SCIENCE 8

Name of Learner: _________________________ Grade Level:

Section: Date:

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Principles of Heredity

Background Information for the Learners

As the old cock crows, so does the young. For hundreds of years, people have
observed how children look like their parents and how certain traits has been passed down
from one generation to another. It was only after an Augustinian monk’s experiment, in
the name of Gregor Mendel, that this phenomenon was fully understood.
Based on the results of his experiments, Mendel hypothesized that there was a
factor in the pea plant which controlled its appearance of a trait – these factors are called
genes. He further hypothesized that traits were controlled by a pair of genes called
alleles. Alleles of the same gene can have a dominant or recessive relationship with one
another. If both alleles are different (heterozygous) and at least one of these two alleles is
dominant, it is the dominant one that will be expressed (i.e., that will be observed as the
trait of an individual). However, a recessive allele will not be expressed in an individual
if both parents pass down the same allele (homozygous). As a result, even if a recessive
allele is present in a genotype (the genetic constitution of an individual), it will not be
observable in the phenotype (the set of observable traits of an individual) if the other copy
of the gene is a dominant allele.
During reproduction, the genes of biological parents integrate to form a new
unique individual. This shuffling of genes is the reason all of us are different.

Learning Competency with Code:

Predict phenotypic expressions of traits following simple patterns of inheritance (Quarter 4,
Week 3, S8LT-IVf-18).

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 Activity 1
META-WORD-PHOSIS
Directions: Each number corresponds to a letter of the alphabet. Use the key to decode
the answer to each to each item.
Key:
A=1 B=2 C=3 D=4 E=5 F=6 G=7 H=8 I=9 J=10
K=11 L=12 M=13 N=14 O=15 P=16 Q=17 R=17 S=18 T=19 U=20
V=21 W=22 X=23 Y=24 Z=26

1. _______________________ alternative forms of a gene

1 12 12 5 12 5 18
2. _______________________ a trait that has high probability to be expressed
4 15 13 9 14 1 14 19
3. _______________________ basic unit of heredity
7 5 14 5
4. _______________________ genetic make up of an organism
7 5 14 15 19 24 16 5
5. _______________________ observable trait of an organism
16 8 5 14 15 19 24 16 5

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 Activity 2
Truth or Fallacy
Directions: Analyze the statements below and identify if the statement is true or false
based on the underlined word/s. Put check (√ ) on the corresponding column of the correct
answer.
Statement True False
1. In the principle of dominance, when pure parents of
contrasting expression of trait are crossed the expression that
comes out in the hybrid is the dominant expression of the trait.
2. The expression that is expressed in the hybrid is the recessive
expression of the trait.
3. Pure breeds have homozygous alleles.
4. Hybrids have the same alleles.
5. The Law of Segregation refers to the separation in the
members of a pair of alleles during gamete formation.
6. Gene pairs separate independently when situated in the same
chromosomes. The traits determined by two genes on the same
chromosome are inherited together. These conditions are stated
in the Law of Independent Assortment.
7. The dominant expression of the trait only comes out when
both the recessive alleles from parents are combined.
8. Phenotype refers to the visible expression or appearance of
the organism.
9. Genotype refers to the genetic composition of an individual,
which is either homozygous or heterozygous.
10. A cross between individual that varies only in one trait or
where only one trait is considered is a monohybrid cross.

Activity 3

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 Inherited or Learned
Directions: In each item are traits of a man that can be inherited or learned. Underline all
inherited traits in each item.
1. Brown hair, Riding a bicycle, Reading a book
2. Blowing a bubble, Blue eyes, Long legs
3. Curly hair, Brown eyes, Driving a car
4. Blonde hair, Manipulating a microscope,
5. Tongue twister, Tongue roller, Baking

Activity 4
How does it appear?
Directions: Use the following symbols to give the phenotypes of a pea plant.
R- determiner for round shape of seed
r- determiner for wrinkled shape of seed
Genotype Phenotype (description)
RR
Rr
rr

Activity 5
Pure or blend
Directions: Identify if the given genotype of an organism is homozygous or heterozygous.
Write HO for homozygous and HE for heterozygous alleles.
Characters Homozygous (HO) or
Trait Studied Observed Genotype Heterozygous (HE)
Yellow seed (Y); YY
Color of seed green seed (y) Yy
yy
Shape of pod Inflated (C); CC
constricted (c) Cc
cc

Activity 6
Combo Allele

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Directions: Write the allele combination of the specified genotypes of an organism based
on the given information.

Black (B) is dominant over Round (R) is dominant

white (b) over wrinkled (r)

White Homozygous round

_________________ _____________

Yellow (Y) seed color is Long (L)of stem is

dominant over green (g) dominant over short (l)
stem

Green
__________ Heterozygous long

___________

Tall (T) is dominant over

short (t)

Heterozygous tall
_____________

Activity 7
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 X Test Analysis
Directions: Study the diagrammatic representation of the monohybrid cross in the F 1
generation. Fill in the allele of the possible offsprings and then, answer the following
questions.

P1
Yy Yy

Gametes Y y X
Y y

F1

Y= yellow y= green
1. Give the phenotypes of the parents in P1.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

2. How do you call parents having this kind of genotypes?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. How many kinds of gametes do P1 parents have?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. What are the phenotypes of F1 generation?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. How many offsprings in F1 will be yellow?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

R-Round
6. How many offsprings in F1 will be green? r-wrinkled
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Homozygous
round
_____________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7. If all offsprings in F1 appear yellow, how would you describe this expression of the trait
on seed color of a pea plant?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
8. If no green offspring is produced in F1, how would you describe the expression of trait
on seed color of a pea plant?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
9. How many of the offsprings have the same genotype in the F1 generation?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
10. What do you call offsprings having this kind of genotype in F1?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Activity 8
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 Express Yourself …
Directions: Use the Punnett square below to answer the word problems.
A. Hair color is also inherited in mice. Black hair (B) is dominant over brown hair (b). What
percentage of offspring would be expected to have brown (b) hair color from the cross of a
homozygous recessive father and a mother that is homozygous dominant for the hair color?

_______ _______

__________ _______ _______

__________ _______ _______

Genotype Possible Phenotypic ratio Genotypic

of parents Gametes phenotypes of of offsprings ratio of
offspring offsprings

1. What is the phenotype of individual 4? _______________________

2. What is the genotype of individual 2?_________________________
3. How many offspring are black hair? __________________________
4. How many offspring are brown hair? _________________________
5. Explain why all of the offspring have black hair, even though each of them has a gene
for brown hair?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

B. In man, assume that spotted skin (S) is dominant over non-spotted skin (s). Determine the
percentage of offspring with spotted skin (S) if the father is non-spotted skin while the mother is

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spotted. What genetic make up must this parent with spotted skin have in order to produce some
offspring with non-spotted skin?

_______ _______

__________ _______ _______

__________ _______ _______

Genotype of Possible Phenotypic Genotypic

parents Gametes phenotypes of ratio of ratio of
offspring offsprings offsprings

6. What is the phenotype of individual 1 and 2?

C. In horses, black is dependent upon a dominant allele B, and chestnut upon its recessive

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 allele b. What would expect to get from a genetic cross if both parents are heterozygous for
the trait?

_______ _______

__________ _______ _______

__________ _______ _______

Genotype of Possible phenotypes Phenotypic ratio Genotypic ratio

parents Gametes of offspring of offsprings of offsprings

7. How many offsprings have the same phenotype? ______________________________

8. How many offsprings have the same genotype? ______________________________
9. How many offsprings are purebred? ________________________________________
10. Predict the phenotypes of the F2 generation if individual 3 is made to cross with
homozygous recessive for the trait? Use a Punnett Square to show your answer.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Reflection:

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1. I learned that
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. I enjoyed most on
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. I want to learn more on
__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Answer Key

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 Activity 1
1. Alleles
2. Dominant
3. Gene
4. Genotype
5. Phenotype

Activity 2
Statement True False
11. In the principle of dominance, when pure parents of
contrasting expression of trait are crossed the expression that √
comes out in the hybrid is the dominant expression of the trait.
12. The expression that is expressed in the hybrid is the √
recessive expression of the trait.
13. Pure breeds have homozygous alleles. √
14. Hybrids have the same alleles. √
15. The Law of Segregation refers to the separation in the
members of a pair of alleles during gamete formation. √
16. Gene pairs separate independently when situated in the same
chromosomes. The traits determined by two genes on the same
chromosome are inherited together. These conditions are stated √
in the Law of Independent Assortment.
17. The dominant expression of the trait only comes out when √
both the recessive alleles from parents are combined.
18. Phenotype refers to the visible expression or appearance of √
the organism.
19. Genotype refers to the genetic composition of an individual, √
which is either homozygous or heterozygous.
20. A cross between individual that varies only in one trait or
where only one trait is considered is a monohybrid cross. √

Activity 3
1. Brown hair, Riding a bicycle, Reading a book

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2. Blowing a bubble, Blue eyes, Long legs

3. Curly hair, Brown eyes, Driving a car

4. Blonde hair, Manipulating a microscope,

5. Tongue twister, Tongue roller, Baking

Activity 4
Genotype Phenotype (description)
RR Round
Rr Round
rr Wrinkled

Activity 5
Characters Homozygous (HO) or
Trait Studied Observed Genotype Heterozygous (HE)
Yellow seed (Y); YY HO
Color of seed green seed (y) Yy HE
yy HO
Shape of pod Inflated (C); CC HO
constricted (c) Cc HE
cc HO

Activity 6

Black (B) is dominant over Round (R) is dominant

white (b) over wrinkled (r)

White Homozygous round

______bb___ ___ RR______

Yellow (Y) seed color is Long (L)of stem is

dominant over green (g) dominant over short (l)
stem

Green
____gg______ Heterozygous long
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times.
Ll____
 Tall (T) is dominant over
short (t)

Heterozygous tall
____ _Tt________

Activity 7

P1
Yy Yy

Gametes Y y X
Y y

F1 Y Y y
Y
Y y y y
Y= yellow y= green
1. Give the phenotypes of the parents in P1. Yellow___
2. How do you call parents having this kind of genotypes? __Hybrids_or Heterozygous_
3. How many kinds of gametes do P1 parents have? _2

4. What are the phenotypes of F1 generation?

________________________Yellow and green_________________________________

5. How many offsprings in F1 will be yellow?

_______________________3________________________________________________
6. How many offsprings in F1 will be green?
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_______________________1________________________________________________
7.If all offsprings in F1 appear yellow, how would you describe this expression of the trait on
seed color of a pea plant? Yellow is a dominant trait_
8. If no green offspring is produced in F1, how would you describe the expression of trait
on seed color of a pea plant? The expression of green trait has been masked by the
presence of yellow trait.
9. How many of the offsprings have the same genotype in the F1 generation? 2
11. What do you call offsprings having this kind of genotype in F1?
Heterozygous

Activity 8
Express Yourself …
Directions: Use the Punnett square below to answer the word problems.

Reminder: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.

A. Hair color is also inherited in mice. Black hair (B) is dominant over brown hair (b). What
percentage of offspring would be expected to have brown (b) hair color from the cross of a
homozygous recessive father and a mother that is homozygous dominant for the hair color?

B b

B Bb Bb

B Bb Bb

Genotype of Gametes Possible phenotypes Phenotypic ratio Genotypic

parents of offspring of offsprings ratio of
offsprings
1. What is the phenotype
BB,bb B,b of individual Black
4? Black 4:0 4:0
2. What is the genotype of individual 2? Heterozygous black
3. How many offspring are black hair? 4
4. How many offspring are brown hair? 0
5. Explain why all of the offspring have black hair, even though each of them has a gene
for brown hair?
The gene which codes for black hair is dominant over the gene for brown hair hence,
it masks the expression of the brown hair.

B. In man, assume that spotted skin (S) is dominant over non-spotted skin (s). Determine the
percentage of offspring with spotted skin (S) if the father is non-spotted skin while the
mother is spotted. What genetic make up must this parent with spotted skin have in order to
produce some offspring with non-spotted skin?

S s

S Ss Ss

s Ss ss

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Genotype of Gametes Possible phenotypes Phenotypic ratio Genotypic ratio
parents of offspring of offsprings of offsprings

Spotted, non-
Ss,ss S,s spotted 3:1 2:2

6.What is the phenotype of individual 1 and 2? Spotted

C. In horses, black is dependent upon a dominant allele,B, and chestnut upon its recessive
allele, b. What would expect to get from a genetic cross if both parents are heterozygous
for the trait?

Genotype of Possible phenotypes Phenotypic ratio Genotypic ratio

parents Gametes of offspring of offsprings of offsprings

Bb B,b Black, chestnut 3:1 2:2

B b

B BB Bb

b Bb bb

7.How many offspring have the same phenotype? 3

8. How many offspring have the same genotype? 2
9. How many offsprings are purebred? 1
10. Predict the phenotypes of the F2 generation if individual 3 is made to cross with
homozygous recessive for the trait? Use a Punnett Square to show your answer.

B b

b Bb bb
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b Bb bb
 Black and chestnut

References:
Books
Azucena, Edna.1989. Science, Technology, and Life. Sta. Cruz Manila: Saint Mary’s
Publishing.

Rabago, Lilia et.al. 2014. Science and Technology. Quezon City: Vibal Publishing House,
Inc.

Reminder: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.

Capco, Carmelita et.al. 2003. Biology; Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Rabago, Lilia et.al. 2014. Science and Technology. Quezon City: Vibal Publishing House,
Inc.

http://www.genomequebec-education-formations.com/education-concept-concept-heredity-en

Prepared by:

DEANNA B. MALANA
Writer

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