NH_OCYH_G[LG
Olhahstgr jäslfc y hdcflcag`
 

‐H@ FCACFLDLHAYC IH @G ZH_IGI YGDOLÌA ACV [_C[C_FLCAG @G

FH_YHUG IH WXH, [C_ DX\ Y_ÇMLFCV WXH [XHIGA [G_HFH_ G@MXACV
HZHAYCV IH@ DXAIC, VÖ@C FCAVYLYX\HA XAG HYG[G YHD[C_G_LG HA @G
HZC@XFLÖA IH@ NCDO_H. LAF@XVC @G HAJH_DHIGI HV HA HVHAFLG
OHAHJLFLCVG \ VH [_HVHAYG OGEC H@ FCAY_C@ IH FLH_YGV @H\HV
HVYGO@HFLIGV [G_G CFGVLCAG_ JLAG@DHAYH H@ OLHA, HEH_FLHAIC XAG
[_HVLÖA FCAYLAXG NGFLG @G [H_JHFFLÖA—. HI]G_I OGFN

@G JGOX@G IH@ H@HJGAYH O@GAFC.

Fuhatg uag gatlmug jçou`g nlaiõ, quh ngoäg trhs ncdorhs duy sgolcs,
ousfgicrhs ih` ‐Vgmrgic H`hjgath O`gafc—, h` fug` ac hrg sldp`hdhath ua
dltc pgrg h``cs, slac ua vhrigihrc hehdp`gr vlvlhath ih `g dçs h`hvgig
Ilvlaligi, puhs Ì` rhprhshatgog `g ‐ZH_IGI DÇV H^G@ H^G@Y YGIG—. Hrga trhs
lasgflgo`hs phrhmrlacs, hdogrfgics ha `g dçs aco`h hxp`crgflöa ih `cs
Dlsthrlcs Xalvhrsg`hs. Yrhs gaflgacs vhahrgo`hs, laqulhtcs fcdc `cs al÷cs, y
fca uag dhath fgpgz ih gogrfgr `c lahsphrgic, `c auhvc, `c trgsfhaihatg`.
@cs trhs thaäga uag phfu`lgrligi jäslfg y hs quh hrga flhmcs ih agfldlhatc,
phrc pgrg h``cs hsc ac hrg alamõa costçfu`c quh `hs ldplilhsh fcatlaugr su
oõsquhig sgmrgig, yg quh fcdc hs sgolic, sca `cs cecs `cs quh auo`ga y
flhmga dufngs vhfhs `g rhg`ligi. ‖ [crquh pgrg `cs cecs jäslfcs tcic sca
gpgrlhaflgs, phrc pgrg h` sgolc quh rhfcacfh hstc, dlrg fca `cs cecs ih `g
latulflöa,
ihsvgahfha fca `cshshaflg
y `g cecs ihquhig
g`dg.ihsauig,
Fugaic gsä sh quhig
agig dlrg `gs gpgrlhaflgs
cfu`tc sh ih`
g `cs cecs
G`dg.
Yrgs ousfgr pcr vgrlgs fluigihs, hxngustcs ``hmgrca g ua pco`gic shafl``c
icaih ua gaflgac `umgrh÷c, gdgo`hdhath, `hs lailfö iöaih, shmõa ihfäga
`cs gatlmucs sgolcs ih` pco`gic, pciäga hafcatrgr`c. Hstgoga yg,
flhrtgdhath, duy fhrfg, y fca ihflslöa y jlrdhzg, nhafnlics ih g`hmräg, sh
latrciuehrca ha h` lathrlcr ih `g sh`vg. Gaiuvlhrca iurgath tcig `g dg÷gag y
fcdc hrga flhmcs gmuilzgrca g` dçxldc sus ctrcs shatlics.
Fgyö `g tgrih y `cs trhs hstgoga hxngustcs, phrc shmuäga ousfgaic fca
hatuslgsdc, hatuslgsdc ilmac ih `cs vhrigihrcs ousfgicrhs, y ¡pcr jla!, `cs
trhs cyhrca y ngstg c`lhrca `g ladgahath prhshaflg ih` Mrgaih y ‐Vgmrgic
H`hjgath O`gafc—. [rcjuaigdhath hdcflcagics y fcdc sl ih ua rh`çdpgmc
sh trgtgsh, `cs trhs gaflgacs sg`lhrca fcrrlhaic g Vu dästlfc hafuhatrc,
¡ngstg `cs çroc`hs sh gpgrtgoga pcr fcdpgslöa g` vhr`cs vhalr!
Ngoäg ``hmgic h` dcdhatc, h` dçmlfc hafuhatrc hatrh `c ousfgic y h`
ousfgicr, hatrh `c prcjuaigdhath lavcfgic y `g rhspuhstg ih uag hvcfgflöa
ilvlag, g `g g`turg ih` thsöa y `g phrshvhrgaflg dgathalig iurgath g÷cs,
laf`usc vligs... Xac ih `cs gaflgacs sh gmgrrö juhrthdhath g `g trcdpg ih`
h`hjgath fgyhaic ih ladhilgtc ha prcjuaic ìxtgsls. Ctrc fca `cs orgzcs
fcdp`htgdhath golhrtcs sh gorgzö fca pcihrcsäsldg juhrzg g uag ih `gs
pgtgs ih` pgqulihrdc, y h` thrfhrc sh gjhrrö gdcrcsgdhath g uag ih sus
mrgaihs crhegs, yg quh h` h`hjgath sgmrgic hstgog p`çfligdhath tudogic
scorh uags ncegs.
 

Fgig uac ih h``cs hxphrldhatc, sla `umgr g iuigs, ua slajäa ih hdcflcahs,

ih hxphrlhaflgs, ih shasgflcahs, tgatc lathrags fcdc hxthrags, y fugaic yg
sh ngoäga fc`dgic pcr `g ohailflöa ih` Vgmrgic H`hjgath, sh dgrfngrca, hsc
sä, prcjuaigdhath trgasjcrdgics. _hmrhsgrca g `g g`ihg y ha uag ih `gs
fnczgs `cs trhs ha `g latldligi rh`gtgrca y fcdpgrtlhrca sus hxphrlhaflgs.

[hrc g`mc hxtrg÷c hdphzö g cfurrlr, hdphzgrca g h`hvgr sus vcfhs y ngstg g
ilsfutlr scorh `g ‐Zhrigi—. H` quh hxphrldhatö `g trcdpg ih` h`hjgath ilec5 `g
Zhrigi (quh hrg `g rhprhshatgflöa ih` Vgmrgic H`hjgath O`gafc) hs `grmg,
rumcsg y j`hxlo`h2 h` flhmc gaflgac quh hxphrldhatö fca `g pgtg ih` h`hjgath
ilec5 hsc ac hs `g vhrigi, `g ‐Zhrigi— hs iurg, dhilgag, fcdc ua mruhsc
trcafc ih çroc`2 h` thrfhr gaflgac quh hxphrldhatö `g crheg ih` pgqulihrdc,
lailmagic pcr tgatgs o`gsjhdlgs ilec5 `g ‐Z
‐Zhrigi—
hrigi— hs jlag, gdp`lg y sh duhvh
fca h` vlhatc. @cs trhs, guaquh sgolcs y nhrdcsgs phrscags, ac sh hathaiäga,
ac sh fcdprhaiäga y ihflilhrca dgrfngrsh fgig uac pcr su `gic.
Fgig uac pcr su fgdlac, vlgegrca pcr dufncs pgäshs, ngflhaic ih su fgpg
ua sgyc, y iljuailhaic su vhrigi. Frhgrca trhs mrgaihs rh`lmlcahs y juh
rçplig su hxpgaslöa. Hstc juh pcslo`h pcrquh tcfgrca `g ‐ZH_IGI— y `g
prhilfgrca ncahstgdhath pcr tcic h` duaic ihsih h` fcrgzöa. @cs trhs
ousfgicrhs, ngoäga ``hmgic g hafcatrgr `g Ilvlaligi, phrc ac phrflolhrca su
gdp`ltui, slac quh sh `ldltgrca g hxphrldhatgr uag pgrth, ac h` Ycic, pcr `c
tgatc, guaquh slafhrcs ha su oõsquhig y ha su shrvlflc, nhrrgrca ha su
prcplg
Ih hstg`ldltgflöa dhatg`.
dgrgvl``csg y sldoö`lfg nlstcrlg sh puhiha ihsprhaihr laaudhrgo`hs
fcaf`uslcahs, tcigs h``gs pcslo`hdhath vg`ligs. [grg gquh` quh hs ua
lalflgic, phrflolrç rçpligdhath quh dufncs ih `cs prco`hdgs gftug`hs
tlhaha quh vhr fca h` ihsgrrc``c ih hstg jçou`g, slhaic tgdolìa `g sc`uflöa
pcslo`h, dhilgath h` ihsp`lhmuh agturg` ih auhstrg lath`lmhaflg y ih auhstrc
gdcr, ngflg tcics `cs gsuatcs ih auhstrg vlig nudgag, sl gp`lfgdcs
fcrrhftgdhath `gs slmulhaths fcaf`uslcahs prçftlfgs.

H@ [CIH_ VGAGIC_ IH @GV [@GAYGV

@gs p`gatgs nga ngoltgic `g tlhrrg dufnc gaths ih `g ``hmgig ih` shr nudgac.
Vca h` susthatc ih `g vlig galdg` y ih` p`gahtg. Acs phrdltha tcdgr cxämhac
y purljlfgr h` ilöxlic ih fgrocac. Jcrdga pgrth ih auhstrg g`ldhatgflöa y
juhrca utl`lzgigs ihsih tlhdpcs rhdctcs fca jlahs hstìtlfcs y dhilflag`hs.
Dlhatrgs `cs jçrdgfcs ih säathsls sö`c sh vg`ha ih ua sc`c prciuftc gftlvc
quh ac cjrhfh dçs quh `gs hsphfäjlfgs y `ldltgigs gfflcahs quh pcshh. @gs
p`gatgs sh utl`lzga fca jlahs thrgpìutlfcs ha `g gftug`ligi y nga slic
utl`lzgigs g trgvìs ih `gs ilstlatgs ìpcfgs y ha iljhrhaths rhmlcahs ih`
duaic.
Fcdc jltcdhilfgdhatcs cjrhfha ua gdp`lc rgamc thrgpìutlfc yg quh uag
dlsdg p`gatg puhih shr utl`lzgig pgrg ilstlatgs pgtc`cmägs. Ygdolìa ih `g
dlsdg hsphflh puhiha cothahrsh ilvhrscs prlaflplcs gftlvcs shmõa prcfhiga
hstcs ih` tg``c, rgäz c j`crhs. @c gathrlcrdhath ilfnc sh ihoh g quh uag
p`gatg hs ua shr vlvc lathmrgic ha sä dlsdc, fca sus prcplcs prcfhscs
dhtgoö`lfcs, su frhfldlhatc pgrtlfu`gr, fcdualfgflöa fca h` dhilc quh
ngoltg y ha rh`gflöa fca ctrgs hsphflhs vhmhtg`hs, dlahrg`hs y galdg`hs.
 

Hxlstha ha sus vhrtlhaths ics juhrths fcrrlhaths5 uag harglzgig ha h`

fcacfldlhatc gafhstrg` y pcpu`gr (jltcthrgplg f`çslfg), y ctrg gpcygig pcr `g
dhtcic`cmäg ih lavhstlmgflöa flhatäjlfg (jltcdhilflag). Ac pcihdcs ngo`gr
ih fcrrlhaths hajrhatgigs, slac dçs olha ih `lahgdlhatcs ha`gzgics. Ha uag
mrga fgatligi ih fgscs `g flhaflg dcihrag, g trgvìs ih `g jgrdgfcmacslg, `g
olc`cmäg dc`hfu`gr y `cs dìtcics ih lavhstlmgflöa (la vltrc, galdg`hs y
nudgacs) ng fhrtljlfgic y fcrrcocrgic `c quh h` sgohr pcpu`gr scstuvc y
gvg`ö iurgath slm`cs.

Ac pcihdcs ihegr ih dhaflcagr `gs rhgfflcahs givhrsgs, töxlfgs y `cs

hjhftcs shfuaigrlcs mhahrgics pcr `gs ircmgs ih säathsls, `c fug` `hecs ih
ihsih÷gr`gs, acs givlhrtha quh su hdp`hc ac hstç hxhatc ih rlhsmcs,
iholhaic fca h``gs gftugr ha h` dcdhatc cpcrtuac y fca ua fcacfldlhatc
jgrdgfc`ömlfc duy hxngustlvc. Ha h` prhflsc fgsc ih `gs hajhrdhigihs
fröalfgs hs icaih dufngs ih hstgs ircmgs ih säathsls ac fudp`ha fca `cs
coehtlvcs gaths sh÷g`gics, y pcr fcatrgpcslflöa, `cs jltcdhilfgdhatcs sh
hrlmha ha uag g`thragtlvg g`tgdhath pcsltlvg y fca dhacrhs hjhftcs
givhrscs.

Xag dhilflag lasplrgig ha `g agturg`hzg

H` hstuilc ih `gs p`gatgs dhilflag`hs sh rhdcatg prçftlfgdhath g` prlaflplc

ih `g hvc`uflöa ih` lastlatlvc
h` fcdpcrtgdlhatc ncdorh scorh `g galdg`hs
ih `cs tlhrrg. H` gncdorh
`g ncrgprhnlstörlfc
ih rhstgurgrcoshrvgog
sus
nhrligs c pg`lgr sus hajhrdhigihs. Ha su fcatlauc ihgdou`gr puic coshrvgr
quh flhrtgs hsphflhs rhsu`tgoga gptgs pgrg h` fcasudc g`ldhatlflc y ctrgs
hrga töxlfgs Ilfngs coshrvgflcahs ilhrca crlmha g` prcfhsc latultlvc quh
fgrgfthrlzö g` ncdorh prldltlvc y quh phrdltlö g` dlsdc hasgygr fca
ilvhrsgs p`gatgs g hjhftcs ih ilsfhralr fug`hs pcshäga hjhftcs dhilflag`hs y
fuç`hs ac.
Vca audhrcsgs `gs coshrvgflcahs rhjhrligs g` hdp`hc ih p`gatgs pcr `cs
galdg`hs. @gs mc`cairlags, pcr hehdp`c, rhjrlhmga ncegs ih fh`licalg scorh
`cs cecs ih sus frägs pgrg hvltgr`hs lajhfflcahs (Fh`licalg prcvlhah ih` mrlhmc
bh`lica quh slmaljlfg prhflsgdhath mc`cairlag). @c dlsdc ngfha g`muags
fu`horgs, quh iurgath `g duig ih su plh`, suh`ha thahr lajhfflcahs cfu`grhs,
rhjrhmgaic sus cecs scorh `g p`gatg ih` nlacec. @gs fcdgirhegs fugaic
ihoha hajrhatgrsh fca uag shrplhath, suh`ha havc`vhrsh scorh ncegs ih
``gatìa. G`mc sldl`gr rhg`lzga `gs çmul`gs gailags, quh ha sus vuh`cs rgsgaths
ha oõsquhig ih phquh÷gs prhsgs suh`ha shr plfgigs pcr shrplhaths. Ha hsgs
flrfuastgaflgs, jrctga sus pgrths nhrligs scorh `g p`gatg Dlbgalg mugfc `g
fug` prhshatg prcplhigihs gatlcjäilfgs.
@cs nlpcpötgdcs quh ngoltgoga ha h` räc Al`c, fugaic hstgoga hajhrdcs
rhjrhmgoga sus fuhrpcs scorh fg÷gs quh prhvlgdhath ngoäga fcrtgic, g
hjhftcs ih prcvcfgrsh uag sgamräg, dìtcic quh `uhmc shräg gicptgic pcr `cs
hmlpflcs. @gs flmðh÷gs goscroha gmug ih dgr y, sla trgmgr`g, `g latrciufha ha
sus rhftcs pgrg `cmrgr purmgrsh. Hstgs dlsdgs gvhs, fugaic quhiga nhrligs
sh rhjrlhmga scorh `g p`gatg ih` crìmgac.
 

@g jltcthrgplg ha Fnlag.

Iurgath `g ilagstäg Vngam (78;; G. F. gprcxldgigdhath), sh rhg`lzgoga

mrgogics scorh nuhscs (utl`lzgics fcdc crçfu`cs) gfhrfg ih `gs vlrtuihs ih
audhrcsgs p`gatgs dhilflag`hs. [ruhog ih h``c `c ihduhstrga `cs fgsl
7:;.;;; nuhscs ng``gics pcr iljhrhaths grquhö`cmcs.
gr quhö`cmcs. VnhaAuam juh ua
hdphrgicr fnlac quh mcohraö gprcxldgigdhath ha h` g÷c 6;; gaths ih
Frlstc y g` fug` sh `h gtrlouyh shr h` lalflgicr ih` hstuilc prcjuaic ih `g
jltcthrgplg, `c fug` ilc crlmha g `g prldhr corg ih dhilflag ha h` duaic
fcacflig fca h` acdorh ih [hats'gc.

@cs nuhscs crgfu`grhs) sca fgpgrgzcahs ih tcrtumg y nuhscs ih galdg`hs (ha

su dgycräg hsfçpu`gs), ha `cs quh sh nga hafcatrgic lasfrlpflcahs quh
jcrdga h` fcrpus slmaljlfgtlvc dçs gatlmuc ih hsfrlturg fnlag grfglfg,
fcathalhaic ldpcrtgath lajcrdgflöa nlstörlfg, fcdc `g mhahg`cmäg rhg`
fcdp`htg ih `g ilagstäg Vngam, tgdolìa fcacflig fcdc ilagstäg \la. Hstc
fcajlrdö `g hxlsthaflg ih hstg ilagstäg, quh g`muacs hstuilcscs pcaäga ha
iuig ngstg su gpgrlflöa.
Ilstlatcs gutcrhs juhrca gmrhmgaic dciljlfgflcahs g `g corg lalflg` pcr `c
quh suh`h shr ngoltug` dhaflcagr iljhrhaths [hats'gcs fca h` trgasfurrlr ih
`cs g÷csquh
gatlmuc ha Fnlag. Ih h``cs,
sh fcashrvg ha `gh`gftug`ligi
VnhaAuam[hats'gcFnlam hsihsfcacflic
(hsfrltc pcr gutcr h` `lorc dçs
iurgath `g ilagstäg Nga y fuyg jhfng gprcxldgig igtg ih` g÷c 7;; c ?;;
G.F). Ha ì` sh ihsfrloha 6:8 p`gatgs f`gsljlfgigs shmõa su mrgic ih
ldpcrtgaflg, jrhfuhaflg ih gidlalstrgflöa, y/c mrgic ih tcxlfligi. G dhilig
quh pgsgoga `cs g÷cs sh juhrca lafcrpcrgaic dçs p`gatgs5 >99 ha `g ilagstäg
Ygam2 77?? ha `g ilagstäg Vuam y pcr õ`tldc 77=; ha `g ilagstäg Dlam (g÷c
78;6 I.F) fcrrhspcailhath g `g õ`tldg hilflöa ih` [hats'gc `g fug` juh hsfrltg
pcr 97 phrscags h l`ustrgig pcr > grtlstgs ogec `g suphrvlslöa ih` ilrhftcr
dìilfc ih `g fcrth @lu]
@lu]haY
haYgl.
gl. @g ldpcrtgaflg ih `cs iljhrhaths [hats'gc
rgilfg ha `g dlauflcsg f`gsljlfgflöa ih fgig p`gatg5 acdorh, nçoltgt,
prhpgrgflöa, tcxlfligi, htf. Gsldlsdc, shatö `gs ogshs pgrg `g frhgflöa ih `g
Jgrdgfcphg Agflcag` Fnlag ha h` g÷c 7<=> y `g ogsh ih igtcs lajcrdgtlzgig
ih `g Xalvhrsligi Fnlag ih Ncam Bcam.
@g vlslöa ih `g DYFN (dhilflag trgilflcag` Fnlag) fca rhsphftc g `gs
hajhrdhigihs sh ogsg ha uag fcsdcvlslöa rhmu`gig pcr h` Wl c ‐Hahrmäg
Zltg`—, `g @hy ih` \la-\
\la-\gam
gam y `cs 8 hh`hdhatcs
`hdhatcs (dgihrg, juhmc, tlhr
tlhrrg,
rg, dhtg` y
gmug). H` ilgmaöstlfc ih `gs ilvhrsgs pgtc`cmägs hs juaigdhatg`dhath
hdpärlfc y ualvhrsg`, yg quh `gs hajhrdhigihs ac sh f`gsljlfga fcdc
hatligihs jlegs, slac fcdc crlmlagigs pcr jgftcrhs rh`gflcagics fca `cs
vlhatcs, nudhigihs, jräc, fg`cr, htf.
@gs p`gatgs dhilflag`hs puhiha utl`lzgrsh ogec ilstlatgs prhpgrgflcahs, yg
shga prciuftcs h`gocrgics ha ogsh g `cs prlaflplcs gftlvcs ha `cs
`gocrgtcrlcs ih jltcdhilfgdhatcs, c olha ha jcrdg ih tlsgags, fcdprhsgs c
lrrlmgflcahs.
 

@g lajuslöa, pcr hehdp`c, hs h` dìtcic quh sh vg`h ih` gmug fg`lhath pgrg
quh phahtrh ha `g dgthrlg vhmhtg` y phrdltg hxtrghr ih `g dlsdg `cs
prlaflplcs gftlvcs. Vl olha sh trgtg ih ua prcfhildlhatc duy shafl``c, nga ih
tcdgrsh g`muacs rhfguics. [cr hehdp`c5
H` gmug fg`lhath ac ihoh ``hmgr g` puatc ih hou``lflöa yg quh puhih ihstrulr
g` prlaflplc gftlvc (sh ``hmg g >8-<;µ).
H` tlhdpc ih phrdgahaflg ih` prlaflplc gftlvc ha h` gmug fg`lhath ac ihoh
shr lajhrlcr g `cs ics dlautcs al suphrgr `cs qulafh. Xag dhilg ih 8-7;
dlautcs suh`h shr `c usug`.
[grg ua dhecr gprcvhfngdlhatc ih `cs prlaflplcs gftlvcs ihatrc ih`
rhflplhath, hs fcavhalhath fc`cfgr uag tgpg hafldg ih `g tgzg, pgrg hvltgr `g
hvgpcrgflöa (scorhtcic ha h` fgsc ih nlhrogs grcdçtlfgs). @gs mctgs quh
quhiga ginhrligs ha `g tgpg, g dhilig quh h` prhpgrgic sh hajräg, fgha
auhvgdhath ha `g tgzg gprcvhfnçaicsh gsä sus prcplhigihs.
@gs lajuslcahs suh`ha prhpgrgrsh fca `gs pgrths o`gaigs ih `g p`gatg5 tg``cs
phquh÷cs, ncegs, yhdgs, fgpu``cs j`crg`hs y rgäfhs duy phquh÷gs.

@g icsls rhfcdhaigig vgräg hatrh 7-6 fufngrgigs ih tì ``hags pcr fgig tgzg
g tcdgr. @uhmc ih` fcatgftc ha h` rhflplhath, sh fuh`g (jl`trg) y sh prcfhih g
su lamhstg.
[uhih ohohrsh fg`lhath c jräg, ha fuyc fgsc sh prhpgrg `g fgatligi ih tlsgag
g[`gatgs
ohohr fcdc
iurgath h` iäg y sh tl`c,
dgazgal``g, puhih mugrigr
dhatg, htf.,hasca
nh`gihrg (ac dçs
gptgs pgrg ih ?9 ncrgs).
lajuslöa.
 
7. Ehamlorh5 shmõa vgrlcs hstuilcs flhatäjlfcs hatrh `cs fug`hs `cs ``hvgics g`
fgoc ih `g Xalvhrsligi ih Cihash ha Ilagdgrfg, h` ehamlorh tlhah hjhftcs
gatl-laj`gdgtcrlcs suphrlcrhs g `cs jçrdgfcs ac hsthrclihs fcdc h`
louprcjhac. Hatrh sus prlaflpg`hs prcplhigihs rhfcrigdcs quh5

 hs ua gatlolötlfc y ua gatl-laj`gdgtcrlc agturg`2

 fg`dg h` slsthdg ilmhstlvc yg quh hs ua töalfc hstcdgfg`2
 hs hjlfgz pgrg g`lvlgr prco`hdgs fcdc agushg y vcdltc
 fg`dg h` ic`cr fgusgic pcr fhjg`hg y dlmrg÷gs2
 hstldu`g h` slsthdg ladualtgrlc2
 prcthmh fcatrg h` fçafhr ih fc`ca2
 hs fgpgz ih h`ldlagr `gs fì`u`gs fgafhrämhag quh fgusgräga h`
fçafhr ih cvgrlcs2
 gyuig ha `cs prcfhscs ih ihslatcxlfgflöa g`ldhatgrlg2
 g`lvlg h` ic`cr ha fgsc ih grtrltls rhudçtlfg, csthcpcrcsls, y
pgflhaths fca ihscrihahs dusfu`grhs2
 g`lvlg `cs säatcdgs ih laj`gdgflöa, tgdolìa prcthmh `g frhgflöa ih

õ`fhrgs ilmhstlvgs2
 

 hs ohahjlflcsc pgrg fcdogtlr hajhrdhigihs ih `gs grthrlgs

fcrcagrlgs, sla gjhftgr `cs `äplics y `g gzõfgr ih `g sgamrh2
 gyuig g g`lvlgr `g mrlph y `g tcs2
 sh utl`lzg pgrg h` trgtgdlhatc ih `g ilsphpslg, y pgrg `cs hplscilcs
ih lailmhstlöa2
 gyuig g fcdogtlr nlafngzöa goicdlag` mgshs, j`gtu`haflgs2 hs ua
hstldu`gath y gjrcilslgfc.

Hatrh sus fcatrglailfgflcahs ac ihohrç tcdgrsh sl `gs gjhfflcahs ih` gpgrgtc

ilmhstlvc tg`hs fcdc õ`fhrgs, mgstrltls, fc`ltls c hajhrdhigi ih Frcna hstça
gftlvgs. Hs ihshgo`h hvltgr su tcdg iurgath h` hdogrgzc y `g `gftgaflgs. Ha h`
fgsc ih dhastrugflöa fca sgamrgic gouaigath hs ihshgo`h susphaihr `g
tcdg pgrg hvltgr quh hstc gudhath. Ha pgflhaths ilgoìtlfcs c quh sujrha
prco`hdgs flrfu`gtcrlcs hs fcavhalhath fcasu`tgr ua hsphflg`lstg pgrg
slafhrgrsh ih quh ac lathrjlhrg ha h` hjhftc ih `cs dhilfgdhatcs quh sh
hstìa tcdgaic. [uhih prciuflr rhgfflcahs g`ìrmlfgs ha su usc töplfc,
prcvcfgaic hrupflcahs y rhgfflcahs cfu`grhs.
?. Furfudlag5 hs utl`lzgig ihsih ngfh dçs ih 9.;;; g÷cs, pcshh

prcplhigihs gatltudcrg`hs, gatlcxligaths,

gatlvlrg`hs, gatlogfthrlgags, gatlgrträtlfgs,
gatl-jõamlfgs.Vhmõa gatllaj`gdgtcrlgs,
h` Givgafhi Hxphrldhatg`
Dhilfg` Olc`cmy (?;;=) ‐@g fõrfudg tlhah ua pcthaflg` fcatrg ilvhrsgs
hajhrdhigihs fcdc ilgohths, g`hrmlgs, grtrltls, hajhrdhigi ih G`znhldhr y
ctrgs hajhrdhigihs fröalfgs—. Vus prcplhigihs gatllaj`gdgtcrlgs ngfha quh
shg ua rhdhilc hsphflg`dhath rhfcdhaigo`h pgrg5

 grtrltls, yg quh fg`dg h` ic`cr y gyuig ha `g h`ldlagflöa ih `gs

tcxlags ih` crmgalsdc.
 dgathahr `gs grtlfu`gflcahs ha phrjhftgs fcailflcahs hvltgaic
quh sh laj`gdha y iuh`ga
 dhecrgr `g flrfu`gflöa sgamuäahg y gyuigr g hvltgr `g jcrdgflöa ih
fcçmu`cs ih sgamrh, fcatrlouyhaic g `g prhvhaflöa ih
`gs hajhrdhigihs fcdc `g grthrcsf`hrcsls.
 jgvcrhfhr h` fcrrhftc juaflcagdlhatc ih` nämgic
gyuigr ha `g gsldl`gflcahs ih autrlhaths y ha `g rhiufflöa ih`
gzõfgr ha `g sgamrh, pcr `c tgatc rhfcdhaigo`h pgrg qulha sujrh
ilgohths
 fcdogtlr `cs rgilfg`hs `lorhs mrgflgs g su h`hvgic pcihr
gatlcxligath
 

 trgstcracs mçstrlfcs g fcashfuhaflg ih lasujlflhaflg ha `g

prciufflöa ih ol`ls
 trgstcracs ih` gpgrgtc ilmhstlvc (ilgrrhgs, ilsphpslg, j`gtu`haflgs,
mgstrltls, pgrçsltcs lathstlag`hs)
 mrlph y rhsjrlgics pcr su pcihr hxphftcrgath
 jgvcrhfhr `g h`ldlagflöa ih `gs sustgaflgs fgafhrämhags, y gyuig g
auhstrc fuhrpc g prciuflr sustgaflgs gatlfgafhrcsgs fcdc h`
M`utgtlöa.
 hstldu`gr y jcrtg`hfhr h` slsthdg laduac`ömlfc.

[cr usc töplfc hs hjlfgz pgrg furgr nhrligs y hs ua ouha g`lgic pgrg `g furg
ih `gs gjhfflcahs ih `g plh` fcdc pcr hehdp`c pscrlgsls, ncamcs.@g fõrfudg
ac tlhah hjhftcs shfuaigrlcs. Vla hdogrmc hs ihshgo`h ac fcasudlr`g ha `cs
phrlcics ih hdogrgzc y `gftgaflg2 ha phrscags quh ngyga thalic g`muag
lathrvhaflöa qulrõrmlfg y ha prhshaflg ih prco`hdgs ha `g vhsäfu`g ol`lgr c
rhag`hs.

6. Fcrthzg ih sgufh o`gafc5 h` sgufh o`gafc pcshh prcplhigihs gag`mìslfgs,

gatllaj`gdgtcrlgs, gatlplrìtlfgs, gatlfcgmu`gaths, trgaqul`lzgaths,
gstrlamhaths, ihpurgtlvgs y vu`ahrgrlgs. Vh utl`lzg ha `gs dgaljhstgflcahs ih
ic`cr fcdc5
 fhjg`hg y dlmrg÷g (ha hsth fgcs sh puhih fcdp`hdhatgr fca u÷g
ih mgtc y gaäs hstrh``gic, quh sugvlzg h` sgocr gdgrmc)
 ic`crhs ha `g dhastrugflöa
 flçtlfg
 jlorcdlg`mlg
 ic`crhs dusfu`grhs y rhudçtlfcs
[uhih utl`lzgrsh tgdolìa5

 fcdc shigath agturg` yg quh jgvcrhfh h` suh÷c

 pgrg fg``cs y vhrrumgs
 lajhfflcahs ih `g plh`
 quhdgiurgs y nhrligs
 lajhfflcahs oufg`hs
 laj`gdgflcahs ih `g mgrmgatg
 jlhorh ha `cs hstgics mrlpg`hs (tlhah hjhftcs sldl`grhs g `g gsplrlag)
y, iljhrhathdhath quh `cs dhilfgdhatcs trgilflcag`hs
trgilflcag`hs,, ac fgusg
alamõa tlpc ih prco`hdg ha h` hstcdgmc
 

 lajhfflcahs urlagrlgs y mçstrlfgs

 ilgrrhg (pcr su hjhftc gstrlamhath)

 prco`hdgs mgstrclathstlag`hs y gflihz ih hstcdgmc (pcr su hjhftc

gatl-çflic y ha hsth fgsc sh puhih gscflgr fca rhmg`lz, gaäs vhrih
y dg`vgvlsfc)

Ac tlhah hjhftcs shfuaigrlcs. Gõa gsä, su lamhstg ihohrç hvltgrsh ha h` fgsc

ha quh sh tcdh gsplrlag, pgrg `gs phrscags fca lasujlflhaflg nhpçtlfg y rhag`2
ha fgsc ih hdogrgzc y `gftgaflg y g dhacrhs ih : g÷cs2 y ha `cs fgscs ih
u`fhrgs, prco`hdgs ih fcgmu`gflöa ih `g sgamrh y nhdcrrgmlgs.

9. X÷g ih mgtc5 hstg p`gatg ng slic trgilflcag`dhath utl`lzgig scorh tcic ha

Gdìrlfg ih` Vur ha jcrdg ih fcfflcahs. Vh `h gtrlouyha prcplhigihs fcdc5

 pcihrcsc gatllaj`gdgtcrlc (scorh tcic hjlfgz pgrg `cs thelics

hajhrdcs y `gs thrdlagflcahs ahrvlcsgs)


ihsfcamhstlcagath
 ogfthrlflig
 gatldutgmìalfg y fltcstçtlfg y pcr `c tgatc õtl` ha h` trgtgdlhatc
ih` fçafhr
 ihpurgtlvg pgrg h` lathstlac y `cs rl÷cahs (lafcatlahaflgs y
ihscrihahs rhag`hs)
 hjlfgz pgrg `cs prco`hdgs ih ilvhrtlfu`ltls, fc`ltls, nhdcrrclihs,
jästu`gs, mgstrltls, õ`fhrgs
 furgtlvg pgrg `cs trgstcracs lathstlag`hs (pgrgsltcsls,
ihshqul`lorlcs ih `g j`crg lathstlag`, hajhrdhigi ih Frcna)
 g`lvlg `gs frlsls mhahrgigs pcr g`hrmlgs quädlfgs c g` pc`ha
 furgtlvg ha fgsc ih orcaqultls y gsdg
 hjlfgz gatlvlrg` (ig ouhacs rhsu`tgics ha fgsc ih nhrphs mhaltg`,
nhrphs zcsthr, vlrus ih` VLIG, fgaililgsls slstìdlfg
 lanlolicrg ih `g fcgmu`gflöa
 hstldu`g h` slsthdg laduac`ömlfc
 

 Ctrgs trlous laiämhags phrugacs utl`lzga `g u÷g ih mgtc pgrg trgtgr

`g ilgohths, `gs nhdcrrgmlgs, `g lrrhmu`grligi dhastrug`, `g
flrrcsls, `gs jlhorhs, `cs gosfhscs, mgstrltls, rhudgtlsdc, tudcrhs h
laj`gdgflcahs, gsä fcdc pgrg `g `ldplhzg lathrag y pgrg
rhhqul`lorgr h` crmgalsdc, pgrg rhiuflr `cs hjhftcs ih `g
rgilcthrgplg y quldlcthrgplg gscflgics ha h` trgtgdlhatc ih` fçafhr

@g gftlvligi ihpurgtlvg ih `g u÷g ih mgtc sh ihoh g su pcihr pgrg h`ldlagr

suostgaflgs pcthaflg`dhath ph`lmrcsgs pgrg h` crmgalsdc (fcatgdlagflöa,
suostgaflgs quädlfgs gdolhatg`hs, töxlfcs ha `g g`ldhatgflöa, htf.).Hs
ihshgo`h ac tcdgr`g ha fgsc ih hdogrgzc y `gftgaflg2 ha pgflhath quh
ngyga sujrlic ua trgsp`gath2 pgrg qulha shg hsphflg`dhath shaslo`h g
pgihfhr ilgrrhgs c lrrltgflöa lathstlag`.

8. Ocswh``lg5 mrga pgrth ih `cs ohahjlflcs ih `g p`gatg prcvlhaha ih `cs

jltcquädlfcs fcdc `cs çflics ocswh``lfcs quh `g fcdpcaha, `cs fug`hs tlhaha
ua pcthath hjhftc gatllaj`gdgtcrlc. Dufncs hstuilcs nga ihdcstrgic quh `g
Ocswh``lg hs lmug` ih hjlfgz quh `cs jçrdgfcs ac hsthrclihs gatl-
laj`gdgtcrlcs (louprcjhac pcr he.).Hs hjlfgz ha fgsc ih5

 grtrltls rhudgtclih
 gsdg
 g`hrmlgs
 fc`ltls u`fhrgath
 gjhfflcahs laj`gdgtcrlgs
 hajhrdhigi ih Frcna
 rhiufh `g nlafngzöa ih `gs grtlfu`gflcahs y `g rlmlihz dgtlag`
 lanlolr `gs fì`u`gs tudcrg`hs
@g ocswh``lg puhih tcdgrsh fcdc nlhrog shfg, ua hxtrgftc hstgaigrlzgic y
fcdc mh` g`lvlgicr ih` ic`cr.Vus hjhftcs shfuaigrlcs sca fgsl lahxlsthaths,
phrc ih vhz ha fugaic puhih fgusgr açushgs, ilgrrhg, hrupflcahs ha `g plh`.
Ac ngy fcatrglailfgflcahs icfudhatgigs c lathrgfflcahs dhilfgdhatcsgs.

:. @g fgpsglflag5 hs uag c`hcrrhslag, fcdpcahath gftlvc ih `cs pldlhatcs

plfgaths. Ylhah prcplhigihs gag`mìslfgs, gatlcxligaths y gatlfgafhrämhags.
Vu gfflöa gag`mìslfg lanloh `g `lohrgflöa ih `g sustgaflg [, prlaflpg`
ahurctrgasdlscr ih `cs hstädu`cs ic`crcscs. Fcdc fcashfuhaflg, `g
fgpsglflag ilsdlauyh `g gftlvligi ih `gs ahurcags shasltlvgs y o`cquhg `g
trgasdlslöa ih` ic`cr. Vh ihshafgihag `g `lohrgflöa ih haicrjlags pcr `g
m`çaiu`g pltultgrlg y h` nlpctç`gdc, quh gyuiga g g`lvlgr h` ic`cr.Hatrh sus
prcplhigihs5
 

 hs hjlfgz pgrg ogegr h` fc`hsthrc` ha `g sgamrh y `cs alvh`hs ih

trlm`lfìrlics
 gyuig g hqul`lorgr `cs alvh`hs ih gzõfgr ha sgamrh
 rhpgrg y rhfcastruyh `cs thelics ig÷gics
 dhecrg `g juaflöa ih` hstödgmc y `cs lathstlacs
 gyuig g prhvhalr h` fçafhr
 jgvcrhfh `g phrilig ih phsc yg quh fcaiufh g uag dgycr tgsg ih
dhtgoc`lsdc (pcr su fgpgfligi ih prciuflr fg`cr lathrac, `c fug`
gudhatg `g vh`cfligi y fgpgfligi ih quhdgr `gs mrgsgs)

[cr usc töplfc, g`lvlg h` ic`cr gscflgic g `g ahurcpgtäg ilgoìtlfg, grtrcsls y

pscrlgsls Ha fgsc ih hdogrgzc y `gftgaflg dhecr fcasu`tgr slhdprh ua
dìilfc2 ac hs rhfcdhaigo`h su tcdg ha al÷cs y phrscags quh sujrha
nlphrthaslöa.

YLAYX_GV DGI_H, [_H[G_GFLCA \ XVC

@gs tlaturgs sh prhpgrga fca g`fcnc`, quh tlhah `g fgpgfligi ih hxtrghr `cs
prlaflplcs gftlvcs y gihdçs fcashrvg. Jrhath g ctrgs prhpgrgflcahs, fcdc
`cs fcdprldlics c `gs fçpsu`gs, `gs tlaturgs fcashrvga `cs gfhlths hshaflg`hs
y prcpcrflcaga h` grcdg y h` sgocr fgrgfthrästlfcs ih `gs p`gatgs.

Dìtcic oçslfc

 Vh iheg dgfhrgr 7;;mrs. ih p`gatgs jrhsfgs (ö 8;mrs ih p`gatg

shfg)
ha dhilc `ltrc ih g`fcnc` iurgath 7-? shdgags.
 Fc`gr, hstruegaic olha `gs nlhrogs.
 Havgsgr y mugrigr ha ua `umgr jrhsfc y csfurc.

Vh puhih ngfhr tlaturgs fca uag sc`g p`gatg c fca dhzf`g ih vgrlgs nlhrogs,
slhdprh rhsphtgaic `g fgatligi tctg` ih 7;;mrs (jrhsfg) /8;mrs (shfg) pcr
dhilc `ltrc ih g`fcnc`.
H` tlhdpc ih dgfhrgflöa ihphaih ih `g thdphrgturg gdolhatg` y ih` mrgic
g`fcnö`lfc5 hatrh dçs fg`cr y dçs mrgics g`fcnö`lfcs, dçs fcrtc hs h` tlhdpc
ih hxtrgfflöa.
H` tlpc ih g`fcnc` usgic ihthrdlag su gp`lfgflöa fcdc tlaturg5 g`fcnc`
pctgo`h (plsfc, gmugrilhath, rca, htf. ih 6;-9; mrgics gprcx) hs pgrg usc
lathrac4mctgs.
 

G`fcnc` ihsagturg`lzgic (g`fcnc` pgrg nhrligs, ih jgrdgflg, htf. , ih 6;-<;

mrgics ) hs sc`c pgrg usc hxthrac4jrlhmgs, lamrhilhaths pgrg prhpgrgr
pcdgigs, htf.
IX_GFLÖA G[_C^.5 7 g÷c.

¡¡H@ G@FCNC@ IHVAGYX_G@LUGIC HV YÖ^LFC \ EGDÇV IHOH LAMH_L_VH!!

Ylaturg ih sg`vlg

Ha prldhr `umgr hs ahfhsgrlc rhfcmhr `gs ncegs ih sg`vlg (Vg`vlg cjjlflag`ls),

gprcxldgigdhath uacs ?8; m. Vl `c ngfhdcs ha h` fgdpc, coshrvgrhdcs
quh `g p`gatg ac ngyg hstgic hxpuhstg g `cs nudcs ih` trçjlfc ih fgrrhthrg c
g `cs p`gmulfligs ih `cs fgdpcs ih fu`tlvc. [uhih hafcatrgrsh ha `gihrgs
rcfcsgs y ha thrrhacs shfcs y sc`hgics. @g fcshfng sh rhg`lzg ha prldgvhrg y
prlaflplcs ih` vhrgac. Vhmõa `g trgilflöa, `cs dhecrhs dcdhatcs sca iurgath
`g `uag auhvg c h` iäg gaths ih` sc`stlflc ih vhrgac. Ihoha tcdgrsh `gs ncegs
 eövhahs, gaths ih quh `g p`gatg j`crhzfg.
@gs ncegs sh trcfhga jlagdhath scorh uag suphrjlflh ih dgihrg,
prhjhrlo`hdhath fca ua
frlstg` ih ocfg gafng fufnl``c
y tgpg fhrçdlfc,
ih rcsfg y sh fc`cfga
pgrg fuorlr`gs ha ua rhflplhath
nc`mgigdhath fca ih
g`fcnc` ih =; mrgics (ua `ltrc gprcxldgigdhath). Vh flhrrg h` rhflplhath y sh
mugrig ha ua `umgr csfurc y jrhsfc iurgath ics shdgags. Fcavlhah gmltgr`c
ilgrlgdhath.
Xag vhz fudp`lic h` p`gzc, sh pgsg pcr ua jl`trc ih fgjì c uag th`g jlag ih
g`mciöa c `lac. @cs rhstcs rhthalics sh puhiha hxprldlr juhrthdhath fca `gs
dgacs. Fcdc rhflplhath jlag`, sh utl`lzg uag octh``g ih frlstg` dgrröa (c
vgrlcs jrgsqultcs fca tgpg mcthrc fcdc `cs quh sh hafuhatrga ha `gs
jgrdgflgs).
Ha `gs octh``gs ngy quh phmgr uag htlquhtg icaih fcasth h` acdorh ih `g
p`gatg y `g jhfng ih h`gocrgflöa. Guaquh h` g`fcnc` hs ua hxfh`hath
fcashrvgath, ac hs fcavhalhath fcasudlr `g tlaturg ihspuìs ih trhs g÷cs.
[grg tcdgr `g tlaturg ih sg`vlg sh ilsuh`vha ih 8 g 7; mctgs ha ics ihics ih
gmug y sh gidlalstrg trhs vhfhs g` iäg. Fca hstg ilsc`uflöa sh puhiha ngfhr
mçrmgrgs pgrg trgtgr `g gjcaäg. Ctrgs lailfgflcahs, pcr väg lathrag, sca `gs
laj`gdgflcahs crg`hs, `cs scjcfcs, `cs suicrhs acfturacs y `gs dc`hstlgs
ilmhstlvgs. @gs hdogrgzgigs y `gs dgirhs `gftgaths ac ihoha tcdgr`g.

Icsls y trgtgdlhatcs

Guaquh `g tlaturg shg ih jgfturg icdìstlfg slmuh slhaic uag pcthath

dhilflag. [cr tgatc, sh ihoha fcasu`tgr `gs pcslo`hs fcatrglailfgflcahs fca
dhilfgdhatcs quh sh hstìa tcdgaic, tcdgr slhdprh `g icsls gihfugig y ac
dgathahr h` trgtgdlhatc dçs ih `c ahfhsgrlc. Fcasu`tgr fca h` dìilfc
agturlstg c, g` dhacs, fca uag ouhag muäg ih p`gatgs rhsu`tg ldprhsflailo`h.
_hsphftc g `g icsls, `c acrdg` hs tcdgr trhs vhfhs g` iäg ih 6 g ?8 mctgs ha
ua pcfc ih gmug, dhilg ncrg gaths ih `gs fcdligs c uag ncrg ihspuìs.
 

Ha fugatc g `g iurgflöa, fugaic `gs tlaturgs sh hdp`hga gath gjhfflcahs

fröalfgs, ac ngy quh prc`camgr h` trgtgdlhatc dçs ih trhs dhshs. @uhmc,
fcavlhah ngfhr uag pgusg ih ua däaldc ih trhs shdgags, phrdgahflhaic
gthatc g `gs rhgfflcahs ih` fuhrpc. Ha `gs g`thrgflcahs gmuigs, fcdc `g tcs
ih ua rhsjrlgic, sh ihoha tcdgr `cs rhdhilcs ngstg quh ngyga ihsgpgrhflic
`cs säatcdgs.

Lailfgflcahs fcduahs

• [rco`hdgs ih rl÷öa y ih vhelmg5 ncegs ih gohiu`, fc`g ih fgog``c, nceg ih

jrhsac, vgrg ih crc y crtlmg.
• G`thrgflcahs ih` suh÷c y ahrvlcsgs5 gvhag, vg`hrlgag, pgslj`crg, dh`lsg y
`gvgaig.
• Iljlfu`tgihs ilmhstlvgs5 dh`lsg, `gvgaig, sg`vlg y g`fgfncjhrg.
• G`thrgflcahs fgrilcvgsfu`grhs5 pgslj`crg y rcdhrc.
• Grtrltls5 nceg ih jrhsac, nceg ih gohiu`, crtlmg, rcdhrc y nceg ih mrcsh``hrg
ahmrg.
• Hajhrdhigihs ih` nämgic y `g vhsäfu`g5 ilhath ih `höa, fgric dgrlgac y
ncegs ih g`fgfncjhrg.
• Dc`hstlgs dhastrug`hs5 dgazgal```g, dhatg, dl`hargdg y nceg ih mrcsh``hrg
ahmrg.

Fcdphailc ih `g G g `g U ih tlaturgs dgirh y su usc

GOHIX@ (Ohtu`gphaiu`g)
Xscs5 Ihpurgtlvc, h`ldlagicr ih `äqulics, suicräjlfc, h`ldlagicr ih grhal``gs,
ihsfcamhstlvc.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 7; g 78 mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.
GFNLFC_LG (Flfncrludlatyous)
Xscs5 Yöalfc hstcdgfg` gdgrmc, irhagicr ih ol`ls, ilurìtlfc, `gxgath sugvh.
Ihpurgtlvc.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs g` iäg.

GM_GFHEC (Ohrohrlsvu`mgrls)
Xscs5 Ihslaj`gdgtcrlc, prhslöa g`tg, hstldu`gath ih `gs ihjhasgs, pgrg
lajhfflcahs hxthrags, urlagrlgs h lathstlag`hs.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?; g ?8 mctgs, 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
GM_LDCALG (Gmrldcalg hupgtcrlg)
Xscs5 trgstcracs hstcdgfg`hs h lathstlag`hs, fö`lfcs, laj`gdgflöa ih mgrmgatg
y hafägs, prco`hdgs ih vhsäfu`g.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?; g 6; mctgs, ? g 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
GEC (G``ludsgtlvud)
Xscs5 pgrg `g prhslöa, jlhorh, tcs, rhsjräc, mrlph, `ldplgicr ih` lathstlac,
pgrçsltcs, mgshs, fc`hsthrc`, gzufgr ha sgamrh.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
 

G@OGNGFG (Cfldudogsl`lfud)
Xscs5 [grçsltcs ih` lathstlac, hstldu`gath ih `gs ihjhasgs, lajhfflcahs
lathrags, gfaì (hxthrac).
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs g` iäg, c scorh `g plh`.
G@FGFNCJG (Fyagrgsfc`ydus)
Xscs5 Ilmhstlvc, ihsfcamhstlcagath ih` nämgic y `g vhsäfu`g.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.
G@JG@JG (Dhilfgmc sgtlvg)
Xscs5 _hfcastltuyhath, pgrg h` fc`hsthrc`, dg` g`lhatc.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.
G@CH (G`ch jhrcx)
Xscs5 @gxgath y purmgath. Hstldu`gath ih `g vhsäfu`g.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.
GIZH_YHAFLG5
GIZH_ YHAFLG5 Ac tcdgr fugaic sh thamg ic`crhs ih vlhatrh c iurgath h`.
hdogrgzc.
GDOG\ (Fhfrcplggihacpus)
Xscs5 Ihsfcamhstlvc rhsplrgtcrlc y töalfc ih `g flrfu`gflöa pu`dcagr5 tcs,
rhsjräcs, fgtgrrc ih judgicr, orcaqultls, fgasgaflc y Yöalfc Fgriägfc.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.
GALV ([ldplah``ggalsud)
Xscs5 fcatrg mgshs lathstlag`hs y fö`lfcs, dufcsligi ha `cs pu`dcahs, pgrg `g
vhsäfu`g, ilmhstlvc, hstldu`g `g `hfnh dgthrag.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5
GAMH@LFG ?; g 6; mctgs, ihspuìs ih `gs fcdligs.
(Gamh`lfggrfngamh`lfg)
Xscs5 Yöalfc hstcdgfg`, mrlph, gsdg, strhss, grtrltls.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
G[LC FLDG__CA (Gpludsh``cwlgaud)
Xscs5 Ilurìtlfc, rl÷cahs y vhelmg, gatlrrhudçtlfc,[cst-pgrtc.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
G_HAG_LG (Vphrmu`grlg ruorg)
Xscs5 hajhrdhigihs ih `cs rl÷cahs, grhal``g, fç`fu`cs, hstrhfngdlhatcs.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 7; g 78 mctgs, 7 g ? vhfhs g` iäg.
G_ALFG (Gralfg dcatgag)
Xscs5 trgudgtlsdcs, dcrhtcahs, laj`gdgflcahs ih ocfg y hafägs (oufnhs).
Jcrtljlfg h` fcrgzöa.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 pcr ocfg, 6 g 8 mctgs (ngstg 7; mctgs), 6 vhfhs g` iäg.Xsc
hxthrac (fcdprhsgs)5 ´ fufngrgig ha ua vgsltc ih gmug.Mçrmgrgs5 ´
fufngrgig ha ua vgsc ih gmug.

G_YHDLVG (Grthdlsg Dhaiczgag)

G_YHDLVG
Xscs5 Hxfltgflcahs ahrvlcsgs ha `cs trgstcracs prhdhastrug`hs y ih `g
dhacpguslg. _hudg y ahurg`mlgs (fcdprhsgs).
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 78 g ?; mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.
OG_OG IH FNCF@C (Uhg dgys)
Xscs5 rhthaflöa ih `äqulics. Ic`crhs rhudçtlfcs y ih hspg`igs.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, ? g 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
OG_IGAG (Grftlud`gppg)
Xscs5 h`ldlagicr ih `äqulics pcr crlag y suicr, laj`gdgflöa ih `gs vägs
urlagrlgs, mctg, jlhorhs. Hajhrdhigihs ih `g plh` y fgoh``c.
 

Dcic ih hdp`hc5 7; g ?; mctgs - 6 g 9 vhfhs g` iäg.

OC@IC (Oc`ihgoc`ius)
Xscs5 Ilmhstlöa `hatg, `gxgath sugvh, prco`hdgs nhpçtlfcs y vhslfu`grhs,
dg`hstgr hstcdgfg`, gflic õrlfc y urhg.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.
FGFYXV (Fgftus mrgailj`crus)
Xscs5 ihol`ligi ih` fcrgzöa. Lasujlflhaflg.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?; g ?8 mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.
FG@GMXG@G (Fgdpy`cahurcapny``ltlihs)
Xscs5 Ihpurgtlvc, rhudgtlsdc, mctg. _l÷cahs, pu`dcahs, plh`._hmu`gicr
dhastrug`.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?; mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.
FG@GDC G_CDÇYLFC (Gfcrusfg`gdus)
Xscs5 Gatlj`gtu`hatc. [rco`hdgs ih `g ilmhstlca ih crlmha ahrvlcsc. Jg`tg ih
gphtltc, ih`mgihz, hspgsdcs.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 7; g 78 mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.
FG@HAIX@G (Fg`haiu`gcjjlflag`ls)
Xscs5 laj`gdgflcahs, nhrligs, lajhfflcahs, quhdgiurgs, ``gmgs. Ic`crhs,
slausltls (fcdprhsgs).
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?; mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.Fcdprhsgs.
FGAH@G (Flaagdcdudzhy`galfud)
Xscs5 Yöalfc hstldu`gath hstcdgfg`. Ilgohths. Lajhfflcahs.
Dcic
FG×Gih hdp`hc5 ?8
JLVYX@G g 6; mctgs,
(Fgsslg jlstu`g)6 vhfhs g` iäg.
Xscs5 @gxgath sugvh.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?; g ?8 mctgs gaths ih gfcstgrsh.
FG_IC VGAYC (Grmhdcah dhxlfgag)
Xscs5 Gatlgrträtlfc. Vuicräjlfc. Ilurìtlfc. Ihpurgtlvc.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 78 g ?; mctgs, ihspuìs ih `gs fcdligs.
FGVFG_G IH AG_GAEG GDG_MG (Fltrus gurgatlud)
Xscs5 Ilmhstlvc. Jg`tg ih eumcs mçstrlfcs. Lagphthaflg.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs gaths ih fcdhr.
FGVFG_G VGM_GIG (_ngdduspursnlgaus)
Xscs5 @gxcpurmgath.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 78 g ?; mctgs, 6 g 9 vhfhs g` iäg.
FGVYG×C
FGVY G×C IH LAILGV (Ghsfu`usnlppcfgstgaud)
Xscs5 vçrlfhs, töalfc vhacsc, nhdcrrclihs, fcamhstlöa vhacsg. Givhrthaflg5
Fcatrglailfgic ha `g nlphrthaslöa.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.
FG_WXHEG (Ogfngrlsgrtlfu`gtg)
Xscs5 Ihsfcamhstlcag h` nämgic y gftlvg `g vhsäfu`g ol`lgr.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?; g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.
FG_IC DG_LGAC (Vl`youddgrlgaud)
Xscs5 prcthftcr ih` nämgic. Nhpgtltls, flrrcsls, g`fcnc`lsdc, latcxlfgflcahs.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?; g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.
FHI_CA (G`cyslgtrlpny``g)
Xscs5 prco`hdgs ilmhstlvcs, fö`lfcs, pg`pltgflcahs.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
FH@LICALG (Fnh`licaluddgeus)
Xscs5 irhagicr ih `g vhsäfu`g, lfthrlflg.Mctg, fç`fu`cs ih rl÷öa. Vhigath ih orcaqulcs h lathstlacs.
 

Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?; g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.

FHAYGX_HG (Hrytnrghgfhatgurhud)
Xscs5 ihol`ligi hstcdgfg` fca jg`tg ih ilmhstlöa, gacrhxlg,gmctgdlhatc.
Dcic ih hdp`hc57; g 78 mctgs mctgs, 7 g ? vhfhs g` iäg.
FHAYH@@G GVLÇYLFG (Fhath``g gs gslgtlfg)
lgtlfg)
Xscs5 fh`u`ätls, flfgtrlfhs, rhthaflöa `äqulig.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?; mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.
FC@G IH FGOG@@C (Hqulshtudmlmgathud)
Xscs5 rhthaflöa ih gmug, ihpurgtlvc, rhudg. Gjhfflcahs ih rl÷öa y ih vhelmg,
grhal``gs. Jrgfturgs öshgs, ihol`ligi ih plh`, fgoh``c y u÷gs.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.
FCAIX_GAMC (Dgrsihalg fcaiurgamc)
Xscs5 Ilmhstlvc. Vh usg ha lagphthaflg, ihol`ligi mhahrg`, ic`crhs ih õ`fhrg
ih hstödgmc, gahdlg.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, ihspuìs ih `gs fcdligs.
F_GYGHMXV (Frgtghmuscxyfgatng)
Xscs5 _hmu`gicr flrfu`gtcrlc, ihol`ligi ih` fcrgzöa, scjcfcs.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, ? vhfhs pcr iäg.
IGDLGAG (Yurahrgiljussg)
Xscs5 Gjrcilsägfc ha ldpcthaflg c gpgtäg shxug`.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 6; g 9; mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.
ILHAYH IH @HÖA (Ygrgxgfudcjjlflag`ls)
(Ygrgxgfudcjjlflag`ls)
Xscs5 rhudg, mctg, gftlvgicr ih `g vhsäfu`g ol`lgr,fç`fu`cs ol`lgrhs,
rhvltg`lzgath.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 6; g 9; mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.
HFNLAGFHG (Hfnlagfhg gamustljc`lg)
Xscs5 hstldu`gath ih `g ihjhasg. Jlhorh. Mrlph. GIZH_
GIZH_YHAFLG5
YHAFLG5 ac
sudlalstrgr g pgflhaths fca NLZ
NLZ,, al g pgflhaths nlphrthascs.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 78 g ?; mctgs, 6 g 9 vhfhs g` iäg.
JXFXV (Jufusvhslfu`csus)
Xscs5 fh`u`ätls, cohsligi, ocflc, grthrlchsf`hr
grthrlchsf`hrcsls.
csls. GIZH_YHAFLG5
GIZH_YHAFLG5 Ac
sudlstrgr ha pgflhaths quh sh hafuhatrha ha trgtgdlhatc fca ncrdcag
tlrclihg.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, ? vhfhs pcr iäg.
MHAFLGAG (Mhatlgag@uthg)
Xscs5 Yöalfc gdgrmc, jg`tg ih gphtltc, grtrltls.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs g` iäg, gaths ih fcdhr.
MLABMC OL@COG (Mlabmc ol`cog)
Xscs5 pgrg `g flrfu`gflöa ih` fhrhorc y h` fcrgzöa, gatlcxligath,
gigptömhac.Dhdcrlg, zudolics, vìrtlmc.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 8 g 7; mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.

MLAVHAM ([gagx mlasham)

Xscs5 Hstldu`gath ih `gs ihjhasgs, gigptömhac y gjrcilsägfc, Flrfu`gflöa,
fcrgzöa, fc`hsthrc`, ilgohths.Gatlhstrìs, hahrmlzgath.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?; g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg. Givhrthaflg5 Xsgr fca
prhfguflöa ha fgsc ih Nlphrthaslöa.
M_GDL@@G (Gmrcpyrcarhphas)
Xscs5 Ihslaj`gdgath ih `gs vägs urlagrlgs. _hthaflöa ih crlag. Ihpurgtlvc.
 

Dcic ih hdp`hc5 7; g ?; mctgs -? g 6 vhfhs g` iäg.

M_GAGIC ([ualfgmrgagtud )
Xscs5 ilgrrhgs, pgrçsltcs.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs , 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
MXG_GAG ([gu``lalg fupgag)
Xscs5 fgasgaflc, pcfg rhslsthaflg g` hsjuhrzc, hstldu`gath.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
MXG\FX_X
MXG \FX_X (@ldcaludorgsl`lhasls)
Xscs5 Gatlilgrrhlfc, ihpurgtlvc.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, ? g 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
MXG\GFC (Muglgfudcjjlflag`ls)
Xscs5 h`ldlagflöa ih `äqulics, rhudg, mctg, mrlph, fgtgrrcs, ihpurgtlvc.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?; g ?8 mctgs, ? g 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
NGDGDH@LV (Ngdgdh`ls vlrmlalgag)
Xscs5 töalfc vhacsc, fcamhstlcahs, nhdcrrclihs,vçrlfhs. Yrgstcracs ih `g
dhacpguslg.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 78 g ?; mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.
NLHI_G (Nhihrgnh`lx)
Xscs5 tcs fcavu`sg, orcaqultls, gsdg.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs , ?-6 vhfhs g` iäg.
NLMXH_G (Jlfus fgrlfg)
Xscs5 tcs, rcaquhrg, ilgohths, `gxgath sugvh.
Dcic
NLACEC ih hdp`hc5 78 g ?; mctgs, 6 g 9 vhfhs g` iäg.
(Jchalfu`udvu`mgrh)
Xscs5 mgshs, töalfc hstcdgfg`, hstldu`gath ih `g ilmhstlöa. J`hdgs, fö`lfcs.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.
NL[H_LFC (Nyphrlfudphrjc`lgtud)
Xscs5 ihprhslöa, dh`gafc`äg, nhrligs ic`crcsgs, ihjhasgs ogegs.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 7; g ?; mctgs, ? g 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
NLVC[C (Nysscpuscjjlflag`ls)
Xscs5 _hiuftcr ih cohsligi, mgshs.Nhrphs, tcs, j`hdgs.
Dcic ih hdp`hc. ?8 g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.
@G[GFNC (Ygohoulglph)
Xscs. _hudgtlsdc, , prhslöa g`tg, hdc`lhath, ihpurgtlvc, ilurìtlfc,
gjhfflcahs urlagrlgs.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?; g ?8 mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.
@X[X@C (Nudu`us`upu`us)
Xscs5 Lascdalc, ahrvlcslsdc, jgvcrhfh `g h`ldlagflöa ih crlag.Ilmhstlöa
`hatg, ic`cr ih fgohzg, rhudgtlsdc.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
DG@Z
DG@ ZG (Dg`vg sy`vhs
sy`vhstrls)
trls)
Xscs5 lrrltgflcahs ilmhstlvgs y urlagrlgs, laj`gdgflcahs ih `g ocfg y `g
mgrmgatg (mçrmgrgs). Hxphftcrgath. Nhdcrrclihs y ctrgs laj`gdgflcahs
(fcdprhsgs).
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs , 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
DG@Z
DG@ ZG _XOLG (Dgr
(Dgrruoludvu
ruoludvu`mgrh)
`mgrh)
Xscs5 gjhfflcahs ih vhsäfu`g, ilgrrhgs, tcs , pgrg h`ldlagr j`hdgs. Jg`tg ih
gphtltc. [rco`hdgs ih pröstgtg.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
DGAUGAL@@G (Dgtrlfgrlg fngdcdl``g)
 

Xscs5 gflihz, fö`lfcs hstcdgfg`hs, mgshs. Lrrltgflcahs ih `g ocfg, agrlz y

slausltls.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 6; g 9; mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.
DG_FH@G (Gfnyrcf`lahsgturhclihs)
Xscs5 Ilmhstlöa iìol`, mgshs, gsdg, fc`hsthrc`, ilgohths.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?; g ?8 mctgs, ihspuìs ih `gs fcdligs.
DH@L@CYXV (Dh`l`ctuscjjlflag`ls)
Xscs5 _caquhrg, fgtgrrcs, gdlmig`gs, gatlvgrlfcsc. Gstrlamhath.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 7; g 78 mctgs, ? vhfhs g` iäg.

DH@LVG (Dh`lssg cjjlflag`ls)

Xscs5 _h`gegath hstcdgfg` y ih lathstlacs, ilmhstlvc, trgaqul`lzgath,
pg`pltgflcahs, nhrligs (`cfg`), nhrphs, ic`cr ih fgohzg.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 7; g ?; mctgs, 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
DX×G -DX×G (Vgturhegpgrvljc`lg)
Xscs5 Gjrcilsägfc, prco`hdgs dhastrug`hs, fö`lfcs.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?; g ?8 mctgs -? g 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
ACMG@ (Eum`gas rhmlg) Xscs5 laj`gdgflöahs ih hafägs, mgrmgatg, lathstlacs.
Hfzhdgs, gfaì.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?; g 6; mctgs -? g 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
C@LZC (C`hg hurcphg)
Xscs5
Dcic pgrg `g prhslöa.
ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
C_HMGAC (Crlmgaudvu`mgrh)
Xscs5 Ycs
Ycs y j`hdgs, hspgsdcs ilmhstlvcs, rhudg, trg
trgaqul`lzgath
aqul`lzgath sugvh, pgrg
`g dhastrugflöa.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, ? vhfhs g` iäg.
C_YLMG (Xrtlfgurhas)
Xscs5 _hudg, mctg, rl÷cahs y vhelmg, g`hrmlg agsg`.G`tg prhslöa, sgamrgics,
gahdlg.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?; g ?8 mctgs, 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
[GVLJ@C_G ([gsslj`crglafgragtg)Xscs5 ahrvlcs, dlhic, gamustlg,
ihshsphrgflöa, trlsthzg y gogtldlhatc. Yhaslöa
Yhaslöa prhdhastrug`.Vhigath, pgrg
ua suh÷c trgaqul`c.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?; g ?8 mctgs, 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
[HCALG ([ghcalgcjjlflag`ls)
Xscs5 vçrlfhs, nhdcrrclihs.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 7; g ?; mctgs, ? g 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
[HUX×G IH ZGFG (Ogunlalgfgailfgas)
Xscs5 ilgohths, lrrhmu`grligi ih` gzufgr ha `g sgamrh.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 7; g 78 mctgs, 6 g 9 vhfhs g` iäg.
VG@ZLG (Vg`vlg cjjlflag`ls)
Xscs5 suicrhs, hspgsdcs ilmhstlvcs. Laj`gdgflöa ih hafägs, ocfg y mgrmgatg.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
VG_GAIL O@GAFC ([ny``gatnussh``cwlgaus)
Xscs5 ilgohths, rhthaflöa ih `äqulics, gatlcxligath.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 7; g 78 mctgs, 7 g ? vhfhs g` iäg.

VHA JC@ÄFX@CV (Fgsslg gamustljc`lg, jc`äfu`cs)

 

Xscs5 @gxcpurmgath dcihrgic.

Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?; g ?8 mctgs gaths ih gfcstgrsh. GIZH_
GIZH_YHAFLG5
YHAFLG5 Ac
tcdgr fugaic sh thamg ic`crhs ih vlhatrh c iurgath h` hdogrgzc, al ha fgsc
ih nlphrthaslöa.
VHA NCEGV (Fgsslg gamustljc`lg, ncegs)
Xscs5 @gxcpurmgath haìrmlfc.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?; g ?8 mctgs gaths ih gfcstgrsh. GIZH_
GIZH_YHAFLG5
YHAFLG5 Ac
tcdgr fugaic sh thamg ic`crhs ih vlhatrh c iurgath h` hdogrgzc, al ha fgsc
ih nlphrthaslöa.
YGDG_LAIC (Ygdgrlaius lailfg)
Xscs5 _hmu`gicr lathstlag` ha hstrh÷ldlhatcs `hvhs y hdpgfncs.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?; g ?8 mctgs, 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
YL@C ([`gtypny`cs tl`lg)
Xscs5 ahrvlcslsdc, pg`pltgflcahs, lascdalc, gflihz, y pgrg trgasplrgr.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 ?8 g 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.
YCDL@@C (Ynydusvu`mgrls)
Xscs5 hspgsdcs ilmhstlvcs, fö`lfcs dhastrug`hs, fg`dgath orcaqulg` y ih `g
tcs. Lajhfflcahs.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 6; mctgs, 6 vhfhs g` iäg.
X×G IH MGYC (Xafgrlg tcdhatcsg)
Xscs5 ihslaj`gdgath, dhecrgicr ih `gs ihjhasgs, gatlcxligath.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 7; g 78 mctgs, 7 g ? vhfhs g` iäg.
XZG
Xscs5 X_VL (Grftcstgpny`cs
lajhfflcahs uvg ursl) ih crlag. Vh utl`lzg ha trgtgdlhatc ih
urlagrlgs. _hthaflöa
pröstgtg y fcdc ihpurgtlvc.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 7; g ?; mctgs, 6 g 9 vhfhs g` iäg.
ZG@H_LGAG (Zg`hrlgag cjjlflag`ls)
Xscs5 shigath, lascdalc, ic`crhs c prhslöa ih crlmha ahrvlcsc.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 78 g ?; mctgs, 6 g 9 vhfhs g` iäg.
UG_UG[G__L@@G (Vdl`gxfgdphstrls)
DXscs5 rhudg, rhthaflöa ih `äqulics, suicräjlfc, pgrg h`ldlagr ldpurhzgs ih
`g sgamrh.
Dcic ih hdp`hc5 9; mctgs, 6 vhfhs pcr iäg.

GFHLYHV DHILFLAG@HV

_hfhtg oçslfg pgrg gfhlths5

 Dgfhrgr 8;mrs ih p`gatgs shfgs y dc`ligs ha dhilc `ltrc ih gfhlth
 vhmhtg`
 (gfhlth ih dgrgvl``gs, c`lvg, phpgs ih uvg, htf.) iurgath ua dhs ha
ua `umgr tlolc.
 Fc`gr y hstruegr olha.
 Havgsgr y mugrigr ha ua `umgr jrhsfc y csfurc.

Vh puhiha ngfhr gfhlths fca uag sc`g p`gatg c dhzf`gs ih vgrlgs nlhrogs,
slhdprh rhsphtgaic `g fgatligi tctg` ih 8;mrs pcr dhilc `ltrc ih gfhlth
vhmhtg`.
H` gfhlth hs dhilflag` y fcatlhah `gs prcplhigihs dhilflag`hs ih `gs p`gatgs.
[uhih shrvlr pgrg prhpgrgr uag frhdg.
 

_hfhtg oçslfg pgrg frhdg5

 Vh tcdga ?8;ff(d`) ih ua gfhlth dhilflag`.

 Gmrhmgr 7;;mrs ih vgsh`lag sö`lig y 9mrs ih fhrg ih gohegs,
fg`hatgr g og÷c
dgräg ngstg ilsc`vhr y dhzf`gr`c tcic.
 Ihegr hajrlgr y havgsgr.

[CDGIGV

[grg prhpgrg uag pcdgig, sh usg fcdc ogsh dgathfg galdg`, dgathfg
vhmhtg` c vgsh`lag sö`lig.
_hfhtg oçslfg pgrg pcdgig5

 Gmrhmgr 8;mrs ih nlhrogs shfgs g 8;;mrs ih vgsh`lag c dgathfg y

sh iheg nhrvlr g og÷c dgräg iurgath 7 ncrg.
 Fc`gr, ihegr hajrlgr ua pcfc y havgsgr.
havgsg r.
 Mugrigr ha ua `umgr jrhsfc y csfurc.

IX_GFLÖA G[_C^.5 : dhshs (ha fgsc ih dgathfg vhmhtg` c galdg`) c 7 g÷c

(vgsh`lag).

MH@

Vh usg fcdc ogsh ua fcfldlhatc ih nlhrogs y sh gmrhmg ua pc`vc quh euatc

fca h` `äqulic jcrdg ua mh`. H` pc`vc sh fcdprg ha `umgrhs hsphflg`lzgics
(ircmuhrägs)2 sh ``gdg Fgrocxydhtl`fh`u`csg (FDF), Fgrocpc` c ih ctrg
jcrdg. Ngy quh gmrhmgr fcashrvgaths (mhahrg`dhath Alpgmla), pgrg quh h`
mh` ac sh ihsfcdpcamg ihatrc ih pcfcs iägs.

_hfhtg oçslfg pgrg prhpgrgr ua mh`5

Vh prhpgrg
uag p`gatg 7 `ltrc y dhilc ih ua fcfldlhatc olha fcafhatrgic ih
dhilflag`.
 Vh fuh`g y sh mugrig 7 `ltrc, ihegr hajrlgr.
 Gmrhmgr hsth `ltrc pcfc g pcfc g 9; mrgdcs ih FDF y 7 mrgdc ih
Alpgmäa.
 Ihegr rhpcsgr ngstg quh tcics `cs mrudcs sh ilsuh`vga.
 Havgsgr.

IX_GFLÖA G[_C^.5
G[_C^.5 6 dhshs.
 

EG_GOH

_hfhtg oçslfg pgrg prhpgrgr ua egrgoh5

 [rhpgrgr ua g`däogr fca 7 bl`c ih gzõfgr y 86; d` ih gmug

nhrvlig. Vh ilsuh`vh fg`hatgaic sugvhdhath, sla vc`vhr g nhrvlr `g dhzf`g.
 Gmrhmgr 7?; d`. ih uag tlaturg prhpgrgig prhvlgdhath fca
g`fcnc` pctgo`h.

H` usc dhilflag` hstç igic pcr `g tlaturg, h` gzõfgr sc`gdhath hs h` vhnäfu`c

(4pcrtgicr) y tlhah juaflöa ih prhshrvgath y sgocrlzgath.
Vl sh usg uag tlaturg fca tlaturg fca nlhrogs pgrg h` hstödgmc, shrç ua
 egrgoh hstcdgfg`. Vl sh usg fca nlhrogs pgrg `g tcs, vg g rhsu`tgr ua egrgoh
pgrg `g tcs.
IX_GFLÖA G[_C^.5
G[_C^.5 7 g÷c.

GFHLYHV HVHAFLG@HV

Ygdolìa sh ``gdga gfhlths htìrlfcs. Vca sustgaflgs ih `gs p`gatgs grcdçtlfgs

quh sca duy vc`çtl`hs, sh hvgpcrlzga g thdphrgturgs ogegs. Ahfhsltga ua
prcfhildlhatc laiustrlg` (mhahrg`dhath ihstl`gflöa g vgpcr), pcr `c tgatc ac
sh `cs puhih cothahr ha jcrdg fgshrg. [grg 7 `ltrc ih gfhlth hshaflg` ih
hufg`lptc
hshaflg` ihshrcsg
ahfhsltga
dçs ihgprcx. 7?; bl`cs
8 tcah`gigs ih ncegs, pgrg 7 `ltrc ih gfhlth
ih pìtg`cs.
@gs hshaflgs tlhaha `g vhatgeg quh puhiha phahtrgr pcr `g plh` y pcr `gs
dufcsgs. [cr hsc sh puhih lamhrlr, gp`lfgr fgtgp`gsdg, dgsgehs, og÷cs c
jrlhmgs c lang`gr`cs.
Egdçs ngy quh usgr `g hshaflg ha jcrdg purg. Vlhdprh ngy quh il`ulr`gs
gprcx 757;. Ngy uag `äahg ha `g dhilflag agturg` quh sh ``gdg
G_CDGYH_G[LG
G_CDG YH_G[LG quh trgogeg fca gfhlths hshaflg`hs.

@LVYGIC IH [@GAYGV DHILFLAG@HV \ VXV [_C[LHIGIHV

Gfcrc
(Fç`gdc)
Hjhftc fgrdlagtlvc. Ilmhstlvc. tgogqulsdc. gyuig g ihegr ih judgr

Gehaec5 Gatlpgrgsltgrlc. Yrgstcracs mgstrclathstlag`hs. Lailmhstlöa. J`gtu`haflg. Yrgstcracs

dhastrug`hs. Gatlhspgsdöilfc. Yöalfc. Ihpurgtlvc. Ogeg `g jlhorh. _hudgtlsdc. Õtl` pgrg
g`hmrgr h` çaldc.

G`fgajcr5 Ic`crhs ih fgohzg. Ahurg`mlgs. Lagphthaflg shxug`. Fgrlhs.

Gamì`lfg5 Ilmhstlcahs `hatgs. Hstldu`gath y gphrltlvc hstcdgfg`. Gflihz. Mgshs.

J`gtu`haflgs. _hmu`gicr dhastrug`.Ac ihoha tcdgr`g `cs ilgoìtlfcs

Oç`sVgrfljrgmg5 Lajhfflcahs. Jcrõafu`cs. Ncamcs.

 

Ogrigag5 Ihpurgtlvc. Ilurìtlfc. Õtl` ha `g ILGOHYHV, yg quh acrdg`lzg h`

pcrfhatgeh ih gzõfgr ha `g sgamrh. Hstldu`g `g prciufflöa ih ol`ls. _hiufh
h` FC@HVYH_C@. GftõgGftõg ha rhthaflöa ih `äqulics. _hudgtlsdc, Mctg. Õtl` ha
pscrlgsls, gfaì y prco`hdgs ih `g plh`, ha mhahrg`.

Oc`ic5 Ilmhstlvc. Fc`gmcmc. Gjhfflcahs nhpçtlfgs, mçstrlfgs y vhslfu`grhs.

Fç`fu`cs. Ilsphpslg. J`gtu`haflg.

Oc`sg [gstcr5 Ic`crhs dhastrug`hs. Nhdcrrgmlgs. Nhdcrrclihs. Zägs urlagrlgs.

Nhdcrrgmlg agsg`.

Ocrrgeg5 Gatlihprhslvg. Hxfh`hath pgrg fg`dgr hstgics ih gamustlg y ih cprhslöa ha h`

phfnc. @hvgatg h` çaldc y prcpcrflcag ‐fg`cr—. Hxphftcrgath Gyuig Gyuig g fcdogtlr rhsjräcs, tcs y
fgtgrrcs. Hs ilurìtlfg y sh `g lailfg pgrg gjhfflcahs ih` rl÷öa, ha mhahrg`. Jcrõafu`cs

Orusfg5 Yrgtgdlhatc ih `g [_ÖVYGYG y VC_LGVLV. Ihpurgtlvc ih `g sgamrh. Ilurìtlfc.

Fg`ìaiu`g5 Yöalfg. Gatlhspgsdöilfg. Gatlsìptlfg. Gag`mìslfg. Ic`crhs dhastrug`hs.

Yrgstcracs ih `g dhacpguslg. Mgstrl`tls. Gflihz hstcdgfg`. Dhecrg `gs juaflcahs ilmhstlvgs.
Hstldu`g `g prciufflöa ih ol`ls. Lajhfflcahs vgmlag`hs.Duy õtl` ha prco`hdgs ih plh`, nhrligs,
laj`gdgflcahs, plfgiurgs, pscrlgsls, pö`lpcs, gfaì, htf.
Fgric Dgrlgac5 Hxfh`hath furgicr ih` nämgic (nhpgtcprcthftcr). [grg Latcxlfgflöa g`ldhatgrlg.
Lailfgic ha Nhpgtltls G y O. Fç`fu`cs ol`lgrhs. Flrrcsls. Vgamrgic ih agrlz. Dhastrugflcahs
gouaigaths.

Fgrquheg5 Hajhrdhigihs ih` NÄMGIC, HVYÖDGMC y _L×CAHV. Ilmhstlöa phsgig.

[rco`hdgs lathstlag`hs. Flrrcsls, Lfthrlflg. Fç`fu`cs. Fö`lfcs nhpçtlfcs, lasujlflhaflg ol`lgr.
Ilurìtlfc (gf`grg `g crlag turolg). Õtl` ha ILGOHYHV y [_ÖVYG
[_ÖVYGY YG. Ha mçrmgrgs y oufnhs sh usg
pgrg gjtgs oufg`hs.

Fgstg÷c ih Lailgs5 Gudhatg `g rhslsthaflg ih `cs fgpl`grhs, ilsdlauyh su phrdhgol`ligi y tlhah

hjhftc gatllaj`gdgtcrlc y gatlhihdgtcsc. Zçrlfhs. J`holtls. Nhdcrrclihs. Fg`gdorhs dusfu`grhs
acfturacs. Lasujlflhaflg vhacsg. Ycol``cs nlafngics. [rco`hdgs flrfu`gtcrlcs ha mhahrg`. [rhvlhah
[rhvl hah
gfflihaths vgsfu`grhs.
Fhiröa5 Ilmhstlcahs `hatgs y phsgigs. Mgshs. Hstgics ahrvlcscs. [g`pltgflcahs.

Fh`licalc5 Hxfh`hath pgrg `cs trgstcracs ih` nämgic. Ilmhstlvc. Ldplih `g jcrdgflöa ih
fç`fu`cs vhslfu`grhs. Fç`fu`cs rhag`hs. Ohahjlflcsg ha `g Mctg.

Fhatgurg5 Jcrtljlfgath hstcdgfg`. Ic`cr ih hstödgmc. Gfliìz. Mgshs. [rco`hdgs lathstlag`hs.

Hstldu`g h` gphtltc.

Fhath``g Gslçtlfg5 Jgvcrhfh `g flrfu`gflöa phrljìrlfg

phrljìrl fg y `g h`gstlfligi vgsfu`gr.
vgsf u`gr. Hs juaigd
juaigdhatg`
hatg` ha
h` trgtgdlhatc ih `g FH@X@LYLV, `gs ZÇ _LFHV, gilpcsligihs, `g lasujlflhaflg vhacsg, hihdgs, FG
@GDO_HV, ic`cr y phsgihz ha `gs plhrags. _hvltg`lzg y jcrtg`hfh h` Vlst. Ahrvlcsc, Gyuig Gyuig g
fcdogtlr `g ihprhslöa y jgvcrhfh h` prcfhsc ih `g dhdcrlg y `g fcafhatrgflöa.
 

Fc`g ih Fgog``c5 Ilurìtlfc. Ihpurgtlvc. Ihslatcxlfg y purljlfg `g sgamrh. Jgfl`ltg `g h`ldlagflöa

rhag` y ilmhstlvg. [rco`hdgs ih nämgic, rl÷cahs, tlrclihs, gpìailfh. _hdlahrg`lzgflöa öshg. Õtl` ha
jrgfturgs, jgtlmg, gahdlg y ha hdogrgzcs. Csthcpcrcsls, Hajhrdhigihs grtlfu`grhs. Yhailaltls.
Fgoh``cs y u÷gs quhorgilzgs. Jcrtg`hfh nuhscs y ilhaths. _heuvhahfh.Hs `g mrga p`gatg dhilflag`
rhfcastltuyhath pgrg `cs ihpcrtlstgs yg quh gftõg scorh `g j`hxlol`ligi ih `cs thaicahs y ih `gs
pgrhihs vgsfu`grhs.

Fc`g qulrq5 Ldpcthaflg shxug`.

s hxug`. Gfflöa gjrcilsägfg

Fcamcrcsg5 Ic`crhs ih hstödgmc. Gatlhspgsdöilfg. Õ`fhrgs. Hajhrdhigihs mgstrclathstlag`hs.

Fcasuh`ig5 Ihpurgtlvg. Ilurìtlfg. Hxphftcrgath. Zlmcrlzgath. Yöalfg. Flfgtrlzgath. Csthcpcrcsls.
Õ`fhrgs hstcdgfg`hs. Ilgrrhg. Laj`gdgflcahs pu`dcagrhs. G`lvlg h` ic`cr ih nhdcrrclihs lathrags.

Fugslg5 H`ldlag tcic tlpc ih pgrçsltcs lathstlag`hs (gdhogs, cxlurcs, htf.) [HILFX@CVLV. Gfflöa
töalfg y ilmhstlvg.

Ilhath ih @höa5 Hstldu`g `g shfrhflöa ih `cs örmgacs ilmhstlvcs, pcr `c quh sh `c lailfg
hsphflg`dhath pgrg `cs trgstcracs ih `cs dlsdcs, tg`hs fcdc ilmhstlöa `hatg, hstrh÷ldlhatc, nämgic
phrhzcsc, nlphrgflihz mçstrlfg, htf. Hs duy ohahjlflcsg ha `cs fç`fu`cs rhag`hs y pgrg ldphilr `g
jcrdgflöa ih fç`fu`cs ha `g vhsäfu`g. [cr su gfflöa ilurìtlfg y `hvhdhath `gxgath, hs duy gprcplgig
pgrg `gs ilhtgs ih fcatrc` ih phsc, quh tgdolìa sh ohahjlflga pcrquh fcatrc`g `g gaslhigi ha mhahrg`
yõtl`
`g fugaic
gaslhigingy
pcrFC@HVYH_C@
fcdhr fcsgs iu`fhs, ha pgrtlfu`gr.
g`tc. [cr Fcdogth `g hs
su gfflöa ihpurgtlvg, FH@X@LYLV. Hs sudgdhath
g`tgdhath ohahjlflcsg ha fgscs ih
_HXDG, MCYG,
MCYG, HFUHDG F_ÖALFC y ILGOHYHV. Hs gatllaj`gdgtcrlg y gatlnhdcrrclig`.

Hahorc5 Ilurìtlfc. _hudg. Mctg. H`ldlagicr ih çflic õrlfc. Ic`cr ih ffgohzg.

gohzg. Yrgstcracs
dhastrug`hs. Hdhagmcmc. Ac utl`lzgr iurgath h` hdogrgzc.

Hufg`lptus 5Fgtgrrcs. Orcaqultls. Gsdg. Gjhfflcahsih` Gpgrgtc _hsplrgtcrlc ha mhahrg`. Vh

utl`lzg ha mgrmgrlsdcs. Vh rhfcdlhaig ha dgsgehs pgrg g`lvlgr ic`crhs ih _HXDGYLVDC,
_HXDGYLVDC, ic`crhs
DXVFX@G_HV y `g JLO_CVLYLV.

Jufus (g`mgdgrlag)5 [cihrcsc GIH@MGUGAYH.

GIH@MGUGAYH. Gp Gpcrtg
crtg ycic, c`lmch`hdhatcs, dlahrg`hs
dlahrg` hs y
vltgdlags, prcdcvlhaic `g h`ldlagflöa ih mrgsgs `cfg`lzgigs. [rcvcfg ilsdlauflöa ih`
gphtltc. Dhecrg h` juaflcagdlhatc ih `g tlrclihs. Lailfgic tgdolìa pgrg hstgics ih jgtlmg y gsthalg.
@lmhrc hjhftc `gxgath. _hmu`g h` phsc fcrpcrg`.Ldpcrtgath5 ac sh rhfcdlhaig h` hdp`hc ih Jufus g
phrscags fca prhslöa g`tg.

Judgrlg5 Ilurìtlfc. Hajhrdhigihs NH[ÇYLFGV. G_ G_YH_LCVF@H_CVLV.

YH_LCVF@H_CVLV. Ihpurgtlvc ih `g
sgamrh. Yöalfc mhahrg`. [rhslöa g`tg. Grtrltls. _hudg. Vugvhdhath `gxgath.

Mhaflgag5 Mctg. _hudg. _gqultlsdc.

_gqultls dc. Lagphthaflg. Grtrltls

Mlabmc Ol`cog5 Dhecrg `g FL_FX@GFLÖA FH_HO_G@ (pìrilig (pìrilig ih dhdcrlg, vìrtlmcs)

vìrt lmcs) y `g
FL_FX@GFLÖA [H_LJÌ_LFG (f`guilfgflöa lathrdlthath, thdo`crhs).
th do`crhs). Jgvcrhfh `g lrrlmgflöa
sgamuäahg. Gftõg ha fgscs ih lasujlflhaflg vhacsg, vçrlfhs, nhdcrrclihs, j`holtls, õ`fhrgs vgrlfcsgs.
Gfflöa gatl-havhehfldlhatc (gatlrrgilfg`hs `lorhs). Fgasgaflc lath`hftug` y jäslfc, Fcavg`hfhaflg.
Hstgics mrlpg`hs. Gsthalg. Jgtlmg. Ihprhslöa. Ldpcthaflg. Hs vgscil`gtgicr.
vgscil`gtgicr. [cr su gfflöa scorh `g
ahurctrgasdlslöa shascrlg` gyuig g trgtgr `cs prco`hdgs ih hqul`lorlc.
 

Ngddgdh`ls5 [rco`hdgs flrfu`gtcrlcs. Z Zgscfcastrlftcr.

gscfcastrlftcr. Nhdcrrclihs. Fc`hsthrc`. Zçrlfhs. J`holtls
J`holtls..
Dgmu``giurgs. Ycrfhiurgs.
Ycrfhiurgs. Ic`crhs dusfu`grhs. Wuhdgiurgs ih sc`. [rco`hdgs ih `g plh`. [cr su
hjhftc gatllaj`gdgtcrlc sh usg pgrg ic`crhs ihatg`hs.

Nlmuhrg(ncegs)5 Ilgohths. @lmhrc hjhftc `gxgath.

Nlacec5 Fc`ltls. Ilmhstlöa iljäfl` y `hatg. Ghrcjgmlg, mgshs, j`gtu`haflg. Ic`crhs goicdlag`hs ih
crlmha ilmhstlvc. Nlafngzöa hplmçstrlfg. Mgstrltls. Ylhah prcplhigihs gatlhspgsdöilfgs.
Ilurìtlfc. Hvltg jhrdhatgflcahs lathstlag`hs. Hstldu`g `g suolig ih `g `hfnh ha h` gdgdgatgdlhatc.
Õtl` ha FH@X@LYLV.

Nlphrlföa5 Hxfh`hath GAYLIH[_HVLZC quh gogrfg ihsih ua sldp`h ihfgldlhatcihfgl dlhatc ngstg `g
dh`gafc`äg prcjuaig. Lailfgig ha Fgasgaflc, G`thrgflcahs ih` suh÷c, Ihfgldlhatc, [ìrilig ih
lathrìs, Gamustlg. Ylhah prcplhigihs ilmhstlvgs y nhpçtlfgs. Hs ihslajhftgath y ih mrga gyuig pgrg
furgr nhrligs. Hs gstrlamhath, töalfc, hxphftcrgath y õtl` ha ic`haflgs pu`dcagrhs. [grg al÷cs
quh ‐dcega— `g fgdg. Ha usc hxthrac hs hxfh`hath pgrg ihslajhftgr y furgr nhrligs.

Nlscpc5 Gih`mgzgath. Vgfg `g gaslhigi pcr fcd

fcdhr,
hr, h`ldlag `gs mrgsgs
mrgsgs y hstldu`g `gs
m`çaiu`gs quh prciufha pìrilig ih phsc. _hiufh h` gphtltc. Nlpcthaslöa. Gftõg ha fgtgrrcs,
orcaqultls y gsdg. Hxphftcrgath. Zhrdäjumc
Zhrdäjumc (hxpu`sg pgrçsltcs).Ldpcrtgath5 hstg nlhrog hs
lailfgig pgrg nlpcthaslöa, pcr `c quh, covlgdhath ac sh rhfcdlhaig su hdp`hc g phrscags ih
prhslöa g`tg.

@gpgfnc5 Hs ua mrga töalfc y rhfcastltuyhath ih` crmgalsdc. Galtlaj`gdgtcrlc, gatllajhfflcscs.

@hvgatg `gs ihjhasgs y hstldu`g `g prciufflöa ih m`öou`cs rcecs. Ihpurgtlvc. Ilurìtlfc.
Gatlrrhudçtlfc. Lagphthaflg. Flrfu`gflöa sgamuäahg. Õtl` ha gahdlg y fugaic ngy alvh`hs g`tcs ih
fc`hsthrc`. [grg laj`gdgflöa
laj`g dgflöa y dc`hstlgs ha `g mgrmgatg.Ig ZLY
ZLYG@LIGI,
G@LIGI, HAH_MÄG y
OXHA ÇALDC.

@gvgaig Ylhah prcplhigihs rh`gegaths, gatlogfthrlgags y gatlsìptlfgs. Hs hstldu`gath ih` Vlsthdg

Flrfu`gtcrlc y töalfc ih` Vlsthdg Ahrvlcsc. Ic`crhs ih fgohzg. Fö`lfcs h lailmhstlcahs. Hstgics
ahrvlcscs. Hxfh`hath ha fgscs ih gmctgdlhatc ahrvlcsc y ic`crhs ih fgohzg fgusgics pcr hstrìs.
Hvltg hstgics ihprhslvcs. Gatlpgrgsltgrlc. Fgrdlagtlvg.

@hamug ih vgfg5 _hfcastltuyhath. Yöalfc. Gahdlg. _hfcastltuyhath ih `g plh`. Ylhah vltgdlag O7?
y g`gatcäag.

@`gatìa5 Ilgrrhg. Lailmhstlöa. Ihslaj`gdgtcrlc. Ic`cr ih mgrmgatg. Laj`gdgflöa ih hafägs.

Lajhfflcahs ih vägs urlagrlgs. G`hrmlgs rhsplrgtcrlgs. Gsdg, jgrlamltls, `grlamltls, rlaltls, slausltls, tcs.
Ylhah gfflöa sugvlzgath y hdc`lhath, gihdçs ih jgfl`ltgr `g hxphftcrgflöa.

Dg`vg _uolg5 Gjhfflcahs ih` Gpgrgtc _hsplrgtcrlc. Hxphftcrgath. Yc Ycss ih` judgicr.
judgicr. Gfflöa
gatltìrdlfg. [rcplhigihs ilmhstlvgs. Hstldu`g h` gphtltc. Ic`crhs dhastrug`hs. _hmu`gicr dhastrug`.
Gih`mgzgath (ha phrscags fca prhslöa g`tg). Hafägs laj`gdgigs (oufnhs).
 

Dgazgal``g5 Dg`gs ilmhstlcahs. Fcdogth fö`lfcs y fg`gdorhs lathstlag`hs. Hstldu`g tcics `cs
prcfhscs ilmhstlvcs. Mgshs. G`lvlg hstgics ih Gaslhigi, Ahrvlcs y Ihprhslöa.
Ihprhs löa. Ylhah
Ylhah prcplhigihs
gatllaj`gdgtcrlgs. Gatlhspgsdöilfg. Hxfh`hath pgrg lrrltgflöa h laj`gdgflöa ih` fc`ca. Ouhag pgrg
laiuflr g` suh÷c. Grdcalzgath. Hxfh`hath pgrg `g plh`.[cr sus prcplhigihs hstldu`gaths, ac sh
gfcasheg utl`lzgr hstg nlhrog ha duehrhs hdogrgzgigs.

Dgrfh`g5 Ilmhstlvc. Ihslaj`gdgath. Mgshs.

Dçtlfc5 Gatlnhdcrrclig`. Nhdcstçtlfc. Gstrlamhath. Hxfh`hath flfgtrlzgath lathrac y hxthrac

Dh`l`ctc5 . Nlphrthaslöa. Gih`mgzgath. Ic`cr y zudolic ih cäics. Ihslaj`gdgath ih `cs

cecs. Ylhah prcplhigihs ilurìtlfgs y gatlhspgsdöilfgs. J`uliljlfg `g sgamrh. Gftõg ha ZÇ_LFHV,
rlhsmc ih J@HOLYLV, plhrags phsgigs. Fg`crhs ih `g DHAC[
DHAC[GXVLG.
GXVLG. Y Ycs.
cs.

Dh`lsg5 Vhigath fca hjhftc GAYLIH[_HVLZC. Hxfh`hath ha fgrilcpgtägs ih crlmha ahrvlcsc

(pg`pltgflcahs, grrltdlgs, ic`crhs ih phfnc, htf.). sh hdp`hg ha trgstcracs ilmhstlvcs, pgrg h`ldlagr
J@GYX@HAFLGV,
J@G YX@HAFLGV, ic`crhs ih HVYÖDGMC y trgs trgstcracs
tcracs LAYHVYLAG@HV. Gatlhspgsdöilfc.
Dhatg Dgrhcs. Uudolics ha `cs cäics. Ilmhstlvc hstcdgfg`. Gatlhspgsdöilfc.
j`gtu`haflgs. Yrgstcracs dhastrug`hs. @`gmgs oufg`hs.

Ahaflg5 Hajhrdhigihs ih` hstödgmc. Gatlçflig. Ilmhstlvg. Mgshs y hruftcs. Gftõg scorh h` Vlsthdg
Ahrvlcsc.

Crtlmg5 Ilurìtlfc. Ihpurgtlvc. Gatlaj`gdgtcrlc mhahrg` y grtlfu`gr.

gr tlfu`gr. Gatlilgrrhlfc. Õtl` ha
Csthcpcrcsls, [scrlgsls y fcdc rhdlahrg`lzgath

[grlhtgrlg5 _hudgtlsdc. Mctg. Fç`fu`cs rhag`hs. Ilurìtlfc.

[gslcagrlg5 Vhigath. Fg`dgath. Laiufh g` VXH×C agturg`, scorh tcic sh hdp`hg fugaic ngy
jrhfuhaths lathrrupflcahs ih` suh÷c. Lailfgig ha fgscs ih LAVCDALC, AH_ AH_ZLCVLVDC,
ZLCVLVDC,
H^FLYGFLÖA,
H^FLY GFLÖA, L__LY
L__LYGOL@LIGI,
GOL@LIGI, GAVLHIGI, HVY_ÌV. G`lvlg `g ihshsphrgflöa, `g gamustlg y `g
ihprhslöa. _hjuhrzg h` trgtgdlhatc ih `gs gjhfflcahs fgriägfgs, `gs lrrhmu`grligihs flrfu`gtcrlgs y `g
thaslöa grthrlg`. [rhvlhah h` lajgrtc, pcr shr il`gtgicrg ih `gs grthrlgs fcrcagrlgs. Ac frhg nçoltc al
ihphaihaflg.

[hzu÷g vgfg5 Fcdogth `g ILGOHYHV

[lac, yhdgs5 Hsphflg` pgrg fcdogtlr fgtgrrcs y orcaqultls. Gjhfflcahs ih` G

Gpgrgtc
pgrgtc _hsplrgtcrlc.
Fc`hsthrc`.

[c`hc5 Ilmhstlvc. Fg`dgath hstcdgfg`. Fgrdlagtlvc. Ilgrrhgs. Hxfh`hath, ha usc hxthrac fcdc
`cflöa, pgrg sgrag, pscrlgsls, urtlfgrlg, nhrphs, sgrgdplöa y tcig hajhrdhigi quh prcvcquh plfgzöa
ha `g plh`. Hsfg`igiurgs ih` pg÷g`. Hrupflcahs.

_hmg`lz5 Õ`fhrg hstcdgfg`. Fg`dgath. Gflihz y gricr hstcdgfg`. Ilurìtlfc. Ilmhstlvc.

Fgtgrrcs. Ycs. Hxphftcrgath. Gyuig
Gyuig g ihegr ih judgr.
 

_htgdl``g5 Gftlvg `g flrfu`gflöa ih `g sgamrh. Lailfgig ha Nhdlp`helgs, Zçrlfhs, Gicrdhfldlhatc ih

plhrags y orgzcs, Fg`gdorhs.

_co`h5 Nhdcstçtlfc. Fcathahicr ih nhdcrrgmlgs (nhdcrrclihs, dhastrugflcahs gouaigaths, sgamrh

ha `g crlag, nhdcrrgmlgs lathrags). Gatl ilgrrhlfc. Yrgasplrgflöa hxfhslvg ha `cs plhs. Gatl
laj`gdgtcrlc ih `gs vçrlfhs. Gjtgs. Lrrltgflöa ih `g plh`.

_cdhrc5 Ihslatcxlfgath ih` NÄMGIC. Hdhagmcmc. Ilmhstlvc. YÖALFC FH_HO_G@. Gjhfflcahs

rhsplrgtcrlgs. Ihol`ligi fgriägfg y hstcdgfg`. Gatlrrhudçtlfc. [grg hxtrhdligihs jrägs. Nlpcthaslöa.
Vlsthdg Flrfu`gtcrlc. _hjuhrzg `g dhdcrlg.

_csg (j`cr)5 Fcatrc`g nhdcrrgmlgs gouaigaths. Hstldu`gath ih` Vlsthdg Flrfu`gtcrlc. Ihpurgicr
nhpçtlfc. Hstldu`g `g prciufflöa ih Ol`ls. Yöalfc ilmhstlvc. Vh hdp`hg ha mçrmgrgs pgrg g`lvlgr `g
lrrltgflöa ih mgrmgatg.

_uig5 Gatlpgrgsltgrlc. Hdhagmcmc. Yöalfc uthrlac. Gdhacrrhg. Ilsdhacrrhg. Yrgstcracs

hstcdgfg`hs. Fg`dg `cs ic`crhs ih fö`lfcs goicdlag`hs. Gatlrrhudçtlfg

Vgufh, fgsf.5 Gag`mìslfc. Fcdogth h` rhudgtlsdc y prhvlhah `gs gjhfflcahs fgriägfgs pcr
su gfflöa fcatrg `gs gfudu`gflcahs ih fc`hsthrc` ha `gs vhags. Hs tgdolìa duy hjhftlvc pgrg hvltgr
`g fgäig ih` fgoh``c.

Vha5 [cihrcsc `gxgath. Lathstlac phrhzcsc. Ac hstç lailfgic pgrg `cs al÷cs.
Yl`c5 [cihrcsc shigath, Fcdogth lascdalc. _hsjräcs, Jlhorh, tcs,
tcs , rcaquhrg. Fcavu`slcahs.
Lailmhstlöa. Gatlhspgsdöilfc. [rhslöa g`tg.

Ycdl``c5 Gpgrgtc rhsplrgtcrlc. Jg`tg ih gphtltc. [grçsltcs. Yöalfc fhrhorg`. Dhecrg `g dhdcrlg.
Gatlolötlfc agturg`.

Yusfg5 Grtrltls. Fcdogth rhudgtlsdc. H`ldlagicr ih` çflic õrlfc. Ihpurgtlvc. [urljlfg `g sgamrh.
Flfgtrlzgath ih `cs thelics.

X÷g ih mgtc5 Laduachstldu`gath. Lanloh `cs prcfhscs tudcrg`hs. Gfflöa gatllaj`dgtcrlg ha `g

grtrltls. Ihpurgtlvg lathstlag` y rhag`5 ilvhrtlfu`csls, fc`ltls, nhdcrrclihs, jästu`gs, mgstrltls, õ`fhrgs,
pgrgsltcsls, ihshqul`lorlcs ih `g j`crg lathstlag`, Lanlolicrg ih `g fcgmu`gflöa5 prhvlhah y
rhiufh h` rlhsmc ih prco`hdgs fgrilgfcs, ogeg `g thaslöa grthrlg`, gudhatg `g flrfu`gflöa, lanloh `g
jcrdgflöa ih p`gfg ha `gs pgrhihs ih `cs vgscs flrfu`gtcrlcs ih` fcrgzöa, fhrhorc y grthrlgs.
Fcatrglailfgig
Fcatrglailfg ig ha h` hdogrgzc y `g `gftgaflg.

Zg`hrlgag5 Hxfh`hath trgaqul`lzgath agturg` quh ac ihol`ltg h` hspärltu y ac frhg nçoltc.

Lascdalc. Gaslhigi. Gamustlg. [g`pltgflcahs. Ahrvlcslsdc. G`lvlg ic`crhs ih hstödgmc, ih vlhatrh,
gjhfflcahs ol`lgrhs, hstrh÷ldlhatc fröalfc,h lrrltgflöa ih` lathstlac ih crlmha ahrvlcsc. Gftõg ha
gjhfflcahs hspgsdöilfgs fcdc tcs, fg`gdorhs, gtgquhs ih ahrvlcs, htf AC prciufh hdoctgdlhatc
AL ilsdlauyh `cs rhj`hecs, `c quh `g ngfh lihg` pgrg `g gaslhigi jrhath g hxçdhahs, hatrhvlstgs
h laf`usc pgrg qulhahs fcaiufha. Ha `g H[L@H[VLG fcatrlouyh g prhvhalr `g frlsls.
Vh utl`lzg ha `gs furgs ih ihslatcxlfgflöa ih` tgogfc (hvltg h` ahrvlcslsdc y `g gamustlg, g `g vhz quh
ig ua sgocr ihsgmrgigo`h g` tgogfc).
 

\hrog Fgralfhrg5 Yrgstcracs ilmhstlvcs. Hajhrdhigihs nhpçtlfgs. Ilurìtlfg. Gatlrrhudçtlfg.

Ilmhstlvg.

Ugrzgdcrg5 Nhdcrrclihs. Ilgrrhg. Ilurìtlfg.

Vgdgatg Dgrtlahz Yhrgphutg Lathmrg`

Fcatgftc5 ;77-8;;?-:=<<
dgl`5h`ihsphrtgrih`gfcaflhaflgg
dgl`5h`ihsphrtgrih`gfcaflhaflggKmdgl`.fcd
Kmdgl`.fcd
 
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