Albay.

Statement of the problem

This study aims to recognize the effects of teen pregnancy in Albay and the

measures taken to prevent it in the years 2020–2021.

This research intends to answer the following questions:

1. What are the reasons behind teen pregnancy?

2. What are the preventions to avoid teen pregnancy?

3. What are the effects of teen pregnancy have on the teen mother herself?

Scope and delimitation

This research is to focus on the life of an adolescent mother. The objective of this

study is to discuss the major root causes, effects, and recommended preventative

measures for the teen pregnancy problem.

The respondents will be limited to 20 teenagers and 2 teenage moms living in

Salvacion and Camalig Albay. The research will be conducted only in Salvacion and
Camalig Albay, the data will be collected by researchers using google form surveys and

online interviews.

Significance of the study

The generalization of this study would be a great contribution to the vast

knowledge in relation to teen pregnancy awareness of Albay. Furthermore, the result of

this investigation could be highly significant and beneficial for the following:

Teenagers – teens will be directly benefited from this research since its findings

will inform youths about preventions and the effects of taking this step in their lives.

Single parents/Families - Parents may experience disbelief, rage,

disappointment, failure, and worry about the future of their kid. This study may

encourage parents to involve, focus more in their child and be there in the process

during a teenage pregnancy.

Community/Society – this study raises community awareness of the problem of

teenage pregnancy and the potential benefits of using contraception to address it. The

community will then be able to assist in putting an end to the stigma.

Health advocates - the result of this research will provide valuable information

for the advocates to further their campaign on spreading awareness on how to deal with

teen pregnancy issues including how to stop stigmatizing those with low maternal

knowledge.
 NOTES

GAZO A. I. (5 JULY 2021) Teen Pregnancy: The Downfall of the Filipino Youth.
Retrieved from https://www.globalwe-essays.org/winning-essays/2021/7/5/teen-
pregnancy-the-downfall-of-the-filipino-youthnbsp-by-alessandra-isabelle-so-gazo

HELLO DOCTOR MEDICAL PANEL (2 AUGUST 2021) Teen pregnancy in the

Philippines: A national problem. Retrieved from,
https://hellodoctor.com.ph/sexual-wellness/teen-pregnancy-in-the-philippines/

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE PHILIPPINES (11 FEBRUARY 2021)

What causes early pregnancy in the Philippines during the pandemic? Retrieved
from https://nrcp.dost.gov.ph/latest-news/683-what-causes-early-pregnancy-in-
the-philippines

UNATED NATIONS POPULATION FUND (2022) Philippines: Maternal Mortality

Rates Not Making Sufficient Progress to Meet MDGs,
https://www.unfpa.org/news/philippines-maternal-mortality-rates-not-making-
sufficient-progress-meet-mdgs?
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related studies and important concepts gleamed for

literature that have had been found useful in the conceptualization of the present study.

These related studies and literature offered assessment and enrichment in the conduct

of this research work on teenage pregnancy.

Related literature

The world health organization (2022) revealed that Adolescent pregnancy is a

global phenomenon with clearly known causes and serious health, social and economic

consequences. Globally, they also stated that the adolescent birth rate (ABR) has

decreased, but rates of change have been uneven across regions. Adolescent

pregnancy tends to be higher among those with less education or of low economic

status. As of 2019, adolescents aged 15–19 years in low- and middle-income countries

(LMICs) had an estimated 21 million pregnancies each year, of which approximately

50% were unintended and which resulted in an estimated 12 million births (Sully EA,

Biddlecom, A., Daroch, J., Riley, T., Ashford, L., Lince-Deroche, N. et al, 2022).

Murrah (2003) defined adolescence as a time where physical, emotional,

psychological, and social transforms, during which it is impossible to predict how any

given young person will act in sexual situations. At this age, a lot of teenagers

experiment with relationships and experience love at first sight. They are experimenting

with new concepts and behavior that they often perceived as an adult as they are

exploring intimacy, achieving independence from their families, and developing their own

identities.
 Child sexual abuse is also one of the causes of teenage pregnancy. A WHO

report dated 2020 estimates that 120 million girls aged less than 20 years have

experienced some form of forced sexual contact. Mainly because of gender inequality;

the organization said that it affects more girls than boys, although many boys are also

affected. Estimates suggest that in 2020, at least 1 in 8 of the world’s children had been

sexually abused before reaching the age of 18, and 1 in 20 girls aged 15–19 years had

experienced forced sex during their lifetime.

The World Health Organization report titled Violence against women prevalence

estimates (2018) says that “adolescents aged 15–19 years (24%) are estimated to have

already been subjected to physical and/or sexual violence from an intimate partner at

least once in their lifetime, and 16% of adolescent girls and young women aged 15–24

have been subjected to this violence within the past 12 months.”

Almendral, (2019) the main reasons for the high rate of teenage pregnancies are

inadequate sex education (some girls do not know that having sex can result in

pregnancy or fully consider the responsibility of having children) and a lack of access to

birth control.

Philippines are one of the catholic countries the reason why catholic morals are

dominated in the Philippines. Churches, reproductive health activists and legislators are

at war when it comes to requiring contraceptives and comprehensive sex education in

public schools.

The “PHOTOS: Why the Philippines has so many teen moms” stated that The

Philippine Catholic church has long opposed birth control in the country where about

80% of people are Catholics. The Church has implied that birth control is the equivalent

of abortion, which remains illegal in the country. CBCP's Father Melvin Castro says, "We
are opposing God's will to procreate." In the past, the Catholic Bishops Council of the

Philippines preached in public statements against a bill widening the access to birth

control on moral grounds, calling it "anti-life" and "a major attack on authentic human

values and on Filipino cultural values." Almedral, (2019)

(Salej, J.M. 2020) stated that Pregnancy and childbirth complication are the

leading cause of mortality in girls aged 15 to 19 around the world. Teen pregnancy put

women in situation of power and inequality, forces girls and boys to abandon schools

and also it introduces teens into early workforce which is illegal. There are a lot of times

when they have to work on informal jobs that don’t even give them enough money to

live.

According to The journal of gynecological research and obstetrics, (2018),

Teenage pregnancies can harm girls, their families, and communities in negative social

and economic ways. Teenagers who are not married and are pregnant may experience

bullying, rejection, or violence from their parents and peers. The likelihood of violence in

marriage or a partnership is also higher for girls who become pregnant before age 18. In

terms of education, dropping out of school can either be a decision made by a girl who

decides that getting pregnant is a better alternative for her given situation than finishing

her education, or it can be a direct cause of pregnancy or an early marriage. An

estimated 5% to 33% of girl’s ages 15 to 24 years who drop out of school in some

countries do so because of early pregnancy or marriage. (Franjić S. 2018)

Adolescent mothers (aged 10–19 years) face higher risks of eclampsia,

puerperal endometritis and systemic infections than women aged 20–24 years, and

babies of adolescent mothers face higher risks of low birth weight, preterm birth and

severe neonatal condition (WHO, 2022).

 The social and health implications of teenage pregnancies include increased

exposure to domestic violence (which may be exacerbated by the pregnancy), mental

health disorders, substance use, sexually transmissible infections (STIs), financial stress

and homelessness. Importantly, an individual’s education and training can be disrupted

by teenage pregnancy, with variable opportunity for resumption (Mann, L., Bateson, D.,

and Black, K. 2020)

When it comes to preventing teenage pregnancy every each one of us has a

role. Schools, health services and the community should have a part in addressing

teenage pregnancy preventions.

The Australian journal of General Practice suggested that a combination of

sexuality education and contraception interventions is effective in reducing unintended

pregnancies in teenagers. Use of contraception at first intercourse has been reported by

90% of Australians, and condoms are the most common method used by young people;

this is followed by the oral contraceptive pill, which is often initiated for non-contraceptive

indications.

General practitioners (GPs) play a part in recognizing such vulnerability and

improving the health literacy of these young people to support them in what is often a

scary time, which can enhance the outcome for this pregnancy and for a future family.

(AJGP, 2020)

Interventions and practice recommendations for the general practitioner to

manage teenage pregnancy (Marino et al)

Act to reduce the risk of unintended adolescent pregnancy

 Discuss pregnancy intentions and conception views in a compassionate and age-

appropriate manner. To adapt to alterations in social circumstances

 Promote the use of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC), which has been

found to be more effective in this age range and is the first line of advice.

 Verify that young people understand how to obtain and use condoms for the

protection of sexually transmitted infections.

 Check your understanding of emergency contraception.

The effects of stigma on young parents have been the subject of several

researches. Results indicate a culture of dehumanizing treatment.

It's crucial to remember that professional, formal support can result in a critical

knowledge of the biases that young women experience from larger social institutions.; in

other words, supporting young mothers also requires, in addition to informal networks,

formal and professional assistance, guidance, and support. Therefore, what is needed is

a broad mixture of both informal and formal support. Investment must continue if young

mothers are to have access to trained, official help. Sloan E., Tamplin, (2018)

Recent research has focused on the institutional and structural use of stigma by

institutions and governments in a neo-liberal economy, using what has been called

"stigma power." This focus encourages researchers to ‘look up’: to examine the role of

‘structural factors such as history (time), geography (place), politics and economic

conditions’ in the operation of stigma. (Tyler, Slater, 2018)

Berrington (2013) emphasized that: Policies aimed at lowering adult health

disparities must have a lifetime view and address societal disadvantages across the life

period. Teenage pregnancy is a significant independent pathway by which childhood

socioeconomic deprivation results in greater incidence of adult mental and physical

illness. Teenage moms' worse mental health has an impact on the next generation and

so contributes to the transmission of disadvantage through generations.

Related Studies

Foreign

According to the study in lira district of Uganda, Multiple sexual partners, frequent

intercourse, and erratic use of contraception were found to enhance the risk of teenage

pregnancy among the behavioral factors evaluated. Being married has been

demonstrated to enhance the likelihood of teenage pregnancy among familial

circumstances. Teenage pregnancies have been found to be more likely in situations

where there is peer pressure, sexual abuse, or lack of control over sex. (Ochen, A.M.,

Chi, P.C. & Lawoko, S., 2019)

According to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 16 million teenage

girls between the ages of 15 and 19 and 2 million girls under the age of 15 become

pregnant or give birth every year. The risks of maternal mortality, difficult deliveries,

obstructed labor, systemic infections, stillbirths, early births, and serious neonatal

problems are all increased by teen pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy places young people

at a greater disadvantage, including fewer job opportunities, lower school attainment,

and negative health effects. As a result, they are less likely to return to school than non-

pregnant students, and they drop out more frequently. The majority of unmarried,

pregnant teenagers experience immediate financial hardship, which results in poverty.

The study in “Signal functions for emergency obstetric care as an intervention for

reducing maternal mortality” (Tembo, T., Chongwe, G., Vwalika, B. et al, 2018) found

that according to Giocolea's (2009) study on the factors that increase the risk of
pregnancy in adolescent girls discovered that early sexual recognition, non-use of

conception during first sexual encounters, living in a very poor household, and having

experienced sexual abuse during childhood pregnancies, all have an impact on the

economy. Teenage pregnancy has long-term repercussions on the economy that do not

happen right away.

Hall (2008) a renowned American psychologist, According to his study on the

characteristics that increase the chance of pregnancy in adolescent girls, having an early

sexual debut, forgoing conception at the first sexual encounter, living in a very poor

home, and experiencing sexual abuse during childhood pregnancies all have an impact

on the economy. Teenage pregnancies have long-term repercussions on the economy

that are not immediately apparent. Conflict with parents and risky behavior, according to

Hall, are two forms of issues that are portrayed by times of stress and storm. Conflict

with parents can be explained by the development of autonomous conduct that results in

the desire for independence as a kid grows into an adolescent. Teenagers therefore turn

to various information sources, including the media. Some adolescents may give in to

media pressures depending on their rate of development, while others may not.

Jones, C., Whitfield, C., Seymour, J. et al (2019) conducted a study where 40

young mothers, living in the North of England, who gave birth to their babies aged 16–

19, and who used a homebased contraceptive and sexual health service following

childbirth. The study has showed that Teenage mother contemporaries are judged, and

stigmatized for having children when still in their teenage years. Furthermore, a few of

the adolescent mothers in their study employed coping mechanisms to keep themselves

away from this negativity. The research revealed two main characteristics that explain

how teenage mothers feel about pregnancies in other teenage mothers; constructions of

moral judgement and maintaining positive self-representations.

 The study in Rwanda, shows that Despite legislative advances for women's

empowerment and initiatives to stop child sexual abuse, there has been a sharp rise

over the past 2 decades. It suggests that in order to lower the rate of teenage

pregnancies, social and economic assistance for teen females, including parental

supervision, counseling, and financial care, is a crucial factor to take into account. The

study recommends that in addition to efforts made specifically for youth; methods for

minimizing teen pregnancies should concentrate on a variety of household-level

situations falling into two main categories: empowering parents and maintaining parents'

harmonious decisions on teen girls. Uwizeye D., Muhayiteto R., Kantarama E., Wiehler

S., Murangwa Y. (2020)

According to the government of Rwanda (2019) Abortion in Rwanda is generally

illegal. It is only permitted in situations when the pregnancy poses a health danger, the

expectant mother is a minor (under 18), or the pregnancy was brought on by rape,

forced marriage, or incest. Teenage pregnancy alone continues to be a severe family

problem as it impairs family cohesion and creates stigma, in addition to the social,

mental, and clinical hazards connected with abortion. (Mollborn, 2019)

Kassa, G.M., Arowojolu, A.O., Odukogbe, A.A. et al (2018) study shows that

Some of the factors contributing to the higher prevalence of adolescent pregnancy in

Africa include the inaccessibility of contraceptive services, the community's negative

attitude toward adolescent contraceptive use, adolescents' lack of knowledge of SRH

issues, and the prevalence of sexual violence in developing nations. Another significant

factor in the generational cycle of poverty and poor health outcomes is adolescent

pregnancy. Therefore, a focus on preventing adolescent pregnancy through improved

access to contraceptives, teen-friendly health services, and sexuality education is

necessary. The Study found that educational programs designed to lower sexual risk
behaviors and prevent pregnancy among young people can successfully lower the rate

of adolescent pregnancy.

Local

According to the Commission on Population and Development (PopCom, 2021),

the Philippines has recorded a 7% increase in births among girls aged 15 and below in

2019. Filipino minors who gave birth in 2019 increased to 62,510 from 62,341 in 2018. In

2019, 2,411 very young adolescents aged 10 to 14 gave birth, or almost seven every

day. One in three births among minors occurred in the three regions of Calabarzon with

8,008, National Capital Region with 7,546, and Central Luzon with 7,523 births. Outside

Luzon, the highest number of minors who gave birth were in Northern Mindanao with

4,747 cases, Davao Region with 4,551, and Central Visayas with 4,541.

Gregorio V. (2018), who studied about the alarming situation of teenage

pregnancy in the Philippines. Found that Based on the discussions, adolescent sexuality

is learned by young women not in school but through their partners or friends, who, most

probably learned it from other resources (e.g., pornography). Young women's parents

typically wait until they are pregnant before having a conversation with their daughter

about sex, family planning, and pregnancy. This fosters a culture of silence among

young women and results in their lack of access to any reliable sources of information.

The economic situation of the teenage mothers in Tondo greatly affects their opinions on

adolescent sexuality, romantic relationships, and parenting. Their primary reason for

dropping out of school and being made to work as adults was extreme poverty.

Dela Cruz (2002) stated that catholic high school students were less sexually

active and less likely to have premarital sex. Male college students who were religiously

opposed to fraternities had fewer sex encounters than their fraternity counterparts.
Similar to this, sorority girls were more likely to engage in sex than religiously non-

sorority female students. It is thought that among the pupils, peer pressure may have

outweighed the influence of religion.

YAFS coordinator and head of the University of the Philippines Population

Institute Josefina Natividad (2014) claims that access to sex education and ASRH

services is limited for young Filipinos, especially if they are unmarried and underage.

Seventy-eight percent of people who are having sex for the first time does not use any

type of contraception or protection against STDs or illnesses. Teenage pregnancies are

still rising, despite government initiatives to delay childbearing and speed up the drop in

fertility rates.

Teenage mothers face critical health risks, including: Inadequate nutrition during

pregnancy due to bad eating habits, risks associated with reproductive organs that aren't

ready for birth, and maternal death due to a higher chance of eclampsia are just a few of

the serious health problems that teenage mothers encounter. In the Philippines,

maternal deaths are alarmingly decreasing, but teenage maternal deaths are rising.

According to the PSA, 10% of teenage girls who were pregnant passed away in the

previous year. Additionally, according to data from the WHO, fetal deaths among Filipino

moms under 20 are both common and rising.

At first, a lot of study on the factors influencing adolescent sexual behavior was

conducted on an individual basis, looking at the impact of the teenagers' own physical

and psychological traits. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in

contextual variables, or elements of the surroundings that youth are a part of, like the

community and their schools. These studies have repeatedly discovered that a teen's

neighborhood has an impact on their sexual behavior. Teenagers are more likely to start
having sex at a young age and get pregnant if they reside in areas with more social

disarray and lower economic resources. Teens' sexual behavior is correlated with the

adult population's degree of education, unemployment rate, and income. (Cessane,

2010)

According to the NSO survey data, women from lower-income households

frequently start sexual activity and get pregnant early. Furthermore, persons with little to

no formal education are more likely to experience it.

Others may also claim that societal factors and the media may also play a role in

the rise of teenage pregnancies. Journalist Teddy Locsin Jr. (2014) even blamed the rise

of teenage pregnancy on showbiz. He mentioned the prevalence of sexual themes in

television and movies, which he claims is the reason why young people's need for

physical contact is so deeply embedded. Teenage pregnancy in the Philippines is

becoming far too common, despite the fact that individuals can speculate on the real

causes. Additionally, teenage mothers are becoming younger as well.

Theoretical Framework

Teenage pregnancy has been a worldwide issue that needs to be confronted to

mitigate the problems of maternal adolescent childbearing, especially in the third world

countries. In fact, it has emerged to be one of the major public health problems in South

Asia (Raj et al., 2010)

Teenagers use their cellphones, laptops, and tablets to become addicted to

various social networking sites like Facebook, Online Dating, Instagram, etc. Unplanned

pregnancies frequently result from teenagers' easy access to modern technologies and

their natural curiosity for sexual activity without enough knowledge about family planning

and contraception.
 The Adaptation Theory, Sister Callista Roy’s (1980). Suggest adaptation as the

process by which an individual or group makes conscious choices to cope with his or her

situation. Adaptive responses increase people's ability to cope and to achieve their goals

including survival, growth, mastery of their lives, and personal and environmental

transformation’. Roy's adaptation theory stated that there are four distinctive modes:

physiologic (basic needs including food, sleep, air, water, and the necessities of

protecting the body); self-concept (beliefs and feelings about self); role identity/function

(personal perspective to the social world); and interdependence (personal relationship

towards the whole organization).

A person is therefore an open adaptive system that employs coping mechanisms

to manage challenges. According to the study, the "person" stands in for the young

mothers. The participants' obstacles in adjusting to life while pregnant and becoming a

mother may then be summarized by the environment.

 Psysiologic

Coping
Mechanism
Self concept

Teen Pregnancy Outcome

Role Identity/
Function

Adaptivity

Interdependence

Figure 1. Adaptation Theory Paradigm

Definition of terms

Adolescent pregnancy - pregnancy in a female adolescent or young adult under the

age of 20. The WHO defines adolescence as the period between the ages of 10 and 19

years.

Gender inequality - discrimination on the basis of sex or gender causing one sex or

gender to be routinely privileged or prioritized over another.

Mortality - Refers to the state of being mortal (destined to die)

Anti-life - opposed to or restricting the full development of life

Eclampsia - seizures that occur in pregnant people with preeclampsia. Eclampsia is a

rare but serious condition that occurs in the second half of pregnancy.

Puerperal endometritis - infection of the decidua (ie, pregnancy endometrium). It is a

common cause of postpartum fever and uterine tenderness and is 10- to 30-fold more

common after cesarean than vaginal birth.

Sexually transmissible infections (STIs) -  A disease caused by infection with certain

bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms that can be passed from one person to

another through blood, semen, vaginal fluids, or other body fluids, during oral, anal, or

genital sex with an infected partner.

Stigma - a set of negative and often unfair beliefs that a society or group of people have

about something
 NOTES

Cuyugan, C. P. de. (2021, July 22). Teenage Pregnancy in the Philippines: Advice
For Teens & Parents. theAsianparent Philippines: Your Guide to Pregnancy,
Baby Teens & Raising Kids. https://ph.theasianparent.com/teenage-pregnancy-
in-the-philippines-2

Diaz, J. (2018, February 25). Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND

STUDIES. https://www.academia.edu/36009936/

Franjić, S. (2018, April 30). Adolescent Pregnancy is a Serious Social Problem.

https://www.peertechzpublications.com/articles/JGRO-4-149.php

IvyPanda. (2023, January 24). 102 Topics about Teenage Pregnancy Essay Examples,
& Tips. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/teenage-pregnancy-essay-examples/

Jones, C., Whitfield, C., Seymour, J. et al. (2019) ‘Other Girls’: A Qualitative
Exploration of Teenage Mothers’ Views on Teen Pregnancy in
Contemporaries. Sexuality & Culture 23, 760–773.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-019-09589-4

Josefina Natividad (1 MAY 2013). View of Teenage Pregnancy in the Philippines:

Trends, Correlates and Data Sources. (n.d.). https://www.asean-
endocrinejournal.org/index.php/JAFES/article/view

Kassa, G.M., Arowojolu, A.O., Odukogbe, A.A. et al.(2018) Prevalence and

Determinants of adolescent pregnancy in Africa: a systematic review and Meta-
analysis. Reprod Health 15, 195. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-018-0640-2

Ochen, A.M., Chi, P.C. & Lawoko, S. (2019) Predictors of teenage pregnancy among
girls aged 13–19 years in Uganda: a community based case-control study. BMC
Pregnancy Childbirth 19, 211.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2347-y

Salvador, J & Sauce, B. & Alvarez, M. & Rosario, A. (2016). The Phenomenon of
Teenage Pregnancy in the Philippines. European Scientific Journal. 12. 173-192.
10.19044/esj.2016.v12n32p173.

Tabei, K. (n.d.). Association between Teenage Pregnancy and Family Factors: An

Analysis of the Philippine National Demographic and Health Survey 2017. MDPI.
https://www.mdpi.com/

Tembo, T., Chongwe, G., Vwalika, B. et al. (2017) Signal functions for emergency
obstetric care as an intervention for reducing maternal mortality: a survey of
public and private health facilities in Lusaka District, Zambia. BMC Pregnancy
Childbirth 17, 288. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-017-1451-0
teenage pregnancy | Philippine Statistics Authority. (n.d.). https://psa.gov.ph
/tags/teenagepregnancy?

Witte, K. (1997, April 1). Preventing Teen Pregnancy Through Persuasive

Communications: Realities, Myths, and The Hard-Fact Truths. SpringerLink.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1025116923109?f
 Chapter 3

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter provided an explanation of the various methods and

procedures employed in data collection and analysis, which was important to the design

of this study.

Research Design

The main goals of this study is to give knowledge about the possible preventions

of teen pregnancy and consequences that teenage pregnancy could give, the long term

effects of teenage childbearing to the parents, teen parents and to the offspring. The

study used a descriptive Qualitative Research Design Case Study. Case study, is one of

the most common qualitative designs, its used to examine a person, group,

community or institution. To conduct the case study, the researcher may draw upon

multiple sources of data, such as observation, interviews and documents. After

collecting the data, the researcher will analyze it to identify common or prominent

themes. Certain questions were designed to draw out responses on specific information

regarding their experience, future plans of the respondents despite the conditions that

they are in.

Sources of Data

Both the primary and secondary sources were used to collect the data. The

primary source of this study was collected from the two adolescent mom, parents, peers

from Salvacion Daraga, Albay and Baranggay Poblacion Camalig Albay R. Nasol Street.

Therefore, those persons will be primary sources of this research. World health

organization (2022), Murrah (2003), (Salej, J.M. 2020), (Franjić S. 2018), (Mann, L.,

Bateson, D., and Black, K. 2020), other reports, articles, research studies related to the

topic were used as the secondary sources of data.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study were be selected teenage students and out of

school youth who got pregnant from Salvacion and Camalig Albay. They were chosen to

provide vital information about the effects of teenage pregnancy to their educational

development and personal life. These respondents were selected to generate

information of the effects of teenage pregnancy and to the family, community, peers and

the church denomination where they are affiliated.        

The respondents of the study are those whose ages range from 12 to 19 years

old who got pregnant while still in school or not. Data about the respondents will be

obtained from them, inquiries from friends and their family.

Research Instruments

The researcher employed a self- made questionnaire to gather data of the

present study. First is the demographic profile of the respondents. This includes their

name, age, age when pregnant, name of school attended, educational attainment and

the economic background of the respondents. The second part of the questionnaire

deals with the causes of teenage pregnancy. The third part includes questions on

educational development and effect on personal life after pregnancy and their

knowledge about teen pregnancy before pregnancy. And the fourth part is the questions

on the future plans of the respondents.

Data Gathering Procedure

 The researcher sought permission from the respondents who will give pertinent

data of teenage pregnancy in Salvacion and Camalig Albay. Inquiries from, friends,

parents, and other relatives were also be considered in the possible search for

respondents. Once the researcher has identified a qualified respondent, the researchers

will personally approached the respondent and explain the study that the researcher is

presently doing. The researcher will also explained that her/their cooperation mean a lot

for the success of the said study. The made questionnaire was administered personally

by the researcher.