4.

1: SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL

REPRODUCTION
 Reproduction: a process which takes place in
all living things to produce new individuals.
 Importance:
1. produce new individuals
2. ensure living things will not become
extinct.
 Sexual

New individual is formed from

the fusion of male and female
Reproduction gametes.

Asexual

New individual is formed

without the fusion of
gametes.
 Reproduction

Sexual Asexual

Binary fission
Budding
Spore formation
Vegetative
reproduction
Regeneration
Male gamete fertilisation
growth

New individual
zygote
With variation
female gamete
 Fertilization is the fusion of the male gamete
(sperm) and female gamete (ovum) to form a
zygote.
 Sperms are formed in testis.
 Ovum (egg cell) are formed in ovary.

Sperm Fertilization Cell division

New
Zygote
Growth and individual
Ovum
development
 Some animals have both testes and ovaries in
the same individual. Ex: earthworm, snails.
 They are called hermaphrodites.
 Internal fertilization External fertilization
•Fusion of gametes occur •Gametes fuse outside the
in female’s body. body of the parents.
•Ex: mammals, birds, •Ex: amphibian and fish.
reptiles and insects. •These animals shed their
•These animals produce gametes into water and
few gametes because: fertilization occurs in the
a) the gametes are water.
protected in female’s •These animals produce
body. plenty of gametes as many
b) The chances of of gametes die or are eaten
fertilization is high. by other animals.
 Many fish swim side by side with releasing
sperms and eggs into water
 The male frog sits on the female’s back. He
produces sperms while she is laying her eggs.
Internal fertilization External fertilization
 Binary fission
 A mature cell divides into two, forming two
new cells as individuals.
 Ex: amoeba, paramecium, and bacteria.

Binary fission in amoeba

Binary fission in paramecium

 Budding
 Parent organism forms a bud in itself.
 The bud grows and eventually separates from
the parents as a new individuals.
 Ex: yeast and hydra.

Budding of yeast
Budding
 Spore formation
 The spore will
germinate and grow
into new individuals.
 Ex: ferns, mosses
and fungi
 Vegetative reproduction
 The new shoots grow out from the parent cell
and eventually separates into new plants.
 The new shoots obtain food from the parent
plant.
 The new plants have the same characteristics
as the parent plants.
 The parts used for vegetative reproduction
may be:
i. creeping stems (ex: sweet potato)
ii. woody stems (ex: sugar cane)
iii.underground stems (ex: ginger)
iv.bulbs (ex: onion)
v. leaves (ex: bryophylum)

Vegetative reproduction:
underground stems
Vegetative reproduction: leaves
Vegetative reproduction: creeping stems
Vegetative reproduction: woody stems Vegetative reproduction: bulbs
 Regeneration
 A new individual
grows from part
which has been
detached from the
parent.
 Ex: planaria and
starfish.
 Sexual Asexual
reproduction reproduction
Form new individuals
2 No. of parents 1
/ Fusion of gametes X
Higher level Level of Lower level
Ex: human beings organisms Ex: amoeba
Have New individuals Have the same
characteristics characteristics as
inherited from the parent
both parents