Methods of

Reproduction
Sexual and Asexual
Reproduction
 Reflection
4/25 – Name and define the 2 types of
reproduction
4/26 – Name advantages and disadvantages of
asexual reproduction.
 What is sexual reproduction?
• Requiring 2 parents
– male and female (egg & sperm)
• The egg and sperm join (zygote) to form an
entirely new organism
• Offspring are different from the parent
organism because
Sexual Reproduction:
Requiring 2 parents (egg & sperm)
Combining different genetic material
Methods of sexual reproduction:

Pollination
External Fertilization
Internal Fertilization
 Sexual Reproduction
• A type of reproduction in which the genetic
materials from two different cells combine,
producing an offspring
• The cells that combine are called gametes
Female – egg
– Male – sperm
• Fertilization: an egg cell and a sperm cell
join together
– A new cell is formed and is called a zygote
 Sexual Reproduction
• Requires two parents that each share ½ of
the genetic information.
– Offspring share the characteristics of each
parent.
– Meiosis

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 Sexual Reproduction
• All the members of the
Animal Kingdom
– Fish
– Mammals
– Amphibians
– Birds
– Reptiles
– Insects
– Crustaceans

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 Sexual Reproduction
• Plant Kingdom
– Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants.

Male flower Female flower

– Some flowers have both male and female
reproductive organs on the same flower.

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 Sexual Reproduction
• Examples of organisms that reproduce
sexually
– Chickens
– Iguanas
– Lobsters
– Sharks
– Humans
– Butterflies
– Sunflowers
– Roses
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 Sexual Reproduction
• Happens 2 ways
– Internally (inside)
• The egg is fertilized by sperm inside the female
– Mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, spiders
– Externally (outside)
• The egg is fertilized by sperm outside the female
• The female lays the eggs and then the male fertilizes
them.
– Fish and some amphibians
– Plants and fungi (pollen and spores)

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 Pollen is produced in
the male organs of the Sexual Reproduction
flowers - anthers. in Flowering Plants
Pollination occurs
when pollen is
transferred from the
anthers to the female
organs by wind or by
animals. If the female
stigma is receptive to a
pollen grain, the pollen
produces a pollen tube,
which grows through
the female tissue to the
egg, where
fertilization takes
place by the sperm
nucleus.
 Advantages: Sexual
Reproduction
• Diverse offspring: genetic variation among
offspring
– Half of the DNA comes from mom
– Half of the DNA comes from dad
• Due to genetic variation, individuals within a
population have slight differences
– Plants – resist diseases
– Traits can develop to resist harsh
environments that allows an organism
survive
 Disadvantages: Sexual Reproduction

• Time and Energy

– Organisms have to grow and develop until
they are old enough to produce sex cells
– Search and find a mate
– Searching can expose individuals to
predators, diseases, or harsh
environmental conditions
– Fertilization cannot take place during
pregnancy, which can last as long as 2
years for some mammals.
Examples: Sexual
Reproduction
 Asexual Reproduction:
requires only 1 parent and the offspring are an
exact copy of the parent---a clone
Methods of asexual reproduction:

Binary fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Parthenogenesis
Vegitative Propagation
Spores
 Asexual Reproduction

• Requires only one parent

• Offspring have 100% the same
chromosomes as the parent.
– In other words, the offspring are exact “clones”
of the parent.
– Most unicellular organisms
reproduce this way.
– Mitosis

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 Asexual Reproduction
• Examples of organisms that reproduce
asexually
– Hydra
– Sea Star
– Strawberry
– Archaebacteria
– Eubacteria
– Euglena
– Paramecium
– Yeast
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Asexual Reproduction:
• Organisms that reproduce asexually cannot
develop much variety, because they are
“copying” the original organism exactly.
 Asexual Reproduction
• One parent: organism
produces offspring without
fertilization
• Uniform offspring:
– Because offspring inherit all
of their DNA from one
parent, they are genetically
identical to each other and
to their parent
 Binary fission

Single-celled organisms
(Amoeba, paramecium,
euglena) which use asexual
reproduction can do so
simply by dividing into two
equal halves.
This is called binary fission.
 Fission: Asexual
Reproduction
• Fission: Cell division in prokaryotes that
forms two genetically identical cells
– DNA is copied
– The cell begins to grow longer,
pulling the two copies apart
– The cell membrane pinches inward in
the middle of the cell
– Cell splits to form two new uniform,
identical offspring
• Examples: bacteria, Ecoli, pond critters
 Budding: Asexual Reproduction
• Budding: a new organism grows
by mitosis and cell division on the body
of its parent
– The bud, or offspring is identical to
the parent
– The bud, when large enough, can
break off of the parent and live on
its own
– Offspring may remain attached and
form a colony
• Examples: Yeast, Hydra, cactus
 Budding
In yeasts the cell does
not divide equally in
two halves; instead,
there is a large mother
cell and a smaller
daughter cell.

Yeast - budding
Budding- an offspring grows out
of the body of the parent.

offspring

Hydra Budding

Cactus Budding
Fragmentation- plant cuttings
Some plants can grow from cutting them
up and replanting them.
 Fragmentation
In this form, the body of the parent breaks
into distinct pieces, each of which can
produce an offspring.

Pieces of coral broken off in storms A new starfish can grow from
can grow into new colonies. one detached arm.
 FRAGMENTATION: Asexual Reproduction
Fragementation: occurs
when an offspring grows
from a piece of its
parent.
–Producing new
organisms: Sea Stars
•Sea urchins, sea
cucumber, sponges,
and planarians
 Vegetative Propagation: Asexual
Vegetative Propagation: uniform
offspring grow from a part of a parent
plant
– Parent plants sends out runners
– Where the runner touches the
ground, roots can grow
– A new plant is produced even if the
runner is broken apart
– Each new plant is uniform and
identical to the parent.
– Examples: strawberries, potatoes, ivy,
crabgrass
 Parthenogenesis

Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual

reproduction in which females produce eggs that
develop without fertilization. Parthenogenesis is
seen to occur naturally in some invertebrates,
along with several fish, amphibians, and reptiles
as well as in many plants.
There are no known cases of parthenogenesis in
mammals.
 Advantages: Asexual
Reproduction

• Enables organisms to
reproduce without a mate
– No wasted time and energy
• Enables some organisms to
rapidly reproduce a large
number of uniform offspring
 Disadvantages: Asexual
Reproduction

 Because their offspring are identical, there is

no genetic variation that can give an organism
a better chance for survival
 Example: If a weed killer can kill the parent,
it will also kill the offspring
 A whole species can be wiped out from a
disease
 Dangerous mutations in DNA – if the parent
has the mutation in their DNA, the offspring
will have it too.
Examples: Asexual
Reproduction
• Create a creature that reproduces asexually.
– Draw the creature
Activity:
– Describe how the creature reproduces
asexually
– Describe 1 advantage of reproducing this
way
– Describe 1 disadvantage of reproducing
this way
– Name your creature
–How the uniform offspring of
your creature
Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction
• Asexual reproduction results in offspring
that are genetically identical to the parent
organism.
• Sexual reproduction results in offspring that
are genetically different from the parent
organisms.
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 Compare and Contrast
What kind of map do we need to
make?

Types of
Asexual Reproduction reproduction Sexual Reproduction
in living
organisms

Pass DNA
from parent
to offspring

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 Summarize
• Write two paragraphs with 6 sentences each
describing asexual and sexual reproduction.

• Paragraph 1: Asexual reproduction is…..

• Paragraph 2: Sexual reproduction is…

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