REPRODUCTION

AND
DEVELOPMENT
(IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS)
QUARTER IV
 REPRODUCTION
What is REPRODUCTION?

• Reproduction means to reproduce. It is a biological process by which

an organism reproduces an offspring who is biologically similar to the
organism.
 2 TYPES OF REPRODUCTION

• Asexual and sexual reproduction. Though asexual

reproduction is faster and more energy efficient,
sexual reproduction better promotes genetic
diversity through new combinations of alleles during
meiosis and fertilization.
 WHAT IS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION?

• Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves a complex

life cycle in which a gamete with a single set of chromosomes
combines with another to produce a zygote that develops into an
organism composed of cells with two sets of chromosomes.
 WHAT IS ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION?

• Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involve

the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes. The
offspring that arise by asexual reproduction from either unicellular or
multicellular organisms inherit the full set of genes of their single
parent.

• Asexual reproduction is the primary form of reproduction for single-

celled organisms such as archaea and bacteria. Many eukaryotic
organisms including plants, animals, and fungi can also reproduce
asexually.
• In vertebrates, the most common form of
asexual reproduction is parthenogenesis, which
is typically used as an alternative to sexual
reproduction in times when reproductive
opportunities are limited.
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• BINARY FISSION- A type of asexual reproduction involving the
division of the body in to two or more equal parts.

• BUDDING- Type of Asexual reproduction where a new individual

arises as an outgrowth from its parent, develops organs like
those of the parent and then detaches it self.

• In general, fragmentation refers to the state or the process of

breaking into smaller parts, called fragments. In biology, it may
refer to the reproductive fragmentation process as a form of
asexual reproduction or to a step in certain cellular activities,
such as apoptosis and DNA cloning.
ANIMAL
REPRODUCTION
ANIMAL
DEVELOPMENT
I.Gametogenesis is a biological process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells
undergo cell division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes.

II. Fertilization
-Results in a unicellular diploid Zygote
-Meiosis II of Egg cell proceeds.

III.Cleavage
-Cleavage refers to the early cell divisions that occur as a fertilized egg begins to develop
into an embryo.
-Totipotent cells start do divide;more cells.

IV. Gastrulation
-Formation of germ layers.(Ecto, Endo,Meso)

v. Organogenesis
- Formation of Future organs

VI.Differentiation and Growth

-cells starts to specialize, increase in volumes, and increase in numbers.
PLANT REPRODUCTION
PLANT REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN
PLANT LIFE CYCLE
MEGASPOROCYTE is a single cell that goes through
meiosis and generates a tetrad of four haploid megaspores
that are structured in a straight line, or linearly.

MICROSPOROCYTE is a cell that

produces four microspores during meiosis
 POLINATION
• Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male
anther of a flower to the female stigma. The goal of every living
organism, including plants, is to create offspring for the next
generation. One of the ways that plants can produce offspring is by
making seeds.

• Double fertilization involves two sperm cells; one fertilizes the egg
cell to form the zygote, while the other fuses with the two polar
nuclei that form the endosperm. After fertilization, the fertilized ovule
forms the seed while the tissues of the ovary become the fruit.
EMBRYO
DEVELOPMENT
Ovary matures into the fruit, while the ovule
becomes the seed.The seed may become Dormant
for some time.
SEED GERMINATION AND GROWTH
THANK YOU!