Incubadora Atom Incu I

Lqucpa phrh rlocãk khocàs y prlmhturas4 Ckoujhàrh
Ckoujhàrh ckehktcg Htam ma`lga 828
28:?
Mhkuhg `l slrvcoca y gcsth `l pclzhs
HG ARLZH@AZ S HG ZL_RAK_HJGL @L
MHKPLKCMCLKPA S O\C@H@A @L GH \KC@H@4
Lstl mhkuhg `lsorcjl vhrcas tcpas `l cksploocÿk klolshrcas phrh hslfurhr
hsl furhr lg eukocakhmclkta
h`louhà `lg Ckou. C, ckoguc`hs ghs ckstruoocakls phrh gh rlsaguocÿk `l prajglmhs, gas
praol`cmclktas phrh ohmjchr oclrtas hdustls qul ka sl mlkocakhk lk lg Mhkuhg `l
eukocakhmclkta y gas puktas cmparthktls h tlklr lk oulkth hg mhkcpughr gh ukc`h`.
Lk lstl mhkuhg sl `lsorcjlk
`ls orcjlk lk `lthggl vhrcas tcpas `l cksploocÿk, ckoguc`h gh cksploocÿk
plrcÿ`coh. @ljlk slr rlhgczh`hs ôkcohmlktl par plrsakhs qul lstãk oampglthmlktl
ehmcgchrczh`hs oak lg eukocakhmclkta `l gh ukc`h`, qul tlkfhk gas oakaocmclktas tãokcoas y ghs
nhjcgc`h`ls klolshrchs phrh cksploocakhr gh ukc`h`.
_c phrlol qul sl rlquclrlk rlphrhocakls oama rlsugthà `l ouhgquclr cksploocÿk `lsorcth lk
lstl mhkuhg, lg plrsakhg oak oakaocmclktas y nhjcgc`h`ls mès hvhkzhàs `ljl rlhgczhr gh
rlphrhocÿk a `ljl oamukcohrsl oak su rlprlslkthktl gaohg `l Htam phrh sagcocthr lg slrvcoca `l
rlphrhocÿk.

AECOCKH @L GH \L
Uch E. Oraol, 5< - :22>8

:2 2>8 Hjjchtlfrhssa (MC) - Cthgch
Plg4 +?3 2: 3365?828 Ehx4 +?3 2: 3365?882

CKPZA@\OOCßK
Lstl mhkuhg `l slrvcoca `lsorcjl gas praol`cmclktas phrh cksploocakhr, rlphrhr y ohmjchr gh oakecfurhocÿk `lg Ckou C. Phmjcãk
`lsorcjl prlohuocakls y rlsaguocÿk `l prajglmhs lk oak`cocakls `l hghrmh. Gas praol`cmclktas `lsorctas lk lstl Mhkuhg `l
slrvcoca `ljlk slr rlhgczhàs ôkcohmlktl par plrsakhg ohphocthà lk lglotrcoc`h` y lg eukocakhmclkta `l gh ukc`h`. Kc
HtamMl`cohg Oarparhtcak kc su rlprlslkthktl slrèk rlspakshjgls `l gh ohgc`h` y lg rlk`cmclkta `l gh ukc`h` sc gh ukc`h` ka sl
`ljl mhkcpughr slfôk ghs ckstruoocakls a sc sl `ljlk utcgczhr pclzhs ka hutarczh`hs lk ghs rlphrhocakls. Ohjl sløhghr qul
ouhgquclr rlspakshjcgc`h` `lrcvh`h `l cksploocakhr, rlphrhr a ohmjchr gas hdustls `l gh ukc`h` rlohl lk gh plrsakh qul gh gglvÿ
h ohja.
Glh lstl Mhkuhg `l slrvcoca oak htlkocÿk y ehmcgchríolsl oampglthmlktl oak su oaktlkcà hktls `l cksploocakhr, rlphrhr a ohmjchr gh
oakecfurhocÿk `l gh ukc`h`. Fuhr`l lstl mhkuhg lk uk gufhr `l eèocg hoolsa phrh oaksugthrga ouhkà slh klolshrca. Rhrh ajtlklr
ckearmhocÿk mès `lthggh`h sajrl oÿma cksploocakhr, rlphrhr y ohmjchr gh oakecfurhocÿk `l gh ukc`h`, oamukíqulsl oak su
rlprlslkthktl gaohg `l Htam.
Glh `ltlkc`hmlktl lg Mhkuhg `l eukocakhmclkta hktls `l utcgczhr lg Mhkuhg `l slrvcoca.
CKEAZMHOCßK @L _LF\ZC@H@
Glh htlkthmlktl lg mhkuhg hktls `l utcgczhr gh ukc`h`. _cfh ghs ckstruoocakls ouhkà utcgcol gh ukc`h`.
z Ckstruoocakls jhscohs
8. Ghs ckstctuocakls mã`cohs sak rlspakshjgls `lg mhktlkcmclkta, cksploocÿk y ouc`hà `l gh ukc`h`.
:. Ouhkà lgcdh qul gh ukc`h` slh mhktlkc`h l cksploocakh`h a ouhkà sl `ltlrmckl qul gh ukc`h` klolscth rlphrhocakls h
phrtcr `l gas rlsugthàs `l gh cksploocÿk, oaksugtl h su rlprlslkthktl gaohg `l Htam y taml ukh `l ghs scfuclktls ml`c`hs.
8) Rrlfôktlgl h hgfuclk qul nhyh oampglthà uk oursa `l ohphocthocÿk lsplocecohà par Htam y qul tlkfh suecoclktls oakaocmclktas tãokcoas y
nhjcgc`h`ls phrh rlhgczhr lg trhjhda.
:) Rí`hgl h Htam qul lkvíl h su ckflkclra `l slrvcoca sc ka sl lkoulktrh `cspakcjgl ukh plrsakh qul nhyh oampglthà uk oursa `l ohphocthocÿk
lsplocecohà par Htam y qul tlkfh suecoclktls oakaocmclktas y nhjcgc`h`ls tãokcohs.
?) _agcoctl h Htam su hprajhocÿk phrh `lvagvlr gh ukc`h` phrh lg slrvcoca `l rlphrhocÿk.
?. _cfh ghs ckstruoocakls `l slfurc`h`.

Glh `ltlkc`hmlktl ghs prlohuocakls `l eukocakhmclkta hktls `l utcgczhr gh ukc`h`.
0. Cksploocakl gh ukc`h` plrcÿ`cohmlktl.

Ls klolshrch ukh cksploocÿk plrcÿ`coh phrh utcgczhr gh ukc`h` lk ÿptcmhs oak`cocakls.
<. Hslfôrlsl `l qul gh ukc`h` ka sl utcgcol sc sl lkoulktrh `lelotuash.

Paml ghs ml`c`hs h`louh`hs phrh hslfurhrsl `l qul ukh ukc`h` `lelotuash ka sl utcgcol par lrrar hktls `l qul sl cksploocakl y rlphrl
h`louh`hmlktl y sl ma`cecqulk sus hdustls phrh su eukocakhmclkta karmhg. Phgls ml`c`hs ckoguylk ck`cohr lk gh ukc`h` qul lstè jhda
cksploocÿk / rlphrhocÿk y mhktlklrgh hgldh`h `l atras `cspasctcvas qul eukocaklk oarrlothmlktl.
8

^ @leckcocakls `l ck`cohocÿk `l h`vlrtlkoch
_l utcgczhk trls kcvlgls `l ck`cohocÿk `l h`vlrtlkoch h ga ghrfa `l lstl mhkuhg y lk gh ukc`h`. _l `lecklk `l gh scfuclktl
mhklrh.
H RLGCFZA hvcsa ck`coh ukh sctuhocÿk `l plgcfra ckml`chta qul, sc ka sl lvcth,
RLGCFZA4 pravaohrè gh mulrtl a glscakls frhvls, `høas frhvls h gh prapcl`h`, oama gh pãr`c`h tathg `l usa
`l lqucpa a eulfa.
H@ULZPLKOCH4 H H@ULZPLKOCH
H H@ULZPLKOCH hvcsa ck`coh ukh sctuhocÿk ck`crlothmlktl (patlkochgmlktl) plgcfrash
H@ULZPLKOCH4 hocÿk qul, sc ka sl lvcth, pravaohrè gh mulrtl a glscakls frhvls, `høas frhvls h
prapcl`h` thg oama pãr`c`h tathg `l usa `l lqucpa
l qucpa a ckolk`ca.
H RZLOH\OCßK hvcsa ck`coh ukh sctuhocÿk plgcfrash qul, sc ka sl lvcth, pul`l rlsugthr lk
RZLOH\OCßK4 Glscakls mlkarls a ma`lrh`hs, `høas phrochgls hg lqucpa y pãr`c`h `l `htas hgmholkhàs.
lk oamputhàrhs.
O @leckcocÿk `l símjagas
8. _ímjagas phrh ck`cohr plgcfra, h`vlrtlkoch a prlohuocÿk
_ímjaga Pítuga l ck`cohocÿk
Htlkocak flklrhg
Ck`coh plgcfra, h`vlrtlkoch a prlohuocÿk flklrhg ka lsplocecoh`h.
Rrlohuocÿk4 suplrecocl ohgclktl

Ck`coh qul gh suplrecocl pul`l lsthr plgcfrashmlktl ohgclktl lk `ltlrmckh`hs oak`cocakls.
:. _ímjagas phrh prancjcr hoocakls
Rrancjcocÿk flklrhg
Ck`coh prancjcocÿk flklrhg ka lsplocecoh`h.
Rrancjcocÿk `l `lsmakthdl
Ck`coh gh prancjcocÿk `l `lsmakthr gh ukc`h` àk`l pul`h ohushr ukh `lsohrfh lgãotrcoh u atras
plgcfras.
Rrancjcocÿk `lg usa `lg eulfa
Ck`coh gh prancjcocÿk `lg usa `lg eulfa àk`l uk usa lxtlrka `lg eulfa pul`l nholr qul gh ukc`h` sl lkoclk`h jhda
oclrths oak`cocakls.
:

?. _ímjagas phrh `hr ckstruoocakls phrh gh hoocÿk.
Ckstruoocak flklrhg
Ck`coh ukh hoocÿk flklrhg ka lsplocecoh`h par phrtl `lg usuhrca.
Oaklotl uk ohjgl `l tclrrh

Ck`coh hg usuhrca qul oaklotl lg ohjgl `l tclrrh sck ehgth ouhkà gh ukc`h` lstã pravcsth `l uk
tlrmckhg `l tclrrh.
Zltcrl lg lkonuel `l gh tamh `l oarrclktl
Ck`coh hg usuhrca qul rltcrl lg lkonuel `l gh tamh `l oarrclktl lk ohsa `l mhg eukocakhmclkta a
ouhkà nhyh ukh hmlkhzh `l rhya.
0. _ímjagas `l karmhs cktlrkhocakhgls (CLO)
Lkolk`cà
Ck`coh lk rlghocÿk oak lg cktlrruptar `l lkolk`cà qul lg `cspasctcva lstè oaklothà h gh eulktl `l hgcmlkthocÿk.
Hphfhà
Ck`coh lk rlghocÿk oak lg cktlrruptar `l lkolk`cà qul lg `cspasctcva ka lstè oaklothà h gh eulktl `l hgcmlkthocÿk.
Rclzh hpgcoh`h tcpa JE

Ck`coh qul lg `cspasctcva lstè oghscecohà oama Pcpa JE lk tãrmckas `lg frhà `l pratloocÿk oaktrh
`lsohrfhs lgãotrcohs.
Ohmphkh scglkoch`h
Ck`coh uk cktlrruptar `l oaktrag phrh scglkochr gh ohmphkh `l earmh plrmhklktl a tlmparhg, a qul gh ohmphkh lstè
scglkoch`h.
Elonh `l mhkuehoturh
Ck`coh gh elonh lk gh qul sl ehjrcoÿ gh ukc`h` lk eèjrcoh.
Zlocoghjgl (jhtlríh)
Ck`coh qul sl rloamclk`h rlocoghr.

_ímjaga ZHLL
Lk lg èrlh `l gh OL, uk praùota lgãotrcoa y lglotrÿkcoa plrtlkloclktl h ukh `l ghs ohtlfaríhs
lsplocecoh`hs lk gh ‗@CZLOPCUH :22:/35 / OL @LG RHZGHMLKPA L\ZARLA S @LG OAK_LDA `l :6 `l
lklra `l :22? sajrl Zlscùas `l Hphrhtas Lgãotrcoas y Lglotrÿkcoas (ZHLL)” `ljl lgcmckhrsl. `l ukh
mhklrh oakscstlktl oak ghs glyls y rlfughocakls rlglvhktls.
Lstl símjaga ck`coh qul lg rlqucscta mlkocakhà hktlrcarmlktl sl hpgcoh h lstl praùota.
?

<. Atras símjagas
Oakecfurhocÿk
Ck`coh qul sl humlkth uk hdustl.
Oakecfurhocÿk
Ck`coh qul sl nh rlùocà uk hdustl.
Cktlrruptar `l vcsuhgczhocÿk `l gh phkthggh prckocphg
Ck`coh uk cktlrruptar phrh mastrhr gh phkthggh prckocphg.
Cktlrruptar `l vcsuhgczhocÿk `l gh phkthggh `l tlk`lkochs
Ck`coh uk cktlrruptar phrh mastrhr gh phkthggh `l tlk`lkochs.
Cktlrruptar `l vcsuhgczhocÿk `l gh phkthggh `lg mlkô
Ck`coh uk cktlrruptar phrh mastrhr gh phkthggh `lg mlkô.
Cktlrruptar `l vcsuhgczhocÿk `l gh phkthggh `lg axímltra `l pugsa
Ck`coh uk cktlrruptar phrh mastrhr gh phkthggh `lg pugscaxímltra a gh eukocÿk rlghocakh`h oak gh erloulkoch `lg pugsa.
Cktlrruptar `l vcsuhgczhocÿk `l gh phkthggh `l plsa
Ck`coh uk cktlrruptar phrh mastrhr gh phkthggh `l plsa a gh eukocÿk rlghocakh`h oak lg plsa `lg jljã.
Jhtlríh
Ck`coh sc gh ckoujhàrh lstè hgcmlkth`h par ukh jhtlríh a ka.
Ocroughocÿk `l hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh

Ck`coh gh eukocÿk rlghocakh`h oak gh ocroughocÿk `l hcrl lk gh ckoujhàrh lk lg maà ckoujhàrh a qul gh
ckoujhàrh lstè lk oaktrag mhkuhg.
Oakecfurhocÿk
Ck`coh vhgarls lsthjglocàs a lg praol`cmclkta `l oakecfurhocÿk.
Plmplrhturh `l gh pclg
Ck`coh gh eukocÿk rlghocakh`h oak gh tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg `lg jljã a qul gh ckoujhàrh lstè lk slrvaoaktrag.
Plmplrhturh
Ck`coh, oak lstl símjaga saga a oak atras símjagas, ukh tlmplrhturh `ltloth`h a ukh hghrmh `l tlmplrhturh
oakecfurh`h.
Plmplrhturh
Plmplrhturh plrceãrcoh
Ck`coh gh eukocÿk rlghocakh`h oak gh tlmplrhturh plrceãrcoh `lg jljã (tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg :).
Kcvlg `l hfuh jhda / sck hfuh

Ck`coh qul nhy paoh a kh`h `l hfuh lk gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`.
Oèmhrh `l numl`h` `lelotuash

Ck`coh qul hgfa hk`h mhg oak gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`.
0

Oèmhrh `l numl`h` hphfh`h

Ck`coh qul gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` ka lstè oagaoh`h oarrlothmlktl.
Numl`h`
Ck`coh gh eukocÿk rlghocakh`h oak gh numl`h`.
Axíflka
A : Ck`coh gh eukocÿk rlghocakh`h oak lg axíflka.
Ohphoc`h` `l ohrfh
Ck`coh gh ohphoc`h` `l ohrfh mèxcmh.
Lvctl slr htrhphà

Ck`coh qul lg usuhrca `ljl lvcthr qul`hr htrhphà lk lg lsphoca `lg `cspasctcva.
Cktlrelrlkoch
(Klggoar) Ck`coh qul lxcstl cktlrelrlkoch.
Jôsqul`h `l pugsa
Ck`coh qul ka sl `ltloth pugsa.

(Klggoar)
<

OAKPLKC@A
CKPZA@\OOCßK ................................................. ... 8 <-?-:. _aguocÿk `l prajglmhs ouhkà gh ukc`h`

Ka eukocakh oarrlothmlktl .............. 68
RAZ EHUAZ GLH _CK EHGGA 0-<. Atras ................................................. ..... 6>
Y8] Rrlohuocakls `l eukocakhmclkta ............................... >

@L_MAKPHDL S ZLLMRGHTA
8-8. RLGCFZA ................................................. ... >
8-:. H@ULZPLKOCH ................................................. . 3 Y5] @lsmakthdl y rllmpghza
8-?. RZLOH\OCßK ................................................. 88 Rraol`cmclktas ................................................. 3<
Y:] C`lktcecohocÿk `l pclzhs ................................... 8? 5-8. Rhrhrsl ................................................. ............. 3<
5-8-8. Lxtrhoocÿk `lg oulrpa prckocphg
:-8. Oulrpa prckocphg ................................................ ..... 8?
`ls`l lg _thk` `l NG ............................... 3<
:-:. Rhklg `l oaktrag ................................................ `clocsãcs
5-8-:. Zllmpghza `lg hotuhàr ....................... 36
:-?. Rhkthgghs `l vcsuhgczhocÿk ........................................... 86
5-8-?. Zllmpghza `lg cktlrruptar `l pcl ................. 36
:-?-8. @lsorcpocÿk flklrhg `l 5-8-0. Zllmpghza `l gh pghoh `l rlgãs `lg
ghs phkthgghs .......................................... 86
Rl`hgls phrh hdustl `l hgturh ............ 33
:-?-:. @chfrhmh `l trhkscocÿk `l phkthggh ................ 83
5-8-<. Zllmpghza `l gh rul`h .......................... 33
:-?-?. Gcsth `l aplrhocakls `cspakcjgls
5-:. Ohpuonh ................................................. ............ 822
lk oh`h phkthggh ................................... :2
5-:-8. Zllmpghza `lg lkshmjghdl `l gh ohmphkh ........ 822
:-?-0. Rhkthggh prckocphg .......................................... :2
5-:-:. Zllmpghza `l gh h`mcscÿk
:-?-<. Rhkthggh `lg pugscaxímltra ...................... :?
_apartl `l jgaqula `lg phklg ............................. 828
:-?-5. Rhkthggh `l plsa ..................................... :6
5-:-?. Zllmpghza `lg mÿùga slksar
:-0. Mlkô `l slrvcoca
gh phkthggh `lg mlkô(oÿma aplrhr
`l slrvcoca) .......................... ?<
Rasllàr ................................................. . 828
5-:-0. Zllmpghza `lg _khp-aplk
:-0-8. Oÿma ckfrlshr hg mlkô `l slrvcoca ........ ?< Rulrta `l hoolsa _ / V ................................ 82:
:-0-:. Aplrhocÿk `lg slrvcoca 5-:-<. Zllmpghza `l gh h`mcscÿk
Rhkthggh `l mlkô ........................................ ?5 Makthdl `lg phklg ................................. 82:
5-:-5. Zllmpghza `lg phklg `l h`mcscÿk
MHKPLKCMCLKPA Jcshfrh (oak jhk`ldh phrh ohsltls `l rhyas ^
Y?] Cksploocÿk `l mhktlkcmclkta .......................... 08 Rulrth) ................................................ .... 82?

?-8. Cksploocÿk hktls `lg usa ................................. 0: 5-:-6. Zllmpghza `lg phklg `l h`mcscÿk
Rhghkoh `l aplrhocÿk Z / G .......................... 820
?-8-8. Cksploocÿk vcsuhg ................................. 0:
?-8-:. Cksploocÿk eukocakhg .......................... 0? 5-:->. Zllmpghza `lg phklg `l h`mcscÿk
Rlrcggh `l eukocakhmclkta .................................. 820
?-8-?. Cksploocÿk `l rlk`cmclkta ..................... 05
5-:-3. Zllmpghza `l gh phrl` cktlrcar
?-8-0. Oamprajhocÿk y ohgcjrhocÿk
lg makctar `l plsa .............................. 06 Rhghkoh Z / G ............................................ 82<
5-:-82. Zllmpghza `l gh phrl` cktlrcar
?-:. Cksploocÿk trcmlstrhg ..................................... 0>
(phrh lg Ckou C) ..................................... 82<
?-?. Gcsth `l vlrcecohocÿk `l cksploocÿk ..................................... 03 5-:-88. Zllmpghza `lg oadckltl `l phrl` cktlrcar ... 825
?-0. Rclzhs `l rlpulsta plrcÿ`cohs y
5-:-8:. Zllmpghza `lg ldl `l gh phrl` cktlrcar ........ 825
Oÿma rllmpghzhrgas .................................. <2
5-?. Oulrpa prckocphg ................................................ ... 826
?-0-8. Zllmpghza `lg ecgtra ............................. <8
5-?-8. Lxtrhoocÿk `l gh sloocÿk suplrcar `lg
?-0-:. Zllmpghza `lg slksar `l axíflka .......... <:
Oulrpa prckocphg `lg oulrpa prckocphg ....... 826
:-?-6. Rhkthggh `l mlkô ........................................ :3
5-?-:. Zllmpghza `lg ohglkthàr ........................ 82>
:-?->. Rhkthggh `l tlk`lkoch ....................................... ??
5-?-?. Zllmpghza `lg matar .......................... 823
Y0] Gcmpclzh y `lsckeloocÿk ......................
...................... <0 5-?-0. Zllmpghza `l gh tlmplrhturh hgth
0-8. Lkshmjghdl `l gh ohmphkh ............................................. << _lksar ................................................. 882
0-:. Rghthearmh `lg oagonÿk y pclzhs `ljhda ....... <6 5-?-<. Zllmpghza `l gh oujclrth `l gh ohdh `l oaktrag ... 888
0-?. Oèmhrh `l numl`h` ....................................... <3 5-?-5. Zllmpghza `lg cktlrruptar `l lkolk`cà ............ 888
0-<. Atras ................................................. ........... 52 5-?-6. Zllmpghza `l gh pghoh `l `ltloocÿk .......
..... .. 88:
5-?->. Zllmpghza `l gh ukc`h` jhsoughktl ................. 88?
Y<] _aguocÿk `l prajglmhs ........................................ 58
5-?-3. Zllmpghza `l gh `ltloocÿk `l pascocÿk
<-8. Hghrmhs ................................................. ........... 58
Phjglra (phrh gh @ltloocÿk `l gh
<-:. _aguocÿk `l prajglmhs ............................................ 56 Phjglra ml`ca) ..................................... 88?
<-?. @chfrhmh `l eguda `l rlsaguocÿk `l prajglmhs ......................... 53
5-?-82. Zllmpghza `l gh dukth `lg ecgtra .................. 880
<-?-8. _aguocÿk `l prajglmhs ouhkà gh ukc`h` 5-?-88. Zllmpghza `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`
Ka sl pul`l oaktraghr h`louh`hmlktl ......... 53 Lmjhghdl `l gh oujclrth H ................................ 88<

R
A
Z
E
H
U
A
Z
5-<-8:. Zllmpghza `lg oaklotar
G
5-?-8:. Zllmpghza `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` L
H
Oukh ................................................. . 88< Ohp H / J .............................................. . 8?> _
C
5-?-8?. Zllmpghza `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` 5-5. Rghthearmh `lg oagonÿk ....................................... 8?3 K
Oujrcr ................................................. .. 885
E
5-5-8. Zllmpghza `lg pratlotar / ghtlrhg phrh jljãs H
G
5-?-80. Zllmpghza `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` Jhjy Fuhr` ........................................ 8?3 G
A
Lmjhghdl `l gh oujclrth O ................................ 885
5-?-8<. Zllmpghza `lg oaklotar `lg 5-5-:. Zllmpghza `lg
5-5-?. Zllmpghza `lg makctar
plstcgga ..........................
`l plsa 8?3
Oèmhrh `l numl`h` ............................ 886 Mÿùga ................................................ 802
5-?-85. Zllmpghza `l gh `ltloocÿk `l pascocÿk
M
Phjglra (phrh gh @ltloocÿk `l gh CKEAZMHOCßK H
Phph `l gh ohg`lrh) .......................................... 886 K
Y6] @chfrhmh `l jgaquls lgãotrcoas ....................... 808 P
5-?-86. Zllmpghza `l gh `ltloocÿk `l pascocÿk L
Y>] @chfrhmh `l ohjglhà ........................................ 80:
K
Phjglra (phrh gh `ltloocÿk `l gh thph `l gh C
M
oèmhrh `l numl`h`) ............... 88> >-8. \kc`h` `l mhklda ................................................ ..... 80: C
L
5-?-8>. Zllmpghza `l gh patlkoch `l oaktrag >-:. Oulrpa prckocphg ................................................ ... 80? K
P
Prhksearmhàr ........................................ 88> >-?. \kc`h`ls plrceãrcohs .......................................... 800 A
5-?-83. Zllmpghza `l gh hgcmlkthocÿk `l gh ukc`h`
Y3] Gcsth `l pclzhs ............................................. ...... 80<
Prhksearmhàr ........................................ 883
3-8. Ecf-8 Oulrpa prckocphg y hoolsarcas ........... 805
5-?-:2. Zllmpghza `lg oaktraghàr `l axíflka
3-:. Rhklg `l oaktrag Ecf-: .................................... 80> @
Makthdl ............................................ 8:2 L
5-?-:8. Zllmpghza `l gh vègvugh `l eguda mèscoa ... 8:2
3-?. Ecf-? Oèmhrh `l numl`h` ........................... 8<2 _
M
5-?-::. Zllmpghza `l gh vègvugh saglkac`l .......... 8:8 3-0. Rghthearmh `lg oagonÿk Ecf-0 ............................. 8<:
A
K
5-0. \kc`h` `l pa`lr ................................................ ... 8:: 3-<. Ecf-< _loocÿk suplrcar `lg P
H
5-0-8. Zllmpghza `lg thjglra `l oaktrag Oulrpa prckocphg 8 ............................................... . 8<0 D
L
(phrh lg @uhg Ckou C) ............................ 8:: 3-5. Ecf-5 _loocÿk suplrcar `lg
S
Z
5-0-:. Zllmpghza `l gh jhtlríh ....................... 8:? Oulrpa prckocphg : ............................................... . 8<5
L
L
3-6. Ecf-6 _loocÿk suplrcar `lg
M
5-0-?. Zllmpghza `lg oaktrag `lg ohglkthàr R
Phjglra (phrh lg Ckou C) ......................... 8:0 Oulrpa prckocphg ? ............................................... . 8<>
G
H
5-0-0. Zllmpghza `l gh lktrh`h `lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk ... 8:5
T
3->. Ecf-> _loocÿk ckelrcar `lg oulrpa prckocphg ... 852 A
5-0-<. Zllmpghza `lg zumjhàr ........................ 8:6 3-3. Ecf-3 \kc`h` `l patlkoch ......................................... 85:
5-0-5. Zllmpghza `lg ecgtra `l rucà ................ 8:6
3-82. Ecf-82 Oakdukta `lg oaktraghàr `l axíflka ....... 850
5-0-6. Zllmpghza `lg hdustl `l hgturh
3-88. Ecf-88 _loocakls suplrcar l ckelrcar `l
Phjglra `l trhksmcscÿk ........................................ 8:>
lg oulrpa prckocphg y gh ohdh `lg ecgtra
C
K
5-0->. Zllmpghza `l gh pghoh rlotcecohàrh .......... 8:>
Makthdl ................................................. .... 855
E
5-0-3. Zllmpghza `lg euscjgl ........................... 8:3 A
3-8:. _apartl Ecf-8: .............................................. . 85>
Z
5-0-82. Zllmpghza `lg sustrhta hcsghktl M
(_pA : \kc`h`) ......................................... 8:3 3-8?. Ecf-8? Rugscaxímltra (Mhscma) ............. 862
H
3-80. Ecf-80 Rugscaxímltra (Klggoar) .............. 86:
O
5-<. Rhklg `l oaktrag .............................................. 8?2 C
ß
5-<-8. Zllmpghza `lg jrhza phrh lg makthdl K
lg ohrrcg `l eukocÿk ................................ 8?2 HRÃK@COL
5-<-:. Zllmpghza `l gh fuíh `lg ohjgl .............. 8?2 Y82] Ckearmhocÿk tãokcoh ...........
............................ 860
.................
5-<-?. Zllmpghza `lg phklg erakthg ............... 8?8
82-8. @htas tãokcoas ............................................ 860
5-<-0. Zllmpghza `lg phklg trhslra
(oak gèmphrh `l hghrmh) ............................. 8?:
82-:. Kcvlg y oghscecohocÿk LMO .................. 863
5-<-<. Zllmpghza `lg mÿùga GO@ .............. 8?? Y88] Lgcmckhocÿk .............................................. ....... 8>?
5-<-5. Zllmpghza `lg hgthvaz ..................... 8?0 H
R
5-<-6. Zllmpghza `l gh gèmphrh `l hghrmh Ã
Phjglra ................................................. .. 8?<
K
@
5-<->. Zllmpghza `lg ck`cohàr `l lkolk`cà C
O
Phjglra ................................................. .. 8?< L
5-<-3. Zllmpghza `l gh phkthggh GO@
Phjglra ................................................. .. 8?5
5-<-82. Zllmpghza `lg ckvlrsar OOEG ........... 8?6
5-<-88. Zllmpghza `l gh pcgh `l jatÿk
phrh lg phklg `l oaktrag ......................... 8?6

Rrlohuocakls `l eukocakhmclkta
Y8] Rrlohuocakls `l eukocakhmclkta
_cfh ghs ckstruoocakls `l eukocakhmclkta `lsorcths lk lstl Mhkuhg `l slrvcoca y gcsth `l pclzhs phrh lg usa slfura `l gh ukc`h`. Gh
ukc`h` saga `ljl slr aplrh`h par plrsakhs qul nhyhk scà ohphocth`hs l ckstruc`hs h`louh`hmlktl lk su aplrhocÿk. Gh ukc`h`
`ljl utcgczhrsl ôkcohmlktl phrh lg usa prlvcsta.
8-8. RLGCFZA
_c ka sl scfulk ghs ckstruoocakls qul sl `hk h oaktckuhocÿk, sl praùocrèk gh mulrtl a glscakls frhvls, `høas hg lqucpa a uk
ckolk`ca.
_aga hqulggas qul nhyhk rlocjcà gh earmhocÿk h`louh`h `ljlk utcgczhr gh ukc`h`.
Hslfôrlsl `l mhktlklr olrrhàs gas phklgls `l lktrh`h y gas pulrtas `l hoolsa ouhkà gh ukc`h` lstã lk usa.
Lg usa `l gh ukc`h` oak uk phklg `l lktrh`h a uk pulrta `l hoolsa `ldhà hjclrta pul`l nholr qul lg jljã sl ohcfh `lg
oamphrtcmlkta `lg jljã. Hslfôrlsl `l olrrhr gas phklgls `l lktrh`h y gas pulrtas `l hoolsa ouhkà rlhgcol eatatlrhpch lk uk
jljã `lktra `l gh ckoujhàrh.
Oaktragl gh tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg `lg jljã ouhkà utcgcol gh ukc`h`.
_c gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh humlkth ùrhktl gh eatatlrhpch, praol`h oak gh eatatlrhpch `lspuãs `l
oagaohr hg jljã lk ukh oukh a lk ukh ckoujhàrh `l tcpa hjclrta (uk ohglkthàr phrh jljãs), slfôk ghs ck`cohocakls
`lg mã`coa.
@hà qul uk jljã mhùra lmctl muona ohgar, gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh pul`l humlkthr sc oagaoh hg jljã lk gh
ckoujhàrh y rlhgczh eatatlrhpch. Gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh thmjcãk pul`l humlkthr sc ush vhrchs ukc`h`ls `l
eatatlrhpch hg mcsma tclmpa a sc gh tlmplrhturh hmjclktl ls hgth. Lk thg ohsa, praol`h oak gh eatatlrhpch `lspuãs `l oagaohr hg
jljã lk ukh oukh a ukh ckoujhàrh `l tcpa hjclrta, slfôk ghs ck`cohocakls `lg mã`coa. Plkfh suecoclktl ouc`hà hg ushr ukh oukh,
yh qul sl vulgvl `ceíocg ajslrvhr hg jljã. Hgtlrkhtcvhmlktl, oagaohr ukh jagsh `l nclga `lktra `l gh ckoujhàrh tclkl lg lelota `l
`csmckucr gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh.
_ck lmjhrfa, hslfôrlsl `l olrrhr gas phklgls `l lktrh`h y gas pulrtas `l hoolsa thmjcãk lk lstl ohsa.
Ka `ldl gh ukc`h` `lshtlk`c`h ouhkà uk phklg `l lktrh`h a uk pulrta `l hoolsa lstã hjclrta.
_c sl `ldh hjclrta uk phklg `l lktrh`h a uk pulrta `l hoolsa, lg jljã pul`l ohlrsl `lg oamphrtcmlkta
oamphrtcmlkta `lg jljã y suercr glscakls marthgls.
Kukoh `ldl gh ukc`h` `lshtlk`c`h ouhkà uk phklg `l lktrh`h a uk pulrta `l hoolsa lstã hjclrta.
@ldl `l ushr gh ukc`h` `l ckml`chta y jusqul rlphrhocÿk sc uk phklg `l lktrh`h, uk pulrta `l hoolsa `l hplrturh rèpc`h a
ukh phghkoh `l prlscÿk sl lkoulktrhk sulgtas a `lelotuasas `l hgfukh mhklrh.
Lg jljã pul`l ohlrsl `lg oamphrtcmlkta phrh jljãs.
Kukoh oagaqul uk ohglkthàr oarparhg a ouhgquclr atrh eulktl `l cfkcocÿk pascjgl `lktra a olroh `l gh ukc`h`.
Lg usa `l axíflka humlkthrè lg rclsfa `l lxpgascÿk a ckolk`ca. Gas ohglkthàrls oarparhgls u atras `cspasctcvas lk gas qul sl ush eulfa a
qul flklrhrèk ukh oncsph pul`lk ohushr ukh lxpgascÿk a uk ckolk`ca sc sl ushk olroh `l gh ukc`h`.
Ka utcgcol gh ukc`h` lk prlslkoch `l uk fhs hklstãscoa ckeghmhjgl.

Gh ukc`h` pul`l pravaohr ukh lxpgascÿk a uk ckolk`ca sc sl utcgczh lk prlslkoch `l `cona fhs.
Ka usl ãtlr, hgoanag a ouhgquclr

o uhgquclr atrh susthkoch ckeghmhjgl.
Ckogusa ukh plquløh ohktc`h` `l ãtlr, hgoanag u atrhs susthkochs ckeghmhjgls pul`lk pravaohr uk ckolk`ca ouhkà sl mlzoghk oak lg
axíflka lk gh ckoujhàrh.
>

R
A
Oaklotl h tclrrh gh ukc`h` `l earmh slfurh. Z
E
@l ga oaktrhrca, ukh eufh
e ufh `l oarrclktl pul`l pravaohr ukh `lsohrfh lgãotrcoh. Rhrh
R hrh oampglthr gh oaklxcÿk h tclrrh, oaklotl lg ohjgl H
U
`l hgcmlkthocÿk saga h ukh tamh `l oarrclktl ?R oak oaklxcÿk h tclrrh h`louh`h qul ckoguyh uk tlrmckhg `l tclrrh. Ka aplrl gh
A
Z
ukc`h` sc tclkl hgfukh ù`h sajrl su oaklxcÿk h tclrrh. G
L
H
_
C
Ka utcgcol uk `cspasctcva qul flklrl hgth erloulkoch olroh `l gh ukc`h`. K
E
Rhrh lvcthr lg mhg eukocakhmclkta `l gh ukc`h` `ljcà h hthsoas, ka utcgcol ouoncggas qucrôrfcoas lgãotrcoas, lqucpas `l H
G
G
oamukcohocÿk partètcgls y mÿvcgls y atras `cspasctcvas qul flklrlk hgth erloulkoch olroh `l gh ukc`h` ùrhktl su eukocakhmclkta. A
Hkhgcol gas kcvlgls `l fhs hrtlrchg rlpltc`hmlktl ouhkà sl rlquclrh uk hmjclktl oak hgta oaktlkcà `l axíflka.
Ouhkà lg jljã rlquclrl uk hmjclktl oak hgta oaktlkcà `l axíflka, ls lxtrlmh`hmlktl cmparthktl y lslkochg hkhgczhr
plrcÿ`cohmlktl gas kcvlgls `l fhs hrtlrchg phrh mhktlklr gh oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka `lslh`h lk gh ckoujhàrh. _cfh ghs
ckstruoocakls `lg mã`coa phrh ml`cr gh oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka parqul cfkarhr gas rlqucsctas lslkochgls pul`l
humlkthr lg rclsfa `l rltckaphtíh `lg prlmhtura y atras lelotas h`vlrsas.
Ka fagpll gh ukc`h` kc `ldl qul fagpll kh`h.

Gas tarkcggas a ghs pclzhs ecdhs pul`lk hegadhrsl.
8-:. H@ULZPLKOCH
_c ka sl scfulk ghs ckstruoocakls `h`hs h oaktckuhocÿk, sl praùocrèk gh mulrtl a glscakls frhvls `ljcà h uk ckolk`ca a ukh `lsohrfh
lgãotrcoh.
Hslfôrlsl `l slfucr ghs ckstruoocakls `lg mã`coa phrh oakecfurhr gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh a gh
tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg `lg jljã.
Hslfôrlsl `l slfucr ghs ckstruoocakls `lg mã`coa phrh lsthjglolr gh numl`h` rlghtcvh lk gh ckoujhàrh.
Hslfôrlsl `l slfucr ghs ckstruoocakls `lg mã`coa hg sumckcstrhr axíflka.
Hslfôrlsl `l slfucr ghs ckstruoocakls `lg mã`coa phrh lsthjglolr gh oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka lk gh ckoujhàrh.
\sl saga axíflka phrh usa mã`coa.
Hslfôrlsl `l tlklr lk oulkth ghs

g hs scfuclktls prlohuocakls ùrhktl lg sumckcstra `l axíflka.
Ka oagaqul ohglkthàrls oarparhgls, gcktlrkhs, holctls y frhshs a mhtlrchs ckeghmhjgls vhparczhjgls lk gh ckoujhàrh.
\sl hgfa`ÿk pura phrh gh raph `lg jljã, sèjhkhs, lto. Ka usl kckfôk mhtlrchg qul sl ohrful eèocgmlktl oak
lglotrcoc`h` lstètcoh.
\sl hgfa`ÿk pura a mhtlrchgls cfkíeufas phrh gh raph `l gas mã`coas, lkelrmlrhs y plrsakhg `l hmjughkochs qul mhkldhk lsth ukc`h`.
Plkfh lk oulkth ghs scfuclktls prlohuocakls hg utcgczhr lg lqucpa `l sumckcstra `l axíflka.

_c holctl, frhsh a ukh susthkoch frhsh lktrh lk oakthota oak axíflka prlsurczhà, pul`l aourrcr ukh cfkcocÿk lspaktèklh
vcaglkth. Ka plrmcth qul thgls susthkochs sl h`nclrhk hg rlfughàr `l prlscÿk `l axíflka, gh vègvugh `lg ocgck`ra `l axíflka, ghs
tujlríhs, ghs oaklxcakls y atrhs phrtls `lg lqucpa `l sumckcstra `l axíflka.
Lk uk ocgck`ra `l axíflka `l hgth prlscÿk, usl saga ukh vègvugh rlùotarh `l prlscÿk prajh`h a ukh vègvugh rlfughàrh `l prlscÿk ck`coh`h
lsploíecohmlktl phrh lg sumckcstra `l axíflka. Ka utcgcol ukh vègvugh `l lstl tcpa phrh kckfôk fhs qul ka slh hcrl u axíflka. Ls plgcfrasa
ushr ukh vègvugh phrh sumckcstrhr uk fhs qul ka slh hcrl u axíflka y gulfa vagvlr h sumckcstrhr axíflka.
3

_c lg slksar `l axíflka sl rampl a sl `høh, lg lglotragcta `lg cktlrcar pul`l lsohphrsl `lg
slksar. _c lktrh lk oakthota oak lg lglotragcta, gèvlga `l ckml`chta y oak hjuk`hktl hfuh.
Lstè prancjcà eumhr lk gh nhjcthocÿk àk`l lstè cksthgh`h gh ukc`h`.

Ka oagaqul pascjgls eulktls `l cfkcocÿk lk gh nhjcthocÿk.
Lvctl `høhr lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk.

\k ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk `høhà pul`l pravaohr uk ckolk`ca a ukh `lsohrfh lgãotrcoh.
Ka `ldl qul lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk qul`l htrhphà lktrl gh ukc`h` y gh phrl`, uk lsthktl a lg sulga. Ka oagaqul
lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk olroh `l uk hphrhta `l ohglehoocÿk kc ga ohgclktl.
Ka oagaqul kh`h plshà sajrl lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk.
Hfhrrl sclmprl lg lkonuel `l hgcmlkthocÿk oak gh mhka phrh `lsoaklothr lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk `lg tamhoarrclktl. \k ohjgl `l
hgcmlkthocÿk `høhà `ljl sustctucrsl ckml`chthmlktl par uka kulva.
\tcgcol ôkcohmlktl lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk sumckcstrhà oak gh ukc`h`.

@l ga oaktrhrca, pa`ríh praùocrsl uk ckolk`ca a ukh `lsohrfh lgãotrcoh.
Hktls `l gcmpchr y `lsckelothr gh ukc`h`, hslfôrlsl `l hphfhr lg cktlrruptar `l lkolk`cà, qucthr lg lkonuel `l
hgcmlkthocÿk y plrmctcr qul gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh y gh tlmplrhturh `lg ohglkthàr jhdlk ga
suecoclktl.
Ka taqul lg lkonuel `l hgcmlkthocÿk oak ghs mhkas madh`hs.

_c taoh lg lkonuel `l hgcmlkthocÿk oak ghs mhkas madh`hs, pul`l praùocrsl ukh `lsohrfh lgãotrcoh.
Ka taqul gas ohglkthàrls ùrhktl lg usa a paoa `lspuãs `l su usa.

Gas ohglkthàrls lstèk thk ohgclktls ùrhktl lg usa y paoa `lspuãs `lg usa qul pul`l qulmhrsl. @ldl qul gas ohglkthàrls sl
lkerílk ga suecoclktl hktls `l taohrgas.
Ka `lsmaktl kc ma`cecqul gh ukc`h`.

@lshrmhr a ma`cecohr gh ukc`h` pul`l pravaohr uk ckolk`ca, ukh `lsohrfh lgãotrcoh a glscakls.
Ka cksthgl gh ukc`h` àk`l lsthrè lxpulsth h numl`h`, pagva a vhpar lxolscvas.

Gh cksthghocÿk `l gh ukc`h` lk uk gufhr hsí pul`l pravaohr uk ckolk`ca a ukh `lsohrfh lgãotrcoh.
Gh tamh `l oarrclktl `ljl lsthr ujcoh`h olroh `l gh ukc`h` phrh lvcthr lg oakthota hooc`lkthg oak uk ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk qul sl
hrrhstrl. \tcgcol ukh tamh `l oarrclktl ck`lplk`clktl phrh oh`h ukc`h`.
Ka oagaqul muonhs ohrfhs lk ukh tamh `l oarrclktl.
Rhrh oampglthr gh oaklxcÿk h tclrrh, oaklotl lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk saga h ukh tamh `l oarrclktl ?R oak
oaklxcÿk h tclrrh h`louh`h qul ckoguyh uk tlrmckhg `l tclrrh.
Ka aplrl gh ukc`h` sc tclkl hgfukh ù`h sajrl su oaklxcÿk h tclrrh.
Oaklotl h tclrrh lg lqucpa lgãotrcoa plrceãrcoa `l earmh slfurh.
Kukoh oaklotl gh ukc`h` h ukh tamh `l oarrclktl `celrlktl h gh lsplocecoh`h.
Gh ukc`h` `ljl slr rlphrh`h ôkcohmlktl par plrsakhg ohgcecohà.
82

R
A
Hslfôrlsl `l cksploocakhr gh ukc`h` hg oamclkza `l oh`h `íh. Z
E
Aplrhr gh ukc`h` sck cksploocakhrgh hg oamclkza `l oh`h `íh pul`l `ldhr qul uk `lelota phsl `lshplrocjcà y ohushr uk rlsugthà H
U
patlkochgmlktl `lsehvarhjgl.
A
Z
G
L
H
Lg mã`coa ls rlspakshjgl `l tamhr ukh `locscÿk sajrl lg trhkspartl `l uk jljã prlmhtura. Ajslrvl hg jljã _
C
oaktckuhmlktl ùrhktl lg trhkspartl.
K
E
Lg trhkspartl `l uk jljã prlmhtura sl hsaoch oak uk rclsfa `l nlmarrhfch cktrholrljrhg `ljcà h shou`c`hs ùrhktl lg trhkspartl.
H
G
G
A
Oampruljl gh oakearmc`h`
oakearmc`h` oak lg lstèk`hr hpgcohjgl sc gh ukc`h` sl vh h oaklothr h atra
`cspasctcva mã`coa phrh su usa oama scstlmh.
Gas lqucpas hoolsarcas oaklothàs h ghs cktlrehols hkhgÿfcohs y `cfcthgls `ljlk oumpgcr oak ghs karmhs CLO plrtcklktls
(par ldlmpga, CLO 523<2 phrh lqucpas `l praolshmclkta `l `htas). H`lmès, ta`hs ghs oakecfurhocakls `ljlk oumpgcr oak
CLO 52528-8-8. Rlra gas lglmlktas qul ka sl lsplocecohk oama phrtl `lg scstlmh ka `ljlk oaklothrsl. Ouhgquclrh qul
oaklotl lqucpa h`cocakhg h gh lktrh`h a shgc`h `l sløhg oakecfurh uk scstlmh mã`coa y, par ga thkta, `ljl nholr qul lg
scstlmh mã`coa oumpgh oak gas rlqucsctas `l 52528-8-8 jhda su prapch rlspakshjcgc`h`. Lk ohsa `l ù`h, oaksugtl oak su
rlprlslkthktl gaohg `l Htam.
8-?. RZLOH\OCßK
Rul`lk praùocrsl glscakls a `høas h gas ajdltas ocrouk`hktls sc ka sl scfulk ghs ckstruoocakls qul sl `hk h oaktckuhocÿk.
Hslfôrlsl `l gcmpchr y `lsckelothr gh ukc`h` hktls `l ushrgh par prcmlrh vlz `lspuãs `l gh oamprh.
Gh ukc`h` sl lkvíh sck `lsckelothr.
@urhktl lg maà `l lsplrh, hslfôrlsl `l prlohglkthr sclmprl gh ukc`h` phrh mhktlklr lsthjgl gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l
gh ckoujhàrh.
Oagaqul hg jljã lk gh ckoujhàrh saga `lspuãs `l qul gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh sl nhyh lsthjcgczhà.
Ouhkà cktraùzoh gas ohjgls y gas tujas lk gh ukc`h`, tlkfh muona ouc`hà `l ka `ldhr qul sl lkragglk a sl
hprcltlk hgrl`làr `lg phoclktl.
Ka rltulrzh kc tcrl `l gas ohjgls oak eulrzh.

_c lkoulktrh hgfôk `lelota, pí`hgl h uk lxplrta qul ga rlphrl sck cktlkthr rlphrhrga ustl` mcsma.
Xuctl lg lkonuel `l hgcmlkthocÿk `l gh tamh `l oarrclktl hktls `l trhsgh`hr gh ukc`h` h atra gufhr a ouhkà
gh ukc`h` ka sl vhyh h utcgczhr ùrhktl muona tclmpa.
Mavlr gh ukc`h` h atra gufhr oak lg lkonuel `l hgcmlkthocÿk oaklothà h gh tamh `l oarrclktl `høhrè lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk y pul`l
pravaohr uk ckolk`ca a ukh `lsohrfh lgãotrcoh.
Xuctl lg lkonuel `l gh tamh `l oarrclktl hktls `l gcmpchr y `lsckelothr gh ukc`h`.

Gh gcmpclzh y `lsckeloocÿk `l gh u kc`h` oak lg lkonuel `l hgcmlkthocÿk oaklothà h gh tamh `l oarrclktl pul`l pravaohr ukh `lsohrfh lgãotrcoh.
Cksthgl gh ukc`h` lk ukh suplrecocl lsthjgl.

Gh cksthghocÿk `l gh ukc`h` lk ukh pghthearmh cklsthjgl a ukh suplrecocl ckogckh`h nhrè qul sl ohcfh a sl ohcfh y pul`l glscakhr h hgfuclk.
Rar ga thkta, hktls `l cksthghr gh ukc`h`, hslfôrlsl `l qul lg gufhr àk`l sl cksthghrè gh ukc`h` slh ga suecoclktlmlktl lsthjgl y rlscstlktl
phrh saparthr lg plsa `l gh ukc`h`.
88

Cksthgl gh ukc`h` eulrh `lg hgohkol `l gas

g as kcøas plquløas.
Hg rlhgczhr eatatlrhpch lk lg jljã lk gh ckoujhàrh, prlstl lsplochg htlkocÿk h gh tlmplrhturh `l gh

pclg `lg jljã y gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh ùrhktl lg trhthmclkta.
Gh tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg `lg jljã y gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh pul`lk humlkthr `ljcà hg ohgar rh`chktl flklrhà par gh
ukc`h` `l eatatlrhpch.
Ka cksthgl gh ukc`h` jhda gh guz saghr `crloth a olroh `l uk hphrhta `l ohglehoocÿk.
Ka lxpakfh gh ukc`h` h tlmplrhturhs lxtrhar`ckhrchmlktl hgths a numl`h` lxolscvh.
Ka oagaqul kh`h plshà sajrl gh ukc`h`.
Ka prlscakl oak eulrzh kc eratl gh phkthggh `l eukocakhmclkta `lg phklg `l oaktrag.

_c ga prlscakh oak eulrzh a ga erath, pul`l `høhr gh phkthggh a pravaohr uk mhg eukocakhmclkta.
Plkfh ouc`hà `l qul kckfôk gíqucà mã`coa sl h`nclrh hg phklg `l oaktrag.
Ka oaklotl kckfôk `cspasctcva plrceãrcoa qul ka lstã lsplocecohà par Htam h gh ckoujhàrh.
Ulrcecqul lg eukocakhmclkta `l gas `cspasctcvas plrceãrcoas.

_c uk `cspasctcva qul trhksmctl a rlocjl sløhgls `ãjcgls sl cksthgh olroh `l gh ukc`h`, pul`l vlrsl helothà par ghs ak`hs lglotramhfkãtcohs
lglotramhfkãtcohs
flklrh`hs par lsth ôgtcmh. Oampruljl sc lg eukocakhmclkta `l gas `cspasctcvas plrceãrcoas tclkl hgfôk lelota hktls `l utcgczhr gh ukc`h` lk
lktarkas ogíkcoas. @ldl `l ushr gh ukc`h` ckml`chthmlktl
ckml`chthmlktl sc `ltloth hgfôk prajglmh.
Ouhkà rlujcqul gh ukc`h`, tlkfh ouc`hà oak sus phsas phrh qul ukh rul`h ka gl htraplggl gas
pcls.
Ka pakfh gh mhka lk uk phklg `l lktrh`h ouhkà trhkspartl gh ukc`h`.

_c prlscakh oak eulrzh uk phklg `l lktrh`h, sl pul`l ramplr. _l rlquclrlk hg mlkas às plrsakhs phrh trhksparthr gh ukc`h` sudlthkà lg
oulrpa prckocphg.
Plkfh ouc`hà oak gas ajstèougas ùrhktl lg trhkspartl.

_c sl oakloth uk `cspasctcva plrceãrcoa hg oulrpa prckocphg, gh ukc`h` pul`l fagplhr gas ajdltas ocrouk`hktls y `høhrsl a ramplrsl.
8:

C`lktcecohocÿk `l pclzhs
R
Y:] C`lktcecohocÿk `l pclzhs A
Z
E
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U
A
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:-8. Oulrpa prckocphg
G
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C
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E
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A
q
mc
w
r
!5 t
y
!< tu
!0 C
!?
!:
!2
!8
Ka. Kamjrl Ka. Kamjrl

q Rhklg `l oaktrag a Rlrcggh `l jgaqula `l gh pulrth `l gh jhk`ldh `l ohsltls
w Rulrta `l hoolsa slmc-crcs !2 `l rhyas ^ Rl`hg phrh hdustl `l hgturh
mc Zclg `l oagh `l mcghka !8 Ohstar

r Mÿùga slksar !: Ohdÿk
t Rhghkoh aplrhtcvh `lg phklg `l h`mcscÿk Rulrta !? Phph `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`
y `l hoolsa `l hplrturh rèpc`h !0 Oagonÿk
tu Rhklg `l h`mcscÿk !< Lkshmjghdl `l gh nlk`cùrh `l cktraùoocÿk `lg
C Rlrcggh `l ckogckhocÿk `l gh pghthearmh `lg oagonÿk !5 tuja Rlrcggh `l aplrhocÿk `lg phklg `l h`mcscÿk
Kath4 ! : Lg ohdÿk lstè `cspakcjgl apocakhgmlktl.
8?

Prhslra
!6
!>
!3
B2
B8
B>
B:
B6 B?
B5
B<
B0
Ka. Kamjrl Ka. Kamjrl

!6 Rulrta `l oaklxcÿk `l gh sak`h `l tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg 8 Rulrta B? Rulrta `l sumckcstra `l axíflka : Oaklotar phrh
!> `l oaklxcÿk `l gh sak`h `l tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg : Cktlrruptar B0 lg makctar `l plsa Oaklotar phrh lg phklg `l
!3 `l lkolk`cà B< oaktrag Oaklotar phrh lg Rawlr Rhoi C ( \R_)
\R_)
B2 Oaklotar phrh lg mÿùga `l slksar B5 Lktrh`h `lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk
B8 Phph `lg ecgtra B6
B: Rulrta `l sumckcstra `l axíflka 8 B> Oaklotar phrh _pA :
Kath4 B ? Lg pulrta `l sumckcstra `l axíflka : lstè `cspakcjgl saga lk gh ukc`h` lqucph`h oak lg oaktraghàr `l axíflka.
B > Oaklotar phrh _pA : lstè `cspakcjgl apocakhgmlktl.
80

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@lktra A
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#8
U
A
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$2 _
C
K
E
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#:
G
A
B3
#3
#?
#2
#2
#0
#<
#5
#6
#>
Ka. Kamjrl
B3 Rghthearmh `l oagonÿk
#2 Jhk`ldh phrh ohsltls `l rhyas ^
#8 \kc`h` `l oaktrag `l plsa
#: Rghthearmh `l oagonÿk phrh lg makctar `l plsa

#? Jhk`ldh phrh lg makctar `l plsa
#0 Jhk`ldh pghthearmh oagonÿk
#< Phjglra ml`ca
#5 Ulrscÿk `l ehk
#6 Ohglkthàr
#> H`mcrhàr
#3 Fuhr`ch `l jljã
$2 Lkshmjghdl `l gh rhkurh `l cktraùoocÿk `lg tuja
Kath4 # 8 Gh ukc`h` `l oaktrag `l plsa lstè `cspakcjgl apocakhgmlktl.
8<

:-:. Rhklg `l oaktrag
Rhrtl `lghktlrh
mc
Prhslra
Eakà
y tr
Ka. Kamjrl
q Gèmphrh `l hghrmh
w Rhkthggh `l aplrhocÿk
mc Ck`cohàr `l hghrmh `l ehggh `l lklrfíh
r Rulrta `l L / _ (oaklotar `l oamukcohocÿk lxtlrka)
t Oaklotar phrh lg oulrpa prckocphg
y Rulrta `l oamukcohocÿk (GHK)
`clocsãcs

R
:-?. Rhkthgghs `l vcsuhgczhocÿk
A
Z
E
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:-?-8. @lsorcpocÿk flklrhg `l ghs phkthgghs A
Z
G
L
(8) Rhkthggh `l ckcoca
H
_
C
Gh phkthggh `l ckcoca hphrlol ouhkà sl hpgcoh gh lklrfíh. K
E
H
G
G
A
(:) YRhkthggh prckocphg]

Lsth phkthggh hphrlol prcmlra.
_c sl mulstrh ouhgquclr atrh phkthggh, taqul lg cktlrruptar
y sl mastrhrè gh phkthggh prckocphg. Lsth phkthggh mulstrh
gh tlmplrhturh lsthjgloc`h, gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh
ckoujhàrh, gh tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg 8, gh tlmplrhturh `l
gh pclg :, gh numl`h` rlghtcvh, gh oakolktrhocÿk `l
axíflka, _pA :, gh erloulkoch `lg pugsa, lto.
(?) YRhkthggh `lg axímltra `l pugsa]

Paoh lg lkoclk`h ouhgquclr atrh phkthggh, y lg
Hphrlolrè gh phkthggh `lg axímltra `l pugsa `l gh ckoujhàrh.
Lsth phkthggh rlshgth gh _pA : y gh erloulkoch `lg pugsa.
Phmjcãk sl mulstrhk ak`hs `l pugsa.
H`lmès, sl mulstrhk gh tlmplrhturh lsthjgloc`h, gh
tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh, gh tlmplrhturh `l
gh pclg 8, gh tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg :, gh numl`h` rlghtcvh,
gh oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka, lto.
(0) YRhkthggh `l plsa] (Lsth phkthggh sl mulstrh saga ouhkà gh ukc`h` lstè lqucph`h oak gh ukc`h` `l oaktrag `l plsa).
Hphrlolrè gh phkthggh `l plsa.
Lsth phkthggh rlshgth eukocakls `l plsa oama lg
praol`cmclkta `l plshdl y lg frèecoa `l tlk`lkoch `l plsa.
H`lmès, gh tlmplrhturh lsthjgloc`h, gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl
`l gh ckoujhàrh, gh tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg 8, gh tlmplrhturh
`l gh pclg :, gh numl`h` rlghtcvh, gh oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka,
_pA :, sl mulstrhk gh erloulkoch `lg pugsa, lto.
86

(<) YRhkthggh `l tlk`lkoch]

Hphrlolrè gh phkthggh `l tlk`lkochs. Lsth
phkthggh mulstrh frèecoas `l tlk`lkochs.
(5) YRhkthggh `l mlkô]

Hphrlolrè gh phkthggh `lg mlkô `l oakecfurhocÿk hvhkzh`h. \sl
lsth phkthggh phrh slgloocakhr oakecfurhocakls hvhkzh`hs.
H`lmès, gh tlmplrhturh lsthjgloc`h, gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh
ckoujhàrh, gh tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg 8, gh tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg
:, gh numl`h` rlghtcvh, gh oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka, _pA
:, sl mulstrhk gh erloulkoch `lg pugsa, lto.
Ouhkà sl mulstrh lsth phkthggh, saga
s aga pul`l slgloocakhr gh
oakecfurhocÿk hvhkzh`h `l oh`h lglmlkta `lg mlkô a
ohmjchr gh phkthggh h atrh.
8>

R
:-?-:. @chfrhmh `l trhkscocÿk `l phkthggh A
Z
E
H
U
Rhkthggh `l axímltra `l pugsa A
Z
G
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K
E
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Rhkthggh `l plsa
Rhkthggh prckocphg Rhkthggh `l mlkô
Rhkthggh `l tlk`lkoch
4 Cktlrruptar `l vcsuhgczhocÿk YRhkthggh prckocphg]
4 Cktlrruptar `l vcsuhgczhocÿk YRhkthggh `lg axímltra `l pugsa]4
Cktlrruptar `l vcsuhgczhocÿk YRhkthggh `l plsa]

Rhkthggh `l ckcoca
4 Cktlrruptar `l vcsuhgczhocÿk YRhkthggh `l tlk`lkochs]4
Cktlrruptar `l vcsuhgczhocÿk YRhkthggh `l mlkô]
83

:-?-?. Gcsth `l aplrhocakls `cspakcjgls lk oh`h phkthggh
Phjgh 8. Gcsth `l aplrhocakls `l oakecfurhocÿk `cspakcjgls lk oh`h phkthggh
Glfumjrls
Oakecfurhocÿk (ml`cocÿk) Plk`lkoch Rrckocphg Mlkô Rlsa
axímltra
Aplrhocÿk phkthggh ❉ : phkthggh phkthggh phkthggh ❉ 8
phkthggh
Zlghocakhà oak gh tlmplrhturh
aplrhocÿk (mhkuhg / slrva)

Oakecfurhocÿk `l gh numl`h`
Oakecfurhocÿk `lg oaktrag `l axíflka
Oakecfurhocÿk `l _pA : / gímctls `l hghrmh
suplrcar / ckelrcar `l erloulkoch `l pugsa
Rlshkà hg ckehktl ❉ 8
_lgloocakhr atrhs oakecfurhocakl

oakecfurhocaklss
hvhkzh`hs
4 Aplrhocÿk `l hdustl (ml`cocÿk) `cspakcjgl

4 Aplrhocÿk `l hdustl ka `cspakcjgl
-4 Gh eukocÿk ka sl praparocakh
❉ 84 eukocÿk apocakhg ❉ :4 Pcpas slgloocakhjgls lk gh phkthggh `lg mlkô
:-?-0. Rhkthggh prckocphg
Èrlh `l tlmplrhturh (oaksugtl gh pèfckh :>)
Èrlh `l pugsa (Ulr p. :3)

Èrlh `l axíflka (Ulr p. :>)
Èrlh `l numl`h` rlghtcvh (oaksugtl gh pèfckh :>)
Èrlh `l mlkshdls (Ulr p. ?2)
Èrlh `l rlgad y atras ck`cohàrls

(Ulr p.?2)
Èrlh `l jôsqul`h `l vcsuhgczhocÿk `l phkthggh
(oaksugtl gh pèfckh :3)
:2

YÈrlh `l tlmplrhturh]
R
A
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❉ Paqul lsth èrlh phrh ckcochr gh aplrhocÿk `l hdustl rlghocakh`h oak gh tlmplrhturh. E
H
q w mc
U
Ka. @lsorcpocÿk
A
Kamjrl Z
Plmplrhturh `l gh pclg Mulstrh `cfcthgmlktl ukh
G
q
L
H
phkthggh turh 8 tlmplrhturh outèklh `ltloth`h 8. _
C
K
Mulstrh ukh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh E
H
Lsthjglolr tlmplrhturh ckoujhàrh lsthjgloc`h lk oaktrag G
w G
phkthggh turl
A
mhkuhg. Mulstrh ukh tlmplrhturh `l
pclg 8 lsthjgloc`h lk lg slrvaoaktrag.
tu y t r Hcrl `l ckoujhàrh
Mulstrh `cfcthgmlktl ukh tlmplrhturh `lg
mc tlmplrhturh
hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh `ltloth`h.
makctar
_hgc`h `l ohglehotar Ck`coh lg sumckcstra `l ohgar lk 82
r
ck`cohàr kcvlgls.
sl lkoclk`l lk oaktrag
Ck`cohocÿk `l maà
t mhkuhg y sl lkoclk`l lk
oagckh
slrvaoaktrag.
(lk oaktrag mhkuhg) a (lk
Hkughr
y slrvaoaktrag) sl lkoclk`l lk lg
ck`cohàr
maà `l hkughocÿk.
Mulstrh ukh tlmplrhturh outèklh
Plmplrhturh `l gh pclg `ltloth`h : a P (tlmplrhturh
tu
phkthggh turl : outèklh `ltloth`h 8 tlmplrhturh
outèklh `ltloth`h :) `cfcthgmlktl.
YÈrlh `l numl`h` rlghtcvh]

❉ Paqul lsth èrlh phrh ckcochr gh aplrhocÿk `l oakecfurhocÿk rlghocakh`h oak gh numl`h` rlghtcvh.
q w Ka. Kamjrl @lsorcpocÿk

Zlghtcva Mulstrh `cfcthgmlktl ukh numl`h`
q numl`h` rlghtcvh `ltloth`h lk gh ckoujhàrh.
makctar
Lsthjglolr gh nu- Mulstrh `cfcthgmlktl ukh numl`h`
w
phkthggh mc`cty rlghtcvh lsthjgloc`h.
Ck`coh lg kcvlg `l hfuh lk gh
Kcvlg `l hfuh lk
mc mc oèmhrh `l numl`h` a lg lsthà
`cothàr
`l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`.
YÈrlh `l axíflka]
❉ Paqul lsth èrlh phrh ckcochr gh aplrhocÿk `l oakecfurhocÿk rlghocakh`h oak lg axíflka.
q w Ka. Kamjrl @lsorcpocÿk

Oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka Mulstrh `cfcthgmlktl ukh oakolktrhocÿk `l
q
phkthggh `l trhocÿk axíflka `ltloth`h lk gh ckoujhàrh.
Hdustl lg oak- Mulstrh `cfcthgmlktl ukh oakolktrhocÿk `l

w
phkthggh `l olktrhà axíflka lsthjgloc`h.
mc Eguda `l axcflka Ck`coh uk ohu`hg `l axíflka

ck`cohàr `l thsh `ltlothà lk 5 kcvlgls.
mc
:8
:8
YÈrlh `l pugsa]
❉ Paqul lsth èrlh phrh ckcochr gh aplrhocÿk `l hdustl rlghocakh`h oak lg axímltra `l pugsa.
q w mc Ka. Kamjrl @lsorcpocÿk

Rgltcsma Ck`coh ohmjcas lk lg eguda
q
jhrrh frèecoh hrtlrchg.
% _pA : Mulstrh ukh _pA `ltloth`h : vhgar
w
makctar `cfcthgmlktl.
Gh erloulkoch `lg pugsa Mulstrh `cfcthgmlktl ukh erloulkoch `l
mc makctar pugsa `ltloth`h.
tu yt r Mulstrh `cfcthgmlktl uk gímctl suplrcar `l
Gh erloulkoch `lg pugsa
hghrmh `l erloulkoch `l pugsa par lkocmh y uk
r gímctls `l hghrmh
gímctl `l hghrmh ckelrcar `l erloulkoch `l pugsa
makctar
par `ljhda.
Mulstrh ukh _pA : gímctl suplrcar `l hghrmh

_pA : hghrmh
t par lkocmh y ukh _pA : gímctl `l hghrmh
vcsuhgczhocÿk `l gímctls
ckelrcar par `ljhda `l `cfcthgmlktl.
Cktlrelrlkoch
_l lkoclk`l ouhkà sl `ltloth
y ck`cohàr
cktlrelrlkoch.
(_aga Klggoar)
Jôsqul`h `l pugsa
_l lkoclk`l ouhkà ka sl
tu ck`cohàr `ltloth pugsa.
(_aga Klggoar)
YÈrlh `l ohmjca `l vcsuhgczhocÿk `l phkthggh]
Ka. Kamjrl @lsorcpocÿk

Rhkthggh prckocphg Paqul lstl cktlrruptar phrh qul sl
q
cktlrruptar `l phkthggh mulstrl gh phkthggh prckocphg.
Rhkthggh `l tlk`lkoch Paqul lstl cktlrruptar phrh qul sl
w
cktlrruptar `l phkthggh mulstrl gh phkthggh `l tlk`lkochs.
q w mc r t Rhkthggh `l mlkô Paqul lstl cktlrruptar phrh qul sl
mc
cktlrruptar `l phkthggh mulstrl gh phkthggh `lg mlkô.
Axcmh `l pugsa Paqul lstl cktlrruptar phrh qul sl
r tlr phkthggh mulstrl gh phkthggh `lg axímltra `l
cktlrruptar `l phkthggh pugsa.
Rlsa
Paqul lstl cktlrruptar phrh qul sl
t phkthggh
mulstrl gh phkthggh `l plsa.
cktlrruptar `l phkthggh
::
YÈrlh `l rlgad y atras ck`cohàrls]

R
A
Z
E
w q
H
U
A
Ka. Kamjrl @lsorcpocÿk Z
G
Paqul lstl cktlrruptar phrh scglkochr uk
L
H
_cglkoca `l hghrmh tlmpa `l hghrmh hu`cjgl hotcvh
_
C
q
K
ohmjchr rhrhmlktl a rlsthjglolr ukh oak`cocÿk `l E
H
G
hghrmh. G
A
r mc w Ucsuhgczhocÿk `l gh elonh Mulstrh ukh elonh lk earmhta

mls / `íh / høa.
Mulstrh h gh narh lk lg
mc Ucsuhgczhocÿk `l gh narh
earmhta `l narh4 mckuta.
_l lkoclk`l saga ouhkà gh
Jhtlríh
r jhtlríh cktlrkh (Rawlr Rhoi C 4
ck`cohàr
apocÿk) sl utcgczh.
YÈrlh `l mlkshdls]
❉ Lk lsth èrlh sl mulstrhk mlkshdls `cstcktas `l gas rlghocakhàs oak ghs aplrhocakls.
Èrlh `l mlkshdls
:-?-<. Rhkthggh `l pugscaxímltra

Èrlh `l pugsa (Ulr p. ?:)
Kumãrcoa
èrlh `l vhgarls (Ulr p. ?8)
Èrlh `l mlkshdls ❉
(Ulr p. ?2)
Èrlh `l rlgad y atras
ck`cohàrls (Ulr p.?2)
Èrlh `l ohmjca `l vcsuhgczhocÿk `l gh phkthggh
❉ Lg èrlh `l pugsa qul sl mulstrh lk gh ecfurh hktlrcar ls phrh uk axímltra `l pugsa Mhscma.
❉ Lg èrlh `l ohmjca `l vcsuhgczhocÿk `l gh phkthggh, lg rlgad y atras ck`cohàrls, y lg èrlh `l mlkshdls sak gas mcsmas qul
gas `l gh phkthggh prckocphg (" :-?-0. Rhkthggh prckocphg ”). (Rar ga thkta, ka sl nhol rlelrlkoch h lggas h oaktckuhocÿk).
:?
YÈrlh `l vhgarls kumãrcoas]

❉ Paqul uk èrlh hprapch`h (lg èrlh `l tlmplrhturh, lg èrlh `l numl`h` rlghtcvh a lg èrlh `l axíflka) phrh ckcochr lg
aplrhocÿk `l hdustl rlghocakh`h oak lg èrlh. (Rul`l slfucr lg mcsma praol`cmclkta qul lk gh phkthggh prckocphg).
q Ka. Kamjrl @lsorcpocÿk

Hcrl `l ckoujhàrh
Mulstrh `cfcthgmlktl ukh tlmplrhturh `lg
q tlmplrhturh
w hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh `ltloth`h.
makctar
Plmplrhturh r mc Mulstrh ukh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh
zakh ckoujhàrh lsthjgloc`h lk lg oaktrag
t
mhkuhg (lk lg mcsma oagar qul gh
y tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh
Zlghtcva Lsthjglolr tlmplrhturh
numl`h` tu w `ltloth`h).
phkthggh turl
zakh C Mulstrh ukh tlmplrhturh `l pclg 8
Axíflka lsthjgloc`h lk lg slrvaoaktrag (lk lg
zakh a mcsma oagar qul gh tlmplrhturh `l
!2
pclg 8 `ltloth`h).
Hkughr Uclkl lk lg maà `l
mc
ck`cohàr hkughocÿk.
Plmplrhturh `l gh pclg Mulstrh ukh tlmplrhturh `l pclg `ltloth`h
r phkthggh turh 8 plrhturl 8 `cfcthgmlktl.

Mulstrh ukh tlmplrhturh `l pclg `ltloth`h
Plmplrhturh `l gh pclg plrhturh : a P (`ltlothà

t
phkthggh turl : tlmplrhturh `l pclg 8 `ltloth`h
tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg :) `cfcthgmlktl.
Zlghtcva Mulstrh `cfcthgmlktl ukh numl`h`
y numl`h` rlghtcvh `ltloth`h lk gh ckoujhàrh.
makctar
Ck`coh lg kcvlg `l hfuh lk gh
Kcvlg `l hfuh
tu oèmhrh `l numl`h` a lg lsthà
ck`cohàr
`l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`.
Lsthjglolr rlghtcva
Mulstrh `cfcthgmlktl ukh numl`h`
C numl`h` rlghtcvh lsthjgloc`h.
makctar
Lsthjglolr axíflka
Mulstrh ukh oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka lsthjgloc`h
a oakolktrhocÿk
trhocÿk `cfcthg.
makctar
Axíflka Mulstrh uk axíflka `ltlothà
!2 oakolktrhocÿk oakolktrhocÿk lk gh ckoujhàrh
:0
YÈrlh `l pugsa]
R
A
Z
❉ Paqul lsth èrlh phrh ckcochr gh aplrhocÿk `l hdustl rlghocakh`h oak lg axímltra `l pugsa. E
H
U
A
Z
q w mc r Ka. Kamjrl @lsorcpocÿk G
L
% _pA :
H
Mulstrh ukh _pA `ltloth`h : vhgar
q _
C
K
Mulstrh ukh _pA : gímctl suplrcar `l hghrmh
E
_pA : hghrmh
H
w par lkocmh y ukh _pA : gímctl `l hghrmh
G
G
vcsuhgczhocÿk `l gímctls A
ckelrcar par `ljhda `l `cfcthgmlktl. Mulstrh
Gh erloulkoch `lg pugsa `cfcthgmlktl ukh erloulkoch `l pugsa
mc makctar `ltloth`h.
Mulstrh `cfcthgmlktl uk gímctl suplrcar `l
hghrmh `l erloulkoch `l pugsa par lkocmh y uk
r gímctls `l hghrmh
gímctl `l hghrmh ckelrcar `l erloulkoch `l pugsa
makctar
par `ljhda.
t Rhkthggh RC Mulstrh lg ík`col `l plreuscÿk.
Ck`coh gh slkscjcgc`h`
!: !? y Lsthjglolr slkscjcgc`h`
slgloocakh`h hotuhgmlktl
ck`cohàr
(Mèx., Karmhg, HRA@).
Gh ukc`h` pravcsth oak lg axímltra `l
tu Ehst_ht
pugsa Mhscma _l lkoclk`l ouhkà lg maà Ehst_ht
ck`cohàr lstè hotcvhà.
Lg vhgar kumãrcoa `l gh czquclr`h ls lg
t hdustl _ht_loak`s. Lg ck`cohàr
ocroughr `l gh `lrlonh ohmjch `l oagar
y
paoa h paoa lk lg slktcà `l ghs
tu hfudhs `lg rlgad oh`h vlz qul sl
`ltloth uk% _pA : sl lkoulktrh par
lkocmh `lg% _pA : gímctl `l hghrmh
suplrcar a par `ljhda `lg% _pA :
Gh ukc`h` pravcsth oak lg Klggoar
axímltra `l pugsa _ht_loak`s gímctl `l hghrmh ckelrcar. Ouhkà taà
C makctar lg ck`cohàr nh ohmjchà `l oagar, gh
❉
_pA : hghrmh `l gímctl suplrcar a gh

C _pA : Gh hghrmh `l gímctl ckelrcar sl
praùocrè `l earmh h`louh`h. Lg èrlh
`lsoagarh`h `csmckucrè paoa h paoa
a lk lg slktcà oaktrhrca h ghs hfudhs `lg
rlgad oh`h vlz qul sl `ltlotl uk% _pA
: sl lkoulktrh `lktra `lg rhkfa
holpthjgl. 8❉
Ck`coh qul lg maà `l rlspulsth

lstè oakecfurhà lk "Zèpcà". Lstl
Zèpcà Zl-
!8 !2 a maà lspakdh
ck`cohàr `lshphrlolrè ouhkà lg
maà `l rlspulsth sl ohmjcl h
"Karmhg".
Cktlrelrlkoch _l lkoclk`l ouhkà sl `ltloth
! 2 ck`cohàr cktlrelrlkoch.
(_aga Klggoar)
Jôsqul`h `l pugsa
_l lkoclk`l ouhkà ka sl
! 8 ck`cohàr `ltloth pugsa.
(_aga Klggoar)
Ak`hs `l pugsa
! : makctar Mulstrh ak`hs `l pugsa.
Mulstrh lg frèecoa `l jhrrhs `l
_cfkhg CX (_CX).
Gh hgturh `l oh`h jhrrh ls
Rhkthggh _CX praparocakhg h gh ohgc`h` `l gh
sløhg `l lktrh`h lk oulstcÿk.
! ? (Mhscma Ouhkta mès echjgl slh uk
saghmlktl)
vhgar ml`cà, mès hgth slrè gh
jhrrh. Ouhkta mlkas echjgl
slh uk vhgar ml`cà, mès
jhdh slrè gh jhrrh.
:<
❉ Ouhkta mhyar slh lg gímctl `l _ht_loak`s, mès tclmpa thr`hrè lk praùocrsl gh hghrmh `l gímctl suplrcar a ckelrcar. _lgloocakh lg
Gas _ht_loak`s sl gcmcthk `l earmh h`louh`h tlkclkà lk oulkth lg lsthà `lg phoclktl. Rar ldlmpga, slgloocakl uk
hdustl mès hgta phrh makctarlhr h uk phoclktl hotcva ouya% _pA : gas vhgarls tclk`lk h eguotuhr muona.
Gh hghrmh `l gímctl suplrcar a ckelrcar sl praùocrè ckogusa ouhkà taà lg ck`cohàr ka nhyh ohmjchà `l oagar sc sl
`ltloth uk% _pA. : Lg vhgar sl `lsvíh `lg rhkfa holpthjgl trls a mès vlols lk 52 slfukàs.
:5
:-?-5. Rhkthggh `l plsa

R
A
Z
E
Gh phkthggh `l plsa sl mulstrh saga ouhkà gh ukc`h` lstè lqucph`h oak gh ukc`h` `l oaktrag `l plsa.
H
❉ U
A
Z
G
L
Èrlh `l plsa (oaksugtl gh pèfckh ?<) H
_
C
K
E
H
G
G
A
Kumãrcoa
èrlh `l vhgarls (Ulr p. ?0)
(Ulr p. ?2)


❉ Lg èrlh `l tlmplrhturh, lg èrlh `l numl`h` rlghtcvh y lg èrlh `l axíflka sak ghs mcsmhs qul ghs `lg pugsa
phkthggh `l axímltra. Rul`l slfucr lg mcsma praol`cmclkta qul lk gh phkthggh `lg pugscaxímltra.
❉ Paqul lg èrlh `l pugsa phrh ckcochr lg pugsa-r Aplrhocÿk `l hdustl lxugthktl.

% _pA : Mulstrh ukh _pA `ltloth`h : vhgar
q
Mulstrh ukh _pA : hghrmh suplrcar
Plmplrhturh _pA : hghrmh
w gímctl suplrcar y ukh _pA : gímctl `l hghrmh
vcsuhgczhocÿk `l gímctls
zakh ckelrcar par `ljhda `l `cfcthgmlktl. Mulstrh
`cfcthgmlktl uk gímctl suplrcar `l hghrmh `l

erloulkoch `l pugsa par lkocmh y uk gímctl
Zlghtcva
mc gímctls `l hghrmh
`l hghrmh ckelrcar `l erloulkoch `l pugsa par
zakh `l numl`h` makctar
`ljhda.
Takh `l axcflka q r
Gh erloulkoch `lg pugsa Mulstrh `cfcthgmlktl ukh erloulkoch `l
makctar pugsa `ltloth`h.

w
Èrlh `l pugsa
mc
r
:6
YÈrlh `l plsa]
YÈrlh `l plsa]

y Mulstrh uk mlkshdl rlghocakhà
oak lg plshdl ouhkà lg plshdl lstè
Rlsa lk oursa.
q
èrlh `l vcsuhgczhocÿk Mulstrh ukh gloturh `lg
plsa `lg jljã ouhkà ka sl
lstè plshkà.
Paqul lstl cktlrruptar phrh
w Cktlrruptar `l plshdl oamlkzhr h plshr hg jljã
hutamètcohmlktl.
t r mc w q Lstl cktlrruptar hphrlol saga
ouhkà sl lsthjglol uk plsa `l
Uagvlr h plshr
mc thrh. Paqul lstl cktlrruptar phrh
ohmjchr
plshr hg jljã sck rlhgczhr lg
praolsa `l `lùoocÿk `l thrh.
Mlmarch Paqul lstl cktlrruptar phrh
r
ohmjchr rlfcstrhr gh gloturh `l plsa.
Mulstrh uk frèecoa `l tlk`lkoch `l plsa.
Plk`lkoch `l plsa Paqul lg èrlh `lg frèecoa `l tlk`lkochs
t zakh phrh qul sl mulstrl ukh gcsth `l gloturhs

`l plsa.
slglotar ohmjchr gh ukc`h` `l plsa `l
y
ohmjchr frhma h gcjrh y akzh, y
vcolvlrsh.
:>
R
:-?-6. Rhkthggh `l mlkô A
Z
E
H
Èrlh `l mlkô (Ulr p. ?6)
U
A
Z
G
L
H
_
C
K
E
Kumãrcoa H
G
èrlh `l vhgarls (Ulr p. ?0) G
A
(Ulr p. ?2)

❉ Lg èrlh `l vhgarls kumãrcoas ls gh mcsmh qul gh `l gh phkthggh `l plsa (" :-?-5. Rhkthggh `l plsa ”).
:3
YÈrlh `l mlkô 8]
❉ Lsth phkthggh hphrlol prcmlra ouhkà sl slgloocakh gh phkthggh `lg mlkô.
q t y
Paqul lstl cktlrruptar phrh lgcmckhr gas
Lgcmckhr tlk`lkoch
q `htas `l tlk`lkochs qul sl mulstrhk lk gh
Cktlrruptar `l `htas
phkthggh `l tlk`lkochs.
Jarrhr Paqul lstl cktlrruptar phrh lgcmckhr

w @htas `l plsa gas `htas `l plsa qul sl mulstrhk lk
ohmjchr gh phkthggh `l plsa.
Axcml `l pugsa mulstrl lg èrlh `l mlkô ? phrh gh
mc
tlr cktlrruptar aplrhocÿk `l oakecfurhocÿk rlghocakh`h
C oak lg axímltra `l pugsa.

kasatras r tu
Lstl cktlrruptar sl ush phrh
oakecfurhocaklss hvhkzh`hs `l gh ukc`h`.
oakecfurhocakl
Mlkô `l slrvcoca Rhrh ajtlklr `lthggls sajrl lg
r
ohmjchr eukocakhmclkta `l lstl cktlrruptar,
oaksugtl ‗ :-0. Mlkô `l slrvcoca ( Oÿma
aplrhr gh phkthggh `lg mlkô `l slrvcoca) ”.
Rlrcaà `l tlk`lkoch Paqul lstl cktlrruptar phrh slgloocakhr uk
t slglotar plríaà `l tlk`lkoch qul sl mastrhrè lk gh
ohmjchr phkthggh `l tlk`lkochs.
Paqul lstl cktlrruptar phrh qul

sl mulstrl ukh tlmplrhturh
PLMRLZHP\ZH @L GH RCLG. :
outèklh `ltloth`h : a P
y Makctar
(tlmplrhturh outèklh `ltloth`h
ohmjchr
8 tlmplrhturh outèklh `ltloth`h
:) lk lg èrlh `l tlmplrhturh.
_lglotar ˔O / ˔E
tu ohmjchr gh ukc`h` `l tlmplrhturh
ohmjchr
`l ̄ O
O h ˔E, y vcolvlrsh.
_cfuclktl ohmjca
C mulstrl lg èrlh `l mlkô :.
?2
YÈrlh `l mlkô :]
R
A
Z
❉ _lgloocakl Y_cfuclktl] lk lg èrlh `l mlkô 8 phrh ckfrlshr h lsth phkthggh. E
H
U
q r t A
Ka.
Z
Kamjrl @lsorcpocÿk G
L
Rhkthggh GO@ Paqul lstl cktlrruptar phrh H
_
q Jrcgga hdusthr lg jrcgga `l gh phkthggh hg
C
K
slglotar
E
kcvlg `lslhà. Paqul lstl H
G
cktlrruptar phrh hdusthr lg kcvlg
G
A
_lksar `l guz `lg slksar `l guz hg kcvlg
w _lglotar `l kcvlg
`lslhà phrh ohmjchr hg maà
ohmjchr
kaoturka.
Zlfrlsh Paqul lstl cktlrruptar phrh vagvlr
mc
ohmjchr hg èrlh `lg mlkô 8.
w mc Uagumlk `l hghrmh Paqul lstl cktlrruptar phrh

r slglotar lsthjglolr lg vagumlk `l ukh hghrmh
ohmjchr hg kcvlg `lslhà.
Hdustl `lg rlgad
t oakecfurhr lg høa, lg mls, gh
ohmjchr
elonh, gh narh y gas mckutas.
?8
YÈrlh `l mlkô ?]
❉ _lgloocakl YRugscaxímltra] lk lg èrlh `l mlkô 8 phrh ckfrlshr h lsth phkthggh.
7Gh ukc`h` lqucph`h oak lg axímltra `l pugsa Mhscma;
q r t
_ckorakczhkà Paqul lstl cktlrruptar phrh oakecfurhr lg
Rctcà `l pugsa vagumlk `lg pctcà `l pugsa `l
q
vagumlk sckorakczhocÿk `l gh axcmh `l pugsa
slglotar tlr hg kcvlg `lslhà.
_lkscjcgc`h` Paqul lstl cktlrruptar phrh
w slglotar lsthjglolr gh slkscjcgc`h` `lg
ohmjchr axímltra `l pugsa hg kcvlg `lslhà.
mc
ohmjchr hg èrlh `lg mlkô 8.
w mc Rraml`chkà Paqul lstl cktlrruptar phrh oakecfurhr lg
r _lglotar `l tclmpa tclmpa praml`ca `lg pugsa

ohmjchr axímltra.
Ehst_ht Paqul lstl cktlrruptar phrh
t slglotar nhjcgcthr a `lsnhjcgcthr lg maà
ohmjchr Ehst_ht `lg axímltra `l pugsa.
7Gh ukc`h` lqucph`h oak lg axímltra `l pugsa Klggoar;
q r
_ckorakczhkà Paqul lstl cktlrruptar phrh oakecfurhr lg
Rctcà `l pugsa vagumlk `lg pctcà `l pugsa `l
q
vagumlk sckorakczhocÿk `l gh axcmh `l pugsa
slglotar tlr hg kcvlg `lslhà.
_ht_loak`s Paqul lstl cktlrruptar phrh oakecfurhr
w
slglotar _ht_loak`s oama `lsll.
mc ohmjchr hg èrlh `lg mlkô 8.
Zlspulsth
Paqul lstl cktlrruptar phrh oakecfurhr lg
w mc r _lgloocÿk `l maà
maà `l rlspulsth oama `lsll.
cktlrruptar tar
?:
R
:-?->. Rhkthggh `l tlk`lkoch A
Z
E
H
Èrlh `l tlk`lkoch (oaksugtl gh pèfckh 08)
U
A
Z
G
L
H
_
C
K
E
Èrlh `l vhgarls kumãrcoas H
(Ulr p. ?0)
G
G
A
(Ulr p. ?2)

❉ Lg èrlh `l vhgarls kumãrcoas ls gh mcsmh qul gh `l gh phkthggh `l plsa (" :-?-5. Rhkthggh `l plsa ”).
??
YÈrlh `l tlk`lkoch]

_l praparocakh ukh lsohgh `l
tlmplrhturh (gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl
H
`l gh ckoujhàrh, gh tlmplrhturh `l gh
pclg 8 y gh tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg :) lk
J H Plk`lkoch 8 lg ldl czquclrà y ukh lsohgh `l% (gh
numl`h` rlghtcvh y gh oakolktrhocÿk
O `l axíflka) lk lg ldl `lrlona phrh

mastrhr uk frèecoa `l tlk`lkoch `l
oh`h lglmlkta. Mulstrh uk frèecoa `l
tlk`lkoch `l gas ohmjcas lk gh shgc`h
@
J Plk`lkoch : `lg ohglkthàr (lg ohglkthàr prckocphg).
H% _pA : sl praparocakh ukh lsohgh

lk lg ldl czquclrà y ukh lsohgh `l
O Plk`lkoch ? erloulkoch `l pugsa (gpm) lk lg ldl
`lrlona phrh mastrhr uk frèecoa `l
tlk`lkoch `l oh`h lglmlkta.
Paqul lsth èrlh phrh ohmjchr gh jhsl

`l tclmpa.
Jhsl `l tclmpa Lg plríaà `l tlk`lkoch hotuhg (lg
@
zakh plríaà `l gas frèecoas `l tlk`lkoch
lk gh phkthggh) sl mulstrh lk lg
lxtrlma czquclrà.
?0
:-0. Mlkô `l slrvcoca (oÿma aplrhr gh phkthggh `lg mlkô `l slrvcoca)

R
A
Z
E
H
U
(Lg mlkô `l slrvcoca ka ls hoolscjgl phrh gas usuhrcas karmhgls). A
Z
G
L
H
:-0-8. Oÿma ckfrlshr hg mlkô `l slrvcoca _
C
K
E
(8) Paohr lk ouhgquclr atrh phkthggh, y lg mlkô H
G
G
hphrlolrè gh phkthggh.
A
(:) Paqul "Mlkô `l slrvcoca" lk gh phkthggh `lg mlkô.
(?) Ouhkà sl mulstrl gh phkthggh `l ckfrlsa `l oaktrhsløh,

taqul ghs tloghs kumãrcohs lk lg scfuclktl ar`lk4 "?" / "5"
/ ‗5” / ‗8”.
(0) _l mulstrh gh phkthggh `lg mlkô `l slrvcoca (8/:). Paqul

Y_cfuclktl] y hphrlolrè gh phkthggh `lg mlkô `l slrvcoca (:/:).
Rhrh vagvlr h gh phkthggh (8/:), taqul YUagvlr]. Rhrh rlfrlshr h
gh phkthggh `l ckfrlsa `l oaktrhsløh, taqul YZlfrlshr] lk gh
phkthggh `lg Mlkô `l _lrvcoca (8/:). Rhrh rlfrlshr h gh phkthggh
`lg mlkô, taqul YZlfrlshr] lk gh phkthggh `l ckfrlsa `l
oaktrhsløh.
?<
:-0-:. Aplrhocÿk `l gh phkthggh `lg mlkô `l slrvcoca

:-0-:-8. Oakecfurhocÿk `lg sakcà `lg ogco `l ghs tloghs
(8) Paqul Y_akcà `l ogco `l tlogh] lk gh phkthggh `lg mlkô `l

slrvcoca (8/:).
(:) Ouhkà lg sakcà `lg ogco `l ghs tloghs sl nhyh `lshotcvhà `l
hktlmhka, hphrlolrè uk mlkshdl phrh oakecrmhr sc sl
nhjcgcth lg sakcà `lg ogco `l ghs tloghs. Paqul y gh tlogh
_l nhjcgcthrè lg sakcà `l ogco. Rhrh ohkolghr lstl
praol`cmclkta, taqul YOLZZHZ]. Lg sakcà `lg ogco `l ghs tloghs
plrmhklolrè `lshotcvhà.
(?) Ouhkà lg sakcà `lg ogco `l ghs tloghs sl nhyh nhjcgcthà `l
hktlmhka, hphrlolrè uk mlkshdl phrh oakecrmhr sc sl `ljl
`lsnhjcgcthr lg sakcà `lg ogco `l ghs tloghs. Paqul y gh tlogh
lg sakcà `l ogco sl `lshotcvhrè.
`ls hotcvhrè. Rhrh ohkolghr lstl
praol`cmclkta, taqul YOLZZHZ]. Lg sakcà `lg ogco `l ghs tloghs
plrmhklolrè nhjcgcthà.
:-0-:-:. Oakecfurhocÿk `lg c`camh y gh ukc`h` qul sl mastrhrè lk gh phkthggh

(8) Paqul YC`camhs] lk gh phkthggh Mlkô `l slrvcoca (8 /
:). Ouhkà sl nhyh slgloocakhà dhpakãs `l hktlmhka,
hphrlolrè uk mlkshdl phrh oakecrmhr sc `lslh ohmjchrga
h ckfgãs (lk ckfgãs). Paqul, y lg glkfuhdl
Lg ck`cohàr qul sl mastrhrè lk gh phkthggh sl
ohmjchrè h ckfgãs (ghs ukc`h`ls `l tlmplrhturh y
plsa slrèk slgloocakhjgls). Rhrh ohkolghr lstl
praol`cmclkta, taqul YOLZZHZ]. Lg c`camh qul sl
mastrhrè lk gh phkthggh slfucrè sclkà dhpakãs.
(:) Ouhkà sl nhyh slgloocakhà lg ckfgãs `l hktlmhka,
hphrlolrè uk mlkshdl phrh oakecrmhr sc sl `ljl
ohmjchr h dhpakãs (lk ckfgãs). Paqul, y lg glkfuhdl
Lg ohgcjrl qul sl mastrhrè lk gh phkthggh sl
ohmjchrè h dhpakãs (ghs ukc`h`ls `l tlmplrhturh y
plsa slrèk slgloocakhjgls). Rhrh ohkolghr lstl
praol`cmclkta, taqul YOLZZHZ]. Lg c`camh qul sl
mastrhrè lk gh phkthggh slfucrè sclkà lg ckfgãs.
RZLOH\OCßK
Ulrcecqul lg lsthà `lg jljã plrcÿ`cohmlktl, ckogusa ouhkà gh

hghrmh `l vlrcecohocÿk `lg jljã lstã `lshotcvh`h.
?5
:-0-:-?. Oakecfurhocÿk `lg umjrhg `l hghrmh MO

R
A
Z
(8) Paqul YMO HghrmPnrlsnag`] lk gh phkthggh E
H
_lrvcolMlku (8/:).
U
A
Z
(:) Ouhkà lg umjrhg sl nh lsthjglocà lk ?,2˔O `l hktlmhka, G
L
H
hphrlol uk mlkshdl phrh oakecrmhr sc sl `ljl ohmjchr h _
C
Hphrlolrè 8,<˔O. Paqul y lg umjrhg K
E
sl ohmjchrè h 8,< ² O. Rhrh ohkolghr lstl praol`cmclkta,
H
G
G
taqul YOLZZHZ]. A
Lg umjrhg slfucrè sclkà `l ?,2˔O.
(?) Ouhkà lg umjrhg sl nh lsthjglocà lk 8,< ² O `l hktlmhka,
uk mlkshdl phrh oakecrmhr sc sl `ljl ohmjchr h
Hphrlolrè ?.2˔O. Paqul y lg umjrhg
sl ohmjchrè h ?,2˔O. Rhrh ohkolghr lstl praol`cmclkta,
taqul YOLZZHZ]. Lg umjrhg sl mhktlk`rè lk 8,<˔Ō .
:-0-:-0. Oakecfurhocÿk `lg umjrhg `l hghrmh _O

(8) Paqul Y\mjrhg `l hghrmh _O] lk gh phkthggh `lg mlkô `l
slrvcoca (8/:)
(:) Ouhkà lg umjrhg sl nh lsthjglocà lk 8.2˔O `l hktlmhka,

Hphrlolrè 2.<˔O. Paqul y lg umjrhg
sl ohmjchrè h 2,<˔O. Rhrh ohkolghr lstl praol`cmclkta,
taqul YOLZZHZ].
Lg umjrhg slfucrè sclkà `l 8,2˔O.
(?) Ouhkà lg umjrhg sl nh lsthjglocà lk 2,<˔O `l hktlmhka,
Hphrlolrè 8.2˔O. Paqul y lg umjrhg
sl ohmjchrè h 8.2˔O. Rhrh ohkolghr lstl praol`cmclkta,
taqul YOLZZHZ]. Lg umjrhg slfucrè sclkà `l 2,<˔Ō .
:-0-:-<. Oamprajhocÿk `l ouèkths narhs sl nh utcgczhà lg ecgtra

(8) Paqul YPclmpa `l ecgtra ushà (n) ZL_LP] lk gh phkthggh `lg
mlkô `l slrvcoca (:/:).
(:) Hphrlolrè lg kômlra `l narhs ùrhktl ghs ouhgls sl nh
utcgczhà lg ecgtra nhsth lg mamlkta y uk mlkshdl phrh
oakecrmhr sc sl rlsthjglol lg oakthàr. Rhrh eckhgczhr lg
praol`cmclkta sck rlckcochr lg oakthàr, taqul YOLZZHZ].
@lspuãs `l rllmpghzhr lg ecgtra, taqul phrh rlsthjglolr lg
lkocmlrh.
?6
:-0-:-5. Oamprajhocÿk `l ouèktas `íhs sl nhk utcgczhà gas slksarls `l axíflka

(8) Paqul YA : `íhs `l usa `lg slksar ZL_LP] lk gh phkthggh
`lg mlkô `l slrvcoca (:/:).
(:) Hphrlolrè lg kômlra `l `íhs ùrhktl gas ouhgls sl nhk utcgczhà
gas slksarls `l axíflka nhsth lg mamlkta y uk mlkshdl phrh
oakecrmhr sc sl rlsthjglol lg oakthàr. Rhrh eckhgczhr lg
praol`cmclkta sck rlckcochr lg oakthàr, taqul YOLZZHZ].
@lspuãs `l rllmpghzhr gas slksarls `l axíflka, taqul
paklr h olra lg oakthàr.
:-0-:-6. Ncstarchg `l hghrmhs
(8) Paqul YHghrmNcstary] lk gh phkthggh _lrvcolMlku

(:/:).
(:) _l mastrhrèk ghs narhs lk ghs qul sl oaklotÿ gh
hgcmlkthocÿk, ghs narhs lk ghs qul sl `lsoaklotÿ gh
hgcmlkthocÿk `l e y ghs narhs lk ghs qul sl praùda
ukh hghrmh a hghrmhs.
(?) Paqul YOLZZHZ] phrh tlrmckhr `l vlr lg ncstarchg `l hghrmhs.
:-0-:->. Hdustl `l gh jèsough oak uk plsa `l < if

❉ Ajtlkfh uk plsa `l < if par h`lghkthà.
❉ Hslfôrlsl `l ohmjchr gh ukc`h` `l plsa qul sl mastrhrè lk gh phkthggh h "f" hktls `l oamlkzhr lg hdustl `l < if.
mlkt.
(8) Paqul YHdustl `l gh jèsough `l < if] lk gh phkthggh `lg
mlkô `l slrvcoca (:/:).
(:) Hphrlolrè
lg hdustl uk mlkshdl
`l gh phrh
jhghkzh. oakecrmhr
Paohr sc oamlkzhr
. @lspuãs
lg mlkshdl nh `lshphrlocà, taqul lg cktlrruptar `l
vcsuhgczhocÿk `l gh phkthggh `l plsa phrh qul sl mulstrl
gh phkthggh `l plsa. _c taoh YOGH\_A] lk gufhr `l, lg
Lg praol`cmclkta `l hdustl ka sl ckcochrè ckogusa ouhkà
sl mulstrl gh phkthggh `l plsa.
(?) Ouhkà hphrlzoh gh phkthggh `l plsa, sl ckcochrè lg hdustl

`l 2 if. Ka oagaqul kh`h sajrl gh ohmh. Lsplrl `l < h
82 slfukàs nhsth qul gh gloturh `l plsa sl lsthjcgcol.
?>
(0) \kh vlz qul gh gloturh `l plsa sl nhyh lsthjcgczhà, taqul , R

A
Z
y hphrlolrè uk mlkshdl ‗Oak lg plsa oagaohà, taqul lg E
H
cktlrruptar `l vagvlr h plshr”. Oagaqul uk plsa
pl sa lstèk`hr `l < U
A
if suhvlmlktl lk lg olktra `l gh ohmh y lsplrl `l < h 82
Z
G
L
slfukàs nhsth qul gh gloturh `lg plsa sl lsthjcgcol. H
_
C
K
E
H
G
G
A
(<) \kh vlz qul gh gloturh `l plsa sl nhyh lsthjcgczhà, taqul Uagvlr h plshr,
y sl oampglthrè lg hdustl `l < if.
(5) _c hphrlol lg mlkshdl ‗Zlpcth lg hdustl”, vulgvh hg

hdustl `l 2 if.
_ck kh`h oagaohà sajrl gh ohmh, lsplrl `l < h 82
slfukàs nhsth qul gh gloturh `lg plsa sl lsthjcgcol.
Paqul y hphrlolrè lg mlkshdl ‗Oak lg plsa oagaohà,
taqul lg cktlrruptar `l vagvlr h plshr”. Oagaqul
suhvlmlktl gh plsh lstèk`hr `l < if lk lg olktra `l gh
ohmh y lsplrl `l < h 82 slfukàs. Gulfa rlpctl ( <) phrh
oampglthr oak ãxcta lg hdustl `l < if.
?3
:-0-
:-0-?.
?. Ohg
hgcj
cjrh
rhrr lg
lg ph
phkl
klgg tè
tèot
otccg
(8) Lkoclk`h gh hgcmlkthocÿk y hphrlolrè gh phkthggh `l ckcoca.
Paqul lsth phkthggh trls vlols.
(:) \k mlkshdl ‗Ohgcjrhocÿk `l gh phkthggh tèotcg. Rackt ta tnl àt

”hphrlolrè. Paqul lg pukta qul sl mulstrh lk gh lsquckh
suplrcar czquclr`h `l gh phkthggh.
(?) Gulfa, sl mastrhrè uk pukta lk gh lsquckh ckelrcar

`lrlonh `l gh phkthggh. Paqul lg pukta. Lg phklg tèotcg
sl nhjrè ohgcjrhà oarrlothmlktl sc sl mulstrh gh
phkthggh prckocphg.
02
Cksploocÿk `l mhktlkcmclkta
Y?] Cksploocÿk `l mhktlkcmclkta
RZLOH\OCßK
Ghs ckstctuocakls mã`cohs sak rlspakshjgls `l rlhgczhr ghs cksploocakls `l mhktlkcmclkta.

_l gls plrmctl oakechr ghs cksploocakls `l mhktlkcmclkta `l gh ukc`h` h uk oaktrhtcsth lxtlrka
hprapchà.
Gcmpcl y `lsckelotl gh ukc`h` y sus hoolsarcas hktls `l ghs cksploocakls `l mhktlkcmclkta, rlphrhocakls a lgcmckhocÿk.
M
Lg slrvcoca `l mhktlkcmclkta `ljl slr rlhgczhà oarrlothmlktl par ukh plrsakh ohgcecoh`h `l houlrà oak lstl Mhkuhg H
K
`l slrvcoca. P
L
K
C
M
Rrlohuocakls hg rlhgczhr cksploocakls `l mhktlkcmclkta
C
L
K
8. Ouhkà lgcdh mhktlklr l cksploocakhr gh ukc`h` a ouhkà sl `ltlrmckl qul gh ukc`h` klolscth rlphrhocakls h P
A
phrtcr `l gas rlsugthàs `l gh cksploocÿk, oaksugtl h su rlprlslkthktl gaohg `l Htam y taml ukh `l ghs scfuclktls
ml`c`hs.
8) Rrlfôktlgl h hgfuclk qul nhyh oampglthà uk oursa `l ohphocthocÿk lsplocecohà par Htam y qul tlkfh suecoclktls oakaocmclktas
tãokcoas y nhjcgc`h`ls phrh rlhgczhr lg trhjhda.
:) Rí`hgl h Htam qul lkvíl h su ckflkclra `l slrvcoca sc ka sl lkoulktrh `cspakcjgl ukh plrsakh qul nhyh oampglthà uk oursa `l
ohphocthocÿk lsplocecohà par Htam y qul tlkfh suecoclktls oakaocmclktas y nhjcgc`h`ls tãokcohs.
?) _agcoctl h Htam su hprajhocÿk phrh `lvagvlr gh ukc`h` phrh lg slrvcoca `l rlphrhocÿk.
:. Glh `ltlkc`hmlktl ghs prlohuocakls `l eukocakhmclkta hktls `l utcgczhr gh ukc`h`.
?. Ls klolshrch ukh cksploocÿk plrcÿ`coh phrh utcgczhr gh ukc`h` lk ÿptcmhs oak`cocakls.
0. Hslfôrlsl `l qul gh ukc`h` ka sl utcgcol sc sl lkoulktrh `lelotuash.
Paml ghs ml`c`hs h`louh`hs phrh hslfurhrsl `l qul ukh ukc`h` `lelotuash ka sl utcgcol par lrrar hktls `l qul sl cksploocakl
y rlphrl h`louh`hmlktl y sl ma`cecqulk sus hdustls phrh su eukocakhmclkta karmhg. Phgls ml`c`hs ckoguylk ck`cohr lk gh
ukc`h` qul lstè jhda cksploocÿk / rlphrhocÿk y mhktlklrgh hgldh`h `l atras `cspasctcvas qul eukocaklk oarrlothmlktl.
Rhrh utcgczhr gh ukc`h` `l earmh slfurh ùrhktl uk plríaà mès ghrfa, rlhgcol ghs cksploocakls `l mhktlkcmclkta qul sl `lsorcjlk h oaktckuhocÿk.
Cksploocÿk hktls `l ushr

Oampruljl lg eukocakhmclkta eukocakhg jèscoa `l oh`h phrtl `l gh ukc`h` oh`h vlz qul vhyh h utcgczhr gh ukc`h`.
Cksploocÿk trcmlstrhg
Oampruljl lg eukocakhmclkta `l oh`h eukocÿk `l gh ukc`h` oh`h trls mlsls.
_ck lmjhrfa, gh ukc`h` `ljl cksploocakhrsl h cktlrvhgas mès oartas sc sl ush oak erloulkoch.
Rclzhs qul rlquclrlk rllmpghza plrcÿ`coa

Hgfukhs pclzhs klolscthk slr rllmpghzh`hs plrcÿ`cohmlktl `lplk`clkà `l su plríaà `l usa.
08
?-8. Cksploocÿk hktls `lg usa

❉ Gh `lsorcpocÿk lk lsth sloocÿk sl rleclrl h ukh ukc`h` qul lstè lqucph`h oak uk oaktraghàr `l axíflka y uk
makctar. Amcth ouhgquclr sloocÿk qul ka lstã rlghocakh`h oak su ukc`h`.
Oampruljl gas scfuclktls puktas oh`h vlz qul vhyh h utcgczhr gh ukc`h`.
RZLOH\OCßK
_c kath hgfôk agar lxtrhøa, rucà lxtrhøa, sajrlohglkthmclkta a vcjrhocÿk lxtrhøh ouhkà sl hpgcoh lklrfíh
hg oulrpa prckocphg lk gh cksploocÿk hktls `lg usa, `ldl `l ushr gh ukc`h` ckml`chthmlktl y
oamukíqulsl oak su rlprlslkthktl gaohg `l Htam.
?-8-8. Cksploocÿk vcsuhg

Lglmlkta h oamprajhr @lsorcpocÿk
Lg oulrpa prckocphg y lg ohpÿ ka `ljlk lsthr ratas kc `learmhàs. (@l ga
Hphrclkoch oaktrhrca, lg jljã y / a lg usuhrca pul`lk suercr glscakls `ljcà h raturhs, lto.)
Rlrka `l oaklxcÿk Lg oulrpa prckocphg `ljl ecdhrsl `l earmh slfurh hg sapartl NG oak gas plrkas `l
oaklxcÿk. (@l ga oaktrhrca, lg oulrpa prckocphg pa`ríh ohlrsl).
Rulrta `l hoolsa `l hplrturh rèpc`h Oh`h lmphqul `ljl lsthr oaklothà oarrlothmlktl hg pulrta `l hoolsa. (@l ga oaktrhrca, lg
lmjhghdl slgga nlrmãtcoa pul`l vlrsl oampramltcà).
Lmphqulthùrh `lg adhg `l gh rhkurh Oh`h lmjhghdl `ljl ecdhrsl oarrlothmlktl h gh ohmphkh. @ljlríh lsthr ckthota. (@l ga
`lg vlktcghàr oaktrhrca, lg slgga nlrmãtcoa pul`l vlrsl oampramltcà).
Nlk`cùrh `l cktraùoocÿk `lg tuja Oh`h oakdukta `ljl lsthr oaklothà oarrlothmlktl h gh ohmphkh. @ljlríh lsthr ckthota.
makthdl (@l ga oaktrhrca, lg slgga nlrmãtcoa pul`l vlrsl oampramltcà
oampramltcà).).
Ka `ljl lsthr rata kc `learmhà. (@l ga oaktrhrca, uk oaktrag ckshtcsehotarca pul`l
Mÿùga slksar
rlsugthr `l ukh `ltloocÿk `lelotuash par phrtl `l gas slksarls).
Oh`h plrcggh `ljl mhktlklrsl lk su gufhr `l earmh slfurh y `ljl hjrcr y olrrhr lg phklg
Rlrcggh `l aplrhocÿk `lg phklg `l
`l lktrh`h `l mhklrh oakechjgl. (@l ga oaktrhrca, lg jljã pa`ríh ohlrsl `lg
h`mcscÿk
oamphrtcmlkta `lg jljã `ljcà h uk jgaqula ckoampglta).
Ka `ljl lsthr rata kc `learmhà. (@l ga oaktrhrca, lg jljã pa`ríh ohlrsl `lg
Fuhr`ch `l jljã
oamphrtcmlkta `lg jljã `ljcà h ukh sudlocÿk ckoampglth).
Oh`h pulrta `l hoolsa `ljl mhktlklrsl lk su gufhr `l earmh slfurh y `ljl hjrcrsl y olrrhrsl
Rulrta `l hoolsa `l hplrturh rèpc`h `l mhklrh oakechjgl. (@l ga oaktrhrca, lg jljã pa`ríh ohlrsl `lg oamphrtcmlkta `lg jljã
`ljcà h uk jgaqula ckoampglta).
@ljlríh eukocakhr sck prajglmhs. (@l ga
Mlohkcsma jhsoughktl
oaktrhrca, ls pascjgl qul ka eukocakl).
@ljl lkolk`lr y hphfhr gh hgcmlkthocÿk `l mhklrh oakechjgl. (@l
Cktlrruptar `l hgcmlkthocÿk
ga oaktrhrca, ls pascjgl qul ka eukocakl).
@ljl ecdhrsl `l earmh slfurh oak lg `cspasctcva `l ecdhocÿk. (@l ga oaktrhrca, lg phklg `l
Rhklg `l oaktrag
oaktrag pul`l vagvlrsl cklsthjgl a ohlr ouhkà sl hoocakh uk cktlrruptar).
Oh`h rul`h `ljl fcrhr suhvlmlktl. (@l ga oaktrhrca, gh ukc`h` ka sl pul`l rlujcohr
Ohstar
eèocgmlktl).
@ljl lsthr gcmpca.
Ecgtrhr
(@l ga oaktrhrca, ls pascjgl qul gh ocroughocÿk `l hcrl ka sl oaktragl oarrlothmlktl).
0:
Lglmlkta h oamprajhr @lsorcpocÿk

_l `ljl mastrhr ukh tlmplrhturh h`louh`h ouhkà sl oakloth gh sak`h
_ak`h `l tlmplrhturh outèklh
`l tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg y sl sudlth gh pukth `l gh sak`h oak ukh mhka.
_ak`h `l tlmplrhturh outèklh Lg èrlh hgrl`làr `lg pulrta `l oaklxcÿk ka `ljl lsthr rath kc suoch.
pulrta `l oaklxcÿk
Lktrh`h `lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk Gh lktrh`h `lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk `ljl lsthr gcmpch sck kckfôk gíqucà mã`coa h`nlrlktl.
Lg lkonuel ka `ljl `learmhrsl.

Ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk
Lg ohjgl ka `ljl `høhrsl.
Mlohkc
Mlohkcsma
sma `l
`l hdustl
hdustl `l
`l hgturh
hgturh @ljlrí
@ljlríhh eukocak
eukocakhr
hr sck
sck prajgl
prajglmhs
mhs sck
sck nholr
nholr kckf
kckfôk
ôk rucà
rucà lxtr
lxtrhøa
høa..
M
H
K
❉ _l pul`lk lkoaktrhr píxlgls mulrtas (puktas lk gh phkthggh qul sclmprl lstèk asouras) lk gh phkthggh GO@ ùrhktl gh cksploocÿk. P
L
ocÿk. Lstl ls uk elkÿmlka plougchr `l ukh phkthggh GO@ y ka uk mhg eukocakhmclkta. _ck lmjhrfa, sc uk mlkshdl cmparthktl a K
C
M
uk vhgar kumãrcoa ka ls vcscjgl `ljcà h `lmhschàs píxlgls mulrtas, oamukíqulsl oak su rlprlslkthktl gaohg `l Htam. C
L
thtcva. K
P
A
?-8-:. Cksploocÿk eukocakhg

Cksploocÿk `l ghs eukocakls jèscohs `l gh ckoujhàrh
(Rrlphrhocÿk 8)
(8) Oaklotl gh sak`h `l tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg hmhrcggh hg pulrta `l
oaklxcÿk `l gh sak`h `l tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg 8 lk gh phrtl _ak`h `l tlmplrhturh outèklh
w
pastlrcar `lg oulrpa prckocphg.
Lkshmjghdl `l gh rhkurh `l cktraùoocÿk `lg tuja

q pulrta `l oaklxcÿk 8
(:) Hjrh gh thph `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` nhsth gh pascocÿk qul

sl mulstrh lk gh ecfurh `l gh `lrlonh. Lxtrhcfh gh oèmhrh
`l numl`h` nhsth qul sl `ltlkfh h gh mcth`. Glvhktl
gcflrhmlktl gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` y sèqulgh.
@ldl qul gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` y lg hfuh qul oaktclkl
sl lkerílk ga suecoclktl hktls `l rltcrhr gh oèmhrh `l
numl`h`. @l ga oaktrhrca, pul`l qulmhrsl. _astlkfh gh
oèmhrh `l numl`h` oak hmjhs mhkas parqul gh oèmhrh Phph `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`
`l numl`h` gglkh `l hfuh ls plsh`h.
0?
(Oamprajhkà ghs phkthgghs y gh hghrmh sakarh)

(?) Lkoclk`h lg cktlrruptar `l lkolk`cà phrh hotcvhr lg scstlmh.
Cktlrruptar `l hgcmlkthocÿk
Onlqul4
q ±_l lkoclk`l gh gèmphrh `l hghrmh y
±_ulkh gh hghrmh ckml`chthmlktl `lspuãs `l qul sl lkoclk`l lg
cktlrruptar `l lkolk`cà1
w Ls uk vhgar kumãrcoa qul sl mulstrh lk gh ckoujhàrh.
vcsuhgczhocÿk `l gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl1
mc Ls uk vhgar kumãrcoa qul sl mulstrh lk gh tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg.

phkthggh `l plrhturh 81
r Ls uk vhgar kumrcoa qul sl mulstrh lk gh nu-
phkthggh mc`cty1
t ±Lstè lg ck`cohàr `l "hghrmh `l oèmhrh `l numl`h` hphfh`h"1
±sajrl1
y ±_ak gas ck`cohàrls `l hghrmh `cstcktas `l gas

‗±Lg ck`cohàr `l hghrmh `l oèmhrh hphfh`h lstè hphfhà1
❉ Gh ck`cohocÿk `cfcthg ckoguyl gh ck`cohocÿk "GAV / NCFN"

ocÿk.
(Oamprajhocÿk `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`)
(0) Lmpudl suhvlmlktl gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` lk gh qul sl

s l oagaoh
lg thkqul `lg ohrtuona lk lg oulrpa prckocphg nhsth qul gh
mhroh qul sl mulstrh lk gh ecfurh `l gh `lrlonh slh vcscjgl y
oclrrl gh thph `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`.
Onlqul4
q ±Gh ck`cohocÿk `l "oèmhrh `l numl`h` `lshotcvh`h"
phrh shgcr1
Phph `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`
(Oamprajhocÿk `l gh aplrhocÿk `l hdustl `l tlmplrhturh)
(<) Ecdl gh tlmplrhturh h :?.2 ² O lk lg maà `l oaktrag

mhkuhg.
Onlqul4
q ±Lg vhgar kumãrcoa `l gh tlmplrhturh lsthjgloc`h
gh phkthggh ohmjch ouhkà ouhgquclrh `l gas cktlrruptarls `l hdustl ( ¶
) ls taohà1
(Oamprajhocÿk `l gh aplrhocÿk `l hdustl `l gh numl`h` rlghtcvh)
(5) Lsthjglzoh gh numl`h` rlghtcvh lk 3<% ZN.

Onlqul4
q ±Lg vhgar kumãrcoa `l gh nu-
ohmjca `l phkthggh cktlrml`ch ouhkà sl hdusth lg cktlrruptar
(¶ ) ls taohà1
00
(Oamprajhocÿk `lg oaktraghàr `l axíflka (phrh gh ukc`h` oak lg oaktraghàr `l axíflka))
(6) Nhjcgctl gh eukocÿk `lg oaktraghàr `l axíflka.

Onlqul4
q Ls uk vhgar kumãrcoa qul sl mulstrh lk lg axíflka
phkthggh `l oakolktrhocÿk1
(>) Mclktrhs prlscakh gh phghkoh, lxtrhcfh lg mÿùga `lg

slksar y rlhgcol lg praol`cmclkta `l ohgcjrhocÿk hg :8%. Rhghkoh
Onlqul4
q ±_l mulstrh ":8%" lk gh oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka
mastrhr `lspuãs `l uk tclmpa1
M
H
K
P
L
Mÿùga slksar K
C
M
C
(Oamprajhocÿk `l gh hghrmh `l gh sak`h `l tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg)
L
K
P
(3) Ecdl gh tlmplrhturh h ?6,< ² O lk lg maà `l A
slrvaoaktrag.
(82) Zltcrl gh sak`h `l tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg oakloth`h hg pulrta `l
oaklxcÿk `l gh sak`h `l tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg 8 lk gh phrtl _ak`h `l tlmplrhturh outèklh
pastlrcar `lg oulrpa prckocphg.

Onlqul4
Lkshmjghdl `l gh rhkurh `l cktraùoocÿk `lg tuja
q ±_l praùol gh hghrmh `l gh sak`h `l tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg1

pulrta `l oaklxcÿk 8
(Oamprajhkà gh hghrmh `l ehggh `lg scstlmh)
(88) Zltcrl lg oaklotar `lg mÿùga `lg slksar oaklothà h gh phrtl trhslrh `lg oulrpa prckocphg.
Onlqul4
q ±Aourrl gh hghrmh `l ehggh `lg scstlmh1
(Oamprajhkà gh hghrmh `l oartl `l lklrfíh)
(8:) Zltcrl lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk.

Onlqul4
q ±_l lkoclk`l lg ck`cohàr `l hghrmh `l ehggh `l lklrfíh1
w ±_ulkh gh hghrmh sakarh1
(Rrlphrhocÿk :)
(8?) Hphful lg cktlrruptar `l lkolk`cà.
(80) Oaklotl lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk.
(Makctar `l plsa)
(8<) Oaklotl lg ohjgl `lg makctar `l plsa hg oaklotar phrh lg makctar `l plsa lk gh phrtl trhslrh `lg oulrpa prckocphg.
(`clocsãcs) Lkoclk`h lg cktlrruptar `l lkolk`cà phrh hotcvhr lg scstlmh.
(86) Nhfh qul sl mulstrl gh phkthggh `l plsa.

Onlqul4
q ±Hphrlol ‗Q Q Q Q f” lk lg èrlh `l vcsuhgczhocÿk `l plsa1
0<
(8>) Paohr .
(83) Paohr kulvhmlktl mclktrhs sl mulstrh lg mlkshdl ‗Glvhktl hg jljã `lg oagonÿk” oak ukh mlga`íh.
Onlqul4
q ±_l ckcoch lg praolsa `l `lùoocÿk `l thrh y gh ukc`h` lktrh lk lg maà `l oaktrag `l plsa karmhg1
w ±Ohmjch gh gloturh `l plsa ouhkà lmpudh gh pghthearmh `lg oagonÿk gcflrhmlktl nhoch hjhda lk lg maà karmhg1
maà `l makctar `l plsa1
(Cksploocÿk oampglth`h)
(:2) Hphful lg cktlrruptar `l lkolk`cà.
RZLOH\OCßK
_c hgfukh eukocÿk ka ls shtcsehotarch, oaksugtl gh sloocÿk "_aguocÿk `l prajglmhs" y rlhgcol gh cksploocÿk
eukocakhg oampglth ukh vlz mès.
?-8-?. Cksploocÿk `l `lslmpløa

Lqucphmclkta rlqulrcà4
_l rlquclrlk uk ml`càr `l eguda `l axíflka y uk makctar `l axíflka phrh vlrcecohr lg sumckcstra `l axíflka.
(Rrlphrhocÿk)
(8) Oaklotl gh sak`h `l tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg hg pulrta `l oaklxcÿk `l gh sak`h `l tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg 8 lk gh phrtl pastlrcar `lg oulrpa
prckocphg y oagÿqulgh 82 om par lkocmh `lg olktra `l gh suplrecocl `lg oagonÿk.
(:) _umckcstrl hfuh lk gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` y oagÿqulgh lk lg oulrpa prckocphg.

(?) Lkoclk`h lg cktlrruptar `l lkolk`cà phrh hotcvhr lg scstlmh.
(0) Lsthjglzoh lg hdustl `l numl`h` lk HRHFH@A.
(<) Rakfh lg oaktrag `l axíflka lk AEE.
(Oaktrag `l gh tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg)
(5) Ecdl gh tlmplrhturh h ?5.2 ² O lk lg maà `l slrvaoaktrag.

Onlqul4
q ±_l lsthjcgczh gh gloturh lk gh phkthggh `l tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg h ?5.2 2.<˔O1
(Oaktrag `l tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh)
(6) Ecdl gh tlmplrhturh h ?5.2 ² O lk lg maà `l oaktrag mhkuhg.

Onlqul4
q ±_l lsthjcgczh gh gloturh lk gh phkthggh `l tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh h ?5.2 8˔O1
(Oaktrag `l axíflka)
(>) Zlhgcol lg praol`cmclkta `l ohgcjrhocÿk hg :8%.
(3) Rakfh lg oaktrag `l axíflka lk AK.
(82) _umckcstrl axíflka h trhvãs `lg pulrta `l sumckcstra `l axíflka :.
(88) Lsthjglzoh gh oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka hg 02% `l A :.

Onlqul4
q ±_l lsthjcgczh gh gloturh lk gh phkthggh `l oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka h 02 :% A :1
❉ \kh vlz oampglth`h gh vlrcecohocÿk, hdustl lg oaktrag `l axíflka lk AEE.
05
(_umckcstra `l axíflka)
(8:) _umckcstrl axíflka h trhvãs `lg pulrta `l sumckcstra `l axíflka 8 h 82 g / mck utcgczhkà uk ml`càr `l eguda `l axíflka.
Onlqul4
q Mc`h gh oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka oak uk makctar `l axíflka. ±Ls gh gloturh hg mlkas 5<% A :1
❉ @ltlkfh lg sumckcstra `l axíflka ouhkà sl oampgltl gh vlrcecohocÿk.
(Oaktrag `l numl`h`)
(8?) Lsthjglzoh gh numl`h` rlghtcvh hg 32% `l numl`h` rlghtcvh.
Onlqul4
q ±Gh gloturh lk gh phkthggh `l numl`h` rlghtcvh ls 32 82% ZN1
M
(Cksploocÿk oampglth`h) H
K
(80) Hphful lg cktlrruptar `l lkolk`cà. P
L
K
C
M
RZLOH\OCßK
C
L
K
P
_c sl lkoulktrh qul lg rlk`cmclkta ka ls shtcsehotarca, oaksugtl gh sloocÿk "_aguocÿk `l prajglmhs" y rlhgcol gh A
cksploocÿk `l rlk`cmclkta oampglth ukh vlz mès.
?-8-0. Oamprajhocÿk y ohgcjrhocÿk `lg makctar `l plsa

Oampruljl y ohgcjrl lg makctar `l plsa plrcÿ`cohmlktl ukh vlz hg høa.
Rhrh oakaolr lg praol`cmclkta `l ohgcjrhocÿk, oaksugtl ‗ :-0-:-3. Hdustl `l gh jèsough oak uk plsa `l < if. "
06
?-:. Cksploocÿk trcmlstrhg

Oampruljl gas scfuclktls lglmlktas oh`h trls mlsls.
Lglmlkta h oamprajhr Rraol`cmclkta @lsorcpocÿk

Hcrl `l ckoujhàrh Ecdl gh tlmplrhturh h ?5.2 ² O lk oaktrag Gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh qul sl
oaktrag `l tlmplrhturh mhkuhg. mulstrh `ljl slr lsthjgl h ?5.2 8 ² O.
Oagaqul gh sak`h `l tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg h
Plmplrhturh `l gh pclg ukas 82 om par lkocmh `lg olktra `l gh Gh tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg qul sl mulstrh `ljl
oaktrag suplrecocl `lg oagonÿk lk gh ckoujhàrh y hdustl slr lsthjgl h ?5.2 2.< ² O.
gh tlmplrhturh h ?5,2 ² O lk lg slrvaoaktrag.
Hdustl gh NZ hg 32% oak gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh Gh NZ mastrh`h `ljl slr lsthjgl lktrl 32
Oaktrag `l numl`h`
ckoujhàrh hdusth`h
hdusth`h h ?:,2 ² O. y 82%.
q Ouhkà lg oaktraghàr `l axíflka ka lstè q Gh oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka lk gh ckoujhàrh
utcgczhà4 _umckcstrl axíflka h 82 g / mck `ls`l lg jhtar `ljl sujcr hg 5<% a mès.
pulrta `l sumckcstra `l axíflka 8.
Oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka
w Ouhkà sl ush lg oaktraghàr `l axíflka4 w @ljl oampglthrsl gh ohgcjrhocÿk hg :8%
oaktrag `l gh hoocÿk
Oaklotl axíflka hg pulrta `l sumckcstra `l oarrlothmlktl, y gh oakolktrhocÿk `l
axíflka : y, `lspuãs `l gh ohgcjrhocÿk hg :8%, axíflka mastrh`h `ljl slr lsthjgl hg
hdustl gh oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka hg 02%. 02 :%.
3< ~ 822% `ljl mastrhrsl lk lg% _pA :
Oaklotl uk slksar hg oulrpa prckocphg y
Axímltra `l pugsa makctar. Phmjcãk sl `ljl mastrhr gh
oaklotl lg slksar hg cksplotar.
erloulkoch `lg pugsa.
H`mcrhàr Ulrcecqul lg lxtlrcar ml`chktl cksploocÿk vcsuhg. Ka `ljl lsthr rata kc `learmhà.
q Cksthgl lg thkqul `l ohrtuona sck kckfôk q Lg ck`cohàr `l "hghrmh `l ehgth `l hfuh" `ljl
hfuh lk lggh. vhmas.
w Hjrh gh thph `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`. w Gh "hghrmh `l oèmhrh `l numl`h` hphfh`h"
Numc`cecohàr
Lg ck`cohàr `ljlríh lkolk`lrsl.
mc Cksthgl gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` oak lg mc Gh "hghrmh `l oèmhrh `l numl`h` hphfh`h"
thph `l gh ohg`lrh. Lg ck`cohàr `ljlríh lkolk`lrsl.
Lg ck`cohàr `l hghrmh `l ehggh `l lklrfíh
Lkoclk`h gh ukc`h` y gulfa `lsoaklotl lg
Hghrmh `l ehggh `l lklrfíh `ljl lkolk`lrsl y `ljl sakhr ukh hghrmh
lkonuel `l gh tamh `l oarrclktl.
hu`cjgl.
Makctar `l plsa
(Gh ukc`h` lqucph`h Oagaqul uk plsa `l < if (apocakhg) lk lg Lg vhgar mastrhà `ljl lsthr lk lg
oak lg plsa olktra `lg oagonÿk y oampruljl gh phkthggh. rhkfa `l <222 <f.
\kc`h` `l Makctar)
0>
?-?. Gcsth `l vlrcecohocÿk `l cksploocÿk
H@ULZPLKOCH
_c sl `ltloth hgfôk prajglmh lk hgfukh cksploocÿk, ck`cqul lk gh ukc`h` qul lstè hvlrch`h y jusqul rlphrhocÿk
sck ehgth.
Rÿkfhsl lk oakthota oak su rlprlslkthktl gaohg `l Htam phrh ajtlklr mès ckearmhocÿk sajrl rlphrhocakls.
Kômlra `l slrcl. ( ) Elonh `l cksploocÿk ( . . ) Cksplotar ( )

M
Ka. Lglmlkta h oamprajhr Ducoca H
K
Cksploocÿk hktls `l ushr (oh`h vlz)
P
L
K
8 _Í KA
C
±Lstèk lg oulrpa prckocphg y lg ohpÿ gcjrls `l raturhs y atras M
C
L
: `lelotas1 ±Lstè ecda lg oulrpa prckocphg hg sapartl NG1 _Í KA
K
P
A
? ±Lstèk ghs oujclrths `l gas pulrtas `l hoolsa gcjrls `l raturhs y atras `lelotas y lstèk ecdh`hs `l earmh slfurh1 ±Lstèk gas _Í KA
0 lmphquls `l gas pulrtas `l hoolsa ecdhàs `l earmh slfurh h gas pulrtas `l hoolsa1 _Í KA
< ±Lstèk ghs lmphqulthùrhs `lg oakdukta `l gh rhkurh `l cktraùoocÿk `lg tuja gcjrls `l raturhs y ukc`hs `l earmh slfurh1 _Í KA
5 ±Lg mÿùga `lg slksar lstè gcjrl `l raturhs y lstè ecdhà `l earmh slfurh1 _Í KA
6 ±Lstèk gas slksarls `l axíflka gcjrls `l ouhgquclr scfka `l `høa, `ltlrcara a eufhs1 _Í KA
> ±Ghs plrcgghs `l aplrhocÿk `lg phklg `l lktrh`h sl mhktclklk lk su gufhr `l mhklrh slfurh y eukocakhk `l mhklrh oakechjgl1
3 _Í / KA ±Gas pulrtas `l hoolsa sl mhktclklk lk su gufhr `l earmh slfurh y sl hjrlk y oclrrhk `l mhklrh oakechjgl1 _Í KA
82 ±Lg mlohkcsma `l ckogckhocÿk eukocakh sck prajglmhs1 _Í KA

88 ±Lg cktlrruptar `l lkolk`cà lkoclk`l y hphfh gh hgcmlkthocÿk `l mhklrh oakechjgl1 _Í KA
8: ±Lg `cspasctcva `l ecdhocÿk `lg phklg `l oaktrag lstè gcjrl `l raturhs y lg phklg `l oaktrag lstè ecdhà `l earmh slfurh1 _Í
_ Í KA
8? ±Lstè gcmpca lg ecgtra sck suocl`h` klfruzoh1 _Í KA

80 ±Lstèk ta`hs ghs plfhtckhs `l prlohuocÿk / h`vlrtlkoch ecdh`hs `l earmh slfurh1 _Í KA
8< ±_l pul`l hool`lr eèocgmlktl hg mhkuhg `l eukocakhmclkta1 _Í KA

Cksploocÿk trcmlstrhg
8 ±Gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh qul sl mulstrh ls lsthjgl h ?5.2 8˔O lk oaktrag _Í KA
: mhkuhg1 ±Gh tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg mastrh`h ls lsthjgl h ?5,2 2,< ² O lk lg slrvaoaktrag1 ±Gh NZ _Í KA
? mastrh`h ls lsthjgl h 32 82%1 _Í KA
0 ±Gh oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka humlkth hg 5<% a mès h 82 g / mck1 _Í KA
< ±Gh oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka mastrh`h ls lsthjgl hg 02 :% ouhkà gh eukocÿk `l oaktrag `l axíflka lstè hotcvh`h1 Ls _Í KA
5 ukh _pA : vhgar mastrhà ouhkà ukh _pA : ±Lg slksar lstè oaklothà1 _Í KA
6 ±Gh phkthggh `l plsa mulstrh uk vhgar kumãrcoa oarrlota ouhkà sl plsh uk plsa `l < if (apocakhg)1
> _Í / KA ±_l lkoclk`lk lg ck`cohàr `l "hghrmh `l ehgth `l hfuh" y lg ck`cohàr `l "hghrmh `l oèmhrh
3 `l numl`h` hphfh`h"1 _Í / KA ±Lstè lg vlktcghàr gcjrl `l raturhs1 _Í KA
±_ulkh ukh hghrmh hu`cjgl y sl lkoclk`l lg ck`cohàr `l hghrmh `l ehggh `l lklrfíh ouhkà sl
82 _Í KA
qucth lg lkonuel `l gh tamh `l oarrclktl1
03
?-0. Rclzhs `l rlpulsta plrcÿ`cohs y oÿma rllmpghzhrghs

Ghs pclzhs `l rlpulsta plrcÿ`cohs sak hqulgghs qul sl `ltlrcarhk y `lsfhsthk frhùhgmlktl oak lg usa. Klolscthk uk rllmpghza
plrcÿ`coa phrh mhktlklr gh prlocscÿk y lg rlk`cmclkta `l gh ukc`h` lk uk kcvlg h`louhà. Lg mamlkta `lg rllmpghza vhríh slfôk gh
erloulkoch y ghs oak`cocakls `l usa. Oaksugtl h su rlprlslkthktl gaohg `l Htam phrh ajtlklr uk rllmpghza.
Kamjrl `l gh pclzh Rlríaà `l usa Zhzÿk `lg rllmpghza

_uocl`h` par pagva a oaktrag `l ocroughocÿk `l hcrl `lelotuasa
Ecgtrhr
? mlsls `ljcà h ajstruoocakls
Nlk`cùrh `l cktraùoocÿk `lg tuja @csmckuocÿk `l gh lsthkqulc`h` hg hcrl `ljcà h raturhs a
8 ~ : høas
lmjhghdl `l makthdl `learmhocakls.
Rhklg `l h`mcscÿk @csmckuocÿk `l gh lsthkqulc`h` hg hcrl `ljcà h raturhs a
8 ~ : høas
lmjhghdl `learmhocakls.
Rulrta `l hoolsa slmc-crcs @csmckuocÿk `l gh lsthkqulc`h` hg hcrl `ljcà h raturhs a
8 ~ : høas
Rulrta `l hoolsa `l hplrturh rèpc`h @csmckuocÿk `l gh lsthkqulc`h` hg hcrl `ljcà h raturhs a
8 ~ : høas
Lmjhghdl `l gh pulrth `l gh jhk`ldh `lg @csmckuocÿk `l gh lsthkqulc`h` hg hcrl `ljcà h raturhs a
8 ~ : høas
ohsltl `l rhyas ^ `learmhocakls.
Oagonÿk 8 ~ : hø
høa
as @csm
@csmck
cku
uoc
ocÿ
ÿk `l
`l gh
gh lg
lghs
hstc
tcoc
oc`h
`h`
` par
par ra
ratu
turh
rh a `l
`leear
armh
mhoc
ocÿ
ÿk.
Hmartcfuhàr fcrhtarca (phrh

: høas Eukocÿk `l hmartcfuhocÿk rlùoc`h
uk phklg `l lktrh`h)
Matar `lg vlktcghàr ? høas @csmckuocÿk `l gh ocroughocÿk `l hcrl.
H`mcrhàr ? høas @csmckuocÿk `l gh ocroughocÿk `l hcrl.
Rulrta `l hoolsa `l hplrturh rèpc`h ? høas Jgaqula ckoampglta
Numc`cecohocÿk cksuecoclktl par raturh a

Numc`cecohocÿk
Oèmhrh `l numl`h` ? høas
`learmhocÿk
Jhtlríh rlohrfhjgl Eukocÿk `l hghrmh `l ehggh `l lklrfíh `lelotuash `ljcà h gh vc`h ôtcg `l gh jhtlríh
0 høas
(phrh ukh hghrmh `l ehggh `l
lklrfíh) Jhtlríh phrh lg phklg `l
0 høas Oaktrag `l rlgad `lelotuasa `ljcà h gh ùrhocÿk `l gh jhtlríh
oaktrag
Uhrchjgl `lplk`clkà
Ohgcjrhocÿk `lelotuash a oaktrag `l axíflka `lelotuasa `ljcà h gh vc`h ôtcg
_lksar `l axcflka lk eukocakhmclkta
`lg slksar
oak`cocakls ❉
❉ Lg slksar `l axíflka ls uk hrtíouga oaksumcjgl y su vc`h sl vl heloth`h lk frhk ml`c`h par ghs oak`cocakls hmjclkthgls jhda
ouèg sl utcgczh (ls `locr, tlmplrhturh hmjclktl, oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka). _l rloamclk`h rllmpghzhr uk slksar
`l axíflka ouhkà nhyh phshà mès `l uk høa `ls`l qul sl shoÿ `l su phqultl.
<2
?-0-8. Zllmpghza `lg ecgtra

RZLOH\OCßK
Zllmpghol lg ecgtra vclda par uka kulva oh`h trls mlsls lk flklrhg. Gh suocl`h` `lg ecgtra vhríh oak lg
frhà `l oakthmckhocÿk `lg hcrl y gh erloulkoch `l aplrhocÿk. Oampruljl gh suocl`h` `lg ecgtra h trhvãs `l
gh vlkthkh `l gh thph `lg ecgtra. _c lg ecgtra sl lkoulktrh `lsoagarcà, rllmpgèolga par uka kulva.
uka ckogusa sc lg cktlrvhga `l trls mlsls hôk ka nh tlrmckhà.
(8) Hegadl lg tarkcgga `l gh thph `lg ecgtra y hjrh gh thph.

Phkqul `l hcrl erlsoa
M
H
K
P
L
K
C
M
C
L
K
Phph `lg ecgtra
P
A
(:) _lphrl lg ecgtra glkthmlktl. _hqul lg ecgtra suoca, tlkclkà

Ecgtrhr
ouc`hà `l qul gh suocl`h` ka vulgl.
RZLOH\OCßK
Ka jgaqull gh lktrh`h `l hcrl erlsoa oak ukh phrl` a uk

phøa, lto.
(?) @lslonl lg ecgtra suoca. Gcmpchr gh thph `lg ecgtra y lg

parthecgtra oak uk phøa suhvl numl`locà oak ukh
saguocÿk `lsckelothktl y lsourrcà ga suecoclktl.
(0) Oagaqul uk ecgtra kulva lk lg parthecgtras. Hslfôrlsl `l qul lg
ecgtra lstã cksthghà oarrlothmlktl. Ckfrlsl gh elonh `l
rllmpghza lk gh thrdlth `l rlfcstra `l rllmpghza `l ecgtra Phph `lg ecgtra
h`dukth y pãfulgh lk su gufhr oama sl mulstrh lk gh ecfurh
`l gh `lrlonh phrh rlelrlkoch euturh.
\jcohocÿk phrh
(<) Hprcltl lg tarkcgga `l gh thph `lg ecgtra y oclrrl gh oagaohr lg ecgtra
thph. rllmpghza
thrdlth `l rlfcstra
H@ULZPLKOCH
Ka cktlktl rlutcgczhr lg ecgtra suoca ghvèkàga a

oagaoèkàga `lg rlvãs.
Hjrh gh thph `lg ecgtra saga phrh rllmpghzhr lg ecgtra vclda
par uka kulva.
❉ Gh ukc`h` oulkth lg kômlra `l narhs `l eukocakhmclkta `lspuãs `l qul sl rllmpghzh lg ecgtra.

Ouhkà gglfh lg mamlkta `l rllmpghzhr lg ecgtra, hphrlol uk mlkshdl lk gh phkthggh phrh rloar`hrgl hg usuhrca. Lg oakthàr `ljl
rlckcochrsl `lspuãs `l rllmpghzhr lg ecgtra. @l ga oaktrhrca, lg mlkshdl plrmhklolrè lkolk`cà. Hslfôrlsl `l paklrsl lk oakthota oak su
rlprlslkthktl gaohg `l Htam sc nh rllmpghzhà lg ecgtra ustl` mcsma.
<8
?-0-:. Zllmpghza `lg slksar `l axíflka
H@ULZPLKOCH
Oama phrtl `l gh cksploocÿk `chrch, vlrcecqul lg slksar `l axíflka phrh `ltlothr ouhgquclr scfka `l `ltlrcara a eufh `l
gíqucà. _c sl lkoulktrhk frclths lk gh suplrecocl lxtlrkh, rllmpgèolgh ckml`chthmlktl par ukh kulvh.
Lg slksar `l axíflka ls uk `cspasctcva slgghà qul oaktclkl uk lglotragcta `l nc`rÿxcà `l
pathsca. Lg lglotragcta
pclg a raph, gèvlsl oakpul`l lsohphrsl
hjuk`hktl hfuh.sc_clgglslksar sl lk
lktrhrh `høh hg ohlr,
lg ada, lto.lg_cada
gèvlsl lg ckml`chthmlktl
lglotragcta taoh su
oak hjuk`hktl hfuh y oaksugtl hg mã`coa.
@lslonl uk slksar `l axíflka ushà `l houlrà oak lg praol`cmclkta `l lgcmckhocÿk hprapchà.
RZLOH\OCßK
Zllmpghol gas às slksarls `l axíflka hg mcsma tclmpa.
_c gh hghrmh `lg slksar `l axíflka plrmhklol lkolk`c`h, ls pascjgl qul gas slksarls `l axíflka lstãk `lelotuasas. Zllmpghol gas
slksarls `l axíflka vcldas par atras kulvas.
@ldl lg slksar `l axíflka lk gh htmÿselrh ùrhktl mès `l ukh narh `lspuãs `l shohrga `l su phqultl. Gh shgc`h
`lg slksar ka ls lsthjgl ckml`chthmlktl `lspuãs `l shohr lg slksar `l su phqultl y pul`l aourrcr ukh hghrmh
`l slksar `l axíflka.
Lvctl gh guz saghr `crloth y ghs hgths tlmplrhturhs ouhkà fuhr`l lg slksar `l axíflka.
Gh vc`h ôtcg `lg slksar `l axíflka vhríh slfôk ghs oak`cocakls hmjclkthgls
hmjclkthgls lk ghs qul sl utcgczh.
_l rloamclk`h rllmpghzhr uk slksar `l axíflka ouhkà nhyh phshà mès `l uk høa `ls`l
qul sl shoÿ `l su phqultl.
Lvctl fagpls mloèkcoas lk gas slksarls `l axíflka ouhkà gas rllmpghol.

<:
(8) Zltcrl lg lkonuel `lg ohjgl `lg mÿùga `lg slksar `lg
Rhghkoh
oulrpa prckocphg y gulfa lxtrhcfh lg mÿùga `lg
slksar `lg ohpÿ.
Mÿùga slksar
(:) Zltcrl gh thph `lg slksar `l axíflka y shqul gas às Phph `lg slksar `l axíflka
slksarls `l axíflka `lg mÿùga `lg slksar. M
(?) Oaklotl gas kulvas slksarls hg mÿùga oagaohkà oh`h ohjlzhg H
K
`l slksar oarrlothmlktl lk lg sapartl oarrlspak`clktl lk lg Ohjgl P
L
K
mÿùga. C
M
C
(0) Oagaqul gh thph `lg slksar `l axíflka y vulgvh h oagaohr lg L
K
mÿùga `lg slksar lk su pascocÿk hktlrcar lk lg ohpÿ.
P
A
@lspuãs `l oaklothr lg lkonuel `lg mÿùga slksar hg oulrpa _lksar `l axcflka
prckocphg, ohgcjrl gas slksarls.
❉ Gh ukc`h` oulkth lg kômlra `l narhs qul phshk `lspuãs `l qul sl rllmpghzhk gas slksarls `l axíflka. Ouhkà gglful lg mamlkta
phrh rllmpghzhr gas slksarls, hphrlol uk mlkshdl lk gh phkthggh phrh rloar`hrgl hg usuhrca. Lg oakthàr `ljl rlckcochrsl `lspuãs `l
rllmpghzhr gas slksarls `l axíflka. @l ga oaktrhrca, lg mlkshdl plrmhklolrè lkolk`cà. Hslfôrlsl `l paklrsl lk oakthota oak su
rlprlslkthktl gaohg `l Htam sc nh rllmpghzhà gas slksarls `l axíflka ustl` mcsma.
<?
Gcmpclzh y `lsckeloocÿk
Y0] Gcmpclzh y `lsckeloocÿk

H@ULZPLKOCH
Hktls `l gcmpchr y `lsckelothr gh ukc`h`, hslfôrlsl `l hphfhr gh hgcmlkthocÿk, `lsoaklothr lg lkonuel `l gh tamh
`l oarrclktl y `ldhr qul gh ckoujhàrh y gas ohglkthàrls sl lkerílk ga suecoclktl.
RZLOH\OCßK
Lstl praùota sl lkvíh sck slr `lsckelothà. Hslfôrlsl `l gcmpchr y `lsckelothr gh ukc`h` hktls `l ushrgh
par prcmlrh vlz `lspuãs `l gh oamprh.
Oaksugtl lg àoumlkta h`dukta `lg `lsckelothktl qul vh h utcgczhr phrh oakaolr gh oakolktrhocÿk, lg tclmpa `l
oakthota y gh mhkcpughocÿk h`louhàs. _cfh ghs ckstruoocakls `l usa y àscs y prlohuocakls qul sl `hk lk lg
àoumlkta.
Hktls `l gcmpchr a `hr mhktlkcmclkta h gh ukc`h`, vlrcecqul qul lg sumckcstra

s umckcstra `l axíflka h gh ckoujhàrh sl nhyh
`ltlkcà y qul gh ckoujhàrh sl nhyh `lsoaklothà `l gh eulktl `l sumckcstra `l axíflka. Gh gcmpclzh a lg
mhktlkcmclkta `l gh ckoujhàrh lk uk lktarka àk`l gh oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka lstè lk uk kcvlg hgta pul`l pravaohr
uk ckolk`ca a ukh lxpgascÿk.
Gcmpcl y `lsckelotl gh ukc`h` sclmprl qul gh usl phrh atra jljã.
Gcmpcl y `lsckelotl gh ukc`h` sclmprl

s clmprl qul katl ouhgquclr suocl`h` a mhkonh qul pul`h ohushr ukh ckeloocÿk.
@lspuãs `l gh gcmpclzh y `lsckeloocÿk, maktl oarrlothmlktl

oarrlothmlktl ghs pclzhs lxtrhí`hs y oampruljl qul gh ukc`h` eukocakh
oak karmhgc`h`.
@lspuãs `l gcmpchr y `lsckelothr, rltcrl gh saguocÿk `lsckelothktl par oampglta y gulfa usl gh ckoujhàrh.
Ajtlkfh uk phøa suhvl y gcmpca y ukh saguocÿk `lsckelothktl phrh gcmpchr y `lsckelothr.
❉ Ghs saguocakls `lsckelothktls rloamlk`h`hs ckoguylk4
• _aguocÿk houash `l ogarura `l jlkzhgoakca (par ldlmpga, Asvhk)

• _aguocÿk houash `l ogarura `l jlkoltakca (p. Ld., Nyhmckl)
• _aguocÿk houash `l ogarnlxc`ckh (p. Ld., Ncjcthkl)
Ka usl kckfôk hjrhscva, gcmpchàr, hgoanag, holtakh u atra sagvlktl phrh gcmpchr y `lsckelothr. Ka lstlrcgcol lk hutaoghvl.
<0
0-8. Lkshmjghdl `l gh ohmphkh
• Lmjhghdl `lg pulrta `l hoolsa `l hplrturh rèpc`h

Ouh`ra
Zltcrl ghs lmphqulthùrhs `l famh `l gas pulrtas `l hoolsa qul sl hjrlk h
Ghjca `l lmphqul
prlscÿk. _umlrfcrgas y gcmpchrgas lk ukh saguocÿk `lsckelothktl. Rhrh vagvlr h
oagaohr oh`h lmphqul `l famh lk su pascocÿk hktlrcar, hslfôrlsl `l
suhvczhr ghs hrrufhs h ga ghrfa `lg jar`l `lg lmphqul phrh qul lg lmphqul
`lg pulrta `l hoolsa lkohdl plrelothmlktl lk gh rhkurh hgrl`làr `lg mhroa

`lg pulrta `l hoolsa `l hplrturh rèpc`h oama sl mulstrh lk gh ecfurh `l gh
`lrlonh. .
Lmjhghdl `lg pulrta `l hoolsa h prlscÿk
M
H
RZLOH\OCßK K
P
L
Ghs lmphqulthùrhs `l gas pulrtas `l hoolsa `l hplrturh
K
C
M
rèpc`h lstèk `csløh`hs saga phrh gh ukc`h`. Ka oagaqul kckfôk C
L
atra lmphqul lk gh ukc`h`.
K
P
A
• Lmjhghdl `lg phklg `l h`mcscÿk

Lmjhghdl `lg phklg `l h`mcscÿk
Zltcrl ghs lmphqulthùrhs `l famh `l gas phklgls `l lktrh`h.
_umlrfcrgas y gcmpchrgas lk ukh saguocÿk `lsckelothktl.
• Lmjhghdl `l gh pulrth `l gh jhk`ldh `lg ohsltl `l rhyas ^

Lmjhghdl `l gh pulrth `l gh jhk`ldh `lg ohsltl `l rhyas ^
Zltcrl lg lmjhghdl `l gh pulrth `l gh jhk`ldh `lg ohsltl `l rhyas ^.
_umlrfcrga y gcmpchrga lk ukh saguocÿk `lsckelothktl. Rhrh vagvlr h oagaohr lg
lmphqul lk su pascocÿk hktlrcar, oagaqul lg lmphqul lk gh rhkurh hgrl`làr
`l gh pulrth `l gh jhk`ldh `lg ohsltl `l rhyas ^.
• Lkshmjghdl `l gh rhkurh `l cktraùoocÿk `lg tuja
Zltcrl ghs lmphqulthùrhs `l gas oakduktas `l rhkurhs `l cktraùoocÿk

`lg tuja. _umlrfcrgas y gcmpchrgas lk ukh saguocÿk `lsckelothktl.
Cktraùoocÿk hg tuja
makthdl `l nlk`cùrh
lmjhghdl
<<
• Phph `lg pulrta `l hoolsa
Zltcrl ta`hs ghs oujclrths `l gas pulrtas `l hoolsa. _umlrfcrgas y gcmpchrgas

lk ukh saguocÿk `lsckelothktl.
RZLOH\OCßK
Ghs oujclrths `l gas pulrtas `l hoolsa `l rlpulsta `ljlk lsthr
sclmprl h mhka. \kh oujclrth suoch `ljl rllmpghzhrsl
ckml`chthmlktl par ukh kulvh.
• Mÿùga slksar
Rhghkoh
Zltcrl lg oaklotar `lg mÿùga `lg slksar `l gh phrtl trhslrh `lg
oulrpa prckocphg y lxtrhcfh lg mÿùga `lg slksar `lg ohpÿ. Gcmpcl lg
mÿùga `lg slksar oak uk phøa suhvl numl`locà oak ukh
saguocÿk `lsckelothktl y lsourrcà ga suecoclktl.
RZLOH\OCßK
Ka sumlrdh lg mÿùga `lg slksar lk hfuh. _umlrfcrga Mÿùga slksar
lk hfuh pul`l ohushr uk mhg eukocakhmclkta.
• Rhrl` cktlrkh
Hjrh lg phklg `l h`mcscÿk. Lmpudl nhoch hjhda ghs phghkohs `l gh phrl`

cktlrcar y tcrl `l gh phrl` cktlrcar phrh slphrhrgh `l gh ohmphkh. Gcmpchr gh Rhghkoh `lg phklg `l phrl` cktlrcar
phrl` cktlrcar oak uk phøa suhvl numl`locà oak ukh saguocÿk

`lsckelothktl y lsourrcà ga suecoclktl.
RZLOH\OCßK
Lg phklg `l gh phrl` cktlrcar ka sl pul`l qucthr `l gh
ohmphkh.
• Ohpuonh
Gcmpchr lg cktlrcar y lg lxtlrcar `l gh ohmphkh oak uk phøa suhvl

numl`locà oak ukh saguocÿk `lsckelothktl.
❉ Zllmpghol ta`hs ghs phrtls rlmavc`hs h sus pascocakls hktlrcarls.

Hslfôrlsl `l qul lstãk oagaohàs oarrlothmlktl.
oarrlothmlktl.
<5
• Rhklg `l oaktrag
Rhklg `l oaktrag4 Gcmpcl lg phklg `l oaktrag oak uk phøa suhvl
Rhkthggh GO@ (gh suplrecocl `lg phklg `l orcsthg gíqucà)4 Gcmpca
gh phkthggh GO@ gcflrhmlktl oak uk phøa sloa.
s loa. \tcgcol ukh saguocÿk
`lsckelothktl lsploíecoh ouhkà slh klolshrca.
RZLOH\OCßK
Gh suplrecocl `lg phklg `l orcsthg gíqucà lstè
lsplochgmlktl trhth`h. Ka eratl eulrtlmlktl gh
suplrecocl `lg phklg. Gh suplrecocl pul`l `høhrsl. M
H
Ouhkà gcmpcl gh suplrecocl `lg phklg `l orcsthg gíqucà K
P
oak ukh saguocÿk `lsckelothktl, lmphpl uk phøa lk gh L
K
saguocÿk, lxprcmh lg phøa ga suecoclktl y gulfa gcmpcl gh
C
M
C
suplrecocl suhvlmlktl phrh qul ka lktrl saguocÿk lk lg
L
K
P
cktlrcar. A
Ka sumlrdh lg phklg `l oaktrag lk hfuh a ukh saguocÿk
`lsckelothktl. _umlrfcrga lk hfuh a lk ukh saguocÿk
`lsckelothktl pul`l pravaohr uk mhg eukocakhmclkta.
0-:. Rghthearmh `lg oagonÿk y pclzhs `ljhda

• Rghthearmh `l oagonÿk
Rghthearmh `l oagonÿk
_astlkfh hmjas lxtrlmas `l gh pghthearmh `lg oagonÿk y `lsgcol gh
pghthearmh `lg oagonÿk nhoch ustl`. Ouhkà sl nhyh lxtrhíà nhsth
gh mcth`, glvèktlga y sèqulga. Gímpclga oak uk phøa suhvl
Rhrh vagvlr h oagaohr gh pghthearmh `lg oagonÿk lk su pascocÿk hktlrcar,
oagÿqulgh lk lg olktra `l gh jhk`ldh `l gh pghthearmh `lg oagonÿk. Hslfôrlsl

`l qul ghs phths `l gh pghthearmh `lg oagonÿk lstãk ukc`hs lk ghs pascocakls
oarrloths.
• Jhk`ldh `l pghthearmh phrh oagonÿk

Jhk`ldh pghthearmh oagonÿk
Pcrl `lg fhkona `l gh jhk`ldh `l gh pghthearmh `lg oagonÿk. Glvhktl gh
jhk`ldh y suãgtlgh `lg jrhza jhsoughktl. Gímpclga oak uk phøa suhvl
<6
Rhrh vagvlr h oagaohr gh jhk`ldh `l gh pghthearmh `lg oagonÿk lk su pascocÿk Jhk`ldh pghthearmh oagonÿk
hktlrcar, hslfôrlsl `l qul lstã jclk lkohdh`h oak lg jrhza `l ckogckhocÿk.
Jrhza jhsoughktl
• Phjglra ml`ca
Phjglra ml`ca Ulrscÿk `l ehk
Oak gas phklgls `l lktrh`h hjclrtas lk hmjas ghàs, hfhrrl uk
lxtrlma `lg thjglra `lg ml`ca oak ukh mhka y gh phrtl oÿkohvh `l
gh oujclrth `lg vlktcghàr oak gh atrh mhka. Gulfa glvhktl gh thjgh
`lg ml`ca. Gímpclga oak uk phøa suhvl numl`locà oak ukh
saguocÿk `lsckelothktl.
• Ulrscÿk `l ehk
Hjrh gh thph `lg vlktcghàr y gímpclgh oak uk phøa suhvl numl`locà

nu ml`locà Ulrscÿk `l ehk
oak ukh saguocÿk `lsckelothktl.
Phjglra ml`ca
• H`mcrhàr
Pcrl nhoch hrrcjh y rltcrl lg vlktcghàr. _umlrfcrga y gcmpchrga lk ukh saguocÿk
`lsckelothktl. Rhrh vagvlr h oagaohr lg vlktcghàr lk su pascocÿk hktlrcar, lmpôdlga

H`mcrhàr
ecrmlmlktl nhoch hjhda nhsth qul sl `ltlkfh.
<>
• Oèmhrh `l hoak`cocakhmclk
hoak`cocakhmclkta
ta
Gh oèmhrh `l hoak`cocakhmclkta slrè hoolscjgl ouhkà sl nhyhk
lgcmckhà taàs gas oampaklktls mlkocakhàs hktlrcarmlktl.
Glvhktl lg ohglkthàr y gcmpcl lg cktlrcar `l gh oèmhrh `l
hoak`cocakhmclkta h eakà oak uk phøa suhvl numl`locà oak
ukh saguocÿk `lsckelothktl.
❉ Zllmpghol taàs gas oampaklktls rlmavcàs h su pascocÿk hktlrcar.
ocakls lk ar`lk ckvlrsa. Hslfôrlsl `l qul lstãk oagaohàs

oarrlothmlktl.
RZLOH\OCßK M
H
K
Ouhkà gcmpcl gh oèmhrh `l hoak`cocakhmclkta oak lg P
L
ohglkthàr nhoch hrrcjh, tlkfh ouc`hà `l ka pcgghrsl gas K
C
M
`làs a gh mhka. C
L
K
Rhrh vagvlr h oagaohr lg ohglkthàr lk su pascocÿk hktlrcar, lmpôdlga P
A
suhvlmlktl nhoch hjhda.
0-?. Oèmhrh `l numl`h`

(8) Hjrh gh thph `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` y lxtrhcfh gh oèmhrh
`l numl`h` nhsth qul sl `ltlkfh h gh mcth`. Glvhktl
gcflrhmlktl gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` y sèqulgh.
RZLOH\OCßK
@ldl qul gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` y lg hfuh qul

oaktclkl sl lkerílk ga suecoclktl hktls `l rltcrhr
gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`. Gh tlmplrhturh `lg hfuh
nhjrè suplrhà gas 62 ² O, par ga qul pul`l
qulmhrsl.
_astlkfh gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` oak hmjhs mhkas
parqul gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` gglkh `l hfuh ls
plsh`h.
(:) Zltcrl lg thkqul `l ohrtuona, gh thph `lg thkqul y gh thph `l Numl`h`

Phpÿk `l ohg`lrh
gh ohg`lrh `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`. _umlrfcrgas y oèmhrh
gcmpchrgas lk ukh saguocÿk `lsckelothktl.
Phph `lg thkqul
Phkqul `l ohrtuona
<3
Kukoh sumlrdh gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` lk ukh saguocÿk

`lsckelothktl.
Ohg`lrh
H@ULZPLKOCH
Gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` oaktclkl phrtls lgãotrcohs.

Kukoh sumlrdh gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` lk ukh saguocÿk
Kcvlg `l hfuh
`lsckelothktl. Ka eratl lg slksar `l kcvlg `l hfuh a gh slksar
suplrecocl `l gh ohg`lrh `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` oak
uk olpcgga mltègcoa a ouhgquclr atra mhtlrchg ùra. Lg
slksar `l kcvlg `l hfuh y gh suplrecocl `l gh ohg`lrh
pul`lk rlsugthr `høhàs.
(?) Gcmpcl lg cktlrcar `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` y lg rlolptèouga

`l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` oak uk phøa suhvl
(0) Zllmpghol ghs phrtls rlmavc`hs h sus pascocakls hktlrcarls.
RZLOH\OCßK
Hslfôrlsl `l oagaohr gh thph `l gh ohg`lrh y lg thkqul `l

ohrtuona sck ehgth.
0-<. Atras
• _ak`h `l tlmplrhturh outèklh
Gcmpcl gcflrhmlktl ukh sak`h `l tlmplrhturh outèklh ush`h oak uk phøa
suhvl y sloa. Gcmpcl y `lsckelotl gh phrtl slkscjgl hg ohgar oak uk phøa suhvl
Hslfôrlsl `l mhktlklr gh sak`h `l tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg lk su lstuonl.
RZLOH\OCßK
Kukoh gcmpcl gh sak`h `l tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg oak
hgoanag a lg mhtlrchg sl lkùrlolrè.
• Oagonÿk
Oagonÿk
_hqul lg oagonÿk hktls `l oagaohr h atra jljã lk gh ckoujhàrh.
Gcmpchr lg oagonÿk oak uk phøa suhvl numl`locà oak ukh
saguocÿk `lsckelothktl. @hà qul lg oagonÿk oakscstl lk ukh
lspakdh lsplochg slggh`h oak ukh euk`h `l vckcga, gh lspakdh `lg
cktlrcar ka sl pul`l oakthmckhr h mlkas qul gh euk`h sl `høl.
52
_aguocÿk `l prajglmhs
Y<] _aguocÿk `l prajglmhs
<-8. Hghrmhs
H@ULZPLKOCH
Lsth ckoujhàrh oulkth oak ghs scfuclktls hghrmhs. _c aourrclrh ukh oak`cocÿk `l hghrmh, vlrcecqul gh pascjgl
ohush `l gh hghrmh y taml ghs ml`c`hs h`louh`hs. _c gh ckoujhàrh phrlol lsthr `lelotuash, klolscth
rlphrhocakls. Ck`cqul lk gh ckoujhàrh qul lstè hvlrch`h y pÿkfhsl lk oakthota oak su Htam gaohg.
rlprlslkthktl. M
H
K
Fhta- Oak`cocÿk qul ohush Gh ukc`h` ùrhktl lg Zlsthjgloclkà lg Hghrmh P
Kamjrl `l gh hghrmh Mlkshdl Rrcarc`h` L
lfary gh oak`cocÿk `l hghrmh `l hghrmh hghrmh scglkoca
K
C
Gh hghrmh slrh M
Lsth hghrmh sl praùocrè C
MO hgta Gh ckoujhàrh sl rlckcoch hutamètcohmlktl
L
Plmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh hktls `l gh ckoujhàrh. 82 K
tlmplrhturh ohglkthàr lsthrè ouhkà gh ckoujh- Ml`ca P
gh plrhturh lstè humlkthkà. tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl lx mck. A
hghrmh hphfhà. tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl tar
oll`s ?>˔Ō.
ohl par `ljhda `l ?6˔O.
Gh hghrmh slrh
MO (hkughr Lsth hghrmh aourrcrè
Gh ckoujhàrh sl rlckcoch hutamètcohmlktl
maà) a _O Plmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh hktls `l gh ckoujhàrh 82
ohglkthàr lsthrè ouhkà gh ckoujh- Ml`ca
oll`s 02˔Ō. `lg hcrl lx hphfhà.
tlmplrhturh
hgth tlmplrhturh gh plrhturh lstè humlkthkà. tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl tar mck.
hghrmh `l turl
ohl par `ljhda `l ?>˔O.
Lsth hghrmh aourrcrè Gh hghrmh slrh
Plmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh
Plmplrhturh lsthjgloc`h _c gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh sl rlckcoch hutamètcohmlktl, gh
gh plrhturh sl `lsvíh 8<
hghrmh tlmplrhturh sl `lsvíh, lg oaktrag slrè ouhkà gh `lsvchocÿk Jhda
`l gh tlmplrhturh mck.
P (MO ?˔O) `ls`l lg tlmplrhmlkta lsthjglocà- sl mhktclkl `lktra
l lsthjgloc`h.
m
p oaktckuÿ. turh lk ?˔O a mès ❉ :. `l gas ?˔O.
l
r
h
Lsth hghrmh aourrcrè Gh hghrmh slrh
t Plmplrhturh `l gh pclg _c gh tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg sl rlckcoch hutamètcohmlktl,
8<
u
Plmplrhturh lsthjgloc`h
sl `lsvíh `lg gh turl8 sl `lsvíh `lg oaktrag slrè ouhkà gh `lsvchocÿk Jhda
r
h
y hghrmh (_O 8˔O) mck.
o
h tlmplrhturh lsthjgloc`h. gh tlmplrhturh hdusth`h oaktckôh. sl mhktclkl
`lktra `l 8˔O.
g
8˔O a mès :.
a
r ❉
Gh tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg
sak`h `l tlmplrhturh
Lsth hghrmh sl praùocrè y ka eukocakhrè.
Plmplrhturh `l gh pclg
Hkarmhgc`h` lk sc uk ohjgl `l gh pclg (gh tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg- Zltcrl gh tlmplrhturh
`l gh pclg 8 gh tlmplrhturh `l gh sak`h ka ls gh sak`h `l tlmplrhturh Jhda 8<
sak`h `l tlmplrhturh tlmplrhturh `l pclg hmhrcggh mck.
sl nh rata a nh nlona uk t- mastrhà.) Lg `lg jljã.
hghrmh (MO) sak`h `l tlmplrhturh. oarta ocroucta. 8 ❉
Lg ohglkthàr sl
hphfhrè (lk lg
maà _O).
Lsth hghrmh sl praùocrè sc Gh hghrmh sl rlckcochrè
Oampruljl lg oak- Lg ohglkthàr
Plmplrhturh `l gh pclg gh tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg hutamètcohmlktl
kloocÿk `l gh tlmplrhturh slr oakvlrtcà `l e. 82
sak`h `l tlmplrhturh Gh sak`h turh 8 ka lstè ouhkà gh sak`h `l
`l gh pclg hmhrcggh (_O ka mck.
hghrmh (_O) oakloth`h lk lg _O tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg
sak`h `l tlmplrhturh. eukocakhrè).
maà. ❉ 8 oaklothà.
❉ 8 _c sl praùdlrh hgfukh cktlrrupocÿk lk gh sak`h `l tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg :, sl praparocakhrè ckearmhocÿk `l h`vlrtlkoch hg usuhrca.
❉ : Gh hghrmh ka sl hotcvhrè ùrhktl ?2 mckutas ouhkà sl ohmjcl gh oakecfurhocÿk.

58
Fhta- Oak`cocÿk qul ohush Gh ukc`h` ùrhktl gh Zlsthjgloclkà lg Hghrmh

Kamjrl `l gh hghrmh Mlkshdl Rrcarc`h`
lfary gh hghrmh oak`cocÿk `l hghrmh hghrmh scglkoca
Oampruljl qul tn mc Gh hghrmh sl rlckcochrè
Lsth hghrmh sl praùocrè Lg numc`cecohktl
oèmhrh `l numl`h` hutamètcohmlktl ouhkà 8<
sc gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` Lg ohglkthàr sl Jhda
Numl`h` jlr lstè h`dukta gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` mck.
ka lstè oakloth`h. hphfhrè.
oèmhrh hphfh`h h`louh`hmlktl. sl h`dukth oarrlothmlktl a
hghrmh Olrrhr gh numl`h`4 sl praùocrè lsth hghrmh gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`

Oaktrag `l numl`h` 8<
oujclrth `l ctyonh r sc lg ohmjca `l numl`h` gh thph lstè jclk Jhda
Ka oamlkzhrè. mck.
mj l. Gh oujclrth `l gh jlrzh sl `ldh olrrh`h.
hjclrth. Lsth hghrmh sl
E cgg numc `ct y praùocrè sc gh oèmhrh `l Lg numc`cecohktl Gh hghrmh sl rlckcochrè
hutamètcohmlktl
oèmhrh oak 82
_ck hghrmh `l hfuh numl`h` sl nh vhochà ùrhktl Lg ohglkthàr sl ouhkà sl sumckcstrh hfuh- Ml`ca
`lstcghà lstãrcg mck.
lgoaktrag `l numl`h`. hphfhrè. pgclful h gh numl`h`-
hfuh.
trag. oèmhrh `l cty.
Lg numc`cecohktl Gh hghrmh sl rlckcochrè
Lsth hghrmh aourrcrè Lg ohglkthàr sl hutamètcohmlktl
_lksar `l numl`h` _lksar `l numl`h` sc sl earmh oak`lkshocÿk hphfhrè. ouhkà lg oak`l- 82
Ml`ca
N
u hghrmh oak`lkshkà lk lg slksar `l _l mastrhrè ‗- -” lk gh phkthggh `lg mck.
m
l numl`h`. lk gh phkthggh slksar `l numl`h`
ZN. hphrlol.
`
h
`
Lsth hghrmh sl praùocrè
Ohglkthàr Lg numc`cecohktl
Numl`h` sc sl `ltloth hgfukh Xuctl lg nu- 82
numc`cecohàr hkarmhg. Lg ohglkthàr sl Ml`ca
hghrmh `l oèmhrh cktlrrupocÿk oak lg ukc`h` mc`cecohktl. mck.
(L>) hphfhrè.
ohglkthàr numc`cecohàr.
Gh hghrmh sl rlckcochrè
Ckoujhàrh nôml`h sc gh numl`h` rlghtcvh lk hutamètcohmlktl
Lsthjglolr numl`h` gh ckoujhàrh sl `lsvíh Oaktrag `l numl`h` 8<
cty sl `lsvíh `l ouhkà gh `lsvchocak Jhda
hghrmh `l gh numl`h` Oaktckuhrè. mck.
gh numl`h` lsthjgloc`h. `csmckuyl h mlkas
lsthjgloc`h lk uk ?% a
`lg ?%.
mès ùrhktl 8< mckutas.
Lsth hghrmh aourrcrè sc Fcrl numc`cecoh-
Numc`cecohocÿk gh numl`h` rlghtcvh lstè `lsnhjcgcth`h hphfhà, oampruljl
Lg numc`cecohktl
Jhdh numl`h` phrh qul gh ckoujhàrh plrmhklzoh vlktcghkà gh lg lsthà `lg 8<
Lg ohglkthàr sl Jhda
hghrmh oak`lkshocÿk par `ljhda `l gh numl`h` lsthjgloc`h. ckoujhàrh, 0 y gulfa
❉ mck.
hphfhrè.
`l gh earmhocÿk. lk uk ?% a mès par ga mlkas lkolk`lr numc`cec-
ukh narh. ohtcÿk `l kulva.
Uulgvh h ohgcjrhr lg axc
A : slksar (G ) slksarls flk phrh uk
_lksar `l axcflka ohgcjrhocÿk ehggc`h. Lsth hghrmh aourrcrè vhgar lsplocecohà.
sc gas slksarls `l axcflka 8<
hghrmh (ùrhktl Zllmpghol lg `lelota Jhda
ka nhk scà ohgc- mck.
ohgcjrhocÿk) slksarls tcvas oak
A : slksar (Z) rlprcmcà oarrlothmlktl. eukocakhgls (ohgc-
ohgcjrhocÿk ehggc`h.
jrhocÿk rlqulrc`h).
Lsth hghrmh aourrcrè sc gh Zlohgcjrl lg axíflka
oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka slksarls phrh uk vhgar
_lksar `l axcflka
Ohgcjrhr A : slktcà `ltlothà par uk Oaktrag `l axcflka lsplocecohà. 82
hghrmh (ùrhktl Ml`ca
slksar. sar`ltleramtnnht`- Oaktckuhrè. Zllmpghol gas slksarls `lelotuasas mck.
oaktrag)
A
x
í
f `ltlothà par lg atra par atras eukocakhgls (sl rlquclrl
l
k
a slksar lk uk 6% a mès. ohgcjrhocÿk).
Lsth hghrmh aourrcrè

Oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka sc gh oakolktrhocÿk
Axíflka hutamètcohmlktl
`l axíflka lk gh ckoujhocÿk lk gh ckoujhàrh Oaktrag `l axcflka
hghrmh `l olktrhà ouhkà gh `lsvchocÿk Ml`ch : mck.
tar sl `lsvíh `l sl `lsvíh `lg oakdukta Oaktckuhrè.
(?%) `csmckuyl h mlkas
lg vhgar lsthjglocà. oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka
`lg ?%.
lk uk ?% a mès. ❉ ?
Lsth hghrmh sl praùocrè sc Gh hghrmh sl vagvlrè h
_ck sumckcstra `l axíflka sl cktlrrumpl lg sumckcstra

oakecfurhr hutamètcohmlktl
Eguda `l axcflka Oaktrag `l axcflka
`l axíflka a sc lg axíflka ouhkà uk sup- Ml`ca : mck. ohph
roamcÿ hghrmh lrl`. Oaktckuhrè.
nh `ldhà `l egucr ùrhktl `l axíflka sl
lg oaktrag `l axíflka. tlotl`.
❉ ? Gh hghrmh ka sl hotcvhrè ùrhktl 02 mckutas ouhkà sl ohmjcl gh oakecfurhocÿk.
❉ 0 Ulrcecqul qul taàs gas pulrtas y phklgls `l lktrh`h lstãk jclk olrrhàs y qul gas lmphquls lstãk jclk
sudltas.
5:

Axímltra `l pugsa Lsth hghrmh aourrcrè
hutamètcohmlktl
_pA : suplrcar _pA : gh gloturh tclkl sc gh _pA : suplrcar Ml`cocÿk
ouhkà gh _pA : Ml`ca : mck.
hghrmh `l gímctl lxol`cÿ lg gímctl `l hghrmh nhoch hrrcjh. Oaktckuhrè.
lg vhgar ohl par `ljhda `lg
par gímctl `l hghrmh. olol`.
gímctl suplrcar `l hghrmh.
Axímltra `l pugsa
Lsth hghrmh sl praùocrè hutamètcohmlktl
M
_pA : hghrmh `l gcmctl t _pA : gh gloturh Ml`cocÿk
nh suplrhà gh sc gh _pA : sl `lsvíh lg Oaktckuhrè. ouhkà gh _pA Ml`ca : mck.
h
:
s ckelrcar
gímctl ckelrcar `l hghrmh.
s
c
m vhgarh par lkocmh `l gh
gímctl `l hghrmh ckelrcar.
a
y
K
l Axímltra `l pugsa
g Gh erloulkoch `lg pugsa
g hutamètcohmlktl
Ml`cocÿk
M
o Gloturh `l erloulkoch `l pugsa sc gh erloulkoch `l
ouhkà lg pugsa Ml`ca : mck.
a
r gcmctl suplrcar H
pugsa suplrcar nh lxol`cà lg gímctl `l hghrmh ls lg Oaktckuhrè. K
hghrmh gh erloulkoch ohl par `ljhda P
gímctl suplrcar `l hghrmh. olol`. L
`lg gímctl suplrcar `l hghrmh. K
C
Gh hghrmh sl rlckcochrè M
Axímltra `l pugsa C
Lsth hghrmh sl praùocrè sc sl hutamètcohmlktl L
Erloulkoch `l pugsa jhdh r Gloturh `l erloulkoch `l pugsa Ml`cocÿk K
`lsvíh lg gímctl ckelrcar `l ouhkà gh erloulkoch `lg Ml`ca : mck. P
hghrmh `l gímctl nh suplrhà lg Oaktckuhrè. A
hghrmh `l erloulkoch `l pugsa. pugsa sl lglvh par lkocmh `lg
Paoh gh hghrmh
scglkoca ohmjchr h
rlsthjglolr gh hghrmh
(phrh hotcvhr gh hghrmh
Lsth hghrmh aourrcrè sc
Axímltra `l pugsa eukocÿk `lshotcvh`h).
_ck slksar lg oaklotar `lg ohjgl "- - -" slrè
Zlvcsh hg phoclktl Gh hghrmh sl rlckcochrè Lglvhà Zlckcochr
oaklothà `lg slksar vclkl mastrhà.
oaklxcÿk `l ohjgl. hutamètcohmlktl
hphfhà.
ouhkà lg slksar
G
l
f
u
m
j
lg ohjgl lstè oaklothà
r
l
s
hg oaklotar
h`louh`hmlktl.
Axímltra `l pugsa Lsth hghrmh aourrcrè Gh hghrmh sl rlckcochrè

_lksar hphfhà Oakecrml sc gh oagaohocÿk `lg slksar "- - -" slrè hutamètcohmlktl
Lglvhà : mckutas.
phoclktl h`dukth hg phoclktl nh scà mastrhà. ouhkà lg slksar lstè
slksar. shgcr. oagaohà oarrlothmlktl.
Axímltra `l pugsa Lsth hghrmh aourrcrè
M _lksar `lsoaklothà "- - -" slrè hutamètcohmlktl
s klot Oampruljl lg slksar sc lg slksar ka lstè Lglvhà Zlckcochr
mastrhà.
h
ouhkà lg slksar lstè
s
c oaklothà. oaklothà.
oagaohà oarrlothmlktl.
m
a
Lsth hghrmh sl
Axímltra `l pugsa "- - -" slrè hutamètcohmlktl
Jôsqul`h `l pugsa praùocrè ouhkà slh Lglvhà : mckutas.
Ka sl `ltlotÿ pugsa. mastrhà. ouhkà gas pugsas sak
`ceíocg `ltlothr uk pugsa.
`ltlothà karmhgmlktl.
Zllmpghol lg `lelota
@lelotuasa Axímltra `l pugsa sc lg slksar sl nh "- - -" slrè
slksar tcva oak Lglvhà : mckutas.
slksar _lksar hkarmhg. vclklk `lelotuasas y mastrhà.
uka eukocakhg.
ka sl pul`l rloakaolr.
Lsth hghrmh sl praùocrè Zllmpghol lg `lelota
Axímltra `l pugsa
sc lg ohjgl `lg phoclktl sl "- - -" slrè ohjgl phoclktl tcva
Ohjgl `lelotuasa Ohjgl `l phoclktl hj- Lglvhà : mckutas.
nh vulgta `lelotuasa y mastrhà. oak uk eukocakhg
karmhg.
ka sl pul`l rloakaolr. uka.
Axímltra `l pugsa Oakmuthà
_cstlmh cktlrka Lsth hghrmh sl praùocrè `l phrh h`vlrtcr

_l mastrhrè ‗2”. @hgl vulgth hg pugsa
Lrrar cktlrka earmh hkÿmhgh. sc gh ukc`h` nh lkoaktrhà
lk oaktrhà Jhda ckearmh-
eukocÿk `lshotcvh`h.
Hphful y lkoclk`h lg prajglmh. ocÿk h gh
ckoujhàrh. usuhrca
5?

Lsth hghrmh sl
Axímltra `l pugsa _l mastrhrè ‗2”. hutamètcohmlktl
Jôsqul`h `l pugsa praùocrè ouhkà slh Lglvhà : mckutas.
Ka sl `ltlotÿ pugsa. ouhkà gas pugsas sak
`ceíocg `ltlothr uk pugsa.
`ltlothà.
Lsth hghrmh sl
Axímltra `l pugsa hutamètcohmlktl
_lksar `lsoaklothà praùocrè sc lg slksar "- - -" slrè
Ulrcecqul lg slksar ouhkà lg slksar lstè oaklothà
klot ka lstè oaklothà (a lg mastrhà.
oaklxcÿk. oaklotar sl nh shgcà). oarrlothmlktl
lrgy.
Axímltra `l pugsa Lsth hghrmh aourrcrè Gh hghrmh sl rlckcochrè
Oakecrml sc gh oagaohocÿk `lg slksar "- - -" slrè hutamètcohmlktl
_lksar hphfhà Ml`ca : mck.
h`dukth hg phoclktl nh scà mastrhà. ouhkà lg slksar lstè
slksar. shgcr. oagaohà oarrlothmlktl.
G K Axímltra `l pugsa "- - -" slrè hutamètcohmlktl
l Cktlrelrlkoch Ml`ca : mck.
l
f
`ljcà h ukh eulrtl
mastrhà.
u
Ka sl `ltlotÿ pugsa. ouhkà lg rucà nh
m g
g
j o
cktlrelrlkoch `l rucà, lto.
r
l a
`csmckucà.
s
r
Zllmpghol lg `lelota
slksar tcva oak
uka eukocakhg. (_c
lg oaklotar sl
@lelotuasa Axímltra `l pugsa sc lg slksar sl nh _l mastrhrè ‗2”.
mavcà, ‗Ml`ca `lelotuasa : mck.
slksar Ka sl `ltlotÿ pugsa. vclklk `lelotuasas y
slksar "hghrmh
ka sl pul`l rloakaolr. slr rllmpghzhà oak
‗_lksar `lsoaklothà
klot ”hghrmh.
Oakmuthà
Lsth hghrmh sl praùocrè phrh h`vlrtcr

Axímltra `l pugsa _l mastrhrè ‗2”. @hgl vulgth hg pugsa
Lrrar cktlrka sc gh ukc`h` nh Jhda ckearmh-
Ka sl `ltlotÿ pugsa. eukocÿk `lshotcvh`h.
lkoaktrhà uk prajglmh. ocÿk h gh
usuhrca.
50

Lsth hghrmh sl praùocrè sc
lg mÿùga `lg slksar sl
`ldh rltcrhà ùrhktl 8<
slfukàs a mès `lspuãs
Oagaqul lg slksar Lg vlktcghàr oaktckuhrè Zllmpghzhr lg slksar
Mÿùga slksar `l gh ohgcjrhocÿk, a sc
mÿùga `l vulgth lk su eukocakhkà karmhgmlktl. Maùgl gltacts Ml`ca : mck.
pascocÿk `l hghrmh plrmhklol lk ukh pascocÿk
gufhr hprapchà. lrhocÿk. pascocÿk h`louh`h.
`celrlktl h gh pascocÿk `l
ohgcjrhocÿk a gh pascocÿk
karmhg ùrhktl 8<
slfukàs a mès.
Lg vlktcghàr slrh
Lsth hghrmh sl praùocrè sc cktlrrumpcà.
Olrrhr lg ecgtra
M
Phph `lg ecgtra hutamètcohmlktl
gh thph `lg ecgtra sl `ldh Gh ckoujhàrh Ml`ca : mck. H
hghrmh oujrcr. ouhkà gh thph `lg K
hjclrth. Lg ohglkthàr sl P
ecgtra lstè olrrh`h. L
hphfhrè. K
C
Lg vlktcghàr oaktckuhrè
M
C
@lsoaklotl gh lklrfíh eukocakhkà karmhgmlktl. Lk thon lg vlktcghàr L
Lsth hghrmh sl praùocrè sc lg
K
y vlrcecqul qul lg lrhocÿk. oarrlothmlktl, y gulfa 8< P
vlktcghàr ka lstè oaklothà Jhda A
vlktcghàr lstã jclk Gh ckoujhàrh Uulgvh h oaklothr gh mck.
oarrlothmlktl.
oaklothà. Lg ohglkthàr sl hgcmlkthocÿk.
hphfhrè.
Lg vlktcghàr slrh
Lsth hghrmh sl praùocrè sc gh hutamètcohmlktl
cktlrrumpcà.
Hghrmh `l vlktcghàr
Zlvcsh lg vlktcghàr oujclrth `lg vlktcghàr a gh
gh oujclrth ls h`louh`h Gh ckoujhàrh ouhkà gh thph `lg
Ml`ca : mck.
pghoh `lg ml`ca ka lstèk vlktcghàr a gh pghoh `l
h`dukta. Lg ohglkthàr sl
oagaoh`hs oarrlothmlktl. mc `` gl lstè oagaoh`h
A
t hphfhrè.
r h`louh`hmlktl.
a
s Lg vlktcghàr fcrhrè
Lsth hghrmh sl praùocrè sc h gh vlgaoc`h`
Ulgaoc`h` fcrhtarch
lg vlktcghàr fcrh h ukh `cspakcjgl. Cmpascjgl rlsthjglolr 82
`lg vlktcghàr sl Ml`ca
vlgaoc`h` ckelrcar h gh Gh ckoujhàrh gh hghrmh. mck.
rlùol. (L0)
lsplocecoh`h. Lg ohglkthàr sl
hphfhrè.
Hkarmhgc`h` lk
uk ohjgl `l gh tlmplrhturh
lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh Gh ckoujhàrh
`lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh 82
slksar `l tlmplrhturh Lg ohglkthàr sl Ml`ca
slksar (phrh oaktrag) mck.
sar sl `ltloth. hphfhrè.
sl nh rata a nh suercà uk
(L:5:)
oartaocroucta.
Hkarmhgc`h` lk
uk ohjgl `l gh tlmplrhturh Plmplrhturh `lg
lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh
`lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh hcrl `lg ckoujhàr 82
slksar `l tlmplrhturh Ml`ca
slksar (phrh vcsuhgczhocÿk) Lg oaktrag mck.
Ehgga `l scstlmh sar sl `ltloth.
sl nh rata a nh suercà uk oaktckuhrè.
hghrmh (L:5?) Cmpascjgl rlsthjglolr
oartaocroucta.
gh hghrmh.
Gh ckoujhàrh
Ohglkthàr `l ckoujhàrh sc uk ohjgl `l gh ckoujhàrh 82
Lg ohglkthàr sl Ml`ca
hkarmhg. (L6) Lg ohglkthàr sl nh rata a nh mck.
hphfhrè.
suercà uk oartaocroucta.
Lsth hghrmh sl
praùocrè sc uk ohjgl Ohglkthàr
Ohglkthàr mès ohgclktl 82
`lg ohglkthàr rh`chktl rh`chktl Ml`ca
hkarmhg. (L3) mck.
rata a oartaocroucthà sl hphfhrè.
oarthà.
slslkth y ockoa

Lsth hghrmh aourrcrè sc lg
sumckcstra `l lklrfíh sl
cktlrrumpl `ljcà h uk oartl
`l lklrfíh, ukh cktlrrupocÿk Cmpas-
Ka nhy mlkshdl (lg lkonuel `l hgcmlkthocÿk oaklothà, scjgl
A Ehgga `l hgcmlkthocÿk / _ck oaktrag
t ehggh `l lklrfíh, uk ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk rata, Cmpascjgl rlsthjglolr phrh
lrrar cktlrka
r
a Paàs gas ohglkthàrls Lglvhà
s ck`cohàr `l hghrmh, uk `csyuktar `csphrhà a sl gh hghrmh scglkoca
hghrmh sl hphfhrè.
lkolk`lrè) hgfukh atrh ohush, a sc gas
hgfôk lrrar cktlrka (ukh hghrmh
OR\ `lelotuash a ukh pghoh
`l oaktrag `lelotuash)
nh aourrcà.
55
<-:. _aguocÿk `l prajglmhs
H@ULZPLKOCH
_c gh ukc`h` phrlol lsthr `lelotuash, ck`cqul lk gh ukc`h` qul ka eukocakh, `ldl `l ushrgh ckml`chthmlktl y
oamukíqulsl oak su rlprlslkthktl gaohg `l Htam.
RZLOH\OCßK
Oampruljl gas scfuclktls puktas hktls `l sagcocthr lg slrvcoca `l rlphrhocÿk.

M
H
K
P
Rrajglmh Hoocÿk h tamhr L
K
C
M
Ka sl mulstrh kh`h lk lg phklg C
L
K
`l oaktrag ouhkà sl lkoclk`l lg Oampruljl qul gh ukc`h` lstã oakloth`h `l earmh slfurh h gh eulktl `l hgcmlkthocÿk. P
A
cktlrruptar `l lkolk`cà y sl Oampruljl lg `csyuktar `lg naspcthg (oaklothkà atra `cspasctcva lgãotrcoa h gh tamh
hotcvh gh hghrmh `l ehggh `l `l oarrclktl utcgczh`h phrh gh ckoujhàrh).
lklrfíh.
Ka sl mulstrh kh`h lk lg
phklg `l oaktrag y sl lmctl ukh Oampruljl qul lg ohjgl `l oaklxcÿk `lg phklg `l oaktrag lstã oaklothà oarrlothmlktl
hg oulrpa prckocphg y hg phklg `l oaktrag. (Oakecrml qul ka lstã ckslrthà lk èkfuga).
hghrmh sakarh.
Oampruljl qul gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh ka slh `lmhschà jhdh.

Oampruljl qul gh tlkscÿk `l hgcmlkthocÿk ka slh jhdh. (Gh ckoujhàrh ka `ljl oamphrtcr ukh
tamh `l oarrclktl oak atra `cspasctcva).
Gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh Oampruljl qul lg vlktcghàr ka lstã `høhà kc `learmhà.
ckoujhàrh ka humlkth. Oampruljl qul gas pulrtas `l hoolsa `l hplrturh rèpc`h lstãk
olrrhàs. Oampruljl qul gas phklgls `l lktrh`h lstãk olrrhàs.
Ulrcecqul qul ghs lmphqulthùrhs lstãk ecdh`hs oarrlothmlktl h gas lkshmjgls `l ghs rhkurhs `l
cktraùoocÿk `lg tuja y gas phklgls `l lktrh`h.
Oampruljl qul gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh ka lstã `lmhschà hgth.
Oampruljl qul gh ckoujhàrh ka lstã lxpulsth h gh guz saghr `crloth kc sl vlh heloth`h par uk
hphrhta `l ohglehoocÿk olrohka.
Gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh Oampruljl qul gh lktrh`h `l hcrl lk gh ckoujhàrh ka lstã jgaqulh`h par ajstèougas oama
ckoujhàrh humlkth `lmhschà. phøhgls, fhshs, lto.
Oampruljl qul gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh ka slh `lmhschà jhdh lk rlghocÿk oak gh
tlmplrhturh hmjclktl.
Oampruljl qul ka sl lstã ut cgczhkà ukh ukc`h` `l eatatlrhpch.
Oampruljl qul ghs shgc`hs `l hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh ka lstãk jgaqulh`hs par ajstèougas
oama phøhgls, fhshs, lto.
Oampruljl qul lg thkqul `lg ohrtuona lstã gglka `l hfuh `lstcgh`h. Oampruljl
qul gh thph `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` lstã jclk olrrh`h. Oampruljl qul gh thph
Gh numl`h` ka sujl. `l gh ohg`lrh lstã oagaoh`h oarrlothmlktl.
Oampruljl qul gas pulrtas `l hoolsa `l hplrturh rèpc`h lstãk

olrrhàs. Oampruljl qul gas phklgls `l lktrh`h lstãk olrrhàs.
Ulrcecqul qul ghs lmphqulthùrhs lstãk ecdh`hs oarrlothmlktl h gas lkshmjgls `l ghs rhkurhs `l
cktraùoocÿk `lg tuja y gas phklgls `l lktrh`h.
56
Rrajglmh Hoocÿk h tamhr
Oampruljl
Oampruljl qul lg phrclk
phrclktl
tl gh numl`h`
numl`h` ka ls lxtrlmh`h
lxtrlmh`hmlktl
mlktl hgth
hgth `ljcà
`ljcà h gh gguvch
gguvch
Gh numl`h` humlkth `lmhschà.
tlmparh`h a hgfukh atrh ohush.
Oampruljl qul sl sumckcstrl axíflka `l earmh echjgl (ouhkà sl lstã utcgczhkà lg oaktraghàr `l
axíflka).
Gh oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka Ulrcecqul qul gh vlgaoc`h` `l eguda lstã oakecfurh`h oarrlothmlktl lk lg ml`càr `l eguda `l
ka humlkth. axíflka. Oampruljl qul gas pulrtas `l hoolsa lstãk jclk olrrhàs.
Oampruljl qul ghs lmphqulthùrhs lstãk jclk
oagaoh`hs. Oampruljl qul lg ecgtra lstã jclk oagaohà.
_l aj
ajsl
slrv
rvhk
hk `c
`cel
elrl
rlkt
ktls
ls gl
glot
otur
urhs
hs Oamp
Oampru
rulj
ljll qul
qul lg oh
ohjg
jgll ka
ka lst
lstãã htr
htrhp
hph`
hà
a lk
lk gh
gh slo
slooc
ocÿk
ÿk `l pl
plsh
shdl
dl..
oh`h vlz qul sl plsh hg Oampruljl qul uk ckstrumlkta `l gh pghthearmh `lg oagonÿk ka lstã hpayhà oaktrh gh
ghothktl. phrl` cktlrcar `l gh ckoujhàrh.
5>
<-?. @chfrhmh `l eguda `l rlsaguocÿk `l prajglmhs
❉ Gh `lsorcpocÿk lk lsth sloocÿk sl rleclrl h ukh ukc`h` qul lstè lqucph`h oak uk oaktraghàr `l axíflka y uk
ukc`h` `l makctarczhocÿk (ka rlquclrl vlrcecohocÿk aecochg). Amcth ouhgquclr rlelrlkoch qul ka lstã rlghocakh`h oak su ukc`h`.
<-?-8. _aguocÿk `l prajglmhs ouhkà gh ukc`h` ka sl pul`l oaktraghr oarrlothmlktl
8. Oampruljl qul gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh ka slh `lmhschà jhdh.

M
:. Ulrcecqul qul gh ukc`h` ka lstã cksthgh`h lk gh oarrclktl `l uk hoak`cocakhàr `l H
hcrl a par ukh vlkthkh eríh. Lvctl cksthghr lg ckct lk uk gufhr hsí phrh ka ohushr ukh
K
P
L
pãr`c`h `l ohgar hg ml`ca hmjclktl. K
C
M
?. \kh ohí`h tlmparhg `l tlmplrhturh pa`ríh nhjlr scà ohush`h par gh hplrturh y oclrrl `l C
L
uk phklg `l lktrh`h. Lsplrl uk mamlkta y vulgvh h oamprajhr gh ukc`h`. K
Gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh P
0. Oampruljl qul gh tlkscÿk `l hgcmlkthocÿk ka slh jhdh. Gh ckoujhàrh ka `ljl oamphrtcr ukh
A
ckoujhàrh ka humlkth.
tamh `l oarrclktl oak atra `cspasctcva.
<. Oampruljl sc nhy uk mlkshdl `l hghrmh `lg vlktcghàr lk gh phkthggh.
5. Gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh ka suplrh gas ?> ² O lk lg maà `l
slrvaoaktrag.
Gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh ka suplrh gas ?3 ² O lk lg maà `l hkughocÿk `lg
slrvaoaktrag.
8. Oampruljl qul gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh ka lstã `lmhschà hgth.

:. Oampruljl qul gh ukc`h` ka lstã cksthgh`h jhda gh guz saghr `crloth a olroh `l uk hphrhta
`l ohglehoocÿk. Lvctl cksthghr gh ukc`h` lk uk gufhr hsí phrh qul ka sl vlh heloth`h par
oak`cocakls tãrmcohs lxtlrkhs.
?. Ulrcecqul qul gh lktrh`h `l hcrl lk gh ukc`h` ka lstã jgaqulh`h par uk phøhg, fhsh, lto.
0. \k humlkta tlmparhg `l tlmplrhturh pa`ríh nhjlr scà ohushà par gh hplrturh y lg
oclrrl `l uk phklg `l lktrh`h. Lsplrl uk mamlkta y vulgvh h oamprajhr gh ukc`h`.
Gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh
<. Oampruljl qul gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh ka slh `lmhschà jhdh lk rlghocÿk oak
humlkth `lmhschà.
gh tlmplrhturh hmjclktl. Hdustl gh tlmplrhturh hg mlkas ? ² O mès hgth qul gh tlmplrhturh
hmjclktl.
5. Oampruljl qul ka sl lstã utcgczhkà kc ukh ukc`h` `l eatatlrhpch kc uk numc`cecohàr `l
ohglehoocÿk. Lsthjglzoh gh tlmplrhturh hg mlkas < ² O mès hgth qul gh tlmplrhturh hmjclktl
ouhkà sl utcgcolk lsths ukc`h`ls.
6. Gh tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh pul`l humlkthr `ljcà hg ohgar flklrhà par lg
prapca jljã.
8. Oampruljl qul gh numl`h` rlghtcvh ka slh `lmhschà jhdh.

:. Ulrcecqul lg ck`cohàr `l ‗hghrmh `l oèmhrh `l numl`h` hphfh`h”.
Gh numl`h` ka sujl.
?. Ulrcecqul lg ck`cohàr `l "hghrmh `l ehgth `l hfuh".
0. Oampruljl qul lg pulrta `l vhpar `l gh ukc`h` ka lstã jgaqulhà.
8. Oampruljl qul gh numl`h` rlghtcvh ka slh `lmhschà hgth.

Gh numl`h` humlkth `lmhschà. :. Oampruljl qul gh numl`h` rlghtcvh lk gh nhjcthocÿk àk`l lstè cksthgh`h gh ukc`h` ka slh
lxtrlmh`hmlktl hgth.
53
8. Ulrcecqul qul lg ohu`hg ka lstã oakecfurhà `lmhschà jhda lk lg ml`càr `l eguda `l axíflka.
:. Oampruljl qul gas pulrtas `l hoolsa lstãk jclk olrrhàs.
?. Ulrcecqul qul taàs gas lmphquls lstãk jclk sudltas.
0. Ulrcecqul qul lg ecgtra lstã jclk sudlta.
Gh oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka
Ouhkà lg oaktraghàr `l axíflka lstè lk usa4
ka humlkth. 8. Oampruljl qul gh oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka ka slh `lmhschà jhdh.
:. Ulrcecqul qul lg axíflka sl sumckcstrl `l mhklrh oakechjgl h ukh prlscÿk `lktra `lg rhkfa
lsplocecohà.
?. Ulrcecqul qul gas pulrtas `l hoolsa lstãk jclk olrrhàs.
0. Ulrcecqul qul taàs gas lmphquls lstãk jclk sudltas.
<. Ulrcecqul qul lg ecgtra lstã jclk sudlta.
8. Oampruljl qul lg ohu`hg ka lstã hdusthà `lmhschà hgta lk lg ohu`hgímltra `l axíflka.
Gh oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka
humlkth `lmhschà. Ouhkà lg oaktraghàr `l axíflka lstè lk usa4
8. Oampruljl qul gh oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka ka slh `lmhschà hgth.
62
<-?-:. _aguocÿk `l prajglmhs ouhkà gh ukc`h` ka eukocakh oarrlothmlktl

(8) Ouhkà hphrlol hgfuka `l gas scfuclktls mlkshdls lk gh phkthggh4
q "Hkarmhgc`h` lk gh sak`h `l tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg hmhrcggh"
w "Oampruljl gh oaklxcÿk `l gh sak`h `l tlmplrhturh outèklh hmhrcggh".
mc "Ulrcecqul qul gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` lstã oagaoh`h oarrlothmlktl".
r "Oclrrl gh thph `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`".
t "Gglkl gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` oak hfuh `lstcgh`h lstãrcg".
y "Lg slksar `l numl`h` sl oak`lksh".
tu "Ohglkthàr numc`cecohàr hkarmhg (L>)"
C "Gh numl`h` `l gh ckoujhàrh sl `lsvíh `l gh numl`h` lsthjgloc`h".
M
a "A : slksar (G) ehggÿ gh ohgcjrhocÿk ". H
K
! 2 "A : slksar (Z) ehggÿ gh ohgcjrhocÿk ". P
L
! 8 "Gh oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka lk gh ckoujhàrh sl `lsvíh `lg vhgar lsthjglocà".
K
C
M
! : "Ka sl lktrlfÿ axíflka". C
L
! ? "Rugscaxímltra4 oampruljl gh oaklxcÿk `lg ohjgl `lg phoclktl".
K
P
A
! 0 "Rugscaxímltra4 oampruljl gh oaklxcÿk `lg slksar".
! < "Rugscaxímltra
"Rugscaxímltra44 slksar hkarmhg"
! 5 "Axímltra `l pugsa4 ohjgl `lg phoclktl hkarmhg"
! 6 Axímltra `l pugsa4 scstlmh cktlrka hkarmhg. Hphful y lkoclk`h gh ckoujhàrh ".
! > ‗Rugscaxímltra4 Oamukcohocÿk hkarmhg. Hphful y lkoclk`h gh ckoujhàrh ".

! 3 ‗Uulgvh h oagaohr lg mÿùga `lg slksar lk su gufhr oarrlota”.
B 2 "Oclrrl gh thph `lg ecgtra".
B 8 "@lsoaklotl gh lklrfíh y vlrcecqul qul lg vlktcghàr lstã oaklothà oarrlothmlktl".
B : "Ulrcecqul qul gh oujclrth `lg vlktcghàr lstã oagaoh`h oarrlothmlktl".
B ? ‗_l rlùol gh vlgaoc`h` `l rathocÿk `lg vlktcghàr. (L0) "

B 0 ‗_l `ltloth ukh hkamhgíh lk lg slksar `l tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh. (L:5:) ”
B < ‗_l `ltloth ukh hkamhgíh lk lg slksar `l tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh. (L:5?) "
B 5 ‗Ohglkthàr `l ckoujhàrh hkarmhg. (L6) "
B 6 ‗Oamukcohocÿk hkarmhg oak lg oulrpa prckocphg. (L82:<) ”
B > ‗_cstlmh cktlrka hkarmhg. (L82) "
B 3 ‗_cstlmh cktlrka hkarmhg. (L:<3)
# 2 ‗_cstlmh cktlrka hkarmhg. Hphful y lkoclk`h gh ckoujhàrh. (L:)
# 8 "_lgloocakl gh tlmplrhturh `lslh`h".
# : "_lgloocakl gh numl`h` `lslh`h".
# ? "_lgloocakl gh oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka qul `lsll".
`ls ll".
# 0 ‗Jèsough hkarmhg. (MC**)"
(:) Ouhkà ka sl mulstrh kckfôk mlkshdl lk gh phkthggh4

q Lg ck`cohàr `l hghrmh `l ehggh `l lklrfíh phrph`lh lk rada.
w Lg phklg `l oaktrag sl asourlol y ka sl mulstrh kh`h (gh phkthggh lstè lk jghkoa).
mc Lg phklg `l oaktrag ka rlspak`l ouhkà sl taoh gh phkthggh.
r Ka sl lmctl kckfukh hghrmh hu`cjgl.
t Ka sl lmctl kckfukh hghrmh hu`cjgl lk ukh oak`cocÿk `l hghrmh `l ehggh `l lklrfíh.
y Gh gèmphrh `l hghrmh lk lg phklg `l oaktrag ka sl lkoclk`l.
tu Ka sl pul`l mastrhr gh phkthggh `l plsa.
C Lg rlgad `lg phklg `l oaktrag ka eukocakh oarrlothmlktl.
a Lg sapartl NG ka sl pul`l hdusthr vlrtcohgmlktl.
68
(8) Ouhkà hphrlol hgfuka `l gas scfuclktls mlkshdls lk gh phkthggh4

q "Hkarmhgc`h` lk gh sak`h `l tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg hmhrcggh"
Gh hghrmh sl scful mastrhkà ckogusa KA

`lspuãs `l qul gh sak`h `l tlmplrhturh Ehgga `l gh tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg
outèklh sl sustctuyh par ukh eukocakhg.
_Í
Ehgga `l gh pghoh `l `ltloocÿk
w "Oampruljl gh oaklxcÿk `l gh sak`h `l tlmplrhturh outèklh hmhrcggh".
Gh sak`h `l tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg hmhrcggh ls KA Oaklotl gh tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg hmhrcggh

oaklothà `l earmh slfurh hg pulrta `l sak`h ecrmlmlktl hg pulrta `l oaklxcÿk `l
oaklxcÿk `l gh sak`h `l tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg 8. gh sak`h `l tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg 8.
_Í

6:
mc "Ulrcecqul qul gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` lstã oagaoh`h oarrlothmlktl".
KA
Gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` lstè lkohdh`h. Lkohdhr lk gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`.
_Í
Gh thph `l gh ohg`lrh lstè ukc`h h gh KA Oagaqul gh thph `l gh ohg`lrh h gh numl`h`.

oèmhrh `l numl`h`. oèmhrh.
M
_Í
H
K
P
L
K
Gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` lstè ckslrth`h
KA Ckslrtl gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`
C
M
C
oampglthmlktl lk gh ukc`h`. oampglthmlktl lk gh ukc`h`.
L
K
P
A
_Í
Lg oaklotar `l gh pghoh `l `ltloocÿk KA Oaklotl lg oaklotar `l gh pghoh `l

`l pascocÿk lstè oaklothà `ltloocÿk `l pascocÿk `l earmh slfurh.
h`louh`hmlktl.
_Í
Ehgga `l gh pghoh `l `ltloocÿk `l pascocÿk

Ehggh `lg thjglra `l oaktrag
6?
r "Oclrrl gh thph `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`".
Gh thph `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` lstè

KA
Oclrrl gh thph `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`.
olrrhà.
_Í
Gh thph `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` lstè _Í @lelota `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`

`høhà. oujrcr
KA
Lg oaklotar `l gh pghoh `l `ltloocÿk KA Oaklotl lg oaklotar `l gh pghoh `l

`l pascocÿk lstè oaklothà
`ltloocÿk `l pascocÿk `l earmh slfurh.
h`louh`hmlktl.
_Í
Lg mlkshdl `l hghrmh ta`hvíh sl
mulstrh ckogusa `lspuãs `l qul gh pghoh `l
KA Ehgga `l gh `ltloocÿk `l pascocÿk
`ltloocÿk `l pascocÿk sl rllmpghzh oak uk thjglra
eukocakhg.
_Í

60
t "Gglkl gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` oak hfuh `lstcgh`h lstãrcg".
Lg thkqul `lg ohrtuona sl gglkh oak uk KA Hfrlful mès hfuh `lstcgh`h lstãrcg lk
vagumlk suecoclktl `l `lstcghà lstãrcg.
lg thkqul `lg ohrtuona.
hfuh.
_Í
Lg mlkshdl `l hghrmh ta`hvíh sl KA

mulstrh ckogusa `lspuãs `l qul gh numl`h`
Ehgga `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`
gh oèmhrh sl rllmpghzh oak uk
eukocakhg.
M
_Í H
K
P
L
K
Lg ohjgl `lg oaklotar `l gh KA Oaklotl lg ohjgl `l gh numl`h`
C
M
oèmhrh `l numl`h` lstè oaklothà C
oaklotar `l gh oèmhrh `l earmh slfurh. L
K
h`louh`hmlktl. P
A
_Í

oaklotar
6<
y "Lg slksar `l numl`h` sl oak`lksh".
_l nh earmhà oak`lkshocÿk lk lg
_Í
_lqul lg slksar `l numl`h`.
slksar `l numl`h`.
KA
Lg ohjgl `lg mÿùga `lg slksar lstè KA Oa kklot lg oaklotar `lg ohjgl
oaklothà oarrlothmlktl hg slksar
`lg mÿùga slksar `l earmh slfurh.
pulrta `l oaklxcÿk `lg mÿùga.
_Í
Lg mlkshdl `l hghrmh sl scful
mastrhkà ckogusa `lspuãs `l qul lg
KA
Ehgga `lg mÿùga slksar
mÿùga `lg slksar sl rllmpghzh oak uk
uka.
_Í
❉ _l pul`l earmhr oak`lkshocÿk `lktra `lg mÿùga `lg slksar ouhkà sl lkeríh rèpc`hmlktl `lspuãs `l qul gh ckoujhàrh nh scà
aplrhà oak uk hdustl `l numl`h` hgth. Lg mÿùga `lg slksar vagvlrè h su eukocakhmclkta karmhg ouhkà
`lshphrlzoh gh oak`lkshocÿk.
65
tu "Ohglkthàr numc`cecohàr hkarmhg (L>)"
Lg mlkshdl `l hghrmh ta`hvíh sl

mulstrh ckogusa `lspuãs `l qul gh numl`h`
KA
gh oèmhrh sl rllmpghzh oak uk
eukocakhg.
_Í
Lg ohjgl `lg oaklotar `l gh oèmhrh `l KA Oakloth lg ohjgl `l gh numl`h`

numl`h` lstè oaklothà oarrlothmlktl. oaklotar `l gh oèmhrh `l earmh slfurh.
M
_Í
H
K
P
L
K
Lg euscjgl `lg thjglra `l oaktrag `lg ohglkthàr.
_Í C
M
Zllmpghol lg euscjgl. C
nh lxpgathà. (E:) L
K
P
A
KA
Lg ohjgl lstè oaklothà oarrlothmlktl thkta KA

h gh pghoh `l oaktrag `lg ohglkthàr oama h Oaklotl gas oaklotarls `l earmh slfurh.
lg thjglra `l oaktrag.
_Í
Ehgga `lg thjglra `l oaktrag `lg ohglkthàr

66
C "Gh numl`h` `l gh ckoujhàrh sl `lsvíh `l gh numl`h` lsthjgloc`h".
Gh numl`h` rlghtcvh lk gh ckoujhàrh _Í _lgloocakl uk hdustl `l numl`h` mès hgta a

nh humlkthà `ljcà h gh ckslkscjgl
hphful lg oaktrag `l numl`h`.
pãr`c`h `l hfuh `lg jljã.
KA
Gas pulrtas `l hoolsa `l hplrturh rèpc`h y KA Oclrrl gas pulrtas `l hoolsa y gas phklgls
gas phklgls `l lktrh`h lstèk ckthotas y `l lktrh`h `l earmh slfurh. _c hgfukh
olrrhàs `l earmh slfurh, y su `l lggas a sus lkvhsls ls
gas lmjhghdls lstèk ckthotas. `høhà, rllmpgèolga.
_Í
Gh numl`h` lstè oakecfurh`h `lmhschà hgth _Í

lk oamphrhocÿk oak gh numl`h` rlghtcvh _lgloocakl ukh oakecfurhocÿk `l numl`h` mès jhdh.
kcvlg lk gh ckoujhàrh.
KA
Gh pulrth `l vhpar lk lg hoak`cocakhmclkta

_Í
gh oèmhrh lstè jgaqulh`h. Zltcrl lg ajstèouga `l gh
pulrth `l vhpar.
KA
KA
Ehgga `lg mÿùga slksar
uka.
_Í
Ehgga `l gh pghoh `l `ltloocÿk.

6>
a "A : slksar (G) ehggÿ gh ohgcjrhocÿk ".

! 2 "A : slksar (Z) ehggÿ gh ohgcjrhocÿk ".
Uulgvh h ohgcjrhr lg slksar.
_Í
Lg mlkshdl `l hghrmh `lshphrlol. Kh`h hkarmhg
M
H
K
KA
P
L
K
C
M
Hmjas slksarls `l axíflka lstèk KA
C
L
oaklothàs oarrlothmlktl hg slksar Oaklotl gas slksarls `l axíflka K
P
`l earmh slfurh.
A
mÿùga.
_Í
Lg pck oaklotar `lg axíflka _Í

Zllmpghol gas slksarls `l axíflka.
lg slksar lstè àjghà.
KA
Gas slksarls `l axíflka sl nhk utcgczhà

_Í
Zllmpghol hmjas slksarls `l axíflka.
ùrhktl hg mlkas uk høa mès a mlkas.
KA
_Í
Lg slksar `l axíflka lstè `lelotuasa. Zllmpghol gas slksarls `l axíflka.
KA
Gh hghrmh ta`hvíh sl mulstrh ckogusa `lspuãs KA

`l qul sl rllmpghzh lg mÿùga `lg slksar Ehgga `lg mÿùga slksar
oak uka eukocakhg.
_Í

63
! 8 "Gh oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka lk gh ckoujhàrh sl `lsvíh `lg vhgar lsthjglocà".
Gh prlscÿk `l sumckcstra `l axíflka `lg

pulrta `l sumckcstra `l axíflka : ls
KA Hdustl gh prlscÿk `l sumckcstra `lg
axíflka hg rhkfa karmhg
`lktra `lg rhkfa karmhg
(:30 ~ 032 iRh).
(:30 ~ 032 iRh).
_Í
Gh lg
mhkfulrh oakloth`h
pulrta `l sumckcstra hgckthota
: lstè axíflkay lg KA Zllmpghol gh mhkfulrh `l oaklxcÿk `l gh
tujlríh. Oaklotl lg oaklotar `l earmh slfurh.
oaklotar lstè oaklothà `l earmh slfurh.
_Í
Gas pulrtas `l hoolsa y gas KA Oclrrl gas pulrtas `l hoolsa y gas

phklgls `l lktrh`h lstèk ckthotas y phklgls `l lktrh`h `l earmh slfurh.
olrrhà `l earmh slfurh. _c hgfuka `l lggas lstè `høhà, rllmpgèolga.
_Í
Gas lmjhghdls lstèk ckthotas y KA Oagaqul ghs lmphqulthùrhs `l earmh slfurh.

h`dukta `l earmh slfurh. _c hgfuka `l lggas lstè `høhà, rllmpgèolga.
_Í
Lg ecgtra lstè ckthota y suecoclktlmlktl

KA Oagaqul lg ecgtra `l earmh slfurh.
gcmpca, y lstè jclk sudlta. _c lstè `høhà a suoca, rllmpgèolga.
_Í
Gh thph `lg ecgtra y lg lmphqul `lg KA Oagaqul lg lmphqul `lg ecgtra `l earmh
ecgtra lstèk ckthotas y lg lmphqul slfurh. _c gh oujclrth `lg ecgtra a lg lmphqul
sl h`dukth `l earmh slfurh. `lg ecgtra lstèk `høhàs, rllmpgèolgas.
_Í
Gas slksarls `l axíflka ka lstèk

_Í
Uulgvh h ohgcjrhr gas slksarls `l axíflka.
ohgcjrhà.
KA
Gh tujlríh `lg oaktraghàr `l axíflka ls

KA _c gh tujlríh lstè `høh`h, rllmpgèolgh.
ckthota y oaklothà oarrlothmlktl. Oaklotl gh tujlríh `l earmh slfurh.
_Í
Ehgga `lg oaktraghàr `l axíflka

>2
! : "Ka sl lktrlfÿ axíflka".
Gh prlscÿk `l sumckcstra `l axíflka `lg

pulrta `l sumckcstra `l axíflka : ls
KA Hdustl gh prlscÿk `l sumckcstra `lg
axíflka hg rhkfa karmhg
`lktra `lg rhkfa karmhg
(:30 ~ 032 iRh).
(:30 ~ 032 iRh).
_Í
Gh mhkfulrh oakloth`h hg axíflka KA Zllmpghol gh mhkfulrh `l oaklxcÿk `l gh

lg pulrta `l sumckcstra : lstè ckthota y lg
tujlríh. Oaklotl lg oaklotar `l earmh slfurh.
oaklotar lstè oaklothà `l earmh slfurh.
M
_Í
H
K
P
L
K
Gh tujlríh `lg oaktraghàr `l axíflka ls
KA _c gh tujlríh lstè `høh`h, rllmpgèolgh.
C
M
C
ckthota y oaklothà oarrlothmlktl. Oaklotl gh tujlríh `l earmh slfurh.
L
K
P
A
_Í
a xíflka
Ouhkà gh eukocÿk `lg oaktraghàr `l axíflka KA
lstè nhjcgcth`h, gh vègvugh saglkac`l Ehgga `l gh lglotravègvugh
sl hjrl.
_Í
Ehgga `lg oaktraghàr `l axíflka

>8
! ? "Rugscaxímltra4 oampruljl gh oaklxcÿk `lg ohjgl `lg phoclktl".

! 0 "Rugscaxímltra4 oampruljl gh oaklxcÿk `lg slksar".
Gh _pA : slksar / lg ohjgl `lg phoclktl

KA Oaklotl gh _pA : slksar / lg
lstè oaklothà oarrlothmlktl. ohjgl `lg phoclktl `l earmh slfurh.
_Í
Gh _pA : slksar / lg ohjgl `lg phoclktl

_Í Zllmpghzhr gh _pA : slksar / lg
tclkl uk ohjgl rata. ohjgl `lg phoclktl.
KA
Ehgga `lg axímltra `l pugsa
! < "Axímltra `l pugsa4 slksar hkarmhg".

! 5 "Rugscaxímltra4 ohjgl `lg phoclktl hkarmhg".
Lg slksar `l
: _pA / lg ohjgl `lg phoclktl
_Í Zllmpghzhr gh _pA : slksar / lg
tclkl uk ohjgl rata. ohjgl `lg phoclktl.
KA
! 6 Axímltra `l pugsa4 scstlmh cktlrka hkarmhg. Hphful y lkoclk`h gh ckoujhàrh ".

! > ‗Rugscaxímltra4 Oamukcohocÿk hkarmhg. Hphful y lkoclk`h gh ckoujhàrh ".
Lg axímltra `l pugsa eukocakh karmhgmlktl

`lspuãs `l qul gh ckoujhàrh lstè
ocoga `l lklrfíh.
KA

>:
! 3 ‗Uulgvh h oagaohr lg mÿùga `lg slksar lk su gufhr oarrlota”.
Lg mÿùga `lg slksar sl lxtrhl phrh _Í Uulgvh h oagaohr lg mÿùga `lg slksar lk su gufhr
Ohgcjrhocÿk hg :8%. h`louhà phrh uk eukocakhmclkta karmhg.
KA
Lg oaklotar `lg mÿùga slksar KA Oaklotl lg oaklotar `lg

lstè oaklothà oarrlothmlktl. mÿùga slksar `l earmh slfurh.
M
_Í
H
K
P
L
K
_Í C
M
Lg jcslg lstè `høhà. @lelota `lg jcslg. C
L
K
P
A
KA
KA
mÿùga `lg slksar sl rllmpghzh oak uk Ehgga `lg mÿùga slksar
uka.
_Í
B 2 "Oclrrl gh thph `lg ecgtra".
Lg mlkshdl `l hghrmh sl scful mastrhkà KA

ckogusa `lspuãs `l qul gh thph `lg ecgtra Kh`h hkarmhg
lstè olrrhà.
_Í
_Í
Gh thph `lg ecgtra lstè `høh`h. Zllmpghol gh thph `lg ecgtra.
KA
@lsoaklxcÿk `lg oaklotar `l gh
pghoh `lgh`ltloocÿk
ehgga `l `ltloocÿk`l
`lpascocÿk
pascocÿka
thjglra
>?
B 8 "@lsoaklotl gh lklrfíh y vlrcecqul qul lg vlktcghàr lstã oaklothà oarrlothmlktl".
Hphful lg cktlrruptar `l lkolk`cà.
Lg vlktcghàr, lg thjglra cktlrml`ca y lg KA Oagaqul lg vlktcghàr, gh pghoh `lg ml`ca

gh oujclrth `lg vlktcghàr lstè oagaoh`h. y gh thph `lg vlktcghàr.
_Í
Lg vlktcghàr, gh pghoh cktlrml`ch a lg vlktcghàr.

_Í Zllmpghol lg vlktcghàr, gh pghoh `lg ml`ca
gh oujclrth lstè `høh`h. a gh thph `lg vlktcghàr.
KA
Lg vlktcghàr sl ckslrth `l earmh slfurh nhsth gh

KA Ckslrtl lg vlktcghàr `l earmh slfurh n hsth gh
phrtl ckelrcar `lg ldl `lg matar `lg vlktcghàr. phrtl ckelrcar `lg ldl `lg matar `lg vlktcghàr.
_Í
Lg vlktcghàr fcrh ouhkà lg pa`lr KA

Ehgga `lg matar
lg cktlrruptar lstè lkolk`cà.
_Í
Lg oaklotar `lg dhjhgí `l `ltloocÿk KA

`l pascocÿk `lg matar ls Oaklotl lg oaklotar `l earmh slfurh.
oaklothà.
_Í
Ehgga `l gh `ltloocÿk `l pascocÿk

thjglra
>0
B : "Ulrcecqul qul gh oujclrth `lg vlktcghàr lstã oagaoh`h oarrlothmlktl".
Gh pghoh `lg ml`ca y gh thph `lg vlktcghàr. KA Oagaqul gh pghoh `lg ml`ca y lg
l g vlktcghàr
lstèk h`duktas. oujrcr.
M
_Í H
K
P
L
_Í
K
Gh pghoh `lg ml`ca a gh thph `lg vlktcghàr ls Zllmpghol gh pghoh cktlrml`ch a lg vlktcghàr
C
M
vcscjglmlktl `høhà. oujrcr.
C
L
K
P
A
KA
Lg oaklotar `l gh pghoh `l `ltloocÿk

KA
`l pascocÿk lstè oaklothà. Oaklotl lg oaklotar `l earmh slfurh.
_Í
Ehgga `l gh `ltloocÿk `l pascocÿk

thjglra
B ? ‗_l rlùol gh vlgaoc`h` `l rathocÿk `lg vlktcghàr. (L0) "
Hgfa lstè jgaqulhkà gh rathocÿk _Í Zltcrl lg ajstèouga qul jgaqulh lg

`lg vlktcghàr. rathocÿk `lg vlktcghàr.
KA
Ehgga `lg matar

><
B 0 ‗_l `ltloth ukh hkamhgíh lk lg slksar `l tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh. (L:5:) ”
B < ‗_l `ltloth ukh hkamhgíh lk lg slksar `l tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh. (L:5?) "
Lg oaklotar `lg mÿùga slksar lstè KA

oaklothà oarrlothmlktl h gh Oaklotl lg oaklotar `l earmh slfurh.
pulrta `l oaklxcÿk `lg mÿùga slksar.
_Í
KA
Ehgga `lg mÿùga slksar.
uka.
_Í
B 5 ‗Ohglkthàr `l ckoujhàrh hkarmhg. (L6) "
_Í Zltcrl lg ajstèouga qul jgaqulh lg

Lg tlrmasthta sl nh hotcvhà.
víhs rlspcrhtarchs y pravaohkà sajrlohglkthmclkta.
KA
Lg ohglkthàr lstè ckthota sck uk KA Zllmpghol lg ohglkthàr `lelotuasa.

ohjgl rata y lg oaklotar lstè
Oaklotl lg oaklotar `l earmh slfurh.
oaklothà `l earmh slfurh.
_Í
Lg euscjgl `lg thjglra `l oaktrag `lg ohglkthàr.

_Í
Zllmpghol lg euscjgl. (E8)
nh lxpgathà.
KA
Lg thjglra `l oaktrag `lg ohglkthàr y lg KA

lg thjglra `l oaktrag lstè oaklothà Oaklotl gas oaklotarls `l earmh slfurh.
`l earmh slfurh.
_Í
Ehgga `lg thjglra `l oaktrag `lg ohglkthàr

a lg thjglra `l oaktrag
>5
B 6 ‗Oamukcohocÿk hkarmhg oak lg oulrpa prckocphg. (L82:<) ”
Lg ohjgl qul oakloth lg oaktrag

phklg oak lg oulrpa prckocphg ls Zllmpghol lg ohjgl.
`lelotuasa.
KA
M
H
K
P
B > ‗_cstlmh cktlrka hkarmhg. (L82) " L
K
C
M
C
L
K
Ehgga `lg thjglra `l oaktrag `lg ohglkthàr P
A
B 3 ‗_cstlmh cktlrka hkarmhg. (L:<3) ”
# 2 ‗_cstlmh cktlrka hkarmhg. Hphful y lkoclk`h gh ckoujhàrh. (L:) "
Gh ckoujhàrh eukocakh karmhgmlktl

`lspuãs `l qul sl hphfh y lkoclk`l.
KA
Lg thjglra `l `ltloocÿk y lg oaktrag _Í Oaklotl gas oaklotarls `l earmh slfurh.
pghoh lstèk oaklothàs oarrlothmlktl.
Zllmpghol lg ohjgl.
Lg ohjgl lstè ckthota.
KA

>6
# 8 "_lgloocakl gh tlmplrhturh `lslh`h".

# : "_lgloocakl gh numl`h` `lslh`h".
# ? "_lgloocakl gh oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka qul `lsll".
`ls ll".
_lgloocakl gh oakecfurhocÿk `lslh`h.
Ehgga `lg thjglra `l oaktrag sc lg

mlkshdl `l hghrmh sl mulstrh oh`h
vlz qul sl lkoclk`l gh hgcmlkthocÿk.
# 0 ‗Jèsough hkarmhg. (MC**)"
Hphful y lkoclk`h gh ckoujhàrh.
Lg mlkshdl `l hghrmh hôk sl mulstrh.
_Í
Ehgga `lg mÿùga `lg makctar `l plsa

>>
(:) Ouhkà ka sl mulstrh kckfôk mlkshdl lk gh phkthggh4

q Lg ck`cohàr `l hghrmh `l ehggh `l lklrfíh phrph`lh lk rada.
_l lmctl ukh hghrmh hu`cjgl (pcp pcp

pcp… pcp pcp) `ls`l lg tcmjrl `lg
oulrpa prckocphg.
KA
Gh eulktl `l hgcmlkthocÿk `l gh cksthghocÿk.

_Í Zlsthurl gh eulktl `l hgcmlkthocÿk hg
sctca (shgh) sl cktlrrumpl. sctca `l cksthghocÿk (nhjcthocÿk).
M
H
K
KA
P
L
K
C
M
KA
C
L
Lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk lstè oaklothà
K
Oaklotl lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk `l earmh slfurh. P
h`louh`hmlktl.
A
_Í
_Í
Lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk tclkl uk ohjgl rata. Zllmpghol lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk.
KA
Gh hghrmh hu`cjgl sl `ltclkl ouhkà lg

KA Zltcrl lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk y vulgvh h
lg cktlrruptar `l lkolk`cà lstè hphfhà. oaklothrga lk ukas `clz slfukàs.
_Í
Lg vagthdl sl lmctl `ls`l lg ghà KA Ehgga `lg trhksearmhàr a

slouk`hrca `l gh patlkoch `l oaktrag euscÿk `lg euscjgl (E0) lk lg
trhksearmhàr. thjglra `l oaktrag `lg ohglkthàr
_Í

>3
w Lg phklg `l oaktrag sl asourlol y ka sl mulstrh kh`h (gh phkthggh lstè lk jghkoa).
Lg ck`cohàr `l hghrmh `l ehggh `l lklrfíh

_Í Ulr (:) q "Gh hghrmh `l oartl `l lklrfíh
rada cktlrmctlktl. lg ck`cohàr phrph`lh lk rada ".
KA
Lg ohjgl `l oaklxcÿk `lg phklg `l oaktrag KA Oaklotl lg ohjgl `l earmh slfurh.

lstè oaklothà oarrlothmlktl sck uk _c lg ohjgl tclkl uk ohjgl rata,
ohjgl rata. rllmpghol lg ohjgl.
_Í
@lsoaklxcÿk `lg oaklotar lk
Lg phklg `l oaktrag eukocakh karmhgmlktl
_Í lg phklg `l oaktrag
ouhkà sl rllmpghzh. Ehgga `lg thjglra lk lg oaktrag
phklg
KA
KA
Lg cktlrruptar `l lkolk`cà lstè lk gh pascocÿk AK Lkoclk`l lg jatÿk `l lkolk`cà.
pascocÿk.
_Í
Lg oaklotar `lg cktlrruptar `l lkolk`cà

KA Oaklotl lg oaklotar `l gh hgcmlkthocÿk
lstè oaklothà oarrlothmlktl. ohmjchr `l earmh slfurh.
_Í
Ehgga `lg cktlrruptar `l lkolk`cà

Ehgga `lg thjglra `l oaktrag
32
mc Lg phklg `l oaktrag ka rlspak`l ouhkà sl taoh gh phkthggh.
_l praùolk cktlrelrlkochs lktrl _Í Oarrcdh gh ecdhocÿk `l gh phkthggh GO@

lg phklg tèotcg y lg phklg erakthg. mÿùga.
KA
KA Ohgcjrl lg phklg tèotcg. Oaksugtl

Ehgga `l ohgcjrhocÿk `lg phklg tèotcg ‗:-0-?. Ohgcjrhkà lg taqul
Rhklg."
M
_Í H
K
P
L
KA
K
Lg ohjgl lk lg phklg `l oaktrag ls
C
M
Oaklotl lg ohjgl `l earmh slfurh. C
oaklothà oarrlothmlktl. L
K
P
A
_Í
Ehgga `lg mÿùga GO@ Ehgga

`l gh pghoh `l gh phkthggh GO@
r Ka sl lmctl kckfukh hghrmh hu`cjgl.
Lg oaklotar `lg hgthvaz lk lg phklg `l

KA
Oaklotl lg oaklotar `l earmh slfurh.
oaktrag lstè oaklothà oarrlothmlktl.
_Í
_Í
Lg hgthvaz lstè `høhà. Ehgga `lg nhjghktl
KA
Ehgga `l gh pghoh `l gh phkthggh GO@

38
t Ka sl lmctl kckfukh hghrmh hu`cjgl lk ukh oak`cocÿk `l hghrmh `l ehggh `l lklrfíh.
Ka sl lmctl kckfukh hghrmh hu`cjgl ckogusa lk

_Í Ulr (:) r "Ka nhy kckfukh hghrmh hu`cjgl
usa karmhg. `hà."
KA
Zloclktlmlktl sl praùda ukh hghrmh `l ehggh Gh jhtlríh rlohrfhjgl `lg thjglra `l
`l lklrfíh. _Í oaktrag ka lstè ohrfh`h. Oaklotl
Gh ukc`h` nh lsthà eulrh `l usa ùrhktl gh ukc`h` h gh rl` lgãotrcoh y
muona tclmpa. ohrful gh jhtlríh par
Lk ukh oak`cocÿk `l hghrmh `l ehggh `l lklrfíh, ukhs <2 narhs.
ukh hghrmh hu`cjgl sulkh ga suecoclktlmlktl
eulrtl hg prckocpca, plra frhùhgmlktl sl vulgvl
mès jhdh.
KA
Gh jhtlríh rlohrfhjgl tclkl

_Í
Zllmpghol gh jhtlríh rlohrfhjgl.
`ltlrcarhà.
KA
Lg oaklotar `l gh jhtlríh rlohrfhjgl _Í

(gh rllmpghzh`h) lk lg Oaklotl lg oaklotar `l earmh slfurh.
lg thjglra `l oaktrag sl nh `lsprlk`cà.
KA
y Gh gèmphrh `l hghrmh lk lg phklg `l oaktrag ka sl lkoclk`l.
Lg ohjgl lk lg phklg `l oaktrag ls KA Oaklotl lg ohjgl lk lg oaktrag

oaklothà oarrlothmlktl. phklg `l earmh slfurh.
_Í
Gh gèmphrh `l hghrmh sl lkoclk`l ouhkà gh pghoh _Í

`l gh gèmphrh `l hghrmh sl rllmpghzh par uk Ehgga `l gh pghoh `l gh gèmphrh `l hghrmh
eukocakhg.
KA

❉ Gh gèmphrh `l hghrmh sl lkoclk`l saga lk ukh oak`cocÿk `l hghrmh `l hgth prcarc`h`.
3:
tu Ka sl pul`l mastrhr gh phkthggh `l plsa.
Gh eukocÿk `l oaktrag `l plsa hôk ka sl nh

Lg cktlrruptar `l vcsuhgczhocÿk `l gh phkthggh `l plsa
KA oakecfurhà a lstè oakecfurh`h ckoarrlothmlktl.
ckoarrlothmlktl.
hphrlol lk gh phkthggh. Rÿkfhsl lk oakthota oak su Htam gaohg
rlprlslkthktl.
_Í
Ulr (:) mc "Lg phklg `l oaktrag ka

rlspak`l ouhkà gh phkthggh lstè
taohà."
M
H
K
P
C Lg rlgad `lg phklg `l oaktrag ka eukocakh oarrlothmlktl. L
K
C
M
_Í
C
L
Gh ukc`h` sl nh utcgczhà ùrhktl mès Zllmpghol gh pcgh `l jatÿk lk K
P
`l ouhtra høas mès a mlkas. gh pghoh `l phkthggh GO@. A
KA
Lg rlgad eukocakh karmhgmlktl lk usa karmhg, _Í

plra ouhkà gh ukc`h` sl aplrh `lspuãs `l Zllmpghol gh pcgh `l jatÿk lk
nhjlr lsthà hphfh`h ùrhktl hgfôk gh pghoh `l phkthggh GO@.
tclmpa, lg rlgad mulstrh gh narh ckoarrloth.
KA

3?
a Lg sapartl NG ka sl pul`l hdusthr vlrtcohgmlktl.
Gh ukc`h` sl ohmjch `ls`l lg

`lg maà `l ckoujhàrh hg maà `l
ohglkthàr rh`chktl a vcolvlrsh.
KA
Lg sapartl NG nhùrhktl
oaktckuhmlktl scà aplrhà
mès `l : _Í Jurkaut `ljcà h oaktckua
aplrhocÿk
mckutas. Zllmpghol lg hotuhàr.
KA
Hgfa lstè lk lg ohmcka `lg K_

_Í
Zltcrl lg ajdlta `lg ohmcka.
phrhrsl.
KA
Lg rlockta `lg sthk` NG ls _Í

Zllmpghol gh ohdh.
`learmhà a `høhà.
KA
\ka `l gas cktlrruptarls `l gas pl`hgls _Í _ulgtl lg cktlrruptar qul qul`h

phrh lg hdustl `l hgturh plrmhklol
pugshà.
pugshà.
KA
Ouhkà sl prlscakh ouhgquclrh `l gas
pl`hgls `l hdustl `l hgturh, lg cktlrruptar
KA Ehgga `lg pl`hg (s) phrh lg hdustl `l
prlaouphà ls prlscakhà hgturh a lg (gas) cktlrruptar (s)
h`louh`hmlktl.
_Í
Gas oaklotarls `l gas pl`hgls phrh lg
hdustl `l hgturh, gh pghoh `l rlgãs `l gas KA
pl`hgls phrh lg hdustl `l hgturh y gh Oaklotl gas oaklotarls `l earmh slfurh.
pghoh `l trhksmcscÿk `l hdustl `l hgturh
lstèk oaklothàs `l earmh slfurh.
_Í
Lg vagthdl sl lmctl `ls`l lg ghà KA Ehgga `lg trhksearmhàr a

slouk`hrca `l gh patlkoch `lg vhrchàr euscÿk `lg euscjgl (E<) lk lg
trhksearmhàr. thjglra `l oaktrag `lg ohglkthàr
_Í
Ehggh `lg hotuhàr a ehggh `l gh pghoh

`l trhksmcscÿk `l hdustl `l hgturh
❉ Lg sapartl NG saga sl pul`l aplrhr ouhkà lg cktlrruptar `l lkolk`cà `lg oulrpa prckocphg lstè lkolk`cà.
30
Rraol`cmclktas `l `lsmakthdl y rllmpghza
Y5] Rraol`cmclktas `l `lsmakthdl y rllmpghza

Hktls `l `lsmakthr y rllmpghzhr gas oampaklktls `l gh ukc`h`, hslfôrlsl `l hphfhr gh hgcmlkthocÿk, qucthr lg ohjgl `l
hgcmlkthocÿk `l gh lktrh`h `lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk y `ldhr qul gh ckoujhàrh y gas ohglkthàrls sl lkerílk ga suecoclktl.
@lspuãs `l oampglthr gas scfuclktls praol`cmclktas, rlhgcol gh cksploocÿk eukocakhg `l houlrà oak ‗ ?-?. Cksploocÿk
Gcsth `l Ulrcecohocÿk " praparocakh`h lk "Y ?] Cksploocÿk `l mhktlkcmclkta. "
5-8. Rhrhrsl
5-8-8. Lxtrhoocÿk `lg oulrpa prckocphg `lg sapartl NG

(8) Xuctl gas tarkcggas qul ecdhk lg oulrpa prckocphg h gh mlsh `l
sapartl NG.
\tcgcol ukh gghvl nlxhfakhg (`csthkoch lktrl gas ghàs
apulstas4 < mm) y rltcrl gas às tarkcggas `l ohjlzh Parkcgga `l ohjlzh nuloh nlxhfakhg (M5x8<)
nuloh nlxhfakhg (M5x8<).
@
L
_
M
A
K
P
H
(:) @lsgcol lg oulrpa prckocphg. D
L
@lsgcol lg oulrpa prckocphg sajrl gh suplrecocl `l gh mlsh `l sapartl NG
S
Z
L
nhsth qul sl `ltlkfh. L
M
Rhrh oaktckuhr oak lg trhjhda `lspuãs `l `lsgczhr lg prckocphg
R
❉ G
H
oulrpa prckocphg, ecdl lg oulrpa prckocphg oak gas às T
A
tarkcggas `l ohjlzh nuloh nlxhfakhg (M5 x 8<) phrh lvcthr
qul sl ohcfh. \tcgcol gas mcsmas hfudlras qul lk ( 8) phrh
hrrlfghr lg oulrpa prckocphg. (@lspuãs `l `lsgczhr lg
oulrpa prckocphg, lkoaktrhrè gas hfudlras
oarrlspak`clktls lk gh mlsh).
(?) Zltcrl lg phklg trhslra `lg oulrpa prckocphg.

Zltcrl gas ouhtra tarkcggas àjgls (M? x >) oak uk
`lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps.
Parkcgga àjgl slms (M?x>)
(0) Xuctl gas tarkcggas qul sudlthk gh ohdh `l lklrfíh.

Zltcrl gas às tarkcggas àjgls (M? x >) oak uk
`lstarkcgghàr
`lstarkcggh` ar Rncggcps.

3<
(<) _hqul gh ohdh `l lklrfíh.

Ohdh `l pa`lr
(5) Zltcrl lg ohjglhà.

Zltcrl gas oaklotarls DX6 y DX> `l gh pghoh `l
trhksmcscÿk `l hdustl `l hgturh.
DX>
Rhrh ajtlklr mès `lthggls, oaksugtl ‗Y >] @chfrhmh `l ohjglhà. "
DX6
(6) Ckogckl lg oulrpa prckocphg y lxtrhcfh gas ohjgls h trhvãs `lg

arcecoca lk gh phrtl ckelrcar `lg oulrpa prckocphg.
Ohjgl
(>) Glvhktl lg oulrpa prckocphg y rltírlga `lg sapartl

NG.
(3) Makthdl4 vulgvh h makthr lk lg ar`lk ckvlrsa hg

`lsmakthdl.
35
5-8-:. Zllmpghza `lg hotuhàr

(8) Zltcrl lg oulrpa prckocphg `lg sapartl NG.
Ulr ( 8) ~ (>) lk " 5-8-8. Lxtrhoocÿk `lg oulrpa prckocphg
`lg sapartl NG. "
(:) Zltcrl gh mlsh `l sapartl NG.
Zltcrl lg ohjgl `lg oaklotar lk gh phrtl suplrcar `lg Parkcggas PAZ^ ( υ >x>2)
hotuhàr y gulfa rltcrl gh hjrhzh`lrh `lg ohjgl ecdh`h

oak uk tarkcgga.
Zltcrl gas ouhtra tarkcggas PAZ^ (þ> x >2) oak uk
`lstarkcgghàr PAZ^.
(?) Zltcrl gh thph `lg hotuhàr `l hdustl `l hgturh.
@
Phph `lg hotuhàr `l hdustl `l hgturh
L
_
M
A
K
P
H
D
L
S
(0) Zltcrl lg hotuhàr `l gh jhsl `lg sapartl NG. Zltcrl gas
Z
L
L
ouhtra tarkcggas PAZ^ (þ> x >2) oak uk `lstarkcgghàr M
Parkcggas PAZ^ ( υ >x>2)
R
PAZ^.
G
H
T
A
Parkcggas PAZ^ ( υ >x>2)
(<) Makthdl4 vulgvh h makthr lk lg ar`lk ckvlrsa hg

`lsmakthdl.
5-8-?. Zllmpghza `lg cktlrruptar `l pcl
(8) Zltcrl lg oulrpa prckocphg `lg sapartl NG.

Ulr ( 8) ~ (>) lk " 5-8-8. Lxtrhoocÿk `lg oulrpa prckocphg
`lg sapartl NG. "
(:) Oagaqul lg sapartl NG `l ghà.
Rhrhrsl
36
(?) Zltcrl lg cktlrruptar `l pcl `l gh jhsl `lg sapartl NG.

\tcgcol ukh gghvl nlxhfakhg (`csthkoch lktrl gas ghàs
apulstas4 5 mm) y rltcrl gas às tarkcggas `l ohjlzh Parkcggas `l ohjlzh nuloh nlxhfakhg
(M>x02) oak hrhk`lghs `l rlsartl (M>)
nuloh nlxhfakhg (M> x 02) dukta oak ghs hrhk`lghs `l
rlsartl (M>).
Zltcrl gas às tarkcggas `l àjgl oasturh (M0 x >) oak uk
Parkcgga àjgl (M0x>)
(0) Zltcrl gh thph `l gh pghoh `l rlgãs `l gas pl`hgls

phrh hdusthr gh hgturh.
`lstarkcgghàr
`lstarkcggh` ar Rncggcps. Parkcgga àjgl slms (M?x>)
(<) Zltcrl gh pghoh `l rlgãs `l gas pl`hgls phrh hdusthr gh

hgturh. Parkcgga àjgl slms (M?x>)
Zltcrl lg tarkcgga `l àjgl rasoh (M? x >) oak uk
`lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps y ukh gghvl (`csthkoch lktrl
gas ghàs apulstas4 <,< mm) y gulfa rltcrl lg
oaklotar `lg cktlrruptar `l pl`hg. Phjglra `l rlgãs `l pl`hgls
Rhrh ajtlklr mès `lthggls, oaksugtl ‗Y >] @chfrhmh `l ohjglhà. " phrh hdustl `l hgturh.

`lsmakthdl.
3>
5-8-0. Zllmpghza `l gh pghoh `l rlgãs `l gas pl`hgls phrh lg hdustl `l hgturh

(8) _cfh gas phsas `lsorctas lk " 5-8-?. _ustctuocÿk `l gh
Cktlrruptar `l pcl " lxolpta par ( ?).
(:) Zltcrl gh pghoh `l rlgãs `l gas pl`hgls phrh hdusthr gh hgturh.

Zltcrl lg tarkcgga àjgl (M? x >) oak uk `lstarkcgghàr
Rncggcps y ukh gghvl (`csthkoch lktrl gas ghàs apulstas4 <,<
mm) y gulfa rltcrl taàs gas oaklotarls `l gh pghoh `l

rlgãs `l gas pl`hgls phrh lg hdustl `l hgturh. Rhrh ajtlklr
mès `lthggls, oaksugtl ‗Y >]
@chfrhmh `l ohjglhà. " Oaklotar
(?) Makthdl4 vulgvh h makthr lk lg ar`lk ckvlrsa hg

`lsmakthdl.
5-8-<. Zllmpghza `l gh rul`h

@
L
(8) Zltcrl
Ulr "lg oulrpa prckocphg `lg sapartl NG.`lg sapartl
_
M
5-8-8. Lxtrhoocÿk `lg oulrpa prckocphg A
K
NG. "
P
H
D
L
(:) Oagaqul lg sapartl NG `l ghà. S
Z
L
L
M
R
G
H
T
A
Rhrhrsl
(?) Zltcrl gh rul`h oak ukh nlrrhmclkth lsplochg.
Nlrrhmclkth lsplochg
Ohstar

`lsmakthdl.
33
5-:. ohpuonh
5-:-8. Zllmpghza `lg lkshmjghdl `l gh ohmphkh
(8) Zltcrl lg phklg trhslra `lg oulrpa prckocphg.

Ulr ( 8) ~ (?) lk " 5.8.8 Lxtrhoocÿk `lg oulrpa prckocphg `lg
sapartl NG. "
(:) Zltcrl gh thph `l gh ohdh `l oaktrag.
Zltcrl ghs ouhtra plfhtckhs pratlotarhs y gulfa rltcrl gas Parkcgga `l ohjlzh pghkh (M0x8:)
ouhtra tarkcggas `l ohjlzh pghkh (M0 x 8:) oak uk
Zltcrl gas às tarkcggas àjgls (M? x 82) qul ecdhk gh thph
`l gh ohdh `l oaktrag `ls`l lg cktlrcar `l gh sloocÿk
suplrcar `lg oulrpa prckocphg oak uk `lstarkcgghàr
Rncggcps. Glvhktl gh thph `l gh ohdh `l oaktrag y rltírlgh.
Parkcgga àjgl slms (M?x82)
(?) Zltcrl lg jrhza jhsoughktl.

Hegadl gas às tarkcggas `l ecdhocÿk oak ukh gghvl nlxhfakhg
(`csthkoch lktrl gas ghàs apulstas4 ? mm) y mulvh lg hkcgga
Parkcgga `l hdustl
lk U nhoch gh ukc`h` `l ckogckhocÿk. Gulfa rltcrl lg jrhza
jhsoughktl `l gh ukc`h` jhsoughktl.
(0) Zltcrl gh oujclrth `lg ohpÿ `lg ghà `l gas pcls.

Zltcrl ghs slcs plfhtckhs pratlotarhs. Zltcrl gas ockoa tarkcggas `l
Parkcgga `l ohjlzh pghkh (M0x8:)
ohjlzh pghkh (M0 x 8:) oak uk `lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps. H
oaktckuhocÿk, `lsgcol gh oujclrth `lg ohpÿ `lg ghà `l gas pcls
nhoch hrrcjh y lxtrècfhgh.

822
(<) Zltcrl lg oakdukta `l gh ohmphkh.

Zltcrl ghs ouhtra plfhtckhs pratlotarhs y gh nadh lk lg ghà
`l gh ohjlzh `l gh ohpuonh.
Zltcrl gas trls tarkcggas `l ohjlzh pghkh (M0 x 8:) oak uk
Zltcrl gas ockoa tarkcggas `l àjgl oasturh (M0 x 8<) lk lg

ghà `l gas pcls `lg ohpÿ oak uk `lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps. Parkcgga àjgl (M0x8<)
Glvhktl lg oakdukta `lg ohpÿ y rltírlga.
(5) Makthdl4 vulgvh h makthr lk lg ar`lk ckvlrsa hg @

`lsmakthdl. L
_
M
A
K
P
H
D
5-:-:. Zllmpghza `lg sapartl `l jgaqula `lg phklg `l h`mcscÿk
L
S
Z
L
(8) Zltcrl lg sapartl `l gh olrrhùrh `lg phklg `l lktrh`h. Zltcrl gas
L
M
às tarkcggas rasohàrls `l ohjlzh pghkh (M? x 80) oak uk
R
G
H
`lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps. T
A
Fagpltla `l ohjlzh phkarèmcoh
tarkcgga (M?x80)
(:) Makthdl4 vulgvh h makthr lk lg ar`lk ckvlrsa hg

`lsmakthdl.
5-:-?. Zllmpghza `lg sapartl `lg mÿùga `lg slksar

s lksar
(8) Zltcrl ghs trls thphs `l gas oaklotarls y gulfa rltcrl gas trls
tarkcggas rasohàrls `l ohjlzh pghkh (M0 x >) oak uk Parkcgga `l ohjlzh pghkh (M0x>)
`lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps. Lxtrhcfh lg sapartl `lg mÿùga `lg
slksar narczakthgmlktl y lxtrècfhga.
Parkcgga `l ohjlzh pghkh (M0x>)

`lsmakthdl.
828
5-:-0. Zllmpghza `lg pulrta `l hoolsa `l hplrturh rèpc`h _ / V
(8) Zltcrl lg pulrta `l hoolsa `l hplrturh rèpc`h _ / V. Zltcrl gh

ltcqulth pratlotarh y gulfa rltcrl gas às tarkcggas `l
ohjlzh pghkh (M0 x 8:) oak uk `lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps.
Ohjlzh pghkh
tarkcgga (M0x8:)
Rlfhtckh pratlotarh
Oak lg pulrta `l hoolsa h prlscÿk hjclrta, slpèrlga `l

ghs trls fhrrhs lk su jhsl.
Fhrrh
(:) _cfh lg mcsma praol`cmclkta mlkocakhà hktlrcarmlktl phrh qucthr

gas atras pulrtas `l hoolsa `l hplrturh rèpc`h.

`lsmakthdl.
5-:-<. Zllmpghza `lg lkshmjghdl `lg phklg `l h`mcscÿk

(8) Zltcrl lg phklg `l lktrh`h.
Zltcrl ghs `clz plfhtckhs pratlotarhs h`nlrc`hs hg phklg
`l lktrh`h. Oak gh pulrth `l gh jhk`ldh `lg ohsltl `l
rhyas ^ hjclrth, rltcrl gas `clz tarkcggas `l ohjlzh pghkh
(M0 x 8:) oak uk `lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps. Ohjlzh pghkh Ohjlzh pghkh
tarkcgga `l rasoh tarkcgga `l rasoh
(M0x8:) (M0x8:)
Gas rlsartls nlgcoac`hgls `l tarscÿk lstèk hgadhàs `lktra `l ghs

oujclrths `l gas rlsartls `l ghs jcshfrhs `lg phklg `l lktrh`h lk
hmjas ghàs. Plkfh ouc`hà `l ka `ldhr qul gas rlsartls nlgcoac`hgls
`l tarscÿk sl shgfhk hg lkshmjghr lg phklg `l lktrh`h.
Mulggl nlgcoac`hg `l tarscÿk
(:) _cfh lg mcsma praol`cmclkta mlkocakhà hktlrcarmlktl

phrh qucthr lg atra phklg `l lktrh`h.
`lsmakthdl.
82:
5-:-5. Zllmpghza `l gh jcshfrh `lg phklg `l h`mcscÿk (oak gh pulrth `l gh jhk`ldh `lg ohsltl `l rhyas ^)
(8) Zltcrl gh oujclrth `l gh jcshfrh `lg phklg `l lktrh`h. Zltcrl

ghs plfhtckhs pratlotarhs h`nlrc`hs h gh oujclrth `l gh
jcshfrh `lg phklg `l lktrh`h y gulfa rltcrl gas slcs
tarkcggas àjgls (M? x 82) oak uk `lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps.
(:) Zltcrl gas hmartcfuhàrls fcrhtarcas (8< if) Z / G y lg ldl

fcrhtarca `lg phklg `l lktrh`h.
@lsgcol narczakthgmlktl gas hmartcfuhàrls fcrhtarcas
(8< if) Z y G `lktra `l gh jcshfrh Z `lg phklg `l lktrh`h h
su `lrlonh y rltírlgas `l sus oadckltls.
Hmartcfuhàr fcrhtarca
fcrhtarca (8< if) Z
@
L
_
M
@lsgcol narczakthgmlktl lg hmartcfuhàr fcrhtarca (8< A
K
if) G y lg ldl fcrhtarca `lg phklg `l lktrh`h `lktra `l P
H
gh jcshfrh G `lg phklg `l lktrh`h h su czquclr`h y
D
L
S
rltírlgas `l sus oadckltls. Z
L
L
M
Hmartcfuhàr fcrhtarca
fcrhtarca (8< if) G
R
G
H
T
A
(?) Zltcrl gh jcshfrh `lg phklg `l lktrh`h (oak gh pulrth `l gh jhk`ldh `lg
ohsltl `l rhyas ^).
Ulr ( 8) lk " 5-:-<. Zllmpghza `lg lkshmjghdl `lg phklg `l
h`mcscÿk. "
(0) _cfh lg mcsma praol`cmclkta mlkocakhà hktlrcarmlktl
phrh qucthr ghs jcshfrhs `lg phklg `l lktrh`h lk lg atra
phklg `l lktrh`h.
`lsmakthdl.
Fcrl lg ldl fcrhtarca 8>2 frhàs `l thg mhklrh qul lg pukta ( ◁)

RZLOH\OCßK lstè `crlothmlktl lk lg ghà apulsta `l gh mulsoh.
7Plkfh lk oulkth lg scfuclktl pukta hg oagaohr

gas hmartcfuhàrls fcrhtarcas
fcrhtarcas (8< if) Z / G;
Hktls `l cksthghr uk kulva hmartcfuhàr fcrhtarca,
hslfôrlsl `l fcrhr lg ldl fcrhtarca 8>2 frhàs.
Gulfa ckslrtl lg ldl fcrhtarca lk lg ra`hmclkta.

82?
5-:-6. Zllmpghza `l gh phghkoh `l aplrhocÿk Z / G `lg phklg `l h`mcscÿk
(8) Zltcrl gh phghkoh `l aplrhocÿk `lg phklg `l lktrh`h. Zltcrl

gas às tarkcggas rasohàrls `l ohjlzh pghkh (M? x 80) oak
uk `lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps y gulfa rltcrl gh phghkoh `l
aplrhocÿk `lg phklg `l lktrh`h.
Parkcgga `l rasoh `l ohjlzh pghkh (M?x80)
(:) _cfh lg mcsma praol`cmclkta mlkocakhà hktlrcarmlktl

phrh qucthr ghs phghkohs aplrhtcvhs `lg phklg `l lktrh`h
lk lg atra phklg `l lktrh`h.
`lsmakthdl.
5-:->. Zllmpghza `l gh plrcggh `l aplrhocÿk `lg phklg `l h`mcscÿk
(8) Zltcrl gh plrcggh `l aplrhocÿk `lg phklg `l lktrh`h. Hegadl gas

às tarkcggas `l ecdhocÿk oak ukh gghvl nlxhfakhg (`csthkoch
lktrl gas ghàs apulstas4 : mm). @lsgcol lg ldl `l gh Parkcgga `l hdustl
olrrhùrh y rltcrl gh plrcggh `l aplrhocÿk `lg phklg `l

lktrh`h.
(_l oagaoh uk lsphochàr lktrl gh plrcggh `l aplrhocÿk `lg
phklg `l h`mcscÿk y lg phklg `l h`mcscÿk. Plkfh ouc`hà `l
Rlrcggh `l aplrhocÿk `lg phklg `l h`mcscÿk
ka `ldhr qul lg lsphochàr
ls phochàr sl shgfh hg oagaohr gh plrcggh `l
aplrhocÿk `lg phklg `l h`mcscÿk).
(:) _cfh lg mcsma praol`cmclkta mlkocakhà hktlrcarmlktl phrh
qucthr ghs plrcgghs `l aplrhocÿk `lg phklg `l lktrh`h lk lg
atra phklg `l lktrh`h.
`lsmakthdl.
820
5-:-3. Zllmpghza `l gh phghkoh `l phrl` cktlrcar Z / G
(8) Zltcrl gh phghkoh `l gh phrl` cktlrcar.

Zltcrl lg tarkcgga `l rasoh `l ohjlzh pghkh (M? x 82) oak
uk `lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps.
@lsgcol gh phghkoh `l gh phrl` cktlrcar `lg phklg `l
lktrh`h y rltírlgh.
Parkcgga `l rasoh `l ohjlzh pghkh (M?x82)
(:) _cfh lg mcsma praol`cmclkta mlkocakhà hktlrcarmlktl phrh

qucthr ghs phghkohs `l gh phrl` cktlrcar lk lg atra phklg `l
lktrh`h.
`lsmakthdl.
5-:-82. Zllmpghza `l gh phrl` cktlrcar (phrh lg Ckou C) @

L
_
M
(8) Zltcrl lg tapl `lg ldl `l gh phrl` cktlrcar. A
K
Lmpudl nhoch hjhda gh plsthøh `l hdustl h prlscÿk oak uk P
H
D
`lstarkcgghàr `l ohjlzh pghkh a hgfôk atra ckstrumlkta
L
S
hprapchà y rltcrl lg tapl `lg ldl `l gh phrl` cktlrcar (lk hmjas
Z
L
L
ghàs `l gh phrl` cktlrcar). M
R
G
H
T
A
Phpÿk `lg ldl `l gh phrl` cktlrcar
(:) Zltcrl gh phrl` cktlrcar.

Zltcrl ghs phghkohs `l gh phrl` cktlrcar h hmjas ghàs `l gh
phrl` cktlrcar. @lsgcol gh phrl` cktlrcar y rltírlgh.
(?) _cfh lg mcsma praol`cmclkta mlkocakhà hktlrcarmlktl phrh

qucthr gh atrh phrl` cktlrcar.
`lsmakthdl.
82<
5-:-88. Zllmpghza `lg oadckltl `l phrl` cktlrcar

(8) Zltcrl gh phrl` cktlrcar.
Ulr ( 8) ~ (:) lk " 5-:-82. Zllmpghza `l gh phrl` cktlrcar
(phrh lg Ckou C). "
(:) Zltcrl gh jcshfrh `lg phklg `l lktrh`h (oak gh pulrth `l gh jhk`ldh `lg
ohsltl `l rhyas ^).
Ulr ( 8) ~ (?) lk " 5-:-5. Zllmpghza `l gh jcshfrh `lg phklg `l

h`mcscÿk (oak gh pulrth `l gh jhk`ldh `lg ohsltl `l rhyas ^). "
(?) Zltcrl lg oadckltl `l gh phrl` cktlrcar.

Zltcrl gas às tarkcggas rasohàrls `l ohjlzh pghkh (M? x >)
oak uk `lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps.
@lsgcol lg oadckltl `l gh phrl` cktlrcar y rltírlga `lg
phklg `l lktrh`h.
(Ghs hrhk`lghs pghkhs mès frhk`ls (M?) lstèk ukc`hs h gas
tarkcggas rasohàrls `l ohjlzh pghkh. Plkfh ouc`hà `l ka `ldhr
qul ghs hrhk`lghs sl shgfhk hg lkshmjghr lg oadckltl `l phrl` Parkcgga `l rasoh `l ohjlzh pghkh (M?x>)
cktlrcar).
(0) _cfh lg mcsma praol`cmclkta mlkocakhà hktlrcarmlktl phrh qucthr
gas oadckltls `l gh phrl` cktlrcar lk gh atrh phrl` cktlrcar.

`lsmakthdl.
5-:-8:. Zllmpghza `lg ldl `l gh phrl` cktlrcar

(8) Zltcrl gh phrl` cktlrcar.
Ulr ( 8) ~ (:) lk " 5-:-8:. Zllmpghza `l gh phrl` cktlrcar
(phrh lg Ckou C). "
(:) Zltcrl lg ldl `l gh phrl` cktlrcar.
Zltcrl gas às tarkcggas rasohàrls `l ohjlzh pghkh (M? x >) Ldl `l gh phrl` cktlrcar
Zasohà `l ohjlzh pghkh

tarkcgga (M?x>)
(?) _cfh lg mcsma praol`cmclkta mlkocakhà hktlrcarmlktl phrh

qucthr gas ldls `l gh phrl` cktlrcar lk gh atrh phrl` cktlrcar.
`lsmakthdl.
825
5-?. Oulrpa prckocphg
5-?-8. Lxtrhoocÿk `l gh sloocÿk suplrcar `lg oulrpa prckocphg `lg oulrpa prckocphg
(8) Zltcrl lg phklg trhslra `lg oulrpa prckocphg y lxtrhcfh gh
ohdh `l lklrfíh.
Ulr ( 8) ~ (<) lk " 5-8-8. Lxtrhoocÿk `lg oulrpa prckocphg
`lg sapartl NG. "
(:) Zltcrl gas oaklotarls y gas ohjgls `l tclrrh `l gh pghoh `l
oaktrag y gh pghoh `l oaktrag `lg ohglkthàr. _c gh
ukc`h` oaktclkl gh _pA : mÿùga, vlr ( :) y ( ?)
lk " 5-0-8. Zllmpghza `l gh pghoh `l oaktrag (phrh lg @uhg
Ckou C) ”S
”S rltcrl gh pghoh `lsgczhktl.
Zltcrl lg oaklotar (DO8) `lg thjglra `l oaktrag `lg
ohglkthàr (phrh lg Ckou C), y gas oaklotarls (DH<,
DH>, DH83 y DH:8) `l gh pghoh `l oaktrag
oaktrag (phrh lg @uhg
Ckou C). DO8
Zltcrl gas tarkcggas slms (M0 x >) qul ecdhk gas tlrmckhgls
`l tclrrh `l gh sloocÿk suplrcar `lg oulrpa prckocphg, lg @
L
ohglkthàr y lg slksar `l hgth tlmplrhturh oak uk
_
M
A
K
Rhrh ajtlklr mès `lthggls, oaksugtl lg ‗Y >] @chfrhmh `l ohjglhà. DH> DH:8 P
H
D
L
”_c gh ukc`h` oaktclkl gh _pA : mÿùga, vlr ( :) y ( ?) S
Z
lk " 5-0-8. Zllmpghza `l gh pghoh `l oaktrag (phrh lg @uhg DH< L
L
Ckou C) ”S
”S rltcrl gh pghoh `lsgczhktl.
M
DH83
R
G
H
T
A
Parkcgga slms (M0x>)
(?) Zltcrl lg oakdukta `lg ecgtra.

Zltcrl gas ouhtra tarkcggas àjgls (M? x 82) oak uk
`lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps. Zltcrl lg tuja `l gh vègvugh `l
sumckcstra `l axíflka y lg oaklotar `l gh pghoh `l
`ltloocÿk `l pascocÿk `lg oakdukta `lg ecgtra.
826
(0) Zltcrl gh pulrth `l vhpar.

Hjrh gh thph `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` y rltcrl gh oampulrth
`l vhpar.
Rulrth `l vhpar
(<) Zltcrl gh sloocÿk suplrcar `lg oulrpa prckocphg. Zltcrl gas

thpakls `l ouhtra arcecocas y gulfa rltcrl gas ouhtra
tarkcggas `l ohjlzh nuloh nlxhfakhg (M5 x 8<) oak ukh
gghvl nlxhfakhg (`csthkoch lktrl gas ghàs apulstas4 <
mm).
(Gh cmhflk mulstrh saga uk ghà).
Ohjlzh nuloh nlxhfakhg

tarkcgga `l ohjlzh (M5x8<)

`lsmakthdl.
5-?-:. Zllmpghza `lg ohglkthàr

(8) Xuctl gas tarkcggas qul sudlthk lg ohglkthàr.
Zltcrl ghs ouhtra plfhtckhs pratlotarhs y gulfa rltcrl Parkcgga àjgl slms
(M0x82)
gas ouhtra tarkcggas `l àjgl dukth (M0 x 82) oak uk
(:) Zltcrl lg ohglkthàr `l gh oujclrth `lg ohglkthàr. Zltcrl gas às

tarkcggas `l mèquckh `l ohjlzh pghkh (M0 x
Parkcgga `l mèquckh `l ohjlzh pghkh (M0x82)
82) oak uk `lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps.
(?) Zltcrl lg ohjgl `lg ohglkthàr y lg ohjgl `l tclrrh. Zltcrl lg

tarkcgga slms (M0 x >) oak uk `lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps y
gulfa rltcrl ghs às tulrohs (M0) oak ukh gghvl `l ohdh
(`csthkoch lktrl gas ghàs apulstas4 6 mm).
Pulroh (M0)
82>

`lsmakthdl.
RZLOH\OCßK
Hslfôrlsl `l oagaohr uk lmphqul kulva ouhkà rllmpghol lg
ohglkthàr.
5-?-?. Zllmpghza `lg matar

(8) Zltcrl lg vlktcghàr.
_astlkfh lg vlktcghàr oak hmjhs mhkas y sèqulga h ga
ghrfa `lg ldl `lg matar.
@
Lkshmjghdl `l vlktcghàr L
_
M
(:) Xuctl gas tarkcggas qul sudlthk lg matar.
A
K
Zltcrl ghs trls plfhtckhs pratlotarhs y gulfa rltcrl
P
H
Parkcgga àjgl (M0x8<)
D
gas trls tarkcggas `l àjgl dukth (M0 x 8<) oak uk
L
S
Z
L
L
M
R
G
H
T
A
(?) Pcrl `lg matar nhoch ustl` mclktrhs ga fcrh gcflrhmlktl lk slktcà
oaktrhrca h ghs hfudhs `lg rlgad.
Zltcrl gas oaklotarls `lg matar y gh pghoh `l
`ltloocÿk `l pascocÿk.
Zltcrl lg lmphqul `lg sctca àk`l lg matar lstè
ukcà hg oulrpa prckocphg. Oaklotar
Oaklotar
823

`lsmakthdl.
Ouhkà vulgvh h lkshmjghr lg matar, hslfôrlsl `l oaklothr
lg oaklotar `lg matar lk gh arclkthocÿk oarrloth y tlkfh
ouc`hà `l qul gas ohjgls ka sl lkfhkonlk.
RZLOH\OCßK
Hslfôrlsl `l oagaohr uk lmphqul kulva ouhkà

rllmpghol lg oakdukta `lg matar.
5-?-0. Zllmpghza `lg slksar `l hgth tlmplrhturh

(8) Zltcrl gh sloocÿk suplrcar `lg oulrpa prckocphg `lg
oulrpa prckocphg.
Ulr ( 8) ~ (<) lk " 5-?-8. Lxtrhoocÿk `l gh sloocÿk
suplrcar `lg oulrpa prckocphg `lg oulrpa prckocphg. "
(:) Zltcrl gas tlrmckhgls oaklothàs hg slksar `l hgth
tlmplrhturh y lg ohjgl `l tclrrh lk gh pghoh `lg Pulroh (M0) Oaklotar

slksar `l hgth tlmplrhturh.
Zltcrl gh tulroh (M0) oak ukh gghvl `l tuja
(`csthkoch lktrl gas ghàs apulstas4 6 mm) y gulfa
rltcrl lg ohjgl `l tclrrh.
_ulga
ohjgl
(?) Zltcrl gas tarkcggas qul sudlthk lg oakdukta `l hgth

Pulroh (M?)
tlmplrhturh.
Zltcrl ghs ouhtra tulrohs (M?) oak ukh gghvl `l tuja
(`csthkoch lktrl gas ghàs apulstas4 <,< mm). Zltcrl lg
lmphqul `lg sctca àk`l lstè oaklothà lg slksar `l
hgth tlmplrhturh lk lg oulrpa prckocphg.
Pulroh (M?)
`lsmakthdl.
RZLOH\OCßK
Hslfôrlsl `l oagaohr uk lmphqul kulva ouhkà
rllmpghol lg oakdukta `lg slksar `l hgth tlmplrhturh.
882
5-?-<. Zllmpghza `l gh oujclrth `l gh ohdh `l oaktrag

Ulr ( 8) ~ (?) lk " 5-8-8. Lxtrhoocÿk `lg oulrpa prckocphg
`lg sapartl NG. "
(:) Zltcrl gh thph `l gh ohdh `l oaktrag `lg ohpÿ. Xuctl gas
ouhtra tarkcggas `l mèquckh `l ohjlzh pghkh (M0 x Mèquckh `l ohjlzh pghkh
8:) `lg ohpÿ oak uk `lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps.

Rncggcps. tarkcgga (M0x8:)
(?) Zltcrl gh thph `l gh ohdh `l oaktrag `l gh sloocÿk suplrcar

`lg oulrpa prckocphg.
Zltcrl gas às tarkcggas `l àjgl dukth (M? x 82) `l gh
sloocÿk suplrcar `lg oulrpa prckocphg oak uk
`lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps. @
L
_
M
A
Parkcgga àjgl slms
K
P
(M?x82)
H
D
L
S
Z
L
L
`lsmakthdl. M
R
G
H
T
A
5-?-5. Zllmpghza `lg cktlrruptar `l lkolk`cà
(8) Zltcrl gh thph `l gh ohdh `l oaktrag.

Ulr ( 8) ~ (?) lk " 5-?-<. Zllmpghza `l gh oujclrth `l gh ohdh `l
oaktrag. "
(:) _hqul gh ohdh `l lklrfíh.

Zltcrl gas às tarkcggas `l àjgl oasturh (M? x >) qul sudlthk
gh ohdh `l hgcmlkthocÿk oak uk `lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps.
Ohdh `l pa`lr
888
(?) Zltcrl lg oaklotar `l gh pghoh `l oaktrag (phrh lg

@uhg Ckou C).
_c gh ukc`h` oaktclkl gh _pA : mÿùga, vlr ( :) y ( ?)
lk " 5-0-8. Zllmpghza `l gh pghoh `l oaktrag (phrh @uhg
Oaklotar (DH83)
Ckou C). "
Zltcrl lg oaklotar (DH83) `lg thjglra `l oaktrag
(phrh lg @uhg Ckou C ).
(0) Zltcrhr lg pghta.

Zltcrl gas às tarkcggas rasohàrls (M? x 82) oak uk Parkcgga `l rasoh (M?x82)
(<) Zltcrl lg cktlrruptar `l lkolk`cà.

Zltcrl ghs às tulrohs (M?) oak ukh gghvl `l tuja
(`csthkoch lktrl gas ghàs apulstas4 <,< mm).
Pulroh (M?)

`lsmakthdl.
5-?-6. Zllmpghza `l gh pghoh `l `ltloocÿk

oaktrag. "
(:) Zltcrl gh pghoh `l `ltloocÿk.

Oaklotar
Zltcrl lg oaklotar (D@8) `l gh pghoh `l `ltloocÿk y
gulfa rltcrl gas ouhtra tarkcggas slms (M? x
>) oak uk `lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps.
Parkcgga slms (M?x>)

`lsmakthdl.
88:
5-?->. Zllmpghza `l gh ukc`h` jhsoughktl

oaktrag. "
(:) Zltcrl lg jrhza jhsoughktl.

Zltcrl gas às tarkcggas `l ecdhocÿk (M5) oak ukh gghvl
nlxhfakhg (`csthkoch lktrl gas ghàs apulstas4 ? mm).
Mulvh lg hkcgga lk U nhoch gh ukc`h` `l ckogckhocÿk.
Parkcgga `l ecdhocÿk (M5)
(?) Zltcrl gh plrcggh `l ckogckhocÿk.

Zltcrl gas às tarkcggas `l ecdhocÿk (M< x 82) oak ukh
gghvl nlxhfakhg (`csthkoch lktrl gas ghàs apulstas4
:,< mm).
@
L
_
M
A
K
Parkcgga `l ecdhocÿk (M<x82) P
H
D
L
S
(0) Zltcrl gh ukc`h` jhsoughktl.
Z
L
L
Zltcrl gas ouhtra tarkcggas àjgls (M0 x 82) oak uk M
R
G
H
T
A
Parkcgga àjgl slms (M0x82)

`lsmakthdl.
5-?-3. Zllmpghza `l gh pghoh `l `ltloocÿk `l pascocÿk (phrh gh `ltloocÿk `l gh pghoh `lg ml`ca)

`lg sapartl NG. "
(:) Zltcrl lg oakdukta `lg ecgtra.
Zltcrl lg tuja `l gh vègvugh `l sumckcstra `l axíflka y lg
oaklotar `l gh pghoh `l `ltloocÿk `l pascocÿk `lg
oakdukta `lg ecgtra.
88?
(?) Zltcrl gh pghoh `l `ltloocÿk `l pascocÿk.

Zltcrl gh ohjlzh `l gh hrhk`lgh (M? x 82) oak uk
`lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps y gulfa rltcrl lg oaklotar. Oaklotar
Ohjlzhg `l hrhk`lgh (M?x82)

`lsmakthdl.
5-?-82. Zllmpghza `l gh dukth `lg ecgtra

`lg sapartl NG. "
(:) Zltcrl lg oakdukta `lg ecgtra.
Zltcrl gas ouhtra

`lstarkcgghàr tarkcggas àjgls (M? x 82) oak uk
Rncggcps.
Zltcrl lg tuja `l gh vègvugh `l sumckcstra `l axíflka y lg
oaklotar `l gh pghoh `l `ltloocÿk `l pascocÿk `lg Parkcgga àjgl slms (M?x82)
oakdukta `lg ecgtra.
(?) Zltcrl gh dukth `lg ecgtra.

Zltcrl gh dukth `lg ecgtra `l `ltrès `l gh akùghocÿk lk gh
`crloocÿk qul mulstrh gh eglonh lk gh cmhflk `l gh
`lrlonh.

`lsmakthdl.
880
5-?-88. Zllmpghza `lg lmphqul `l gh oujclrth `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` H

oulrpa prckocphg.
Ulr ( 8) ~ (<) lk " 5-?-8. ‗Lxtrhoocÿk `l gh sloocÿk
(:) Zltcrl lg lmphqul H `l gh oujclrth `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` `l
Oèmhrh `l numl`h`
gh sloocÿk suplrcar `lg oulrpa prckocphg. oujclrth `l lmjhghdl H

`lsmakthdl.
@
L
5-?-8:. Zllmpghza `l gh jhsl `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`

_
M
A
K
(8) Zltcrl gh sloocÿk suplrcar `lg oulrpa prckocphg `lg P
H
D
oulrpa prckocphg.
L
S
Z
L
L
suplrcar `lg oulrpa prckocphg `lg oulrpa prckocphg. " M
R
(:) Zltcrl lg ohjgl.
G
H
T
Zltcrl lg oaklotar (DH?) `l gh pghoh `l oaktrag (phrh
A
lg @uhg Ckou C) y lg oaklotar (DO:) `lg thjglra `l DH?

oaktrag `lg ohglkthàr (phrh lg Ckou C). Zltcrl gas
tarkcggas slms (M0 x >) qul ecdhk lg tlrmckhg `l
tclrrh `lg ohglkthàr numc`cecohàr. Oarth lg Pcl
Vrhp qul ecdh lg ohjgl rltcrhà.
DO:
88<
(?) Zltcrl gh jhsl `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`.

Zltcrl gas slcs tarkcggas rasohàrls `l rlsckh (M? x 8:) oak uk
(Gh cmhflk `l gh `lrlonh mulstrh saga uk ghà). Glvhktl
lg sapartl `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` y rltcrl gas
oaklotarls `l gh pghoh `l `ltloocÿk `l pascocÿk (phrh gh
`ltloocÿk `l gh thph `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` y gh thph
`l gh ohg`lrh). Parkcgga `l rlsckh (M?x8:)

`lsmakthdl.
5-?-8?. Zllmpghza `l gh thph `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`

(8) Hjrh gh thph `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` y rltcrl gas
às rlmhonls.
(Gh cmhflk `l gh `lrlonh mulstrh saga uk ghà).
Zlmhonl `l lmpudl

`lsmakthdl.
5-?-80. Zllmpghza `lg lmphqul `l gh oujclrth `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` O

oulrpa prckocphg.
(:) Zltcrl lg lmphqul `l gh thph `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` O.
Oèmhrh `l numl`h`
oujclrth `l lmjhghdl O

`lsmakthdl.
885
5-?-8<. Zllmpghza `lg oaklotar `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`

(8) Zltcrl gh jhsl `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` `l gh sloocÿk
suplrcar `lg oulrpa prckocphg.
Ulr ( 8) ~ (?) lk " 5-?-8:. Zllmpghza `l gh jhsl `l gh
oèmhrh `l numl`h`. "
(:) Zltcrl gh thph `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`.
Zltcrl gas aona tarkcggas rasohàrls (M? x >) oak uk
Parkcgga `l rasoh (M?x>)
(?) Zltcrl lg lmphqul O `l gh thph `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`

y gulfa rltcrl lg oaklotar `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h`.
(0) Makthdl4 vulgvh h makthr lk lg ar`lk ckvlrsa hg @

L
`lsmakthdl.
_
M
A
K
P
H
D
L
5-?-85. Zllmpghza `l gh pghoh `l `ltloocÿk `l pascocÿk (phrh gh `ltloocÿk `l gh thph `l gh ohg`lrh) S
Z
L
L
M
R
G
H
T
Ulr ( 8) ~ (?) lk " 5-?-8:. Zllmpghza `l gh jhsl `l gh A

(:) Zltcrl gh pghoh `l `ltloocÿk `l pascocÿk.
Zltcrl gh ohjlzh `l gh hrhk`lgh (M? x >) oak uk Ohjlzhg `l hrhk`lgh (M?x>)
`lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps y gulfa rltcrl lg oaklotar.

`lsmakthdl.
886
5-?-86. Zllmpghza `l gh pghoh `l `ltloocÿk `l pascocÿk (phrh gh `ltloocÿk `l gh numl`h`

Oujclrth `l gh oèmhrh)

Ulr ( 8) ~ (?) lk " 5-?-8:. Zllmpghza `l gh jhsl `l gh
(:) Zltcrl gh pghoh `l `ltloocÿk `l pascocÿk.
Zltcrl lg tarkcgga `l rasoh (M? x >) oak uk
`lstarkcgghàr
`lstarkcggh` ar Rncggcps y gulfa rltcrl lg oaklotar.

`lsmakthdl.
5-?-8>. Zllmpghza `lg trhksearmhàr `l patlkoch `l oaktrag

oulrpa prckocphg.
(:) Zltcrl lg ohjgl.
Zltcrl lg oaklotar (DH85) `l gh pghoh `l oaktrag (phrh
lg @uhg Ckou C) y lg oaklotar (DO54 822U a DO64 8:2U /
:?2U) `lg thjglra `l oaktrag `lg ohglkthàr (phrh lg
Ckou C). Oarth lg PclVrhp ecdhkà lg ohjgl rltcrhà.

DH85
DO5 a DO6
88>
(?) Zltcrl lg trhksearmhàr `l patlkoch `l oaktrag.

Zltcrl gas ouhtra tarkcggas rasohàrls (M0 x 80) oak uk Parkcgga `l rasoh (M0x80)
Parkcgga `l rasoh (M0x80)

`lsmakthdl.
5-?-83. Zllmpghza `lg trhksearmhàr `l patlkoch `l gh ukc`h`

oulrpa prckocphg.
suplrcar `lg oulrpa prckocphg `lg oulrpa prckocphg. " @
(:) Zltcrl lglgohjgl.

_
L
M
Zltcrl oaklotar (DC8) `l gh pghoh `lg rlotcecohàr y A
K
lg oaklotar (DO>4 822U a DO34 8:2U / :?2U) `l gh P
DC8
H
pghoh `l oaktrag `lg ohglkthàr (phrh lg Ckou C).
D
L
S
Oarth lg Pcl Vrhp qul ecdh lg ohjgl rltcrhà. Z
L
L
Rhrh ajtlklr mès `lthggls, oaksugtl ‗Y >] @chfrhmh `l ohjglhà. " M
R
G
H
T
A
DO> a DO3
(?) Zltcrl lg trhksearmhàr `l patlkoch `l gh ukc`h`.

Zltcrl gas ouhtra tarkcggas rasohàrls (M0 80) oak uk
Parkcgga `l rasoh (M0x80)

`lsmakthdl.
883
5-?-:2. Zllmpghza `lg oakdukta `lg oaktraghàr `l axíflka

`lg sapartl NG. "
(:) Zltcrl gas oaklotarls `l gh pghoh `l oaktrag (phrh lg
@uhg Ckou C).
Zltcrl gas oaklotarls (DH0 y DH3) `l gh pghoh `l DH3 DH0
oaktrag (phrh lg @uhg Ckou C).
(?) Zltcrl lg tuja `l gh vègvugh `l sumckcstra `l axíflka.
Rcph `lg axcflka

vègvugh `l sumckcstra
(0) Xuctl gas tarkcggas qul sudlthk lg oakdukta `lg oaktraghàr `l

axíflka.
Zltcrl gas às tarkcggas `l àjgl oasturh (M0 x 82) oak uk Parkcgga àjgl slms (M0x82)

`lsmakthdl.
5-?-:8. Zllmpghza `l gh vègvugh `l eguda mèscoa
(8) Zltcrl lg oakdukta `lg oaktraghàr `l axíflka.

Ulr ( 8) ~ (0) lk " 5-?-:2. Zllmpghza `lg oakdukta `lg
oaktraghàr `l axíflka. "
(:) Zltcrl gh oujclrth.

`lstarkcgghàr
`lstarkcggh` ar Rncggcps.
8:2
(?) Zltcrl ghs tujlríhs y gh vègvugh `l eguda mèscoa. Zltcrl

gas às tarkcggas àjgls (M? x >) oak uk
`lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps. _lms àjgls
tarkcgga (M?x>)

`lsmakthdl.
5-?-::. Zllmpghza `l gh vègvugh saglkac`l

(8) Zltcrl lg oakdukta `lg oaktraghàr `l axíflka.
Ulr ( 8) ~ (0) lk " 5-?-:2. Zllmpghza `lg oakdukta `lg
oaktraghàr `l axíflka. "
(:) Zltcrl gh oujclrth. @
Zltcrl gas às

artarkcggas
Rncggcps. àjgls (M? x >) oak uk
_
L
M
`lstarkcgghàr
`lstarkcggh` A
K
P
H
D
L
S
Z
L
L
M
R
Parkcgga àjgl slms (M?x>) G
H
T
A
(?) Zltcrl ghs tujlríhs y gh vègvugh saglkac`l. Gh lglotravègvugh q Uègvugh `l saglkac`l KO

q ls uk tcpa
t cpa KO (karmhgmlktl olrrhà) y gh vègvugh
saglkac`l w ls uk tcpa KA (karmhgmlktl hjclrta),
oama sl mulstrh lk gh ecfurh `l gh `lrlonh. Xuctl gas
às tarkcggas àjgls (M0 x >) `l oh`h vègvugh saglkac`l
w _CK lglotravègvugh

`lsmakthdl.
8:8
5-0. \kc`h` `l pa`lr
5-0-8. Zllmpghza `l gh pghoh `l oaktrag (phrh @uhg Ckou C)

(8) _hqul gh ohdh `l lklrfíh.
`lg sapartl NG. "
(:) Xucthr gh _pA : ukc`h`.
Zltcrl gas às tarkcggas slms (M? x >) oak uk
(?) Xucthr gh _pA : pghoh `lsgczhktl.

Zltcrl lg oaklotar (DH:) `l gh pghoh `l oaktrag
(phrh lg @uhg Ckou C).
Zltcrl gas trls tarkcggas slms (M? x >) oak uk
Parkcgga slms
`lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps. Parkcgga slms (M?x>)
(M?x>) Oaklotar (DH:)
(0) Zltcrl gas oaklotarls (DH?, DH0, DH<, DH>, DH3, DH82, DH6 DH3
DH88, H85, DH86, DH83, DH:8 y DH::) `lg thjglra `l
DH82 DH? DH::
oaktrag (phrh lg @uhg Ckou C).
DH88 DH0
DH>
DH:8
DH85
DH86
DH83
(<) Zltcrl gh pghoh `l oaktrag (phrh lg @uhg Ckou C).
Zltcrl gas ouhtra tarkcggas slms (M? x >) oak uk
Zltcrl gas ouhtra lspèrrhfas `l gas oaklotarls `lg Parkcgga slms (M?x>)
Rawlr Rhoi C ( \R_)
\R_) y lg phklg `l oaktrag oak ukh
gghvl `l tuja (`csthkoch lktrl gas ghàs apulstas4 <
mm) `ls`l lg ghà `lg phklg.
phk lg. Zltcrl gas às tarkcggas
slms (M? x >) `lg oaklotar `lg makctar `l plsa oak
uk `lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps.
`lsmakthdl.
_lmlkthg
8::
5-0-:. Zllmpghza `l gh jhtlríh

(8) Zltcrl gh pghoh `l oaktrag (phrh lg @uhg Ckou C).
Ulr ( 8) ~ (<) " 5-0-8. Zllmpghza `l gh pghoh `l oaktrag
(phrh @uhg Ckou C). "
(:) Xuctl gh jhtlríh.
Oartl gas às ohjgls `l gh jhtlríh sag`hàs lk lg
thjglra `l oaktrag (phrh lg @uhg Ckou C) oak pckzhs.
@crcfcr
Jhtlríh
(?) Ecdl ukh jhtlríh kulvh lk lg thjglra `l oaktrag (phrh lg @uhg

Ckou C). Hfudlra lk lg thjglra `l oaktrag
Ecdl ukh jhtlríh kulvh oak ukh ockth h`nlscvh ckslrth`h lk gas
às arcecocas `l gh pghoh `l oaktrag.
@
_
L
M
A
K
P
H
D
L
S
(0) Oaklotl lg oaklotar `l gh jhtlríh kulvh h gh pghoh `l
Z
L
L
oaktrag (phrh lg @uhg Ckou C). M
R
Oaklothr lg oaklotar `l gh jhtlríh kulvh hg oaklotar
G
H
T
(DH 8>) `l gh pghoh `l oaktrag (phrh lg @uhg Ckou A
C).
Oaklotar (DH8>)

`lsmakthdl.
8:?
5-0-?. Zllmpghza `lg thjglra `l oaktrag `lg ohglkthàr (phrh lg Ckou C)

`lg sapartl NG. "
(:) Xucthr gh _pA : ukc`h` y gh _pA : pghoh `lsgczhktl.
Ulr ( :) y ( ?) lk " 5-0-8. Zllmpghza `l gh pghoh `l
oaktrag (phrh @uhg Ckou C). "
(?) Zltcrl gh ohdh `l lklrfíh.
DO> a DO3
Zltcrl gas scfuclktls oaklotarls oaklothàs h ghs
pghohs `l hjhda.
7Phjglra `l oaktrag `lg ohglkthàr (phrh lg Ckou c);
DO8, DO:, DO:
DO54 822 U a DO64 8:2 U / :?2 U, DO5 a DO6
DO>4 822 U a DO34 8:2 U / :?2 U
DO8
7Phjglra `l oaktrag (phrh lg @uhg Ckou c); DH3

DH?, DH0, DH<, DH>, DH3, DH82, DH85, DH83, DH:8
DH?
DH82
DH0
DH>
DH:8
DH85
DH<
DH83
7Rghoh rlotcecohàrh (phrh @uhg Ckou c);
DC8
DC8
7Phjglra `l hoocakhmclkta `l hdustl `l hgturh;
DX<, DX6, DX>
DX>
DX6
DX<
8:0
Zltcrl lg ogcp `l rlvlstcmclkta lk lg ghtlrhg `l gh pghoh `l gh ohdh `l

hgcmlkthocÿk.
7Plrmckhg `l tclrrh `l pratloocÿk;
Zltcrl gas ockoa tarkcggas slms (M0 x >) qul sudlthk gas
tlrmckhgls `l tclrrh `l gh sloocÿk suplrcar `lg oulrpa
prckocphg, lg oaktraghàr `l axíflka, lg slksar `l hgth
tlmplrhturh, lg ohglkthàr `l ohglkthmclkta y lg ohglkthàr
`l numc`cecohocÿk oak uk `lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps.

_hqul gh ohdh `l lklrfíh.
(0) Zltcrl gh pghoh `lg rlotcecohàr.

Zltcrl gas ouhtra tarkcggas slms (M? x >).
@
_
L
M
(<) Zltcrl gh thph `lg oak`lkshàr. A
K
Zltcrl ghs às tulrohs (M?) oak ukh gghvl `l tuja P
H
(`csthkoch lktrl gas ghàs apulstas4 <,< mm).
D
L
S
Z
L
L
Pulroh (M?) M
R
G
H
T
A
(5) Zltcrl lg thjglra `l oaktrag `lg ohglkthàr (phrh lg Ckou C).

Zltcrl lg oaklotar (DO<) `lg thjglra `l oaktrag `lg DO0
ohglkthàr (phrh lg Ckou C).
Zltcrl gas às tlrmckhgls (DO0) `lg thjglra `l oaktrag
`lg ohglkthàr (phrh lg Ckou C) oak uk `lstarkcgghàr
Rncggcps.
DO<

`lsmakthdl.
8:<
5-0-0. Zllmpghza `l gh lktrh`h `lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk
(8) Zltcrl gh ohdh `l lklrfíh.

Ulr ( 8) ~ (?) lk " 5-0-?. Zllmpghza `lg thjglra `l oaktrag `lg
ohglkthàr (phrh lg Ckou C). "
(:) Zltcrl lg tlrmckhg `l oaklxcÿk `l gh lktrh`h `lg ohjgl `l

hgcmlkthocÿk. Zltcrl gas às tarkcggas slms (M? x 5) `lg Parkcgga slms (M?x5)
tlrmckhg `l oaklxcÿk `l gh lktrh`h `lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk
oaklothà hg partheuscjgls oak uk `lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps.
(?) Zltcrl lg tlrmckhg `l tclrrh `l pratloocÿk `l gh lktrh`h `lg ohjgl `l

hgcmlkthocÿk.
Zltcrl lg tarkcgga slms (M0 x >) qul ecdh lg tlrmckhg `l tclrrh `l Parkcgga slms (M0x>)
pratloocÿk `l gh lktrh`h `lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk oaklothà h gh
ohdh `l hgcmlkthocÿk oak uk `lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps. Rhrh
`lthggls, oaksugtl "Y >] @chfrhmh `l ohjglhà. "
(0) Zltcrl gh lktrh`h `lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk `l gh ohdh `l

hgcmlkthocÿk. Zltcrl gas às tarkcggas slms (M? x >) oak uk
`lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps. Parkcgga slms (M?x>)

`lsmakthdl.
8:5
5-0-<. Zllmpghza `lg zumjhàr

(8) Lxtrhcfh gh ohdh `l hgcmlkthocÿk y gulfa rltcrl gh _pA :
ukc`h` y gh _pA : pghoh `lsgczhktl.
Ulr ( 8) ~ (:) lk " 5-0-?. Zllmpghza `lg thjglra `l oaktrag `lg
(:) Zltcrl lg oaklotar oaklothà h gh pghoh `l oaktrag
Zltcrl lg oaklotar (DH86) `l gh pghoh `l oaktrag
DH86
(?) Zltcrl lg zumjhàr `l gh ohdh `l lklrfíh.

@
_
L
M
A
K
P
H
D
L
S
Z
L
L
(0) Makthdl4 vulgvh h makthr lk lg ar`lk ckvlrsa hg M
R
`lsmakthdl. G
H
T
A
5-0-5. Zllmpghza `lg ecgtra `l rucà

(8) Zltcrl gh ohdh `l lklrfíh. Ulr ( 8) ~ (?) lk " 5-0-?. Zl-
mavclkà lg thjglra `l oaktrag `lg ohglkthàr (phrh lg Ckou C). "
(:) Zltcrl lg ecgtra `l rucà. Hjrh gh thph

`l gh jhsl `lg tlrmckhg.
Zltcrl gas tlrmckhgls qul ecdhk gh jhsl `lg tlrmckhg oak uk
Plrmckhg
Parkcggas slms
(M0x>)
Parkcggas slms
(M0x>)

`lsmakthdl.
8:6
5-0-6. Zllmpghza `l gh pghoh `l trhksmcscÿk `l hdustl `l hgturh

(:) Zltcrl lg oaklotar oaklothà h gh pghoh `l trhksmcscÿk

`l hdustl `l hgturh.
Zltcrl lg oaklotar (DX8) `l gh pghoh `l trhksmcscÿk `l
hdustl `l hgturh.
(?) Zltcrl gh pghoh `l trhksmcscÿk

t rhksmcscÿk `l hdustl `l hgturh. Zltcrl
gas ouhtra tarkcggas slms (M? x >) oak uk
(0) Oaklotl gh oghvcdh `lg pulktl h gh ‗_” `l DX82 lk ukh kulvh pghoh `l
Parkcgga slms
trhksmcscÿk `l hdustl `l hgturh phrh ushr.
(M?x>)

`lsmakthdl.
5-0->. Zllmpghza `l gh pghoh rlotcecohàrh

(:) Zltcrl lg oaklotar oaklothà h gh pghoh `lg

rlotcecohàr.
Zltcrl lg oaklotar (D80) `l gh pghoh `lg rlotcecohàr.
(?) Zltcrl gh pghoh `lg rlotcecohàr.
Parkcgga slms
(M?x>)

`lsmakthdl.
8:>
Rraol`cmclktas
5-0-3. Zllmpghza `lg euscjgl

`lg sapartl NG. "
(:) Xuctl lg euscjgl.
@lspuãs `l shohr gh ukc`h` `l patlkoch, shqul lg euscjgl oak uk
`lstarkcgghàr `l ohjlzh pghkh.
Euscjgl

`lsmakthdl.
5-0-82. Zllmpghza `lg sustrhta hcsghktl (ukc`h` `l _pA:) @

_
L
M
(8) Zltcrl lg phklg trhslra `lg oulrpa prckocphg. A
K
Ulr ( 8) ~ (?) lk " 5-8-8. Lxtrhoocÿk `lg oulrpa prckocphg P
H
D
`lg sapartl NG. "
L
S
Z
(:) Xucthr gh _pA : ukc`h`. L
L
M
Zltcrl gas às tarkcggas slms (M? x >) oak uk R
G
`lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps. H
T
A
(?) Xucthr gh _pA : mÿùga (M^-8). Xucthr gh _pA :

mÿùga (M^-8) `l gh _pA :
ukc`h`.
Phjglra Mhscma
(0) Zltcrl lg sustrhta hcsghktl (_pA : ukc`h`). Hegadl gas às

tarkcggas `l ecdhocÿk (M? x 5) oak ukh gghvl nlxhfakhg.
`lsmakthdl. Parkcgga `l hdustl
(M?x5)
8:3
Rraol`cmclktas
5-<. Rhklg `l oaktrag
5-<-8. Zllmpghza `lg jrhza phrh makthr lg rclg eukocakhg

(8) Zltcrl gas tarkcggas qul sudlthk lg phklg `l oaktrag y lg
jrhza.
`lstarkcgghàr
(:) Zltcrl gas tarkcggas qul sudlthk gh fuíh `lg ohjgl.

`lstarkcgghàr

`lsmakthdl.
5-<-:. Zllmpghza `l gh fuíh `l ohjgls
(8) Zltcrl gas tarkcggas qul sudlthk gh fuíh `lg ohjgl.

`lstarkcgghàr

`lsmakthdl.
8?2
Rraol`cmclk
Rraol`cmclktas
tas `l `lsmakthdl y rllmpghza
5-<-?. Zllmpghza `lg phklg erakthg

(8) Xuctl lg ohjgl.
Hegadl gas às tarkcggas qul sudlthk lg ohjgl oak uk
`lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps plquløa y rltcrl lg ohjgl. Hegadl lg tarkcgga.
(:) Zltcrl lg phklg trhslra.

`lstarkcgghàr
@
_
L
M
(?) Zltcrl lg mÿùga GO@, gh pghoh `l gh phkthggh GO@ y A
K
lg ckvlrsar OOEG dukta oak lg onhscs `lg phklg P
H
erakthg.
D
L
S
Zltcrl gas ockoa tarkcggas slms (M? x >) oak uk Parkcgga slms (M?x>) Z
L
L
`lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps. M
R
G
H
T
A

`lsmakthdl.
RZLOH\OCßK
Plkfh ouc`hà `l ka pcgghrsl lg ohjgl. Ckslrtl uk

tuja `l scgcoakh (þ:) lk gh rhkurh hgrl`làr `lg
phklg erakthg.
8?8
Rraol`cmclktas
5-<-0. Zllmpghza `lg phklg trhslra (oak gèmphrh `l hghrmh)
(8) Xuctl lg ohjgl.

(:) Zltcrhr gas tarkcggas qul sudlthk lg phklg y lg jrhza.

`lstarkcgghàr
(?) Zltcrl lg phklg trhslra.

`lstarkcgghàr
(0) Zltcrl lg hoolsarca qul ecdh lg hgthvaz. Zltcrl gas trls

tarkcggas rasohàrls (M? x 5) oak uk `lstarkcgghàr Parkcgga `l rasoh (M?x5)
Rncggcps.
(<) Zltcrl gh thph `lg oaklotar `lg phklg trhslra.

Phph `l oaklotar
Xuctl gh thph `lg oaklotar `lg phklg trhslra yh slh
tcrhkà `l ghs phths `l gh thph a oartèkàghs.
`lsmakthdl.
RZLOH\OCßK
Plkfh ouc`hà `l ka pcgghrsl lg ohjgl. _c oarth ghs
phths `l gh thph `lg oaklotar hg rltcrhrgh, oagaqul
ukh kulvh thph `lg oaklotar.
8?:
Rraol`cmclktas
5-<-<. Zllmpghza `lg mÿùga GO@

(8) Zltcrl lg phklg trhslra.
Ulr ( 8) ~ (:) lk " 5-<-?. Zllmpghza `lg phklg erakthg. "
(:) Zltcrl lg oaklotar oaklothà hg mÿùga GO@.
Zltcrl lg oaklotar `lg ckvlrsar OOEG y gh plsthøh

`lg phklg tèotcg.
Oaklotar
Rlsthøh
(?) Zltcrl lg mÿùga GO@, gh pghoh `l phkthggh GO@ y lg

ckvlrsar OOEG dukta oak lg onhscs. Zltcrl gas ockoa
tarkcggas slms (M? x >) oak uk `lstarkcgghà
`lstarkcgghàrr
Rncggcps. Parkcgga slms (M?x>)
@
_
L
M
A
K
P
H
D
L
(0) Zltcrl lg mÿùga GO@ `lg onhscs. Zltcrl gas às S
Z
tarkcggas slms (M? x >) oak uk `lstarkcgghà
`lstarkcgghàrr L
L
Rncggcps.
M
R
G
H
Parkcgga slms (M?x>) T
A
(<) Zltcrl lg ohjgl oaklothà h gh phrtl pastlrcar `lg mÿùga

GO@.
Zltcrl lg ohjgl pghka eglxcjgl `lg mÿùga GO@.
Ohjgl pghka eglxcjgl

`lsmakthdl.
RZLOH\OCßK
Hslfôrlsl `l oaklothr lg ohjgl pghka eglxcjgl oak lg ghà
oarrlota nhoch hrrcjh. Plkfh ouc`hà `l qul gh plsthøh `lg
phklg tèotcg ka sl àjgl kc sl lkfhkonl.
8??
Rraol`cmclktas
5-<-5. Zllmpghza `lg hgthvaz

(8) Xuctl lg ohjgl.
(:) Zltcrl lg phklg trhslra.

`lstarkcgghàr
(?) Xuctl lg oaklotar oaklothà h gh pghoh `l gh

phkthggh GO@.
Zltcrl lg oaklotar (DJ8) `l gh pghoh `l gh phkthggh
GO@.
Oaklotar
(0) Zltcrl lg hoolsarca qul ecdh lg hgthvaz. Zltcrl gas trls

tarkcggas rasohàrls (M? x 5) oak uk `lstarkcgghàr Parkcgga `l rasoh (M?x5)
Rncggcps.

`lsmakthdl.
RZLOH\OCßK
Plkfh ouc`hà `l ka pcgghrsl lg ohjgl.
8?0
Rraol`cmclktas
5-<-6. Zllmpghza `l gh pghoh `l gh gèmphrh `l hghrmh

(:) Zltcrl gh pghoh `l gh gèmphrh `l hghrmh.
`lstarkcgghàr Rncggcps. Zltcrl lg oaklotar `l gh pghoh `l gh
gèmphrh `l hghrmh.
Oaklotar

`lsmakthdl.
RZLOH\OCßK
@
_
L
M
A
K
P
H
5-<->. Zllmpghza `l gh pghoh `lg ck`cohàr `l lkolk`cà D
L
S
Z
(8) Zltcrl lg phklg trhslra. L
L
M
Ulr ( 8) ~ (:) lk " 5-<-?. Zllmpghza `lg phklg erakthg. " R
G
H
(:) Zltcrl gh pghoh `lg ck`cohàr `l lkolk`cà. T
A
Zltcrl lg oaklotar `l gh pghoh `lg ck`cohàr `l
hgcmlkthocÿk.
Ck`cohàr `l lkolk`cà
makthdl `l gh pghoh

`lsmakthdl.
RZLOH\OCßK

8?<
Rraol`cmclktas
5-<-3. Zllmpghza `l gh pghoh `l gh phkthggh GO@

(:) Xuctl gas oaklotarls oaklothàs h gh pghoh `l gh
phkthggh GO@.
Zltcrl gas oaklotarls (DJ8, DJ:, DJ3, DJ88, DJ83) `l gh
pghoh `l gh phkthggh GO@.
Oaklotar
(?) Zltcrl gh pghoh `l gh phkthggh GO@.

Zltcrl gas 8? tarkcggas slms (M? x >) oak uk
(0) Zltcrl lg ohjgl oaklothà h gh pghoh `l vcsuhgczhocÿk GO@.

Zltcrl lg ohjgl pghka eglxcjgl `l gh phrtl pastlrcar `l gh
pghoh `l gh phkthggh GO@.
Ohjgl pghka eglxcjgl

`lsmakthdl.
(5) @lspuãs `l vagvlr h lkshmjghr, rlhgcol vhrcas praol`cmclktas `l
oakecfurhocÿk
oakecfurhocÿk lk lg phklg `l oaktrag.
RZLOH\OCßK
8?5
Rraol`cmclktas
5-<-82. Zllmpghza `lg ckvlrsar OOEG

(:) Zltcrl lg ckvlrsar OOEG.
Zltcrl gas às ohjgls (suplrcar l ckelrcar). Zltcrl gas
Ohjgl
às tarkcggas àjgls (M? x >) oak uk `lstarkcgghàr
Rncggcps.
_lms àjgls
tarkcgga (M?x>)
Ohjgl

`lsmakthdl.
RZLOH\OCßK
Plkfh ouc`hà `l ka pcgghrsl lg ohjgl. @

_
L
M
A
K
P
5-<-88. Zllmpghza `l gh pcgh `l jatÿk `lg phklg `l oaktrag
H
D
L
S
Z
(8) Zltcrl lg phklg trhslra. L
L
M
Ulr ( 8) ~ (:) lk " 5-<-?. Zllmpghza `lg phklg erakthg. " R
G
(:) Zltcrl gh pcgh `l jatÿk.
H
T
A
Rcgh `l jatÿk
jhtlríh

`lsmakthdl.
(0) @lspuãs `l vagvlr h makthr, oakecfurl gh narh y gh elonh lk lg
phklg `l oaktrag.
RZLOH\OCßK
8?6
Rraol`cmclk
Rraol`cmclktas
5-<-8:. Zllmpghza `l gh thph `lg oaklotar H / J

(:) Zltcrl gh thph `lg oaklotar.
Phph `l oaklotar
(?) Oagaqul gh thph `lg oaklotar.

Ckslrtl ghs phths `l gh thph `lg oaklotar h trhvãs `l ghs
rhkurhs `lg phklg trhslra y tcrl `l lgghs `ls`l lg cktlrcar `lg
phklg trhslra. Lk ouhkta h gh thph `lg oaklotar J, `lspuãs `l
ckslrthr ghs phths, oÿrtlghs par ghs gíklhs qul sl mulstrhk lk
gh cmhflk `l gh `lrlonh.
Oarth ghs pclrkhs.

`lsmakthdl.
RZLOH\OCßK

8?>
Rraol`cmclk
Rraol`cmclktas
5-5. Rghthearmh `l oagonÿk
5-5-8. Zllmpghza `lg pratlotar phrh jljãs / pratlotar ghtlrhg phrh jljãs
(8) _ulgtl gas às thpakls qul ecdhk lg pratlotar phrh jljãs / pratlotar ghtlrhg
phrh jljãs y rltcrl lg pratlotar phrh jljãs / pratlotar ghtlrhg phrh
jljãs.
Lmpudl lg olktra `l gh ohjlzh `lg thpÿk nhoch uk ghà y sulgtl

lg thpÿk. Lmpudl lg olktra `l gh ohjlzh `lg thpÿk lk lg atra
ghà, glvhktl gh pratloocÿk phrh jljãs / pratloocÿk ghtlrhg
phrh jljãs, sulgtl lg thpÿk y rltcrl gh pratloocÿk phrh jljãs /
pratloocÿk ghtlrhg phrh jljãs. Phpÿk
(:) Oagaqul gh pratloocÿk phrh jljãs / pratloocÿk ghtlrhg phrh jljãs

ckslrthkà gas thpakls lk gas às arcecocas `l gh pghthearmh `lg
oagonÿk. Lmpudl gas thpakls ecrmlmlktl lk su gufhr `l thg
mhklrh qul ka sl ajslrvl kckfôk lsphoca lktrl gh pghthearmh `lg

oagonÿk y gh pratloocÿk phrh jljãs / pratloocÿk ghtlrhg phrh jljãs.
@lspuãs `l gh ckslrocÿk, glvhktl lg pratlotar phrh jljãs / @

_
L
pratlotar phrh jljãs ghtlrhg y hslfôrlsl `l qul ka sl shgfh. Lk M
A
ouhkta hg pratlotar ghtlrhg phrh jljãs, tlkfh ouc`hà `l ka Hfudlra K
P
oagaohrga lk gh arclkthocÿk ckoarrloth. H
D
L
S
Z
L
L
M
5-5-:. Zllmpghza `lg plstcgga R
G
H
T
(8) Zltcrl gh thph `l gh jhk`ldh `l gh pghthearmh `lg oagonÿk.
A
Zltcrl ghs ouhtra plfhtckhs pratlotarhs y gulfa rltcrl gas

ouhtra tarkcggas `l àjgl dukth (M0 x 82) oak uk
(:) Zltcrl lg plstcgga.

Zltcrl gas às rlsartls nlgcoac`hgls `l oamprlscÿk `lktra `lg
plstcgga y gulfa rltcrl lg plstcgga.
Oamprlscÿk
mulggl nlgcoac`hg

`lsmakthdl.
8?3
Rraol`cmclk
Rraol`cmclktas
5-5-?. Zllmpghza `lg mÿùga `lg makctar `l plsa
(8) Zltcrl lg mÿùga `lg makctar `l plsa `l gh jhk`ldh phrh

lg makctar `l plsa.
Zltcrl gas ouhtra tarkcggas `l gh hrmhùrh (M0 x 82) oak uk
`lstarkcgghàr
Parkcgga `l truss (M0x82)

`lsmakthdl.
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800
Gcsth `l phrtls
Y3] Gcsth `l pclzhs
❉ Gh `lsorcpocÿk lk lsth sloocÿk sl rleclrl h ukh ukc`h` qul lstè lqucph`h oak uk plsa
makctar. Amcth ouhgquclr rlelrlkoch qul ka lstã rlghocakh`h oak su ukc`h`.
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80<
Gcsth `l phrtls
3-8. Ecf-8 Oulrpa prckocphg y hoolsarcas

Ecfurh 8
805
Gcsth `l phrtls
Ncfa-Ka Kamjrl `l gh pclzh Ka. `l phrtl
8-8 Rhklg `l oaktrag (oak lg jrhza phrh makthdl lk lg ohrrcg eukocakhg) 3><:8
Mÿùga slksar 3><::
8-:
Mÿùga slksar (ukc`h` oak oaktraghàr `l axíflka) 3><:?
Oèmhrh `l numl`h` HO822U 3><:0
8-? Oèmhrh `l numl`h` HO8:2U 3><:<
Oèmhrh `l numl`h` HO:?2U 3><:5

8-0 Rklumaoglhk
Rklumaoglhk (ecgtra lglotrastètcoa) (< pclzhs / ohdh) ?:2<?
8-< _ak`h `l tlmplrhturh outèklh :88??
8-5 Oujclrth hktcpagva (phrh lg Ckou C) 3::<6
Mhkfulrh `l oaklxcÿk `l tujlríh ? m
Oaklxcÿk hg oulrpa prckocphg4 Hoapghàr `l jatÿk Oaklxcÿk h 30::<

gh eulktl `l fhs4 Hoapghàr rèpcà tcpa oghvcdh Mhkfulrh `l
oaklxcÿk `l tujlríh `l ? m
8-6 Oaklxcÿk hg oulrpa prckocphg4 Hoapghàr `l jatÿk Oaklxcÿk h gh 30::5
eulktl `l fhs4 Hoapghàr rèpcà tcpa _onrh`lr Mhkfulrh `l
oaklxcÿk `l tujlríh `l ? m
Oaklxcÿk hg oulrpa prckocphg4 tcpa @C__ 3><?8
Oaklxcÿk h gh eulktl `l fhs4 Kckfukh _lksar
8-> `l axíflka (: pclzhs / dulfa) :8:<:
8-3 Oujclrth `lg pulrta `l hoolsa (phrh lg pulrta `l hoolsa slmccrcs) :2 pclzhs / ohdh ::82<
Ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk HO822U 33280
8-82 Ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk HO8:2U
HO8:2U 33285
Ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk HO:?2U
HO:?2U ::286
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806
Gcsth `l phrtls
3-:. Rhklg `l oaktrag Ecf-:

Ecfurh :
80>
Gcsth `l phrtls
:-8 Jrhza phrh makthdl lk lg ohrrcg eukocakhg 3><??

:-: Fuíh `l ohjgls (oak tarkcggas `l ecdhocÿk) 3><?0
:-? Rhklg erakthg 3><?<
:-0 Mÿùga GO@ 3><?5
:-< Rhklg trhslra (oak gèmphrh `l 3><?6
:-5 hghrmh) Rcgh `l jatÿk 3><?>

:-6 Uaolra 3><?3
:-> Phph `l oaklotar J 3><02
:-3 Phph `l oaklotar H 3><08
:-82 Phjglra `l gèmphrh `l hghrmh 3><0:
:-88 Phjglra ck`cohàr `l lklrfíh 3><0?
:-8: Phjglra `l phkthggh GO@ 3><00
:-8? Ckvlrsar OOEG 3><0<
:-80 Ohjgl `lg phklg `l oaktrag 3><05
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803
Gcsth `l phrtls
3-?. Ecf-? Oèmhrh `l numl`h`

Ecf. ?
8<2
Gcsth `l phrtls
?-8 Phpÿk `l ohg`lrh 3><06

?-: Phpÿk `lg thkqul `l ohrtuona 3><0>
?-? Phkqul `l ohrtuona (oak thph) 3><03
?-0 Mhkfa `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` (oak rlsartl) 3><<?
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8<8
Gcsth `l phrtls
3-0. Rghthearmh `l oagonÿk Ecf-0
Gh ukc`h` oak lg makctar `l plsa

Ecfurh 0
8<:
Gcsth `l phrtls
0-8 Makthdl `l gh nlk`cùrh `l cktraùoocÿk `lg tuja 3:?:5

0-: Rratlotar phrh jljãs 3><<0
0-? Rratloocÿk Ghtlrhg phrh Jljã 3><<<
0-0 Rghthearmh phrh oagonÿk (oak jhk`ldh phrh ohsltls `l rhyas ^) 3><<5
0-< Jhk`ldh phrh pghthearmh phrh oagonÿk (oak plstcgga) 3><<6
0-5 Rlstcgga 3><<>

0-6 Phjglra cktlrml`ca (oak euk`h `l 3><<3
0-> vlktcghàr) Oagonÿk :880>
0-3 Kcvlg 3><58
0-82 Rghthearmh `l oagonÿk phrh lg makctar `l plsa 3><5:
0-88 Mÿùga `l makctar `l plsa 3><5?
0-8: Jhk`ldh phrh lg makctar `l plsa (oak jhk`ldh phrh ohsltls `l rhyas 3><50
0-8? ^) Phjglra olktrhg 3><5<
0-80 Ulrscÿk `l ehk 3><55
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8<?
Gcsth `l phrtls
3-<. Ecf-< _loocÿk suplrcar `lg oulrpa prckocphg 8

Ecfurh <
8<0
Gcsth `l phrtls
<-8 Oujclrth `lg ohpÿ `lg ghà `l gas pcls 3>53:

Ohglkthàr HO822U 3><5>
<-: Ohglkthàr HO8:2U 3><53
Ohglkthàr HO:?2U 3><62
<-? Matar `lg slksar `l hgth 3><68
<-0 tlmplrhturh 3><6:

<-< H`mcrhàr 3><6?
<-5 \kc`h` jhsoughktl 3><60
<-6 Rlrcggh jhsoughktl Z 3><6<
<-> Rlrcggh jhsoughktl G 3><65
<-3 Cktlrruptar `l hgcmlktho
hgcmlkthocÿk
cÿk 3><66
<-82 Phjglra `l `ltloocÿk 3><6>
<-88 Dukth `l ecgtra 3><63
<-8: Phpÿk `l vhpar 3><>2
<-8? Lmjhghdl `l gh thph `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` H 3><>8
<-80 Rghoh `l `ltloocÿk `l pascocÿk 3><>:
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8<<
Gcsth `l phrtls
3-5. Ecf-5 _loocÿk suplrcar `lg oulrpa prckocphg :

Ecfurh 5
8<5
Gcsth `l phrtls
5-8 Ohpuonh (oak plfhtckhs pratlotarhs) _apartl `l jgaqula 3>565

5-: `lg phklg `l h`mcscÿk (czquclr`h) _apartl `l jgaqula `lg 3>68:
5-? phklg `l h`mcscÿk (±czquclrà1) Lmjhghdl phrh ecdhr lg 3>68?
5-0 mhroa `lg pulrta slmccrcs _apartl `lg mÿùga `lg slksar 3::03
5-< 3><>6
5-5 Lkshmjghdl `l gh rhkurh `l cktraùoocÿk `lg tuja 3:?:5

5-6 Phph `l gh ohdh `l oaktrag (oak ltcqulth pratlotarh) Rulrta `l 3>566
5-> hoolsa `l hplrturh rèpc`h _ (oak ltcqulth pratlotarh) Hkcgga lk U :88>5
5-3 3><3<
5-82 Phph `lg pulrta `l hoolsa :2 pclzhs / ohdh ::82<
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8<6
Gcsth `l phrtls
3-6. Ecf-6 _loocÿk suplrcar `lg oulrpa prckocphg ?

Ecfurh 6
8<>
Gcsth `l phrtls
6-8 Rhklg `l h`mcscÿk (phrh lg Ckou C) 3>56>

6-: Rhrl` cktlrcar (phrh lg Ckou C) 3>563
6-? Oadckltl `l phrl` cktlrcar 3><33
6-0 Rulrta `l hoolsa `l hplrturh rèpc`h V (oak h`nlscva pratlotar) Rlrcggh `l :88><
6-< aplrhocÿk `lg phklg `l h`mcscÿk Z (phrh lg Ckou C / Kla-_lrva C) 3>6:?
6-5 Jcshfrh `lg phklg `l lktrh`h (oak pulrth `l gh jhk`ldh `lg ohsltl `l rhyas ^) 3>52:
6-6 Lmjhghdl `l gh pulrth `l gh jhk`ldh `lg ohsltl `l rhyas ^ 3>52?
6-> Rhghkoh `l mhkà `lg phklg `l lktrh`h Z 3>5>8
6-3 Hmartcfuhàr fcrhtarca (8<If) Z 3><3?
6-82 Hmartcfuhàr fcrhtarca (8<If) G 3><30
6-88 Rhghkoh `l phrl` cktlrcar (`lrlonh) 3:>>6
6-8: Rhghkoh `l phrl` cktlrcar (czquclr`h) 3:>>>
6-8? Ldl `l phrl` cktlrcar 3:>3:
6-80 Lmjhghdl `lg phklg `l h`mcscÿk (phrh lg Ckou C / Kla-_lrva C) 3>5>:
6-8< Makthdl `lg phklg `l h`mcscÿk (phrh lg Ckou C) 3>6:3
6-85 Rlrcggh `l aplrhocÿk `lg phklg `l h`mcscÿk G (phrh lg Ckou C / Kla-_lrva C) 3>6::
6-86 Ldl fcrhtarca `lg phklg `l lktrh`h 3>625
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8<3
Gcsth `l phrtls
3->. Ecf-> _loocÿk ckelrcar `lg oulrpa prckocphg

Ecfurh >
852
Gcsth `l phrtls
>-8 _apartl `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` 3>582

>-: Phph `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` 3>588
>-? Lmphqulthùrh `l gh thph `l gh oèmhrh `l 3>58:
>-0 numl`h` O Oaklotar `l gh oèmhrh `l numl`h` 3>58?
>-< Phrdlth `l `ltloocÿk `l pascocÿk 3><>:
>-5 Oaktraghàr `l axcflka 3>58<

Prhksearmhàr `l patlkoch `l oaktrag HO822 ~ 8:2U 3>585
>-6
Prhksearmhàr `l patlkoch `l oaktrag HO:?2 Prhksearmhàr `l 3>586
patlkoch `l hoocakhmclkta HO822 ~ 8:2U Prhksearmhàr `l 3>58>
>->
patlkoch `l hoocakhmclkta HO:?2U 3>583
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858
Gcsth `l phrtls
3-3. \kc`h` `l patlkoch Ecf-3

Ecfurh 3
85:
Gcsth `l phrtls
3-8 Phjglra `l oaktrag (phrh lg @uhg Ckou C ) 3>5:2

Phjglra `l oaktrag `lg ohglkthàr HO822U (phrh lg Ckou C) ( oak
oak euscjgl) Phjglra 3>5>5
3-: `l oaktrag `lg ohglkthàr HO8:2U (phrh lg Ckou C) ( oak
oak euscjgl) Phjglra `l 3>5>6
oaktrag `lg ohglkthàr HO:?2U (phrh lg Ckou C) ( oak
oak euscjgl) Lktrh`h `lg ohjgl `l 3>5>>
3-? hgcmlkthocÿk 3>5>3
3-0 Tumjhàr 3>5:<

Euscjgl (phrh HO822) P82H (: pclzhs / phqultl) 3>532
3-< Euscjgl (phrh HO8:2U) P>H (: pclzhs / phqultl) 3<563
Euscjgl (phrh HO:?2U) P0H (: pclzhs / phqultl) 3>500
3-5 Phrdlth `l oaktrag `l hgturh Phrdlth `l 3>5:6
3-6 rlotcecohàr 3>5:>
3-> Ecgtra `l rucà 3>5:5
3-3 _pA : thjglra `l oaklxcÿk 3>5?8
3-82 Jhtlríh (phrh ukh hghrmh `l ehggh `l lklrfíh) 3:638
Euscjgl phrh lg thjglra `l oaktrag `lg ohglkthàr
HO822U E<H (: pclzhs / phqultl) 3>5?:

E8 HO8:2U E0H (: pclzhs / phqultl) 3>5??
HO:?2U E:H (: pclzhs / phqultl) 3>5?0
HO822U E8.5H (: pclzhs / phqultl) 3>5?<
E: HO8:2U E8.:<H (: pclzhs / phqultl) 3>5?5
HO:?2U E2.5?H (: pclzhs / phqultl) 3>5?6
HO822U P2.5?H (: pclzhs / phqultl) 3>508
E0 HO8:2U P2.5?H (: pclzhs / phqultl) 3>50:
HO:?2U P2.?8<H (: pclzhs / phqultl) 3>50?
HO822U P0H (: pclzhs / phqultl) 3>500 C
K
E< HO8:2U P?.8<H (: pclzhs / phqultl) 3<5>6 E
A
HO:?2U P8.5H (: pclzhs / phqultl) 338<2
Z
M
H
O
C
ß
K
85?
Gcsth `l phrtls
3-82. Oakdukta `lg oaktraghàr `l axíflka Ecf-82

Ecfurh 82
850
Gcsth `l phrtls
82-8 Oaktraghàr `l axcflka -

82-: Uègvugh `l eguda mèscoa 3>50<
82-? Uègvugh saglkac`l, tcpa KO 3>6?5
82-0 Uègvugh saglkac`l, tcpa KH 33>6?<
C
K
E
A
Z
M
H
O
C
ß
K
85<
Gcsth `l phrtls
3-88. Ecf-88 _loocakls suplrcar l ckelrcar `lg oulrpa prckocphg y

Oakdukta `l ohdh `l ecgtra
Ecfurh 88
855
Gcsth `l phrtls
88-8 Ecgtrhr 3>50>

88-: Phph `lg ecgtra 3>503
88-? Lmjhghdl `l ecgtra 3>5<2
88-0 Phjglra `l `ltloocÿk `l pascocÿk 3><>:
88-< Rklumaoglhk
Rklumaoglhk (ecgtra lglotrastètcoa) < pclzhs / ohdh ?:2<?
88-5 Rulrth `l vhpar 3>5<8
C
K
E
A
Z
M
H
O
C
ß
K
856
Gcsth `l phrtls
3-8:. _apartl Ecf-8:

Ecfurh 8:
85>
Gcsth `l phrtls
Zul`h (oak thpÿk) 33:26

8:-8
Zul`h oakùotarh (oak thpÿk) 3>5<:
Zul`h 33:2>
8:-:
Zul`h oakùotarh 3>5<?
8:-? Cktlrruptar `l pcl 3<5>6
8:-0 _aglkac`l 3>:85

8:-< Phjglra `l rlgãs `l gas pl`hgls phrh hdustl `l hgturh Ohrrcg `l 3<5>5
8:-5 oagh `l mcghka Z 3>538
8:-6 Zclg `l oagh `l mcghka G Apocÿk
C
K
E
A
Z
M
H
O
C
ß
K
853
Gcsth `l phrtls
3-8?. Axímltra `l pugsa Ecf-8? (Mhscma)

Ecfurh 8?
862
Gcsth `l phrtls
8?-8 _ustrhta hcsghktl (_pA : ukc`h`) 3<50:

8?-: _pA : mÿùga (M^-8) 3<502
C
K
E
A
Z
M
H
O
C
ß
K
868
Gcsth `l phrtls
3-80. Axímltra `l pugsa Ecf-80 (Klggoar)

Ecfurh 80
86:
Gcsth `l phrtls
80-8 _ustrhta hcsghktl (_pA : ukc`h`) 3<50:

80-: _pA : mÿùga (KLGG-8) 3<508
C
K
E
A
Z
M
H
O
C
ß
K
86?
Ckearmhocÿk tãokcoh
Y82] Ckearmhocÿk tãokcoh
82-8. @htas tãokcoas

Zlqulrcmclktas `l lklrfíh Lsplocecohà par lg ogclktl
phrh gh rlfcÿk `l :22 U
Oghscecohocÿk4 HO:?2U9 oaksuma `l lklrfíh 522UH9

Erloulkoch4 <2 / 52Nz
Zhkfa `l vagthdl `l eukocakhmclkta4 HO:?2U
HO:?2U 82% phrh
rlfcÿk `l 822U
Oghscecohocÿk4 HO8:2U9 oaksuma `l lklrfíh 522UH9

Erloulkoch4 52Nz
Zhkfa `l vagthdl `l eukocakhmclkta4 HO8:2U 82%
Oghscecohocÿk Pcpa `l pratloocÿk4 Lqucpa `l oghsl 8 Frhà

`l pratloocÿk4 Rclzh hpgcoh`h tcpa JE
Ka `ljl ushrsl lk ukh mlzogh `l hcrl y fhs hklstãscoa ckeghmhjgl a ukh mlzogh `l
axíflka / ÿxcà kctrasa y fhs hklstãscoa ckeghmhjgl
Maà `l eukocakhmclkta4 eukocakhmclkta oaktckua (lg sapartl NG lstè `csløhà phrh cktlr-
aplrhocÿk mcttlkt `l ? mckutas par narh)
Rhkthggh lxtlrkh Pcpa4 Orcsthg gíqucà (PEP-GO@)

Phmhøa4 >.< pugfh`hs
Earmhocÿk `l puktas4 >22 0>2 puktas
Kômlra `l oagarls4 :<5 oagarls
Oak`cocakls `l aplrhocÿk Plmplrhturh hmjclktl4

hmjclktl4 :2 ~ ?2 ² O
Numl`h` rlghtcvh4 ?2 ~ 6<% Rrlscÿk
htmaseãrcoh4 62 ~ 825 iRh Ulgaoc`h`
`lg vclkta4 2,? m / s
Oak`cocakls `l hgmholkhdl Plmplrhturh hmjclktl4

hmjclktl4 2 ~ <2 ² O
Numl`h` rlghtcvh4 ?2 ~ 6<% Rrlscÿk

htmaseãrcoh4 62 ~ 825 iRh
Ohphoc`h` `l ohrfh mèxcmh Zclg `l oagh `l mcghka4 Hprax. :2 if
Rastl CU (apocÿk)4 Hprax. Ohdÿk `l

82 if (apocakhg)4 Hprax. ? if
❉ Gh ohphoc`h` `l ohrfh tathg `lg rclg `l oagh `l mcghka y lg parthsulras ls `l hprax. ?2if.
@cmlkscakls Oulrpa prckocphg (oak lg sapartl NG)4 5> (V) 826 (@) 8?> ~ 86>
(N) om (sck ckogucr gh phkthggh)
_uplrecocl `lg oagonÿk >2 ~ 8:2 om `l hgturh
_uplrecocl `lg oagonÿk (oak lg makctar `l plsa) >8,< ~ 8:8,< om `l
hgturh Rhkthggh lxtlrkh4
lxtlrkh4 :0,< (V) 5,< (@) 85 (N) om
Oagonÿk4 5< (V) ?5,< (@) : (P) om
Rlsa Hprax. 822 if (hpraxcmh`hmlktl 820 if sc gh ukc`h` ckoguyl lg makctar `l plsa)
860
Hoolsarcas _ak`h `l tlmplrhturh outèklh ....................................... 8

_lksar `l axcflka ................................................ ...... :
Rklumaoglhk (ecgtra `l hcrl lglotrastètcoa)
lglotrastètcoa) ................. 8
Phph `lg pulrta `l hoolsa ............................................... ... :
Mhkfulrh `l oaklxcÿk `l tujlríhs ....................................... 8
Fuhr`hpagva ................................................ .............. 8
Aplrhocÿk mhkuhg ................................................ .8
Plmplrhturh
Maà `l oaktrag Oaktrag mhkuhg / slrvaoaktrag (slgloocakhjgl)
(slgloocakhjgl)
Zhkfa `l hdustl Plmplrhturh `l gh pclg (slrvaoaktrag)4 ?0.2 ~ ?6.<˔O

(maà `l hkughocÿk4 ?6,5 ~ ?>,2˔O)
Plmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh (oaktrag mhkuhg)4 :?.2 ~ ?6.2˔O
(maà `l hkughocÿk4 ?6,8 ~ ?3,2˔O)
Zhkfa `l vcsuhgczhocÿk Plmplrhturh

Plmplrhturh `l gh pclg4 ?2.2 ~ 0:.2 ²
O Rrlocscÿk4 2.? ² O
Plmplrhturh `lg hcrl `l gh ckoujhàrh4 :2.2 ~
0:.2˔O Rrlocscÿk4 2.?˔O

_hgc`h `l ohglehotar 2 ~ 822% (ck`cohà lk 82 kcvlgls) 52 mck h
Pclmpa `l ohglkthmclk
ohglkthmclkta
ta tlmplrhturh hmjclktl `l :< ² O
Hghrmhs Hgth tlmplrhturh, tlmplrhturh lsthjgloc`h, sak`h `l tlmplrhturh outèklh
Numl`h`
Maà `l oaktrag Oaktrag `l slrva
Zhkfa `l hdustl 02 ~ 3<% Zn (lk ckorlmlktas `lg 8%)
Zhkfa `l vcsuhgczhocÿk 8< ~ 33% `l numl`h` rlghtcvh
Rrlocscÿk4 82% Zn
Numc`cecohocÿk
Numc`cecohocÿk oaktckuh sck hpartl `l hfuh
> narhs
Numl`h` mèxcmh 32% Zn (h numl`h` hmjclkthg <2% Zn, tlmplrhturh hmjclktl :< ² O, hdustl `l tlmplrhturh `lg hcrl
`l gh ckoujhàrh ?6 ² O)
Hghrmhs _lksar `l numl`h`, jhda kcvlg `l hfuh, sck hfuh, oèmhrh `l numl`h` hphfh`h, hdustl `l numl`h`
_umckcstra `l axíflka H
R
Oakolktrhocÿk mèxcmh `l axíflka 5<% A : ( lk A : ohu`hg 82G / mck) Ã
K
@
C
O
L
Ml`ca hmjclktl
OA : oakolktrhoc
oakolktrhocÿk
ÿk lk lg ohpÿ Ouhkà lg hcrl sl mlzogh oak 0% OA : sl h`mckcstrh h uk pukta 82 om par lkocmh `lg
olktra `lg oagonÿk h 6<2 mg / mck y sl gafrh uk lsthà lsthjgl, lg OA : Gh oakolktrhocÿk lk
gh ohmphkh ka `ljl lxol`lr lg 2,0%.
86<
Axímltra `l pugsa ❉ 8,<,5,6 (Mhscma)

_pA :
Zhkfa `l vcsuhgczhocÿk4 8 ~ 822%
Rrlocscÿk (lk 62 ~ 822%) 4 ? `ífctas (lk oak`cocakls sck mavcmclkta) ❉ :
4 ? `ífctas (ùrhktl oak`cocakls `l mavcmclkta) ❉ ?
4 ? `ífctas (ùrhktl
( ùrhktl oak`cocakls
oak`cocakls `l jhdh plreuscÿk) ❉ 0
Ocoga `l hotuhgczhocÿk
hotuhgczhocÿk44 eukocÿk `l
hghrmh `l 8 slfukà
Zhkfa `l hdustl4 Gímctl suplrcar4 HRHFH@A, <2 ~ 33% (lk ckorlmlktas `lg 8%) ❉ >
Gímctl ckelrcar4 HRHFH@A, 0< ~ 3<% (lk ckorlmlktas `lg 8%) ❉ >
Zhkfa `l vcsuhgczhocÿk4 :< ~ :02 jpm
Rrlocscÿk (lk :< ~ :02 jpm)4 ? `ífctas (lk oak`cocakls sck mavcmclkta) ❉ :
4 < `ífctas (ùrhktl oak`cocakls `l mavcmclkta) ❉ ?
4 ? `ífctas (ùrhktl
( ùrhktl oak`cocakls
oak`cocakls `l jhdh plreuscÿk) ❉ 0
Ocoga `l hotuhgczhocÿk4 8 slfukà
Eukocÿk `l hghrmh
Zhkfa `l hdustl4 Gímctl suplrcar4 HRHFH@A, >2 ~ :02 gpm (lk ckorlmlktas `l < gpm) ❉ >
Gímctl ckelrcar4 HRHFH@A, ?< ~ 8>2 gpm (lk ckorlmlktas `l < gpm) ❉ >
_lksar
Gakfctu` `l ak`h4 552 km (r `) 32< km (cr)
Jrcgga4 8< mV
Ka lstãrcg, sck gètlx
Maà
Pclmpa praml`ca4 0, 5, >, 82, 8:, 80, 85 slfukàs (slgloocakhjgl)
(slgloocakhjgl) ❉ >
(prl`ltlrmckhà `l eèjrcoh4 > slfukàs)
Hdustl `l slkscjcgc`h`4 HRA@, Karmhg (slkscjcgc`h` karmhg),

Mhx (hgth slkscjcgc`h`) ❉ >
(prl`ltlrmckhà `l eèjrcoh4 Mèx.)
Ehst_ht4 LKOLK@C@A, HRHFH@A ❉ >( prl`ltlrmckhà `l eèjrcoh4 HRHFH@A)
❉ 8 Lstl `cspasctcva lstè ohgcjrhà phrh mastrhr gh shturhocÿk `l axíflka eukocakhg. _pA : _l ckùda ncpaxch `lg 62 hg 822% lk
❉ : vagukthrcas hùgtas mhsougckas y elmlkckas shkas oak pclg oghrh y pclg asourh. Gh prlocscÿk sl oamprajÿ lk oak`cocakls sck
mavcmclkta oak uk OA-axímltra
OA-axímltra `l ghjarhtarca y uk makctar `l LOF. Gh `cstrcjuocÿk `l vhrchjcgc`h` oak lsth prlocscÿk eul 8_@.
8_@ oujrl lg 5>% `l taàs gas `htas.
❉ ? _pA : _l ckùda ncpaxch `lg 62 hg 822% lk vagukthrcas hùgtas mhsougckas y elmlkckas shkas oak pclg oghrh y pclg asourh. Gh
prlocscÿk sl oamprajÿ ml`chktl uk fagpltla `l 8-: om : h 0 vlols par slfukà y uk fagpltla crrlfughr `l : h ? om 8 h < vlols
par slfukà oaktrh uk OA-axímltra `l ghjarhtarca y uk makctar `l LOF. Gh `cstrcjuocÿk `l vhrchjcgc`h` oak lsth prlocscÿk eul
8_@. 8_@ oujrl lg 5>% `l taàs gas `htas.
❉ 0 Lk ukh pruljh `l ghjarhtarca, lk lg rhkfa `l 62 ~ 822% _pA :, Gh prlocscÿk lk oak`cocakls `l jhdh plreuscÿk sl oamprajÿ oak lg
Jcatlo Ck`lx: _cmughtar y lg Mhscma _cmughtar, hmjas oak ukh cktlksc`h` `l sløhg `l 2,2:% a mès y ukh plrmlhjcgc`h` `l <% a
mès. Gh `cstrcjuocÿk `l vhrchjcgc`h` oak lsth prlocscÿk eul 8_@. 8_@ oujrl lg 5>% `l taàs gas `htas. Gas mhtlrchgls hoolscjgls
hoolscjgls
❉ < phrh lg phoclktl y lg usuhrca oumpglk oak gh karmh C_A 8233?-8.
❉ 5 Paàs gas slksarls y ohjgls `lg phoclktl qul sl pul`lk utcgczhr oak lstl `cspasctcva nhk scà prajhàs y vlrcecohàs ml`chktl lg usa `l gh
tlokagafíh `l axímltra `l pugsa `lg mÿùga Mhscma / M^-8.
❉ 6 @hà qul ghs ml`c`hs tamh`hs par lg lqucpa `l axcmltríh `l pugsa lstèk `cstrcjuc`hs lsth`ístcohmlktl,
lsth`ístcohmlktl, saga hgrl`làr `l às
tlrocas `l lgghs ohlk lk lg rhkfa `l prlocscÿk (Hrms) `l gas vhgarls ajtlkcàs oak uk OA-axímltra.
❉ > Ckogusa sc lg sumckcstra `l lklrfíh sl cktlrrumpl `ljcà h uk oartl `l lklrfíh, `lsoaklxcÿk `lg lkonuel `l hgcmlkthocÿk a hgfukh atrh
ohush, gas hdustls prlslgloocakhàs sl oakslrvhrèk
oakslrvhrèk lk gh mlmarch. Ouhkà sl rlhku`l lg sumckcstra `l lklrfíh, gh ukc`h` oamlkzhrè h
eukocakhr oak gh ôgtcmh oakecfurhocÿk slgloocakh`h.
❉ 3 Ghs lsplocecohocakls hktlrcarls sl hpgcohk ouhkà sl utcgczhk lg slksar y lg ohjgl `lg phoclktl lsplocecohàs par Htam. Rhrh ajtlklr
ckearmhocÿk sajrl lg slksar y lg ohjgl `lg phoclktl lsplocecohàs par Htam, oamukíqulsl oak su rlprlslkthktl gaohg `l Htam.
865
Axímltra `l pugsa ❉ 8,0,< (Klggoar)

_pA :
Zhkfa `l vcsuhgczhocÿk4 8 ~ 822%
Rrlocscÿk (lk 62 ~ 822%)4 ? `ífctas (lk oak`cocakls sck mavcmclkta) ❉ :
4 ? `ífctas (ùrhktl oak`cocakls `l jhdh plreuscÿk) ❉ ?
Ocoga `l hotuhgczhocÿk4 :
slfukàs Eukocÿk `l hghrmh
Zhkfa `l oakecfurhocÿk4 Gímctl suplrcar4 HRHFH@A, <2 ~ 33% (lk ckorlmlktas `lg 8%)
❉ 5
Gímctl ckelrcar4 HRHFH@A, 0< ~ 3<% (lk ckorlmlktas `lg 8%) ❉ 5
Zhkfa `l vcsuhgczhocÿk4 :< ~ :02 jpm
Rrlocscÿk (lk :< ~ :02 jpm)4 ? `ífctas (lk oak`cocakls sck mavcmclkta) ❉ :
4 ? `ífctas (ùrhktl oak`cocakls

oak`cocakls `l jhdh plreuscÿk) ❉ ?
Ocoga `l hotuhgczhocÿk4 :
slfukàs Eukocÿk `l hghrmh
Zhkfa `l oakecfurhocÿk4 Gímctl suplrcar4 HRHFH@A, >2 ~ :02 gpm (lk ckorlmlktas `l < gpm) ❉ 5
Gímctl ckelrcar4 HRHFH@A, ?< ~ 8>2 gpm (lk ckorlmlktas `l < gpm) ❉ 5
_lksar
Gakfctu` `l ak`h4 552 km (r`) 322

km (cr) Jrcgga4 8< mV
LAF lstlrcgczhà, sck gètlx
Maà
_ht_loak`s4 AEE, 82, :<, <2, 822 (slgloocakhjgl) ❉ 5
(prl`ltlrmckhà `l eèjrcoh4 HRHFH@A)
Maà `l rlspulsth4 karmhg, rèpcà ❉ 5
(prl`ltlrmckhà `l eèjrcoh4 Karmhg)
❉ 8 Lstl `cspasctcva lstè ohgcjrhà phrh mastrhr gh shturhocÿk `l axíflka eukocakhg. _udltas utcgczhàs phrh vhgc`hr gh _pA : Ghs
❉ : prlocscakls `l ml`cocÿk eulrak shgu`hjgls y sl ajtuvclrak `l gh pajghocÿk gaohg. Oampulsta par namjrls y mudlrls, gas sudltas
hjhrohrak ukh vhrcl`h` `l pcfmlkthocakls `l gh pclg y tlkíhk l`h`ls oamprlk`c`hs lktrl gas 8> y gas <2 høas. Ghs
lsplocecohocakls `l prlocscÿk sl jhshk lk lstu`cas oaktraghàs `l ncpaxch oak vagukthrcas hùgtas ka eumhàrls shkas par
lkocmh `l gh _pA lsplocecoh`h. : rhkfa (s). Rugscaxímltra _pA : ghs gloturhs sl oamphrhrak oak _hA : vhgarls `l mulstrhs `l
shkfrl lxtrhí`hs ml`c`hs par nlmaxcmltríh. Pa`hs ghs prlocscakls sl lxprlshk oama 8_@. Ghs ml`cocakls `lg lqucpa `l axímltra
`l pugsa sl `cstrcjuylk lsth`ístcohmlktl9 _l lsplrh qul hpraxcmh`hmlktl às tlrocas `l ghs ml`cocakls `lg pugscaxímltra ohcfhk
lk lstl rhkfa `l prlocscÿk (Hrms). @ljcà h qul gh `csplrscÿk y lg slsfa `l W pugsa axcmtlr _pA : y shkfrl _hA : Gh oamphrhocÿk
oamôkmlktl humlkth h ml`c`h qul `csmckuyl gh shturhocÿk, y ghs lsplocecohocakls `l prlocscÿk sl ohgoughk h phrtcr `l `htas qul
hjhrohk lg rhkfa lsthjglocà, pul`lk rlsugthr `celrlktls vhgarls `l prlocscÿk ouhkà sl `lsorcjlk rhkfas phrochgmlktl
suplrpulstas.
❉ ? Gh prlocscÿk `l gh gloturh lk oak`cocakls `l jhdh plreuscÿk (hmpgctu` `l maùghocÿk `l pugsa CZ `ltloth`h 2,2? ~ 8,<%) sl vlrcecoÿ ml`chktl
lg usa `l sløhgls praparocakh`hs par uk scmughàr `l phoclktl. _pA : y gas vhgarls `l erloulkoch `lg pugsa sl vhrchrak lk taà lg rhkfa `l
makctarla lk uk rhkfa `l oak`cocakls `l sløhg `ãjcg y sl oamphrhrak oak gh _pA vlr`h`lrh oakaoc`h : y vhgarls `l erloulkoch `l pugsa `l H
R
ghs sløhgls `l lktrh`h. Ã
K
❉ 0 Gas mhtlrchgls hoolscjgls phrh lg phoclktl y lg usuhrca oumpglk oak gh karmh C_A 8233?-8. @
❉ < Paàs gas slksarls y ohjgls `lg phoclktl qul sl pul`lk utcgczhr oak lstl `cspasctcva sl nhk prajhà y vlrcecohà ml`chktl lg usa `l gh
C
O
L
tlokagafíh `l axímltra `l pugsa `lg mÿùga Klggoar / KLGG-8.
❉ 5 Ckogusa sc lg sumckcstra `l lklrfíh sl cktlrrumpl `ljcà h uk oartl `l lklrfíh, `lsoaklxcÿk `lg lkonuel `l hgcmlkthocÿk a hgfukh atrh
ohush, gas hdustls prlslgloocakhàs
prlslgloocakhàs sl oakslrvhrèk lk gh mlmarch. Ouhkà sl rlhku`l lg sumckcstra `l lklrfíh, gh ukc`h` oamlkzhrè h
eukocakhr oak gh ôgtcmh oakecfurhocÿ
oakecfurhocÿk
k slgloocakh`h.
❉ 6 Ghs lsplocecohocakls hktlrcarls sl hpgcohk ouhkà sl utcgczhk lg slksar y lg ohjgl `lg phoclktl lsplocecohàs par HPAM. Rhrh ajtlklr
ckearmhocÿk sajrl lg slksar y lg ohjgl `lg phoclktl lsplocecohàs par HPAM, oamukíqulsl oak su rlprlslkthktl gaohg `l Htam.
866
Oaktrag `l axíflka (oaktraghàr `l axíflka)
Maà `l oaktrag Oaktrag `l slrva
Zhkfa `l hdustl :: ~ 5<% (lk ckorlmlktas `lg 8%)
Zhkfa `l vcsuhgczhocÿk 8< ~ 82<%
Pclmpa `l rlspulsth phrh mastrhr gh ?2 slfukàs (32% `l rlspulsth)
prlscÿk `l sumckcstra `l axíflka :30 ~ 032 iRh (? ~ < ife / om) :)
Pcpa `l slksar `l axíflka Pcpa `l olg`h fhgvèkcoh
Zhkfa `l ml`cocÿk 8< ~ 82<%
Rrlocscÿk `l gh ml`cocÿk :% A : ( 8< ~ :<% A :)

?% A : ( :< ~ 822% A :)
Ohgcjrhocÿk :8% A :
Hghrmhs _lksar `l axíflka, oakolktrhocÿk `l axíflka, ohu`hg `l axíflka, slksar `l axíflka ka

ohgcjrhà
Uc`h ôtcg `lg slksar `l axíflka Gh vc`h ôtcg `lg slksar `l axíflka vhríh slfôk ghs oak`cocakls hmjclkthgls lk ghs
qul sl utcgczh. _l rloamclk`h rllmpghzhr lg slksar `l axíflka ouhkà nhyh
phshà mès `l uk høa `ls`l qul eul shohà `l su phqultl.
Makctar `l plsa (gh ukc`h` lqucph`h oak gh ukc`h` `l makctar `l plsa)

Zhkfa `l plshdl ?22 ~ 6222f (lk plshdl hutamètcoa)
Rrlocscÿk `l plshdl <f
Cktlrvhga `l lsohgh 8f
Maà `l plshdl Mhkuhg, hutamètcoa
Atrhs hghrmhs Ulktcghàr, ehggh `lg scstlmh, ehggh `l lklrfíh
Lg praùota oumpgl oak gas rlqucsctas LMO `l CLO 52528-8-:4 :22:.

86>
82-:. Kcvlg y oghscecohocÿk LMO

Arclkthocÿk y `loghrhocÿk `lg ehjrcohktl4 lmcscakls lglotramhfkãtcohs
Lg Ckou C lstè `csløhà phrh su usa lk lg lktarka lglotramhfkãtcoa lsplocecohà h oaktckuhocÿk. Lg ogclktl a lg
usuhrca `lg Ckou C `ljl hslfurhrsl `l qul sl utcgcol lk `cona lktarka.
Rruljh `l lmcscakls Oumpgcmclkta Lktarka lglotramhfkãtcoa Fuch

Lg Ckou C utcgczh lklrfíh `l ZE saga phrh su eukocÿk cktlrkh. Rar ga
Lmcscakls `l ZE
Frupa 8 thkta, sus lmcscakls `l ZE sak muy jhdhs y ka ls prajhjgl qul
OC_RZ 88
ohuslk cktlrelrlkochs lk lqucpas lglotrÿkcoas olrohkas.
Lmcscakls `l ZE
Oghsl H
OC_RZ 88
Lg Ckou C ls h`louhà phrh su usa lk taàs gas lsthjglocmclktas qul ka slhk
Lmcscakls hrmÿkcohs àmãstcoas y hqulggas oaklothàs `crlothmlktl h gh rl` pôjgcoh `l sumckcstra
Oghsl H
CLO 58222-?-: `l lklrfíh `l jhdh tlkscÿk qul hjhstlol h gas l`cecocas utcgczhàs oak eckls
àmãstcoas.
Eguotuhocakls `l vagthdl /
lmcscakls `l phrph`la Oumpgl

CLO 58222-?-?
H
R
Ã
K
@
C
O
L
863
Arclkthocÿk y `loghrhocÿk `lg ehjrcohktl4 ckmukc`h` lglotramhfkãtcoh
Lg Ckou C lstè `csløhà phrh su usa lk lg lktarka lglotramhfkãtcoa lsplocecohà

lsplocecohà h oaktckuhocÿk. Lg ogclktl a lg
CLO 52528 Oumpgcmclkta

Rruljh `l ckmukc`h` Lktarka lglotramhfkãtcoa Fuch
kcvlg `l pruljh kcvlg
Lglotrastètcoa Gas sulgas `ljlk slr `l mh`lrh, narmcfÿk a jhgàshs `l
Oakthota 5iU Oakthota 5iU
`lsohrfh (L_@) olrèmcoh. _c gas pcsas lstèk oujclrtas oak mhtlrchg scktãtcoa, gh
>iU `l hcrl >iU `l hcrl
CLO 58222-0-: numl`h` rlghtcvh `ljl slr hg mlkas `lg ?2%.
:iU phrh patlkoch :iU phrh patlkoch

Zèpcà lgãotrcoa
gíklhs `l sumckcstra gíklhs `l sumckcstra Gh ohgc`h` `l gh rl` lgãotrcoh `ljl slr gh `l uk
trhksctarca / rèehfh
8iU phrh lktrh`h / 8iU phrh lktrh`h / lktarka oamlrochg u naspcthghrca típcoa.
CLO 58222-0-0
gíklhs `l shgc`h gíklhs `l shgc`h
@celrlkochg `l 8iU @celrlkochg `l 8iU

Humlkta maà maà Gh ohgc`h` `l gh rl` lgãotrcoh `ljl slr gh `l uk
CLO 58222-0-< :iU oamôk :iU oamôk lktarka oamlrochg u naspcthghrca típcoa.
maà maà
7<% \ P 7<% \ P
(; 3<% `l ohí`h lk \ P) (; 3<% `l ohí`h lk \ P)

ùrhktl 2,< ocogas ùrhktl 2,< ocogas
Ohí`hs `l vagthdl,
02% \ P 02% \ P Gh ohgc`h` `l gh rl` lgãotrcoh `ljl slr gh `l uk lktarka
jrlvl cktlrrupocÿk
(Ohí`h `lg 52% lk \ P) (Ohí`h `lg 52% lk \ P) oamlrochg u naspcthghrca típcoa. _c lg usuhrca `lg Ckou C
ocakls y vagthdl
ùrhktl < ocogas ùrhktl < ocogas rlquclrl uk eukocakhmclkta oaktckua ùrhktl ghs
vhrchocakls lk
62% \ P 62% \ P cktlrrupocaklss `l gh rl` lgãotrcoh, sl rloamclk`h qul lg
cktlrrupocakl
eulktl `l hgcmlkthocÿk
(Ohí`h `lg ?2% lk \ P) (Ohí`h `lg ?2% lk \ P) Ckou C slr hgcmlkthà par ukh eulktl `l hgcmlkthocÿk
gíklhs `l lktrh`h
par :< ocogas par :< ocogas ckcktlrrumpc`h a ukh jhtlríh.
CLO58222-0-88
7<% \ P 7<% \ P
(; 3<% `l ohí`h lk \ P) (; 3<% `l ohí`h lk \ P)
ùrhktl < slfukàs ùrhktl < slfukàs
Erloulkoch `l pa`lr
Gas ohmpas mhfkãtcoas `l erloulkoch `l lklrfíh
(<2/52 Nz)
?H/m ?H/m `ljlk lsthr lk kcvlgls ohrhotlrístcoas `l ukh ujcohocÿk
ohmpa mhfkãtcoa
típcoh lk uk lktarka oamlrochg u naspcthghrca típcoa.
CLO 58222-0-5
KAPH \ P ls lg vagthdl `l gh rl` `l OH hktls `l gh hpgcohocÿk `lg kcvlg `l pruljh.

pruljh.
8>2
Arclkthocÿk y `loghrhocÿk `lg ehjrcohktl4 ckmukc`h` lglotramhfkãtcoh
Lg Ckou C lstè `csløhà phrh su usa lk lg lktarka lglotramhfkãtcoa lsplocecohà h oaktckuhocÿk. Lg ogclktl a lg
CLO 52528 Oumpgcmclkta

Rruljh `l ckmukc`h` Lktarka lglotramhfkãtcoa Fuch
kcvlg `l pruljh kcvlg
?Urms Gas lqucpas `l oamukcohocakls `l ZE partètcgls y mÿvcgls ka
8<2 iNz h >2 MNz ?U `ljlk utcgczhrsl mès olroh `l kckfukh phrtl `lg Ckou. C,
ZE oakùoc`h eulrh `l ghs jhk`hs C_M ckogucàs gas ohjgls, qul gh `csthkoch `l slphrhocÿk
CLO 58222-0-5 rloamlk`h`h ohgough`h h phrtcr `l gh louhocÿk
(C_A 3383) 82 Urms hpgcohjgl h gh erloulkoch `lg trhksmcsar.
8<2 iNz h >2 MNz
82 U @csthkoch `l slphrhocÿk rloamlk`h`h
lk jhk`hs C_M
` = 8.: RHF
_pA :4 ?Urms
?U/m ` = 8.: RHF >2 MNz h >22 MNz

>2 MNz h :,< FNz ` = :.? RHF >22 MNz h :,< FNz
Lg lqucphmclkta @ÿk`l RHF ls gh patlkoch kamckhg `l shgc`h
oaktckôh mèxcmh `lg trhksmcsar lk vhtcas (V) slfôk lg
rlhgczhr su ck ehjrcohktl `lg trhksmcsar y @ ls gh `csthkoch `l
eukocÿk tlk`c`h. slphrhocÿk rloamlk`h`h lk mltras (m). * J
ZE rh`ch`h 82 U / m (>2 MNz h Cktlksc`h` `l ohmpa `l trhksmcsarls `l ZE ecdas, slfôk ga

CLO 58222-0-? :,< FNz) 82 U / m `ltlrmckhà par uk lstu`ca lglotramhfkãtcoa `lg sctca, * O `ljl
(CLO52528-:-83) Lg lqucphmclkta slr mlkar qul lg kcvlg `l oumpgcmclkta lk oh`h rhkfa `l
oaktckôh erloulkoch. * @
rlhgczhr su ck
Rul`lk praùocrsl cktlrelrlkochs lk ghs praxcmc`h`ls `l
eukocÿk tlk`c`h a
lqucpas mhrohàs oak lg scfuclktl símjaga4
sl `ltclkl sck
ohushkà hgfôk `høa.
KAPH 8 H >2 MNz y >22 MNz, sl hpgcoh lg rhkfa `l erloulkoch

erloulkoch mès hgta.
KAPH : Ls pascjgl qul lsths phuths ka sl hpgcqulk lk ta`hs ghs sctuhocakls. Gh praphfhocÿk lglotramhfkãtcoh sl vl heloth`h par gh
hjsarocÿk y lg rleglda `l lstruoturhs, ajdltas y plrsakhs.
* j Lg kcvlg `l oumpgcmclkta `l C_M lk gh jhk`h `l erloulkoch C_M lktrl 8<2 iNz y >2 MNz y lk lg rhkfa `l erloulkoch `l >2 MNz h :,< FNz
lstè `lstckhà h `csmckucr gh prajhjcgc`h` `l qul gas lqucpas `l oamukcohocakl
oamukcohocaklss mÿvcgls / partètcgls pul`hk ohushr cktlrelrlkochs sc sl
gglvhk ckh`vlrtc`hmlktl h èrlhs `l phoclktls. Rar lsth rhzÿk, sl utcgczh uk ehotar h`cocakhg `l 82/? phrh ohgoughr gh `csthkoch `l slphrhocÿk
rloamlk`h`h phrh trhksmcsarls lk lstas rhkfas `l erloulkoch.
* o Ghs cktlksc`h`ls `l ohmpa `l trhksmcsarls ecdas, oama lsthocakls jhsl phrh tlgãeakas `l rh`ca (olgughrls / ckhgèmjrcoas) y rh`cas mÿvcgls
tlrrlstrls, rh`cahecocakhàs,
rh`cahecocakhàs, trhksmcscakls `l rh`ca HM y EM y trhksmcscakls `l PU, ka sl pul`lk prl`locr tlÿrcohmlktl oak prlocscÿk.
Rhrh lvhguhr lg lktarka lglotramhfkãtcoa `ljcà h trhksmcsarls `l ZE ecdas, sl `ljl oaksc`lrhr uk lstu`ca lglotramhfkãtcoa `lg sctca. _c gh
cktlksc`h` `l ohmpa ml`c`h lk gh ujcohocÿk lk gh qul sl ush lg Ckuo c lxol`l lg kcvlg `l oumpgcmclkta `l ZE hpgcohjgl hktlrcar, lg Ckuo C
H
`ljl slr ajslrvhà phrh vlrcecohr lg eukocakhmclkta karmhg. _c sl ajslrvh uk rlk`cmclkta hkarmhg, pul`lk slr klolshrchs ml`c`hs R
Ã
h`cocakhgls, oama rlarclkthr a rlujcohr lg Ckuo C. K
* ` Rar lkocmh `lg rhkfa `l erloulkoch `l 8<2 iNz h >2 MNz, ghs cktlksc`h`ls `l ohmpa `ljlk slr ckelrcarls h ? U / m. @
C
O
L
8>8
@csthkochs `l slphrhocÿk rloamlk`h`hs lktrl oamukcohocakls `l ZE partètcgls y mÿvcgls

lqucpa y lg Ckou C
Lg Ckou C lstè `csløhà phrh su usa lk uk lktarka lglotramhfkãtcoa lk lg qul sl oaktraghk ghs plrturjhocakls `l ZE
rh`ch`hs. Lg ogclktl a lg usuhrca `lg Ckou C pul`l hyu`hr h prlvlkcr gh cktlrelrlkoch lglotramhfkãtcoh mhktlkclkà
ukh `csthkoch míkcmh lktrl gas lqucpas `l oamukcohocakls `l ZE partètcgls y mÿvcgls (trhksmcsarls) y lg Ckou C oama
sl rloamclk`h h oaktckuhocÿk, `l houlrà oak gh patlkoch mèxcmh `l shgc`h `lg lqucpa `l oamukcohocakls.
@csthkoch `l slphrhocÿk slfôk gh erloulkoch `lg trhksmcsar

Mèxcma oghscecohà
mltra
patlkoch `l shgc`h `l
8<2 iNz h >2 MNz eulrh 8<2 iNz h >2 MNz >2 MNz nhsth >22 MNz nhsth
trhksmcsar
`l ghs jhk`hs C_M lk jhk`hs C_M >22 MNz :,< FNz
V
` = 8.: RHF ` = 8.: RHF ` = 8.: RHF ` = :.? RHF
2,28 2,8: 2,8: 2,8: 2,:?

2,8 2,?> 2,?> 2,?> 2,6?
8 8.: 8.: 8.: :.?
82 ?.> ?.> ?.> 6.?
822 8: 8: 8: :?
Rhrh gas trhksmcsarls oak ukh patlkoch `l shgc`h mèxcmh ka lkumlrh`h hktlrcarmlktl, gh `csthkoch `l slphrhocÿk
rloamlk`h`h ` lk mltras (m) sl pul`l `ltlrmckhr utcgczhkà gh louhocÿk hpgcohjgl h gh erloulkoch `lg trhksmcsar, àk`l R
ls gh patlkoch kamckhg `l shgc`h mèxcmh `lg trhksmcsar lk vhtcas ( V) slfôk lg ehjrcohktl `lg trhksmcsar.
Kath 84 H >2MNz y >22MN, sl hpgcoh gh `csthkoch `l slphrhocÿk phrh lg rhkfa `l erloulkoch mès hgta.
Kath :4 Ghs jhk`hs C_M (ckùstrchg, oclktíecoh y mã`coh) lktrl 8<2 iNz y >2 MNz sak `l 5,65< MNz h
5,63< MNz9 8?,<<? MNz h 8?,<56 MNz9 :5,3<6 MNz h :6,:>? MNz9 y 02,55 MNz h 02,62 MNz.
Kath ?4 _l utcgczh uk ehotar h`cocakhg `l 82/? phrh ohgoughr gh `csthkoch `l slphrhocÿk rloamlk`h`h phrh gas trhksmcsarls
lk gh jhk`h `l erloulkoch C_M lktrl 8<2iNz y >2MNz y lk lg rhkfa `l erloulkoch `l >2MNz h :.<FNz phrh
`csmckucr gh prajhjcgc`h` `l qul gas lqucpas `l oamukcohocakls mÿvcgls / partètcgls pul`hk ohushr cktlrelrlkoch
sc ckh`vlrtc`hmlktl sl gglvh h ghs èrlhs `l gas phoclktls.
Kath 04 Ls pascjgl qul ghs phuths ka sl hpgcqulk lk ta`hs ghs sctuhocakls. Gh praphfhocÿk lglotramhfkãtcoh
lglotramhfkãtcoh sl vl heloth`h par gh
hjsarocÿk y lg rleglda `l lstruoturhs, ajdltas y plrsakhs.
8>:
@cspascocÿk
Y88] Lgcmckhocÿk
Gh ckstctuocÿk mã`coh lk oulstcÿk ls rlspakshjgl
rlspakshjgl `l gh lgcmckhocÿk h`louh`h `lg oulrpa prckocphg, ghs pclzhs vcldhs mès hggè `l su
vc`h ôtcg lsplrh`h y gas `lslonhjgls `l houlrà oak ghs glyls y rlfughocakls `l lgcmckhocÿk `l `lslonas hpgcohjgls.
Lk lsth ukc`h` sl utcgczhk ukh jhtlríh KcMN rlohrfhjgl, ukh jhtlríh `l gctca tcpa jatÿk y slksarls `l axíflka. @lslonl ghs
jhtlríhs y gas slksarls `l axíflka `l earmh h`louh`h rlsplthkà ghs glyls y karmhtcvhs vcflktls.
H
R
Ã
K
@
C
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8>?

Lstè lstrcothmlktl
lstrcothmlktl prancjc`h gh rlpraùoocÿk tathg a phrochg `l lstl mhkuhg sck lg plrmcsa `l Htam Ml`cohg
Oarparhtcak.
Lg oaktlkcà `l lstl mhkuhg lstè sudlta h ohmjcas sck prlvca hvcsa `ljcà h mldarhs tãokcohs.
_l nhk tamhà ta`hs ghs ml`c`hs pascjgls phrh fhrhktczhr gh prlocscÿk `lg oaktlkcà `l lstl mhkuhg. _ck
lmjhrfa, sc sl `ltlothk lrrarls, Htam hfrh`lolríh muona qul sl gls ckearmhrh.
O5<_J822

Incubadora Atom Incu I

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Lqucpa phrh rlocãk khoc`as y prlmhturas4 Ckoujh`arh

Ckoujh`arh ckehktcg Htam ma`lga 828

Mhkuhg `l slrvcoca y gcsth `l pclzhs

Uch E. Oraol, 5< - :22>8

?. _cfh ghs ckstruoocakls `l slfurc`h`.

0. Cksploocakl gh ukc`h` plrcÿ`cohmlktl.

<. Hslfôrlsl `l qul gh ukc`h` ka sl utcgcol sc sl lkoulktrh `lelotuash.

^ @leckcocakls `l ck`cohocÿk `l h`vlrtlkoch

8. _ímjagas phrh ck`cohr plgcfra, h`vlrtlkoch a prlohuocÿk

_ímjaga Pítuga l ck`cohocÿk

Rrlohuocÿk4 suplrecocl ohgclktl

:. _ímjagas phrh prancjcr hoocakls

_ímjaga Pítuga l ck`cohocÿk

?. _ímjagas phrh `hr ckstruoocakls phrh gh hoocÿk.

_ímjaga Pítuga l ck`cohocÿk

Oaklotl uk ohjgl `l tclrrh

0. _ímjagas `l karmhs cktlrkhocakhgls (CLO)

_ímjaga Pítuga l ck`cohocÿk

Rclzh hpgcoh`h tcpa JE

Ck`coh qul sl rloamclk`h rlocoghr.

<. Atras símjagas

_ímjaga Pítuga l ck`cohocÿk

Ck`coh qul sl humlkth uk hdustl.

Ck`coh qul sl nh rl`uoc`a uk hdustl.

Cktlrruptar `l vcsuhgczhocÿk `l gh phkthggh prckocphg

Ck`coh uk cktlrruptar phrh mastrhr gh phkthggh prckocphg.

Cktlrruptar `l vcsuhgczhocÿk `l gh phkthggh `l tlk`lkochs

Ck`coh uk cktlrruptar phrh mastrhr gh phkthggh `l tlk`lkochs.

Cktlrruptar `l vcsuhgczhocÿk `l gh phkthggh `lg mlkô

Ck`coh uk cktlrruptar phrh mastrhr gh phkthggh `lg mlkô.

Cktlrruptar `l vcsuhgczhocÿk `l gh phkthggh `lg axímltra `l pugsa

Cktlrruptar `l vcsuhgczhocÿk `l gh phkthggh `l plsa

Ocroughocÿk `l hcrl `l gh ckoujh`arh

Ck`coh vhgarls lsthjgloc`as a lg praol`cmclkta `l oakecfurhocÿk.

Kcvlg `l hfuh jhda / sck hfuh

Oèmhrh `l numl`h` `lelotuash

_ímjaga Pítuga l ck`cohocÿk

Oèmhrh `l numl`h` hphfh`h

Lvctl slr htrhph`a

Ck`coh qul ka sl `ltloth pugsa.

CKPZA@\OOCßK ................................................. ... 8 <-?-:. _aguocÿk `l prajglmhs ouhk`a gh ukc`h`

Y8] Rrlohuocakls `l eukocakhmclkta ............................... >

Y?] Cksploocÿk `l mhktlkcmclkta .......................... 08 Rulrth) ................................................ .... 82?

Y8] Rrlohuocakls `l eukocakhmclkta

Oaktragl gh tlmplrhturh `l gh pclg `lg jljã ouhk`a utcgcol gh ukc`h`.

Ka utcgcol gh ukc`h` lk prlslkoch `l uk fhs hklstãscoa ckeghmhjgl.

Ka usl ãtlr, hgoanag a ouhgquclr

Ka fagpll gh ukc`h` kc `ldl qul fagpll kh`h.

Hslfôrlsl `l slfucr ghs ckstruoocakls `lg mã`coa hg sumckcstrhr axíflka.

\sl saga axíflka phrh usa mã`coa.

Hslfôrlsl `l tlklr lk oulkth ghs

Plkfh lk oulkth ghs scfuclktls prlohuocakls hg utcgczhr lg lqucpa `l sumckcstra `l axíflka.

Lstè prancjc`a eumhr lk gh nhjcthocÿk `ak`l lstè cksthgh`h gh ukc`h`.

Lvctl `høhr lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk.

\tcgcol ôkcohmlktl lg ohjgl `l hgcmlkthocÿk sumckcstrh`a oak gh ukc`h`.

Ka taqul lg lkonuel `l hgcmlkthocÿk oak ghs mhkas madh`hs.

Ka taqul gas ohglkth`arls `urhktl lg usa a paoa `lspuãs `l su usa.

Ka `lsmaktl kc ma`cecqul gh ukc`h`.

Ka cksthgl gh ukc`h` `ak`l lsthrè lxpulsth h numl`h`, pagva a vhpar lxolscvas.

Ka oagaqul muonhs ohrfhs lk ukh tamh `l oarrclktl.

Ka aplrl gh ukc`h` sc tclkl hgfukh `u`h sajrl su oaklxcÿk h tclrrh.

Oaklotl h tclrrh lg lqucpa lgãotrcoa plrceãrcoa `l earmh slfurh.