Reproduction

Prepared by: Patricia Ann Q. Pereña

 Reproduction
• The capacity of all living
things to give rise to new living
things.
•Includes the transmission of
hereditary material from the
parent/parents.
 2 Types of
Reproduction

Asexual Sexual
Reproduction Reproduction
 Asexual
Reproduction
(It only takes one)
 Asexual Reproduction
• Simplest form of
reproduction
• Requires one parent
• Occurs in plants, bacteria &
Protists
• Produces identical offspring
Asexual Reproduction
1. Binary Fission
2. Regeneration
3. Budding
4. Fragmentation
5. Sporulation
6. Vegetative propagation
Binary Fission
• Simplest form
• Fission: Cell division in
prokaryotes that forms 2
genetically identical cells
• DNA is copied
 Binary Fission
• The cell begins to grow
longer, pulling the two
copies apart
• The cell membrane pinches
inward in the middle of the
cell
• Cell splits to form 2 new
uniform, identical offspring
Amoeba
E. Coli
 Regeneration
• Occurs when an offspring
grows from a piece of its
parent
• An organism can replace or
re-grow an injured or lost
part
 Regeneration
• Producing new organisms:
 Sea Stars, Sea Cucumber,
Sponges, and planarians
• Producing new body parts:
 Gecko, newts, tadpoles,
crabs, hydra & zebra fish
Flatworm
Leopard gecko
 Budding
• A new organism grows by
mitosis & cell division on
the body of its parent
• The bud, or offspring is
identical to the parent
 Budding
• The bud, when large
enough, can break off the
parent & live on its own
• Offspring may remain
attached & form a colony
 Fragmentation
• Similar to Regeneration
• The parent organism can be
divided into many pieces
• Each piece will develop into a
complete individual
•Create many new organisms quickly
 Sporulation
• Uses spores
• Spores are unicellular
• If conditions are right a spore
develop into a new individual
• They can be carried by the wind,
water, or animals
 Vegetative
Propagation
• Uniform offspring from a part
(specialized organ) of a
parent plant
1. Parent plants sends out
runners
 Where the runner touches the
ground, roots can grow
 A new plant is produced even
if the runner is broken apart
 Runners

Runners: Grass and strawberries can form

horizontal stems that grow on top of the
ground which can produce new plants
horizontally at nodes or tips along the stem.
Rhizomes: stems that
grow underground and
produces roots and
shoots above the
ground.

Grasses
Ginger
Turmeric
Bulbs: underground stems with fleshy leaves
or scales that serves as a food storage for
plant. (Onion and Garlic)
Tubers: fleshy underground stems or roots.
(Potatoes and Sweet Potatoes)
Spores: found at the leaf margins of some plants
give rise to young plants. (Ferns and Katakata)
Suckers: side
shoot grow from
the stem of a
mother plant.
(Bananas)
 Sexual
Reproduction
(It takes two to tango)
 Sexual
•Reproduction
Requires 2 organisms
• Each organisms has
specialized sex cells called
gametes
• Animals have sperm (male) &
ovum (female)
 Sexual
Reproduction
• Plants have pollen
ovum (egg)
(sperm) &

• Sexual reproduction happens when

the two sex cells fuse together
(fusion) to create a new &
genetically different offspring
Flowering
Plant
 Flower
• Sexual reproductive
structure
• Produce egg & sperm
• Fertilization takes
place inside the flower
 Pollination
• Transfer of
mature pollen
grains from
the anther to
the stigma
 Female Male
reproductive reproductive
organ organ

Pistil
*Stigma –top of the
pistil,
Sticky surface for pollen Stamen
to stick to *Anther – produces sperm nuclei
*Style – connects the by meiosis. Sperm nuclei are
stigma to the ovary enclosed by pollen grains.
*Ovary –contains ovules *Filament – holds the anther up
( eggs)
• When a pollen grain lands on the stigma, it
germinates and a pollen tube grows down
through the style to an ovule (egg)
 Fertilization
• The sperm travels through the pollen tube to the
ovule. The sperm & egg fuse forming the zygote
(fertilized egg) –this grows into the plant embryo
(cells grow by mitosis)
*Self pollination –pollen from same flower
*Cross pollination – pollen from a different
flower
- more variation
• The ovary and zygote (fertilized ovule) develop
and ripen.
*The ovule forms the seed and the ovary forms the
fruit.
• A fruit is a ripened ovary
The plant embryo uses food stored in the cotyledon
of the seed until it develops leaves for
photosynthesis
 Seedling
Micropyle –opening in
ovule where pollen tube
attached, sperm entered
Hilum –scar where ovule
attached to ovary
Radicle –embryonic root
Epicotyl – grows above the cotyledons and gives rise to the
leaves.
Hypocotyl –below the point of attachment of the cotyledon,
develops into the stem.
 Parts of a seed
• Dicot Seed
Seedcoat
coat

Hypocotyl
Hypocotyl

Epicotyl
Epicotyl
Cotyledons
Cotyledons
Endosperm
Endosperm Seed
Seedcoat
coat
• Monocot
Epicotyl
Epicotyl

Hypocotyl
Hypocotyl
Cotyledon
Cotyledon Radicle
Radicle
 Sexual
Reproduction in
Animals
 Male Female
Gamete – sperm Gamete – egg
Gonad – testes Gonad – ovary
Many sperm cells Few to many eggs
-spermatogenesis - oogenesis
 Sperm Egg
*Smaller *Larger than a body
*Swims through liquid cell
*Head, middle, & tail *Cannot move on its
(flagellum) own
*Round shape
 Fertilization
• Sperm nucleus enters the egg and moves to the egg nucleus.
The 2 nuclei join together and then form a zygote.
 Fertilization
1.External Fertilization

2. Internal Fertilization
 External
Fertilization
• Animals that breed in the water
•Large number of sperm and egg are
released to overcome hazards
•Hormones control behavior to have
sperm and egg released at the
same time
 Internal
Fertilization
• Requires specialized
sex organ to carry
sperm to body of
female
• Water environment
needed for sperm to
swim to the egg
 Internal
• AfterFertilization
fertilization, zygote is
enclosed in a protective shell &
released OR remains & develops in
female body
Turtle
laying
eggs
Zygote
 Internal
Fertilization
• Fewer eggs needed
• Well protected
• Increased chance of
fertilization
 Internal
•LandFertilization
animals
• Some aquatic
animals:
 Shark
Octopus
 Sexual Reproduction
Male
Gamete
Summary
Female
Gamete
Type of
Union
Result
of Union
Final
Result
Plants pollen ovule pollinati single multi-
(egg) on cell cell
zygote embryo
(in seed)

Animals sperm egg fertiliza single multi-

tion cell cell
zygote embryo
Asexual Sexual
2 parents
1 parent
Cell divide by
Cell divides by
meiosis
fission, budding, Forms of
fragmentation, Genetic variation
regeneration,sporula
reproduction in offspring
tion & vegetative Involves Formation of
propagation plants, gametes
Very little chance Found in
of genetic variation fungi & higher/complex
Found in lower animals organisms
organisms
Generally creates a
Produces Fertilization
offspring Creates a minimum
minimum of 2
of one offspring
offspring
Which is
Better?
It depends!
Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
Advantages Advantages
• does not require special • lots of variation within
cells or a lot of energy a species
• can produce offspring • able to live in a
quickly variety of environmental
• in a stable environment settings
creates large, thriving • able to adapt to changes
population in the environment
Disadvantages Disadvantages
• limited ability to adapt • needs time & energy
• face massive die-off if • produce small
environment changes populations