Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

8
Zest for Progress
Z Peal of artnership

Science Grade 8
Quarter 4 - Module 3
Role of Meiosis in
Gametogenesis

Name of Learner:
Grade & Section:
Name of School:
 Module Role of Meiosis in
3 Gametogenesis

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the
concepts behind the significance of meiosis in maintaining the chromosomes number (S8LT-
IVf-17). The scope of this module permits the utilization in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed
to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. describe meiosis;
2. explain the significance of meiosis in maintaining the chromosome number; and
3. discuss what happens when something goes wrong during meiosis.
Daily, we see ourselves in a mirror. Have you noticed how similar you look to your parents?
Or have you asked why your look is so close to that of your parents? Physical characteristics such
as height, the shape of the face, the color of the eyes, skin color, hair texture, and dimples are a
few features that either your father or mother displays, which you and your siblings possess.
Some may ask why such a feature existed to one of your siblings and not in you.

In this lesson, you will understand the reason why some features are shared from parents
to offspring.

What’s In
In the previous lesson, you have learned about mitotic cell division and meiotic cell
division, wherein mitosis occurs in the body cells or somatic cells that resulted in the
formation of two identical cells with the same number of chromosomes. In contrast, meiosis
cell division happens in the sex cells.
Mitosis is divided into four stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase,
which can be abbreviated to PMAT for better recall. On the other hand, meiosis is referred
to as a special type of cell division because the cell undergoes two rounds of cell division
that produce four daughter cells that carry half of the chromosome number. Each daughter
cell has a unique set of genetic materials that resulted from crossing over from both
parents.
Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs of chromosomes) while dogs have 52
chromosomes (26 pairs of chromosomes), refer to Table 1.

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 Table 1. Selected organisms and chromosome number
ORGANISMS CHROMOSOME NUMBER
Homo sapiens (man) 46
Canis lupus familiaris (dog) 52
Oryza sativa (rice) 24
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) 8
Caenorhabdites elegans (roundworm) 12

Activity 1: Diploid and Haploid

Direction: Complete the table below in terms of chromosome numbers and the number of
paired chromosomes.
DIPLOID HAPLOID
ORGANISMS
Homo sapiens (man) 46 23
Canis lupus familiaris (dog) 52 26
Zea mays (corn) (1) ______ 10
Arabidopsis thaliana 10 (2) ______
(mouse ear cress)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (3) ______ 32
(common yeast)

The 46 chromosomes in humans result from the union of two human gametes. These
human gametes (organisms’ reproductive cells also referred to as sex cells – egg and
sperm cells) unite during fertilization. The union of these sex cells forms a zygote. The
zygote is diploid with 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs of chromosomes such that one set of
chromosomes come from both the parents. This means the father and the mother
contributed with 23 chromosomes each.
The formation of gametes is generally called gametogenesis. This process can be
classified as spermatogenesis and oogenesis. The perpetuation of human generation is
broadly supported by gametogenesis that produces two new haploid cells.

What’s New
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Activity 2: Understanding Spermatogenesis
Learning Intention: Trace and present the stages involved in the formation of male gametes-
spermatogenesis.
Directions: Cut the images found in Appendix A and arrange these images in order following the
formation of male gametes- spermatogenesis.

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 spermatogonium paste picture here
(pl. spermatogonia)
mitosis
primary
spermatocyte
paste picture here

meiosis I
secondary
spermatocyte

paste picture here paste picture here

meiosis II
` `
spermatids spermatids
`

paste picture here paste picture here

paste picture here paste picture here

` ` ` `
spermatozoa

paste picture here paste picture here

paste picture here paste picture here

What is it
In the previous activity, you have completed the stage of the sperm cells
production in males. These cells are produced in the testes, in particular in the walls
of thin, tightly coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules. The primordial germ cells
that are considered the ancestor for the production of sperm cells among males are
called spermatogenesis. The spermatogonia (singular spermatogonium) is
developed from the primordial germ cell, which divides in mitosis, which later matures
and generates the primary spermatocytes or sperms cells. These spermatocytes
then passed meiosis I, which leads to the creation of two (2) haploid secondary
spermatocytes. Meiosis II then takes place, producing four cells that are very small
but of similar size. Sperm cells are also known as spermatozoa (singular form is
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spermatozoon). In the head of the sperm cells, the nucleus is located. And the
mitochondria that provide the energy for the movement of the sperm’s tails are
at the midpiece connecting the head to the tail of a sperm cell.
How about the females? How do the female gametes form? These are some
of the questions in your head upon completing the previous activity, which mainly
describes spermatogenesis.
Now let us discuss the formation of the female gametes. Oogenesis refers to
the growth process in which the primary egg cell becomes a mature ovum in the
female reproductive system. The oogonia (sing. oogonium) rapidly divide from the
second to the seventh month in human embryo gestation that initially is derived from
the primordial germ cell. The oogonia then enter meiosis I, where it produces the
primary oocyte that will stay until puberty is reached. The signal to continue meiosis
among human females will be given nearly 12 years later. In this case, the primary
oocyte will produce two daughter cells, of which one contains hardly any cytoplasm
and is characterized by its small size that is known to be the first polar body. In
contrast, the larger cell is referred to as the secondary oocyte.
For the second meiotic cell division, the small cell or the first polar body
produced during meiosis I may not divide. If division favors the small cell, it may result
in the production of another two small cells or two polar bodies while most of the
cytoplasm is retained by the bigger cell- ootid. Thus, four cells are produced
consisting of a big cell and three small cells (polar body), and it is the big cell that
becomes the mature ovum while the small cells disintegrate. The big cell contains
food that is much more than enough for the survival of a growing embryo at the start
of its development.

Activity 3: Tracking Oogenesis

Learning Intention: Trace and present the stages involved in the formation of female
gametes-oogenesis.
Directions: Label and color, as indicated, the stages involved in developing the female
gametes- oogenesis.

LABEL COLOR
oogonium (plu. oogonia) - red
primary oocytes - yellow
secondary oocytes - purple
first polar bodies - orange
second polar bodies - green
polar bodies - black (outer circle)
green (inner circle)
ootide - blue
ovum - pink
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 OOGENESIS

mitosis
`

meiosis I

meiosis II

`
`
` meiosis II
`

`
`

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 What’s More

When Something Goes Wrong During Meiosis

The daily continuous process that primarily involves meiosis may not always
result in its normal output. There are instances that accidents happen that affected the
movement of chromosomes and lead to birth defects that may affect the brain and other
parts of the body.

Down’s Syndrome
Trisomy 21 is when there is an extra copy of chromosome 21. This causes a
condition called Down syndrome. Down syndrome features include intellectual disability,
slow growth, abnormalities of the face or skull such as upward slanting eyes and a
flattened face, and heart conditions. The major problem is overall developmental and
intellectual disability. Babies born with Down syndrome can learn necessary skills like
sitting, walking, and talking, but at a delayed pace compared with other children.

Edwards Syndrome
Trisomy 18, also called Edwards syndrome, after the physician who first
described the disorder as a rare chromosome abnormality that affects
approximately one in every 6,000-8,000 live births. These children have severe
developmental delay, as well as severe congenital disabilities and health
problems involving nearly every organ system in the body.
Babies with trisomy 18 have low birth weight, have a weak cry, and startle
to sound. They have problems feeding and fail to thrive. They have a small head
size, with a prominent back of the head (occiput). Their ears are usually low set,
and their eyes' opening, nose, and mouth are small. Their sternum (breastbone)
is typically short. Almost all babies with trisomy 18 have heart defects. They have
clenched fists from before birth, and extending the fingers fully is difficult. Their
elbows and knee joints are in a bent position rather than relaxed. They typically
have club feet, and their feet have been described as a "rocker bottom" due to
their shape. Babies with trisomy 18 may also have spina bifida, cleft lip and
palate, eye problems, and hearing loss. Some develop seizures in the first year
of life, kidney problems, and scoliosis (curvature of the spine). Feeding
difficulties, heart problems, and increased susceptibility to infection are factors
that contribute to the death of these children.

Patau Syndrome
Trisomy 13, also called Patau syndrome after the physician who first
described the disorder, affects one in every 8,000-12,000 live births. Babies with
trisomy 13 have many abnormalities involving nearly every organ system in the
body and developmental delay.

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 Babies with trisomy 13 often have a normal birth weight, a small head,
and a sloping forehead. Noses are usually large ("bulbous"), ears are low-set
and unusual in shape, eye defects occur frequently, and cleft lip and palate, as
well as heart defects, are very common. Many babies with trisomy 13 are born
with small areas of missing skin on the scalp (cutis aplasia), which resemble
ulcers.

The brains in babies with trisomy 13 usually have major structural

problems. Oftentimes, the brain does not divide appropriately into two
hemispheres, resulting in a condition called holoprosencephaly. Many babies
with trisomy 13 have extra fingers and toes (polydactyly). Some are present with
a sac attached to the abdomen in the umbilical cord area (omphalocele), which
contains some of the abdominal organs, as well as spina bifida. Girls may have
an abnormally shaped uterus, called a bicornuate uterus. In boys, the testes
sometimes fail to descend into the scrotum.

Klinefelter Syndrome
Babies with Klinefelter syndrome have one or two extra sex
chromosome(s). These babies are always boys and, instead of having an XY
chromosome pair, they have XXY or XXXY as their sex chromosomes. Usually,
boys with Klinefelter syndrome are not diagnosed until puberty. The features of
this condition include infertility, shrinkage of the testicles, and the development
of breasts. Intellectual disability is not usually associated with Klinefelter
syndrome, although it does sometimes occur.

Turner Syndrome
Babies with Turner syndrome, always girls, lack one of their X
chromosomes, and therefore, only have 45 chromosomes (XO). This condition's
features include the absence of functioning ovaries, short stature, a webbed
neck, skeletal deformities, and a broad chest with widely spaced nipples.
Because most girls with Turner syndrome lose their ovarian function in
early childhood, they do not enter puberty at the normal age. Generally, suppose
a girl with Turner syndrome has not had her first menstrual period by the age of
15. In that case, she will be given estrogen to induce breast development and
other puberty features. Girls with Turner syndrome are infertile. These girls need
to remain on estrogen to maintain their sexual development and protect their
bones from osteoporosis until about age 50, which is the normal age of
menopause.

Activity 4: Genetic Disorders

Learning Intention: Identify the genetic disorders and their cause as well
as their characteristics. 30

Directions: Fill the table given below, same as with the given example.
You may use another sheet if the space provided below is not
enough for your answers.
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GENETIC DISORDER: - Down’s Syndrome (2 pts)
CHROMOSOME NUMBER: - extra chromosome number 21 (3 pts)
DESCRIPTION: - Some physical characteristics of Down
syndrome include: (5 pts)
a. intellectual disability
b. slow growth
c. abnormalities of the face or skull such as
upward slanting eyes and
d. a flattened face
e. heart conditions.
GENETIC DISORDER: -
CHROMOSOME NUMBER: -
DESCRIPTION: -

GENETIC DISORDER: -
CHROMOSOME NUMBER: -
DESCRIPTION: -

GENETIC DISORDER:
CHROMOSOME NUMBER:
DESCRIPTION:

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 What I Have Learned
10

Activity 5: It’s a perfect match!

Matching Type: Match COLUMN A with the correct answer on COLUMN B, Draw
a LINE to connect COLUMN A to COLUMN B. (2 pts each)

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Down’s Syndrome A. Abnormalities of the face or
skull such as upward slanting
eyes.
2. Edwards Syndrome B. Noses are usually large
("bulbous").
3. Klinefelter Syndrome C. Shrinkage of the testicles, and
development of breasts.
4. Patau Syndrome D. They have a small head size,
with a prominent back of the
head (occiput).
5. Turner Syndrome E. Webbed neck, skeletal
deformities, a broad chest
with widely spaced nipples.

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What I Can Do
Create a collage that depicts the means/ways in taking good care of persons
with chromosomal disorders. You can cut pictures or images from old-printed
materials such as newspapers, magazines, brochures, etc.

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Assessment

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the best answer. Write the LETTER ONLY.

__ 1. Which of the following statements about meiosis and mitosis is NOT

true?
A. Four haploid cells are produced during meiosis.
B. Meiosis is involved in the production of sex cells.
C. Sex cells are produced during mitosis.
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 D. Two diploid daughter cells are the products of mitosis.
__ 2. At the start of mitosis, there exist 14 chromosomes in a cell. What is the
number of chromosomes that each daughter cells have after it
undergoes mitosis?
A. 7 C. 21
B. 14 D. 28
__ 3. During oogenesis, which of the following best describes the polar bodies
produced in meiosis I and meiosis II?
A. Nothing happens to the polar bodies.
B. The polar bodies will become a separate oocyte.
C. The polar bodies will degenerate.
D. The polar bodies will transform into an ovum.
__ 4. In meiosis, crossing over occurs. Select the statement which shows how
variation occurs.
A. Chromosomes during crossing over produce additional gene sequences.
B. DNA sequences of sister chromatids lead to the occurrence of beneficial
mutations during crossing over.
C. Nonsister chromatids inherited from each parent exchange genetic
materials.
D. B and C only
__ 5. Which of the following is present only during meiotic cell division?
A. Centriole C. Chromosome
B. Chromatid D. Spindle fiber
__ 6. Which of the following statements best explains the differences among
siblings?
A. The active participation of enzymes and hormones while mitosis is taking
place causes the switching of genes resulting in the variation among
siblings.
B. The crossing over of genes between homologous chromosomes during
meiosis causes the difference among siblings.
C. The differences among siblings happen by random chance but are
predetermined by the sequences of bases in the DNA of sex cells.
D. The mutation taking place among genes during meiosis causes
differences among siblings.
__ 7. In spermatogenesis and oogenesis, which of the given statements below
is NOT correct?
A. Spermatogenesis produces four haploid daughter cells, while oogenesis
produces two diploid cells.
B. Spermatogenesis produces millions of sperm at a time, while oogenesis
produces one egg a month.
C. Spermatogenesis produces sperm cells, while oogenesis produces egg
cells.
D. The entire process of spermatogenesis takes place at a shorter period
of time compared to oogenesis.
__ 8. In female gametes formation, when will we consider that meiosis II is
completed?
A. After the formation of the secondary oocyte.
B. After the sperm cell has fused with the egg cell.
C. During the formation of oogonia while the female is still a fetus.
D. When the female reaches puberty.
__ 9. This type of chromosomal disorder is present as always in boys, for
instead of having an XY chromosome pair, they carry XXY or XXXY as
their sex chromosomes.
A. Edwards Syndrome C. Patau Syndrome
B. Klinefelter Syndrome D. Turner Syndrome
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__ 10. It refers to a chromosomal disorder that is always to girls, lack one
of their X chromosomes, and therefore, only have 45
chromosomes (XO).
A. Edwards Syndrome C. Patau Syndrome
B. Klinefelter Syndrome D. Turner Syndrome

II. IDENTIFICATION: Fill in the blanks to complete the given table below. (2 pts each)

ORGANISM DIPLOID HAPLOID

1. Yellow Fever Mosquito (Aedes aegypti) ______ 3
2. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) 14 ______
3. Garlic (Allium sativum) ______ 8
4. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) 24 ______
5. Cassava (Manihot esculenta) ______ 18

APPENDIX A
PICTURES FOR SPERMATOGENESIS ACTIVITY

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 APPENDIX B
UNDERSTANDING SPERMATOGENESIS ACTIVITY

spermatogonium
(pl. spermatogonia)

mitosis

primary
spermatocyte

secondary
spermatocyte
meiosis I

` meiosis II ` meiosis II
spermatids

spermatids

`
`

` ` ` `

spermatozoa

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 APPENDIX C
TRACKING OOGENESIS

oogonium/oogonia

`
mitosis

primary oocyte

first polar body

secondary oocyte
meiosis I

meiosis II
polar body
`
`
second polar body
` meiosis II
ootid
`

polar body

`
` ovum

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 15
Activity 1 Assessment
1. 20 1. C
2. 5 2. B
3. 16 3. C
What I Have Learned 4. D
5. B
1. A 6. B
2. D 7. A
3. C 8. B
4. B 9. B
5. E 10. D
ANSWER KEY
 References
Books:
Allas, IM F., Espinosa, A A., Lorenzo, A D., Navarette, B V. (2013). Discover science 8 k to 12
edition. Diwa Learning Systems. Inc.

Electronic Resources:
Chromosomal problems in newborn babies. shorturl.at/bkwDL. January 1, 2021.

Gilbert SF. Sunderland (MA). 6th edition. 2000. Developmental Biology.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10008/. Sinauer Associates.
January 1, 2021.

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