EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

Modified Strategic Intervention MaterialS

Quarter 4 Week 3
 Title Card:
Perpetuation of Life

Lesson 3: Reproduction of Animals

Guide Card
Introduction
What is reproduction?

Reproduction is the creation of a new individual or individuals from previously existing

individuals. In animals, this can occur in two primary ways: through asexual reproduction and through
sexual reproduction.

Like plants, animals need to reproduce in order to increase the chance of the perpetuation of their
species. But unlike plants, there is an assumption that animals reproduced only through the process of
fertilization, or the fusion of the sperm cell and egg cell. Actually, like plants, some animals also used
asexual or sexual or both methods of sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction is the process of joining
the haploid gametes (sex cells) to form a diploid cell called a zygote. A zygote eventually becomes an
embryo and later on develops into an organism. The female gamete is an egg cell, is usually non-motile,
to ensure survival of the embryo by
storing energy. The male gamete is a
sperm cell, which is motile to search
for the egg cell for fertilization. In
asexual reproduction, fusion of the
egg cell and sperm cell does not occur;
reproduction is mainly through mitosis
which creates a clone of the parent.
 Learning Competency
At the end of this module, you are expected describe various process on how representative
animals reproduce. (Q2 WEEK3)
Objectives
After going through this, you are expected to:
a. Describe ways on how animals reproduce.
b. Differentiate sexual and asexual reproduction in representative animals.

Asexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction is defined as the formation of new individuals from the
cells of a single parent. This is very common in plants and is less common in
animals. Animals. Asexual reproduction does not involve the union of gametes
(sperm cell and egg cell) and it does not change the number of chromosomes
present. The resulting offspring is similar or identical to the parent and without the
need for a mate, they are able to reproduce. There are different types of asexual
reproduction in animals.

Common forms of asexual reproduction are the following:

1. Budding- In this form, an offspring (in the form of bud) grows out of the body of the parent.
Ex: Hydras exhibit this type of reproduction.
2. Fission- is the separation/division of an organism to form individuals of approximately same size.
This is usually observed in animal-like protists.
3. Gemmules (Internal Buds)- In this form, a parent releases a specialized mass of cells that can
develop into an offspring.
Ex: Sponges exhibit this type of reproduction.
4. Fragmentation- In this form, the body of the parent breaks into distinct pieces, each of which can
produce an offspring.
Ex: Planarians exhibit this type of reproduction.
5. Regeneration- In this form, if a piece of a parent is detached, it can grow and develop into a
completely new individual.
Ex: Echinoderms exhibit this type of reproduction.
6. Parthenogenesis - is like apomixes in plants, where the egg cell develops without fertilization.
Ex: bees, wasps, lizards, sharks.
 Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction is the perpetuation of a new organism from two
organisms with the use of gametes. In this process, male gametes which is the
sperm cell fuses with a female gamete known as the egg cell to form a diploid cell
called zygote containing two sets of chromosomes. During sexual reproduction, the
genetic material contained in their chromosomes combine to produce genetically
diverse offspring that are different from both parents. Most mammals and
amphibians reproduce through the method of sexual reproduction.

OVIPAROUS ANIMALS that lay their

egg, with little or no other embryonic
development within the parent.

OVOVIVIPAROUS ANIMALS
produced eggs and keep them inside
the mother’s body until the offspring
develops and ready to hatch.

VIVIPAROUS ANIMALS bringing

forth live offspring that have
developed inside the body of the
parent.

Advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction involves two parents and the joining of male and female gametes during fertilization.
The offspring inherit a mixture of genes from both parents, so are different to each other and their parents.
The advantages of sexual reproduction:

• produces genetic variation in the offspring

• the species can adapt to new environments due to variation, which gives them a survival advantage
• a disease is less likely to affect all the individuals in a population While there are disadvantages as
well, such as
• time and energy are needed to find a mate
• it is not possible for an isolated individual to reproduce
In asexual reproduction there is only one parent. The offspring are clones of the parent and each other.
The advantages of asexual reproduction include:
• the population can increase rapidly when the conditions are favorable
• only one parent is needed
• it is more time and energy efficient as you don't need a mate
• it is faster than sexual reproduction
The disadvantages of asexual reproduction include:
• it does not lead to genetic variation in a population
• the species may only be suited to one habitat
• disease may affect all the individuals in a population

Activity Card 1
Label each of the following as describing asexual reproduction (A) or sexual reproduction (s).

1. Budding is an example of this type of reproduction.

2. Gametes are produced by the same or different individuals.

3. Offspring has a different combination of genes than either parent.

4. It produces an offspring that may be better adapted to a new environment.

5. Regeneration is an example of this type of reproduction.

6. Usually, a large number of offsprings are produced.

7. Strawberry plants grown from the nodes of stolons.

8. Potato plants grown from the eyes of a potato.

9. Gametes of gumamela flower fuse.

10. Ornamental plants grown from stem cuttings.

11. Produces genetic variation in the offspring.

12. It is more time and energy efficient as you don't need a mate.

13. It is not possible for an isolated individual to reproduce.

14. Disease may affect all the individuals in a population.

15. Involves two parents and the joining of male and female gametes during fertilization.
 Enrichment Card
Enrichment Card 1
Using a Venn diagram, compare and contrast asexual reproduction from sexual reproduction. Write
examples of animals under asexual and sexual reproduction.

ENRICHMENT CARD 2
Directions: For each picture decide whether that organism reproduces asexually or sexually. Place an
A for asexual reproduction or an S for sexual reproduction next to each number in the box.
 Assessment Card
I. DIRECTION: Match the types of reproduction of animals on the left to the organisms which perform
it on the right. Write the letter that correspond the correct answer.
1. Binary fission a. shark
2. Budding b. cyanobacteria
3. Parthenogenesis c. hydras
4. Fragmentation d. mammals
5. Gonads e. star fish
II. Write the letter of the best answer.
6. Which of the following is NOT an example of asexual reproduction?
A) Reproduction in hydra
B) Reproduction in amoeba
C) Reproduction in bacteria
D) Reproduction in butterfly

7. Which of the following is NOT true of the process of reproduction?

A) Unicellular organisms cannot reproduce.
B) Reproduction is the process of producing young animals or plants.
C) Reproduction is one of the life processes of living things.
D) Reproduction is of two types, sexual and asexual reproduction.
8. Which of the following represent/represents sexual reproduction?
A) Binary fission
B) Budding
C) Fragmentation
D) Meiosis

9. Which of the following statements is true about asexual reproduction? A) New

individuals are produced without the fusion of gametes.
B) New individuals involve the fusion of male and female gametes.
C) It is a mode of reproduction which occurs only in plants.
D) New individuals are produced by the fusion of dissimilar gametes.
10. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of sexual reproduction? A) It
involves the fusion of two reproductive cells.
B) It is common in most organisms.
C) Fertilization may take place inside or outside the body of the female.
D) The offspring receives its characteristics from one parent only.