Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
BAUAN TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL

1st Periodical Examination in Basic Calculus Reviewer

LIMITS AND CONTINUITY Ex.2: Solve lim

𝑥 2 +𝑥−2
.
𝑥→−2 𝑥+2
𝑥 2 +𝑥−2
LESSON 1: THE LIMIT OF A FUNCTION: THEOREMS 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+2
; 𝑐 = −2
AND EXAMPLES Approaching −2 from the left:
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
TOPIC 1.1: THE LIMIT OF A FUNCTION −2.5 −3.5
Limits - the backbone of calculus (Mathematics of −2.17 −3.17
Change). −2.003 −3.003
• Consider a function 𝑓 of a single variable 𝑥. −2.0001 −3.0001
• Consider a constant 𝑐 which 𝑥 will approach. 𝑥 2 +𝑥−2
lim = −3
• 𝑥 cannot equal 𝑐 itself. 𝑥→−2− 𝑥+2

• The limit, to be denoted by 𝐿, is the unique real

Approaching −2 from the right:
value that 𝑓(𝑥) will approach as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐.
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
• In symbols: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳, which is read as, “The
𝒙→𝒄 −1.5 −2.5
limit of a function as 𝒙 approaches 𝒄 is 𝑳.” −1.88 −2.88
−1.996 −2.996
STEPS IN EVALUATING LIMITS OF A FUNCTION −1.9999 −2.9999
1. Identify 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑐 which 𝑥 will approach. 𝑥 2 +𝑥−2
2. Construct two tables, one where 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 lim + = −3
𝑥→−2 𝑥+2
from the left and another from the right. 𝑥 2 +𝑥−2
Answer: lim = −3
𝑥→−2 𝑥+2
3. Consider values of 𝑥 approaching 𝑐 from the left
and substitute them to 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑥 − 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
4. Repeat Step 3 for values of 𝑥 approaching 𝑐 from Ex.3: Solve if 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥 2 + 4 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0.
the right.
𝑐=0
5. Determine the value/s which the answers obtained
Approaching 0 from the left using 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3:
from Steps 3 and 4 approaches.
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
−0.5 −3.5
Ex.1: Solve lim(𝑥 2 − 1).
𝑥→1 −0.21 −3.21
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1 ; 𝑐 = 1 −0.003 −3.003
Approaching 1 from the left: −0.0001 −3.0001
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = −3
0.5 −0.75 𝑥→0

0.8 −0.36
Approaching 0 from the right using 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4:
0.99 −0.0199
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
0.9999 −0.00019999
2 0.5 4.25
lim−(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥→1 0.21 4.0441
0.003 4.000009
Approaching 1 from the right: 0.0001 4.00000001
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 4
1.5 1.25 𝑥→0
Answer: lim 𝑓(𝑥) DNE
1.2 0.44 𝑥→0
1.01 0.0201 Note: We do not say that lim 𝑓(𝑥) “equals DNE”, nor do
𝑥→𝑐
1.0001 0.00020001 we write “ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = DNE”, because “DNE” is not a value.
2 𝑥→𝑐
lim+(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥→1
Answer: lim(𝑥 2 − 1) = 0
𝑥→1
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
BAUAN TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL

THINGS TO REMEMBER 𝑥+1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 4

Ex.3: Consider 𝑓(𝑥) = {
• lim− 𝑓(𝑥) and lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) are referred to as one- (𝑥 − 4)2 + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 4.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
sided limits.
• If 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 from the left, then we write
lim− 𝑓(𝑥), also known as left-sided limit.
𝑥→𝑐
• If 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 from the right, then we write
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥), also known as right-sided limit.
𝑥→𝑐
• We can say that lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 if and only if
𝑥→𝑐
lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 and lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
• We can say that lim 𝑓(𝑥) DNE whenever Notice that 𝑓(𝑥) has no limit as 𝑥 approaches 4. The two
𝑥→𝑐
lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim+ 𝑓(𝑥). separate parts of the function move toward different
𝑥→𝑐 − 𝑥→𝑐
𝑦-levels (𝑦 = 5 from the left, 𝑦 = 3 from the right) in the
vicinity of 𝑐 = 4. Therefore, lim 𝑓(𝑥) DNE.
LOOKING AT THE GRAPH OF 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) 𝑥→4
Knowing the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) will make it easier to
determine its limits as 𝑥 approaches given values of 𝑐. TOPIC 1.2: THE LIMIT OF A FUNCTION AT 𝒄 VERSUS
Ex.1: Consider 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1. THE VALUE OF THE FUNCTION AT 𝒄
Ex.1: Recall lim(𝑥 2 − 1).
𝑥→1
Lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐
2
lim(𝑥 − 1) = 0 𝑓(1) = 0
𝑥→1
Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓(1) are equal.
𝑥→1

|𝑥| 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
Ex.2: Consider 𝑓(𝑥) = {
2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0.
Lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐
lim|𝑥| = 0 𝑓(0) = 2
It can be seen from the graph that as values of 𝑥 𝑥→0

approach −1, the values of 𝑓(𝑥) approach 2. Therefore, Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓(0) are not equal. However, 𝑓(𝑥) still
𝑥→0
lim (𝑥 2 + 1) = 2. has a limit. This implies that lim 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓(𝑐) may be
𝑥→−1 𝑥→𝑐
distinct.
𝑥 2 −5𝑥+4
Ex.2: Consider 𝑓(𝑥) = .
𝑥−1 𝑥 − 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
Ex. 3: Recall lim 𝑓(𝑥) if 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 + 4 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0.
Lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐
lim 𝑓(𝑥) DNE 𝑓(0) = 4
𝑥→0
Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓(0) are not the same. Also, the limit
𝑥→0
does not exist.

DETERMINING THE LIMIT AND THE VALUE OF A

𝑥 2 −5𝑥+4 (𝑥+4)(𝑥−1) FUNCTION AT 𝒄 BY LOOKING AT A GRAPH
Take note that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−1
= 𝑥−1
= 𝑥 − 4, It is important to know how to determine lim 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐
provided that 𝑥 ≠ 1. Hence, the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is also the
through inspection of a graph.
graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1, excluding the point where 𝑥 = 1. Still,
Graph from left Connected lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists.
it can be seen that as values of 𝑥 approach 1, the values 𝑥→𝑐
and right of 𝑐 Separated lim 𝑓(𝑥) DNE.
𝑥 2 −5𝑥+4
of 𝑓(𝑥) approach −3. Therefore, lim 𝑥−1
= − 3. 𝑥→𝑐
𝑥→1
Point (Circle) Shaded 𝑓(𝑐) exists.
containing 𝑐 Unshaded 𝑓(𝑐) DNE.
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
BAUAN TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL

Ex.:
5. The Multiplication Theorem: The limit of a
product of functions is the product of their limits.
• lim(𝑓(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑔(𝑥)) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) ⋅ lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐿 ⋅ 𝑀
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
Ex.: If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 8 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = −4, then
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
lim(𝑓(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑔(𝑥)) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) ⋅ lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 8 ⋅ (−4) = −32
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

6. The Division Theorem: The limit of a quotient of

functions is the quotient of their limits, where the
Based on the graph, we can conclude that: denominator limit is not equal to 0.
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) 𝐿
1. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 and 𝑓(−2) = 1. • lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥→𝑐
=𝑀,𝑀≠0
𝑥→−2 𝑥→𝑐 lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐
2. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 and 𝑓(0) does not exist.
𝑥→0 Ex.1: If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 8 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = −4, then
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
3. lim 𝑓(𝑥) DNE and 𝑓(3) also does not exist. 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→3 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑐 8
lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim 𝑔(𝑥)
= −4 = −2.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
TOPIC 1.3: ILLUSTRATION OF LIMIT THEOREMS 𝑓(𝑥)
Ex.2: If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 8 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0, then lim 𝑔(𝑥) DNE
1. The limit of a constant is itself. 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

• lim 𝑘 = 𝑘 , 𝑘 is any constant since it is undefined.

𝑥→𝑐
Ex.1: lim 1 = 1 7. The Power Theorem: The limit of an integer power
𝑥→𝑐
Ex.2: lim √3 = √3 of a function is that power of the function’s limit.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑝
• lim(𝑓(𝑥)) = (lim 𝑓(𝑥))𝑝 = 𝐿𝑝 .
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
2. The limit of 𝒙 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is equal to 𝑐. Ex.: If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 8, then
𝑥→𝑐
• lim 𝑥 = 𝑐 3
𝑥→𝑐 (a) lim(𝑓(𝑥)) = (lim 𝑓(𝑥))3 = 83 = 512.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
Ex.1: lim 𝑥 = −5 −2 1 1
𝑥→−5
(b) lim(𝑓(𝑥)) = (lim 𝑓(𝑥))−2 = 8−2 = = .
Ex.2: lim 𝑥 = 0.09 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 82 64
𝑥→0.09

8. The Radical/Root Theorem: The limit of the nth

3. The Constant Multiple Theorem: The limit of a
root of a function is that nth root of the function’s
multiple of a function is that multiple of the
limit, where the nth root is a real number and the
function’s limit.
limit must be positive.
• lim 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 ⋅ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 ⋅ 𝐿
•
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑛 𝑛
lim √𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑛√lim 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝐿 , 𝑛 ≥ 0
Ex.: If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 2, then 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
𝑥→𝑐
(a) lim 7 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑥) = 7 ⋅ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 7 ⋅ 2 = 14. Ex.1: If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 8, then
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
3 3
(b) lim −4 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑥) = −4 ⋅ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −4 ⋅ 2 = −8. lim √𝑓(𝑥) = 3√lim 𝑓(𝑥) = √8 = 2.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
3
Ex.2: If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −8, then lim √𝑓(𝑥) DNE, since it is an
4. The Addition Theorem: The limit of a sum of 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
functions is the sum of their limits. Subtraction is imaginary number.
also included, where the limit of a difference of
functions is the difference of their limits. 9. The limit of a polynomial function is determined
• lim(𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) + lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐿 + 𝑀 by evaluating 𝑓(𝑐) through substitution.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
• lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)
Ex.: If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 8 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = −4, then 𝑥→𝑐
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
Ex.1: lim 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 1 = 𝑓(3) = 33 − 32 + 1
(0) lim(𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) + lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 8 + 𝑥→3
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
= 27 − 9 + 1 = 19
(−4) 3 3
= 4. Ex.2: lim √−2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 = 𝑓(5) = √−2(5)2 + 4(5) + 3
𝑥→5
3 3 3
(b) lim(𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) − lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 8— = √−2(25) + 20 + 3 = √−50 + 23 = √−27 = −3
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
= 12.
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
BAUAN TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL

lim ln 𝑥 = 0
𝑥→1−
𝑥 2 −4 22 +4 4+4 8
Ex.3: lim = 𝑓(2) = = = → 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→2 𝑥−2 2−2 0 0
Note: If lim 𝑓(𝑥) DNE by substitution, then we can try 1.5 0.4054651081
𝑥→𝑐
1.1 0.0953101798
manipulating the given function. Doing so, we have:
𝑥 2 −4 (𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)
1.01 0.00995033085
lim = lim = lim(𝑥 + 2) = 𝑓(2) = 2 + 2 = 4. 1.001 0.00099950033
𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥→2
lim ln 𝑥 = 0
𝑥→1+
LESSON 2: LIMITS OF SOME TRANSCENDENTAL Answer: lim ln 𝑥 = 0
FUNCTIONS AND SOME INDETERMINATE FORMS 𝑥→1

TOPIC 2.1: LIMITS OF EXPONENTIAL, LOGARITHMIC, Common Logarithmic Function

AND TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS • 𝑓(𝑥) = log10 𝑥 = log 𝑥
1. If 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1, the exponential function with base 𝑏 Ex.: Evaluate lim log 𝑥.
𝑥→1
is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅. 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
2. Let 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1. If 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥 then 𝑦 is called the 0.5 −0.30102999566
logarithm of 𝑥 to the base 𝑏, denoted by 𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥. 0.9 −0.04575749056
0.99 −0.0043648054
EVALUATING LIMITS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS 0.999 −0.00043451177
Natural Exponential Function lim− log 𝑥 = 0
𝑥→1
• 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥
• 𝑒 ≈ 2.718281 (Euler number)
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
Ex.: Evaluate lim 𝑒 𝑥 .
𝑥→0 1.5 0.17609125905
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 1.1 0.04139268515
−0.5 0.60653065971 1.01 0.00432137378
−0.1 0.90483741803 1.001 0.00043407747
−0.01 0.99004983374 lim log 𝑥 = 0
𝑥→1+
−0.001 0.99900049983
Answer: lim log 𝑥 = 0
lim 𝑒 𝑥 = 1 𝑥→1
𝑥→0−

EVALUATING LIMITS OF TRIGONOMETRIC

𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) FUNCTIONS
0.5 1.6487212707 Ex.: Evaluate lim sin 𝑥.
𝑥→0
0.1 1.10517091808
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
0.01 1.01005016708
−0.5 −0.4794255386
0.001 1.00100050017
−0.1 −0.09983341664
lim 𝑒 𝑥 = 1
𝑥→0+ −0.01 −0.00999983333
Answer: lim 𝑒 𝑥 = 1 −0.001 −0.00099999983
𝑥→0
lim− sin 𝑥 = 0
𝑥→0
EVALUATING LIMITS OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
Natural Logarithmic Function 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
• 𝑓(𝑥) = ln 𝑥 = log 𝑒 𝑥
0.5 0.4794255386
• The inverse of the natural exponential function 0.1 0.09983341664
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥. 0.01 0.00999983333
Ex.: Evaluate lim ln 𝑥. 0.001 0.00099999983
𝑥→1
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) lim sin 𝑥 = 0
𝑥→0+
0.5 −0.69314718056 Answer: lim sin 𝑥 = 0
0.9 −0.10536051565 𝑥→0

0.99 −0.01005033585
0.999 −0.00100050033
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
BAUAN TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL

TOPIC 2.2: SOME SPECIAL LIMITS Ex.2: Consider the graph of the function 𝑔(𝑥) below.
THREE SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
sin 𝑡
1. lim 𝑡
=1
𝑡→0
1−cos 𝑡
2. lim 𝑡
=0
𝑡→0
𝑒 𝑡−1
3. lim =1
𝑡→0 𝑡

INDETERMINATE FORM
𝑓(𝑥)
• If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0, then lim is
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑥)

called an indeterminate form of type 𝟎. To find

𝟎 When tracing the graph from the left side of 𝑥 = 1 going
to the right, the pen has to be lifted at 𝑥 = 1, creating a
the actual value, we should manipulate the
hole in the graph. Therefore, the function is discontinuous
function, which is commonly done by factoring or
at 𝑥 = 1.
by rationalizing.
𝑥 2 −1
Ex.1: Evaluate lim . Ex.3: Consider the graph of the function ℎ(𝑥) below.
𝑥→1 𝑥−1
𝑥 2 −1 12 −1 1−1 0
lim = 1−1 = = 0 → 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 0
𝑥 2 −1 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)
lim = =𝑥+1=1+1=2
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥−1

𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1
Ex.2: Evaluate lim .
𝑥→1 √𝑥−1
𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1 12 −2(1)+1 1−2+1 0
lim = = = 0 → 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑥→1 √𝑥−1 √1−1 1−1
𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1 √𝑥+1 (𝑥−1)(𝑥−1)(√𝑥+1)
lim = ⋅ =
𝑥→1 √𝑥−1 √𝑥−1 √𝑥+1 𝑥−1
= (𝑥 − 1)(√𝑥 + 1) = (1 − 1)(√1 + 1) = 0 When tracing the graph from the left side of 𝑥 = 0 going
to the right, the pen has to be lifted since the graph will go
LESSON 3: CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS downward indefinitely at the left and upward indefinitely at
the right. Therefore, the function is discontinuous at
TOPIC 3.1: CONTINUITY AT A POINT 𝑥 = 0.
• lim 𝑓(𝑥) is not necessarily the same as 𝑓(𝑐).
𝑥→𝑐
THREE CONDITIONS OF CONTINUITY
•We can check the continuity of a function at a
given point using graph. If you can trace the A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if:
graph of a function from the left of a given (a) 𝑓(𝑐) exists;
𝑥-value going to the right without lifting your pen, (b) lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists; and
𝑥→𝑐
then the function is continuous. (c) 𝑓(𝑐) = lim 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑥→𝑐
Ex.1: Consider the graph of the function 𝑓(𝑥) below. If at least one of these conditions is not met, 𝑓 is said to
be discontinuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐.

Ex.1: Determine if 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4 is continuous or not at

𝑥 = 2.
(a) 𝑓(𝑐) = 2(2) − 4 = 4 − 4 = 0
(b) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim(2𝑥 − 4) = 2(2) − 4 = 4 − 4 = 0
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
(c) 𝑓(𝑐) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
𝑥→2
Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 2.
𝑥 2 −9
When tracing the graph from the left side of 𝑥 = 1 going Ex.2: Determine if 𝑓(𝑥) = is continuous or not at
𝑥−3
to the right, the pen did not have to be lifted. Therefore, 𝑥 = 3.
the function is continuous at 𝑥 = 1. 32 −9 0
(a) 𝑓(𝑐) = = → 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
3−3 0
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
BAUAN TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL

We can stop here since the first condition of continuity is
not satisfied. Therefore, 𝑓 is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 3.
TOPIC 3.2: CONTINUITY ON AN INTERVAL
A function can be continuous on an interval, wherein it is
continuous at every point on the interval.
Note: On the graph, there is no point that would make the
function 𝑓 discontinuous. In other words, the function 𝑓 is
continuous everywhere on any interval.
Ex.2: Consider the graph of the function 𝑓 given below.

ONE-SIDED CONTINUITY
A function 𝑓 is said to be:
(a) continuous from the left at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if 𝑓(𝑐) =
lim− 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑥→𝑐
(b) continuous from the right at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if 𝑓(𝑐) =
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑥→𝑐

CONTINUITY OF POLYNOMIAL, ABSOLUTE VALUE, Determine if the function 𝑓 is continuous on:

RATIONAL, AND SQUARE ROOT FUNCTIONS
1. Polynomial functions are continuous everywhere.
2. The absolute value function 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| is
continuous everywhere.
3. Rational functions are continuous on their
respective domains.
4. The square root function 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 is continuous
on [0, ∞).
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY ON AN INTERVAL
Ex.1: Consider the graph of the function 𝑓 given below.
Determine if the function 𝑓 is continuous on:
(a) (−1,1)
(b) (−∞, 0)
(c) (0, +∞)
Answers:
(a) We can trace the graph from 𝑥 = −1 to 𝑥 = 1 without
lifting the pen. Therefore, the function 𝑓 is continuous on
the interval (−1,1).
(b) The graph can be traced from any negative number to
𝑥 = 0 without lifting the pen. Thus, the function 𝑓 is
continuous on (−∞, 0).
(c) From 𝑥 = 0, we can trace the graph going to any
positive number without lifting the pen. So, the function
𝑓 is continuous on (0, +∞).
(a) (−1,1)
(b) (0.5,2)
Answers:
(a) If we trace the graph from 𝑥 = −1 going to 𝑥 = 1, we
have to lift the pen at 𝑥 = 0. Therefore, the function 𝑓 is
discontinuous on (−1,1).
(b) Tracing the graph from 𝑥 = 0.5 to 𝑥 = 2 does not
require the pen to lift. Therefore, the function f is
continuous on (0.5,2).
CONTINUITY OF THE FUNCTION 𝒇 WITHOUT ITS
CORRESPONDING GRAPH
A function 𝑓 is said to be continuous:
(a) everywhere if 𝑓 is continuous at every real
number, or on 𝑅.
(b) on (𝑎, 𝑏) if 𝑓 is continuous at every point 𝑥 in
(𝑎, 𝑏).
(c) on [𝑎, 𝑏) if 𝑓 is continuous on (𝑎, 𝑏) and from the
right at 𝑎.
(d) on (𝑎, 𝑏] if 𝑓 is continuous on (𝑎, 𝑏) and from the
left at 𝑏.
(e) on [𝑎, 𝑏] if 𝑓 is continuous on (𝑎, 𝑏] and on [𝑎, 𝑏).
(f) on (𝑎, ∞) if 𝑓 is continuous at all 𝑥 > 𝑎.
(g) on [𝑎, ∞) if 𝑓 is continuous on (𝑎, ∞) and from the
right at 𝑎.
(h) on (−∞, 𝑏) if 𝑓 is continuous at all 𝑥 < 𝑏.
(i) on (−∞, 𝑏) if 𝑓 is continuous on . (−∞, 𝑏) and
from the left at 𝑏.
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
BAUAN TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL

DERIVATIVES Ex.: Find the equation of the tangent line to 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 at

𝑥 = 2.
LESSON 4: THE DERIVATIVE AS THE SLOPE OF THE 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ; 𝑥0 = 2
TANGENT LINE 𝑦0 = 22 = 4
𝑦−𝑦0 𝑥 2 −4 (𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)
𝑚 = lim = lim = =𝑥+2
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥−𝑥0 𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥−2
TOPIC 4.1: THE TANGENT LINE TO THE GRAPH OF A
FUNCTION AT A POINT =2+2= 4
Tangent Line to a Circle 𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) → 𝑦 − 4 = 4(𝑥 − 2) → 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 4
• Line intersecting the circle at exactly one point.
TOPIC 4.3: THE DEFINITION OF THE DERIVATIVE
• Found by constructing a line, through a point on
Let 𝑓 be a function defined on an open interval 𝐼 ⊆ 𝑅 and
the circle, that is perpendicular to the radius.
let 𝑥0 ∈ 𝐼.
Secant Line to a Circle • The derivative of 𝑓 at 𝑥0 is defined to be 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 ) =
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥0 )
• Line intersecting the circle at two points. lim
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥−𝑥0
, if this limit exists.
• The derivative of 𝑓 at 𝑥0 is the slope of the
THE TANGENT LINE DEFINED MORE FORMALLY tangent line at (𝑥0 , 𝑓(𝑥0)), if it exists.
Let 𝐶 be the graph of a continuous function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and • If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the derivative of 𝑓 is commonly
let 𝑃 be a point on 𝐶. 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
denoted by 𝑓’(𝑥), 𝐷𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥)], 𝑑𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥)], 𝑑𝑥 [𝑦], 𝑑𝑥 .
• A secant line to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) through 𝑃 is any line
connecting 𝑃 and another point 𝑄 on 𝐶. Ex.: Compute 𝑓′(1) for each of the following functions:
• The tangent line to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑃 is the limiting (a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 2
position of all secant lines 𝑃𝑄 as 𝑄 → 𝑃. (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4
Answers:
TOPIC 4.2: THE EQUATION OF THE TANGENT LINE (a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 2 ; 𝑥0 = 1
Slope of a Line 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 2(1) − 2 = 2 − 2 = 0
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥0 ) 2𝑥−2−0 2𝑥−2 2(𝑥−1)
• A line 𝑙 passing through distinct points (𝑥0, 𝑦0 ) 𝑓 ′ (1) = lim = lim = = =2
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥−𝑥0 𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥−1 𝑥−1
𝑦−𝑦
and (𝑥, 𝑦) has slope 𝑚𝑙 = 𝑥−𝑥0. 2
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 4 ; 𝑥0 = 1
0
Ex.: What is the slope of line 𝐴𝐵 given 𝐴(7,4) and 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 12 − 4(1) + 4 = 1 − 4 + 4 = 1
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥0 ) 𝑥 2 −4𝑥+4−1 𝑥 2 −4𝑥+3
𝐵(1, −2)? 𝑓 ′ (1) = lim = lim =
𝑦−𝑦0 −2−4 −6 𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥−𝑥0 𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥−1
𝑚𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥−𝑥 = 1−7
= −6 = 1 (𝑥−3)(𝑥−1)
0 = = 𝑥 − 3 = 1 − 3 = −2
𝑥−1

Point-Slope Form
ALTERNATIVE DEFINITION OF THE DERIVATIVE
• The line passing through (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) with slope m
Let 𝑓 be a function defined on an open interval 𝐼 ⊆ 𝑅 and
has equation 𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ).
let 𝑥 ∈ 𝐼. The derivative of 𝑓 at 𝑥 is defined to be 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
Ex.: Find the point-slope form of the equation of 𝐴𝐵 from 𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
the previous example using 𝐴(7,4) and 𝑚𝐴𝐵 = 1. lim ℎ
, if this limit exists.
ℎ→0
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) → 𝑦 − 4 = 1(𝑥 − 7) → 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3 Ex.: Find the derivative for each of the following
functions:
THE EQUATION OF THE TANGENT LINE (a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 7
To find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 5
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at the point 𝑃(𝑥0, 𝑦0 ), we have to: Answers:
• Get the slope of the tangent line by computing (a) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
= lim
3(𝑥+ℎ)+7−(3𝑥+7)
=
𝑦−𝑦0 𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥0 ) ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑚 = lim or 𝑚 = lim . 3𝑥+3ℎ+7−3𝑥−7 3ℎ
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥−𝑥0 𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥−𝑥0 lim = lim = lim 3 = 3
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0
• Substitute this value of 𝑚 and the coordinates of 𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥) 2(𝑥+ℎ)2 −(𝑥+ℎ)+5−(2𝑥 2−𝑥+5)
(b) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim = lim
the known point 𝑃(𝑥0 , 𝑦0) into the point-slope ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ
2𝑥 2 +4𝑥ℎ+2ℎ2−𝑥−ℎ+5−2𝑥 2+𝑥−5 4𝑥ℎ+2ℎ 2−ℎ
form to get 𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ). = lim = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ
= lim (4𝑥 + 2ℎ − 1) = 4𝑥 + 2(0) − 1 = 4𝑥 − 1
ℎ→0
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
BAUAN TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL

LESSON 5: RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION TOPIC 5.2: THE DIFFERENTIATION RULES AND

EXAMPLES INVOLVING ALGEBRAIC, EXPONENTIAL,
TOPIC 5.1: DIFFERENTIABILITY IMPLIES AND TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
CONTINUITY DIFFERENTIATION RULES
RECALL 1. The Constant Rule: If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 where 𝑐 is a
1. (Continuity at a Number). A function 𝑓 is constant, then 𝑓’(𝑥) = 0.
continuous at a number 𝑐 if all of the following Ex.1: If 𝑓(𝑥) = 143, then 𝑓’(𝑥) = 0.
1
conditions are satisfied: Ex.2: If 𝑔(𝑥) = − 2, then 𝑔’(𝑥) = 0.
(a) 𝑓(𝑐) is defined; 3
Ex.3: If ℎ(𝑥) = √69𝜋, then ℎ’(𝑥) = 0.
(b) lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists; and
𝑥→𝑐
(c) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐). 2. The Power Rule: If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 where 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁, then
𝑥→𝑐
If at least one of these conditions is not satisfied, 𝑓’(𝑥) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 .
the function is said to be discontinuous at 𝑐. Ex.1: If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 10, then 𝑓’(𝑥) = 10𝑥10−1 = 10𝑥 9.
1
2. (Continuity on 𝑹). A function 𝑓 is said to be Ex.2: If 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 = 𝑥 2, then 𝑔’(𝑥) = 1/2 𝑥^(1/2 − 1) =
continuous everywhere if 𝑓 is continuous at every 1/2 𝑥^(−1/2) = 1/(2√𝑥).
real number.
3. A function 𝑓 is differentiable at the number 𝑐 if 3. The Constant Multiple Rule: If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘ℎ(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑐+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑐)
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = lim exists. where 𝑘 is a constant, then 𝑓’(𝑥) = 𝑘ℎ’(𝑥).
ℎ→0 ℎ
Ex.1: If 𝑓(𝑥) = 7𝑥2, then 𝑓′(𝑥) = 7(2𝑥 2−1 ) = 14𝑥.
1 1 1
REMARKS Ex.2: If 𝑔(𝑥) = 4√𝑥 = 4𝑥 2, then 𝑔′(𝑥) = 4(2 𝑥 2 −1 ) =
1. If 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎, it does not mean that 𝑓 1 2
is differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎. 2𝑥 −2 = .
√𝑥
2. If 𝑓 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎, then 𝑓 is not
differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎. 4. The Sum Rule: If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) + ℎ(𝑥) where 𝑔 and
3. If 𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎, it does not mean ℎ are differentiable functions, then 𝑓’(𝑥) = 𝑔’(𝑥) +
that 𝑓 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎. ℎ’(𝑥).
4. A function 𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if: Ex.1: Differentiate 𝑓(𝑥) = 9𝑥 3 + 3.
• 𝑓 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 9(3𝑥 3−1 ) + 0 = 27𝑥 2
• the graph of 𝑓 has a vertical tangent line at 𝑥 = Ex.2: Differentiate 𝑔(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 4.
𝑎. 𝑔′(𝑥) = 4(2𝑥 2−1 ) − 4(𝑥1−1 ) − 0 = 8𝑥 − 4
• the graph of 𝑓 has a corner or cusp at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
5. The Product Rule: If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are differentiable
𝑥 2−9 functions, then 𝐷𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥) +
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 3
Ex.1: The function 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥−3 is continuous 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓′(𝑥).
6 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 3
Ex.: Find 𝑓’(𝑥) if 𝑓(𝑥) = (6𝑥 − 4)(3𝑥 2 + 2).
at 𝑥 = 3 since:
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (6𝑥 − 4)(6𝑥) + (3𝑥2 + 2)(6)
(a) 𝑓(3) = 6;
= 36𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 18𝑥 2 + 12 = 54𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 12
(b) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 6;
𝑥→3
(c) 𝑓(3) = lim 𝑓(𝑥). 6. The Quotient Rule: If 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are two
𝑥→3
differentiable functions with 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0, then
𝑔(𝑥)𝑓′ (𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑥3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 2 𝐷𝑥 [
𝑓(𝑥)
]= .
Ex.2: The function 𝑓(𝑥) = { is not 𝑔(𝑥) [𝑔(𝑥)]2
𝑥 + 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 2
𝑥2
continuous at 𝑥 = 2 since: Ex.: Find 𝑓’(𝑥) if 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥−3.
(a) lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 8 while lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 3; (5𝑥−3)(2𝑥)−(𝑥 2)(5) 10𝑥 2 −6𝑥−5𝑥 2 5𝑥 2 −6𝑥
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑓′(𝑥) = (5𝑥−3)2
= (5𝑥−3)2
= (5𝑥−3)2
(b) lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim− 𝑓(𝑥) so lim 𝑓(𝑥) DNE.
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2
Since 𝑓 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 2, it cannot be 7. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
differentiable at 𝑥 = 2. (a) 𝐷𝑥 (sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥
(b) 𝐷𝑥 (cos 𝑥) = − sin 𝑥
(c) 𝐷𝑥 (tan 𝑥) = sec 2 𝑥
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REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
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(d) 𝐷𝑥 (cot 𝑥) = −csc 2 𝑥 Ex.2: Find

𝑑𝑦
for 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 = 36.
𝑑𝑥
(e) 𝐷𝑥 (sec 𝑥) = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(f) 𝐷𝑥 (csc 𝑥) = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 (4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2) = (36) → (4𝑥 2 ) + (9𝑦 2) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Ex.: Differentiate 𝑓(𝑥) = sec 𝑥 + 3 csc 𝑥. 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 4𝑥
→ 8𝑥 + 18𝑦 = 0 → 18𝑦 = −8𝑥 → = −
𝑓′(𝑥) = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 3 (−csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 9𝑦

= sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − 3 csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥

LESSON 8: OPTIMIZATION
8. Derivative of an Exponential Function: If 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑒 𝑥 , then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 . TOPIC 8.1: OPTIMIZATION USING CALCULUS
Ex.: Differentiate 𝑓(𝑥) = −4𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 5𝑥𝑒 𝑥 . CRITICAL POINTS AND POINTS WHERE EXTREMA
OCCUR
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = [(−4𝑥 2 )(𝑒 𝑥 ) + (𝑒 𝑥 )(−8𝑥)] + (5𝑥)(𝑒 𝑥 ) + (𝑒 𝑥 )(5) =
−4𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 8𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 5𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 5𝑒 𝑥 = −4𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 5𝑒 𝑥 • Let 𝑓 be a function that is continuous on an open
interval 𝐼 containing 𝑥0 .
LESSON 6: HIGHER-ORDER DERIVATIVES AND THE • 𝑥0 is a critical point of 𝑓 if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 ) = 0 or 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0)
CHAIN RULE does not exist.
• The maximum of 𝑓 occurs at 𝑥0 if the value of
TOPIC 6.1: THE CHAIN RULE 𝑓(𝑥0 ) is the largest among all the other functional
Chain Rule values on 𝐼.
• Let 𝑓 be a function differentiable at 𝑐 and let 𝑔 be • The minimum of 𝑓 occurs at 𝑥0 if the value of
a function differentiable at 𝑓(𝑐). Then the 𝑓(𝑥0 ) is the smallest among all the other
composition 𝑔 ◦ 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑐 and functional values on 𝐼.
𝐷𝑥 (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(𝑐) = 𝑔′ (𝑓(𝑐)) ⋅ 𝑓 ′ (𝑐). • An extremum of 𝑓 occurs at 𝑥0 if either the
Ex.1: Find 𝑓’(𝑥) if 𝑓(𝑥) = (3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4)2. maximum or the minimum occurs at 𝑥0.
Let 𝑓(𝑢) = 𝑢 2 , where 𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4.
𝑓′(𝑥) = (𝑓′𝑢)(𝑢 ′) = 2𝑢(6𝑥 − 2) = 2(3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4)(6𝑥 − 2) Fermat’s Theorem
• Let 𝑓 be continuous on an open interval 𝐼
Ex.2: Find 𝑦’ if 𝑦 = (3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5)5. containing 𝑥0.
Let 𝑓(𝑢) = 𝑢 5 , where 𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5. • If 𝑓 has an extremum at 𝑥0, then 𝑥0 must be a
𝑦′ = (𝑓 ′ 𝑢)(𝑢′ ) = 5𝑢 4 (6𝑥 + 4) critical point of 𝑓.
= 5(3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5)4 (6𝑥 + 4)
Extreme Value Theorem
LESSON 7: IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION • Let 𝑓 be a function which is continuous on a
closed and bounded interval [𝑎, 𝑏].
TOPIC 7.1: WHAT IS IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION? • The extreme values of 𝑓 always exist, which
Implicit Differentiation occur either at the endpoints or at the critical
• Method used in differentiating implicit functions points of 𝑓.
where 𝑦 is said to be defined implicitly.
• We need to apply the Chain Rule in getting the STEPS IN FINDING THE EXTREMA OF A FUNCTION
derivative. 1. Find all critical points of the given function 𝑓.
•
𝑑
(𝑓(𝑦)) =
𝑑
(𝑓(𝑦)) ⋅
𝑑𝑦 2. Consider only the critical points on the interval 𝐼 as
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 well as the endpoints.
• Typically contains 𝑦 in the derivative. 3. Get the functional values of all critical points on 𝐼.
𝑑𝑦
Ex.1: Find 𝑑𝑥 for 𝑦 3 + 4𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 10 = 0. 4. Compare the values. The highest one is the
𝑑
(𝑦 3 + 4𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 10) =
𝑑
(0) maximum while the lowest one is the minimum.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
→ (𝑦 3 ) + (4𝑦 2) + (3𝑥 2 𝑦) + (10) =0 Ex.: Find the extrema of the given functions:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
→ 3𝑦 + 8𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 0 = 0 (a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2+2 on [−1,4]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 −6𝑥𝑦 1
→ (3𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 + 3𝑥 2)
= −6𝑥𝑦 → = (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = on [−2,3]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3𝑦 2 +8𝑦+3𝑥 2 𝑥
(c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 3 on [0,10]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
BAUAN TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL

Answers:
(𝑥 2+2)(1)−(𝑥)(2𝑥) 𝑥 2 +2−2𝑥 2 −𝑥 2 +2
(a) 𝑓’(𝑥) = = =
(𝑥 2 +2)2 (𝑥 2 +2)2 (𝑥 2+2)2
−𝑥 2 + 2 = 0 √(𝑥 2 + 2)2 = √0
√𝑥 2= √2 𝑥2 + 2 = 0
𝑥 = ±√2 √𝑥 2 = √−2 Prepared by:
𝑥 = √−2 KIAN CHARLES D. MARANAN
JANNA REESE B. DE GUZMAN
We will not consider 𝑥 = −√2, since it is not included on KIM RWIN ALEJANDRE
the given interval, and 𝑥 = √−2, since it is an imaginary
value. So, the critical point is 𝑥 = √2. Moreover, the
endpoints are 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 4.
Basic Calculus Teachers:
MOISES ISRAEL C. ABEL
𝑥 −1 √2 4
JAYMAR D. CANDELARIA
1 2
𝑓(𝑥) −3 √2
9 4
2
Therefore, the maximum value occurs at 𝑥 = √2 while
9
1
the minimum value − 3 occurs at 𝑥 = −1.

1
(b) 𝑓’(𝑥) = 1(−𝑥 −2 ) = − 𝑥 2
√𝑥 2 = 0
𝑥=0
There is only one critical point, 𝑥 = 0, and the endpoints
are 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 3.

𝑥 −2 0 3
1 1
𝑓(𝑥) −2 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
3
1
Therefore, the maximum value 3 occurs at 𝑥 = 3 while the
1
minimum value − occurs at 𝑥 = −2.
2

(c) 𝑓’(𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 6 = 6(2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)

2𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝑥−1=0
2𝑥 1 𝑥=1
=−
2 2
1
𝑥=−
2
1
The critical values are 𝑥 = − 2 and 𝑥 = 1, while the
endpoints are 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 10.

1
𝑥 − 0 1 10
2
19
𝑓(𝑥) 3 −2 3643
4
Therefore, the maximum value 3643 occurs at 𝑥 = 10
while the minimum value −2 occurs at 𝑥 = 1.