CAIT]CM@T, DGA^\GAITGT Y
F@CF]CM@T;
Fám`r`s y erupgs pgfátidgs `h `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg, 39=<— 
3994
 

D@H]\G M@ @T]PMIGT TGDIGFÔEIDGT

 

CAIT]CM@T, DGA^\GAITGT Y
F@CF]CM@T;
Fám`r`s y erupgs pgfátidgs `h `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg, 39=<— 
3994

 \ge`fig B`rhãhm`z \gmráeu`z

Gp`h cdd`ss `mitigh ouhm`m ly tb` Hctighcf @hmgwa`ht ogr tb`

 Buachiti`s/Chmr`w U.U. A`ffgh Oguhmctigh Buachiti`s Gp`h Lggj ^rgerca.

]b` t`xt go tbis lggj is fid`hs`m uhm`r c Dr`ctiv` Dgaaghs Cttrilutigh-

 HghDgaa`rdicf-HgM`rivctiv`s =.> Iht`rhctighcf Fid`hs`;
bttps;//dr`ctiv`dgaaghs.gre/fid`hd`s/ly-hd-hm/=.>/ 
 

4>3.=4
B005c
B`rhãhm`z \gmráeu`z, \ge`fig
Caistcm`s, dgaprgaisgs y f`cftcm`s; fám`r`s y erupgs pgfátidgs `h `f
@stcmg m` Aéxidg, 39=<—3994 / \ge`fig B`rhãhm`z \gmráeu`z. --
Aéxidg, M.O.
M.O. ; @f Dgf`eig m` Aéxidg, D`htrg m` @stumigs
Tgdigfôeidgs, <>3>, d3992.
(fc. r`iapr`siôh, <>3>).
4== p.: <3 da.

ITLH 9?2-3<->20=-=

3. Erupgs m` pr`siôh -- Aéxidg (@stcmg). <. Éfit` (Di`hdics sgdicf`s)

-- Aéxidg (@stcmg). 4. ^gm`r (Di`hdics sgdicf`s) -- Aéxidg (@stcmg) --
^gfátidc y egli`rhg -- Tiefg RR.

^grtcmc m` Aôhidc Mi`z-Acrtáh`z.

Fgs `x egl`rhcmgr`s Cfor`mg m`f Aczg, Dcrfgs Bchj Eghzãf`z, Kgre` Kiaéh`z,

Tcfvcmgr Tãhdb`z
egl`rhcmgr ` Iehcdig
m`f @stcmg ^idbcrmg
m` Aéxidg, ^ceczc,
Déscr `sdudbch
Dcacdbg `f a`hsck`
Suirgz m`f399?).
(<3, `h`rg,
Ogtgercoác m` Eustcvg Erco
Dgrt`sác m`f crdbivg m` @f Phiv`rscf

^ria`rc r`iapr`siôh, <>3>

^ria`rc `midiôh, 3992

M.\. © @f Dgf`eig m` Aéxidg, C.D.

Dcaihg cf Ckusdg <>
 

^`mr`ecf m` Tchtc ]`r`sc

]`r`sc
3>5=> Aéxidg, M.O.
www.dgfa`x.ax

ITLH 9?2-3<->20=-=

Iapr`sg `h Aéxidg
 

ÁHMID@

Duli`rtc
^grtcmiffc
^grtcmi ffc
^grtcmc
Drémitgs
ÁHMID@
Cercm`diai`htgs
Cercm` diai`htgs
Ihtrgmuddiôh
Ihtrgmu ddiôh
I. Fcs dcrcdt`
dcrcdt`rástidcs
rástidcs y vcfgr`s m` uhc éfit` fgdcf
Fcs dghmidigh`s `xt`rhcs
Fgs erupgs
·Sué `s `f Erupg Cöcdgaufdg7

II. @f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg

Dcdiqu`s fgdcf`s y dcumiffgs hcdighcf`s

@f dgai`hzg m` fc f`y`hmc. Fc dr`cdiôh m`f erupg
Fc gpgrtuhimcm bistôridc
Fc dghsgfimcdiôh orustrcmc
@f dgai`hzg m`f oih

III. Fgs erupgs m` trchsidiôh

Ph aémidg m` fc r`vgfudiôh
@f pgfátidg m` fc fcrec `sp`rc

I_. Ph v`rmcm`rg erupg pgfátidg, `f m` Dcrfgs Bchj

 

Phc dcrr`rc m`midcmc c fc pgfátidc

@f erupg y su fám`r
@h fc diac m`f pgm`r

_. Fgs erupgs m` uhc éfit` b`t`rgeéh`c

Ph egl`rhcmgr pcrc uh `stcmg mistihtg

Ph duimcmg eclih`t`
Ph `stifg siheufcr
Ph egli`rhg m`sm` fcs dcht`rcs y fc oricfmcm m`f H`vcmg
Fgs caiegs m`f egl`rhcmgr
@f r`er`sg m`f pgfátidg
Fc r`uhioidcdiôh pgfátidc

_I. @páfgeg; fc mihcstác m` @aifig Dbucyoo`t

Erupgs y éfit` fgdcf

@f k`o` pgfátidg

Dghdfusigh`s
Hgtc a`tgmgfôeidc

Fcs `htr`vistcs
Mctgs m` fgs ouhdighcrigs

Ou`ht`s dghsuftcmcs
Crdbivgs
B`a`rgercoác fgdcf
Lilfigercoác
 

CE\CM@DIAI@H]GT

Fc pria`rc v`rsiôh m` `st` trclckg ou` pr`s`htcmc dgag t`sis m` mgdtgrcmg `h

di`hdic pgfátidc, `h fc Phiv`rsimcm Hcdighcf Cutôhgac m` Aéxidg. @f pr`s`ht`
t`xtg ihdgrpgrc p`qu`ógs dcaligs qu` pr`t`hm`h bcd`r aãs dfcrgs cfeuhgs
creua`htgs y supria` `f pria`r dcpátufg, ouhmca`htcfa`ht` t`ôridg, qu` sih
`alcreg `f f`dtgr iht`r`scmg pu`m` `hdghtrcr `h `f ûftiag hûa`rg m` 3995 m` fc
r`vistc @stumigs Tgdigfôeidgs.
Dgag `s hcturcf, `f trclckg dghtrckg miv`rscs m`umcs. Fc pria`rc `s dgh `f
D`htrg m` @stumigs Tgdigfôeidgs m` @f Dgf`eig m` Aéxidg, qu` a` p`raitiô
m`scrrgffcrfg dgag pcrt` m` ais tcr`cs dgag ihv`stiecmgr m` ti`apg dgapf`tg, y
dgh `f Dghs`kg Hcdighcf m` Di`hdic y ]`dhgfgeác qu` a` dghd`miô uh cpgyg
oihchdi`rg m`htrg m` sus prgercacs m` cpgyg c fc ihv`stiecdiôh. Duchmg
`ap`zclc c iaceihcr dôag s`rác `f `stumig, mgh Ecstôh Ecrdác Dchtû a`
cuxifiô, dgag `h dcsi tgmgs ais trclckgs, c pr`discr m`tcff`s dghtãhmga` ihdfusg
cfeuhcs m` sus `xp`ri`hdics p`rsghcf`s. Phc `sp`dicf m`umc `xist` dgh `s`
sihd`rg caieg y dgf`ec qu` `s Kgsé Fuis \`yhc qui`h, pgr cógs, ihsistiô `h qu`
fg m`scrrgffcrc y dulri`rc dgh éf uh ocstimigsg trãait` cdcméaidg. Cuhqu` tuvg
qu` m`s`ap`ócr uh dcreg mipfgaãtidg y pgr `sc rczôh hg sieuiô su `vgfudiôh, `f
`stumig f` m`l` audbg `h sus pria`rgs pcsgs.
Mgh \coc`f T`egvic, ac`strg e`h`rgsg, dghtriluyô c a`kgrcr `f `stumig, dgag
fg bc b`dbg m`sm` bcd` cógs, f`y`hmg y dga`htchmg fcs v`rsigh`s qu` f`
pr`s`htclc. Fgr`hzg A`y`r, O`rhchmg ^ér`z Dgrr`c, Fudifc Gdcóc y K`ch-
Orchågis ^rumbgaa` r`viscrgh `f t`xtg y a` bidi`rgh r`dga`hmcdigh`s
iapgrtcht`s pcrc a`kgrcrfg. O`rhchmg @sdcfcht` Eghzcflg hg sôfg fg f`yô y a`
cyumô c dgrr`eirfg, sihg qu` aãs tcrm` m`dimiô dgrr`r dghaieg uhc cv`hturc
agrcf qu` c audbgs pcr`dác ihûtif. Aãs tcrm`, Cfl`rtg Crhcut, İcvi`r
Ecrdicmi`eg, O`rhchmg T`rrchg Aiecffôh y Orchdisdg [cpctc a` lrihmcrgh
cm`aãs m` sue`r`hdics, fc pru`lc m` uhc f`cf caistcm.
 

Acrtáh Eghzãf`z y `f mgdtgr Dcrfgs Cfacmc a` cuxificrgh pcrc qu` pumi`rc

r`cfizcr fcs `htr`vistcs. C calgs y, hcturcfa`ht` c fgs aisags pgfátidgs qu`
dghv`rscrgh dghaieg, f`s m`lg fc act`ric priac pcrc `fclgrcr `stc ihv`stiecdiôh.
Cuhqu` glvig, tcaliéh `s ihmisp`hsclf` m`dir qu` sih su mispgsidiôh y cyumc `f
trclckg hg bclrác pgmimg r`cfizcrs`.
Kuch Achu`f \ga`rg a` pr`stô uh erch s`rvidig `h fc r`dgpifcdiôh
b`a`rgerãoidc, fc lûsqu`mc m` m`tcff`s sglr` fcs dcrr`rcs m` fgs ouhdighcrigs y
`h fc ihidicf lcs` m` mctgs pcrc iht`ercr fgs erupgs y trcy`dtgrics. ^gdg m`spués,
Cmrichc Fuhc Eghzãf`z tuvg fc pcdi`hdic m` r``fclgrcr fgs ducmrgs bcstc fgercr
qu` `stuvi`rch a`kgr pr`s`htcmgs. Fc s`ógrc Tuschc Tgtg s` `hdcreô m`
trchsdrilir fcs `htr`vistcs y ais lgrrcmgr`s, c v`d`s ihdgapr`hsilf`s.
@xist`h gtrcs m`umcs, p`rg sgh tch p`rsghcf`s qu` `s pr`o`rilf` eucrmcrfcs `h
fc a`agric.
\ge`fig B`rhãhm`z \gmráeu`z
 

IH]\GMPDDIÔH

Fgs `stumigs sglr` fc éfit` pgfátidc a`xidchc sgh r`di`ht`s. Cuhqu` cht`s m`
3959 pu`m`h `hdghtrcrs` cfeuhgs `hscygs pigh`rgs, hg ou` sihg bcstc qu` ^`t`r
Taitb pulfidô su glrc  Fgs fcl`rihtgs m`fpgm`r (^rihd`tgh, 3959) qu` `f t`ac m`
fc éfit` gdupô uh `spcdig `h `f chãfisis pgfátidg. @h dghtrcst`, pcrc `htghd`s
cluhmclch fcs glrcs sglr` fcs prihdipcf`s ihstitudigh`s m`f sist`ac pgfátidg, `h
`sp`dicf `f ^\I, `f @k`dutivg y fcs erchm`s dgho`m`rcdigh`s m` trclckcmgr`s.
@h di`rtg agmg `rc dgapr`hsilf` qu` `stg gdurri`rc, pgrqu` `f iht`rés m` fgs
ihv`stiecmgr`s s` bclác d`htrcmg `h fgs csp`dtgs `strudturcf`s qu` bclách b`dbg
pgsilf` `f sgrpr`hm`ht` ouhdighcai`htg m`f sist`ac a`xidchg, a`mimg `h
pcrtidufcr dgh fc `stclifimcm pgfátidc y `f dr`diai`htg `dghôaidg. @rc hcturcf qu`
s` lusdcrc `h `f ^gm`r @k`dutivg y fcs dgrpgrcdigh`s `f s`dr`tg m` tcf m`s`ap`óg.
M` fc aisac ach`rc, hg ou` dcsucf qu` murcht` fgs cógs s`t`htc cpcr`di`rch
fcs pria`rcs glrcs sglr` fgs pgfátidgs. @sc médcmc r`pr`s`htô `f qui`lr` m`f
`xitgsg ‖m`scrrgffg `stclifizcmgr‑ y `f ihidig m` fgs pria`rgs y ercv`s dghofidtgs
pgfátidgs m`f sist`ac. Fc ct`hdiôh m` fgs chcfistcs pcsô m` fcs ihstitudigh`s c fgs
bgalr`s qu` fcs bcdách ouhdighcr
ouhdighcr.. Fc éfit` pgfátidc ou` `stumicmc pgr pria`rc v`z
ercdics c qu` s` f` r`dghgdi`rgh suoidi`ht`s aéritgs `h `f ach`kg m`f sist`ac.
@f r`trcsg `h su chãfisis gdcsighô cfeuhgs prglf`acs iapgrtcht`s. M`f aisag
agmg qu` s` dr`crgh v`rmcm`s ihdu`stighclf`s `h r`fcdiôh dgh fcs ihstitudigh`s
(pgr `k`apfg, fc gahipgt`hdic m`f pr`sim`hdicfisag qu` m` tch dr`ámc hg prgmukg
`stumigs `sp`dáoidgs, g dghsim`rcr c fcs dgrpgrcdigh`s dgag siapf`s a`dchisags
m` suk`diôh pgfátidc) s` `fclgrcrgh kuidigs ihtgdclf`s sglr` fc éfit`. ^crc fc
acygrác m` fgs ihv`stiecmgr`s fgs pgfátidgs a`xidchgs bclách fgercmg fc
`stclifimcm ercdics c qu` `rch dghtrgfcmgs pgr uhc ‖ocaific r`vgfudighcrác‑,
mirieimc pgr `f pr`sim`ht` `h turhg, fgs `x pr`sim`ht`s, fgs egl`rhcmgr`s,
3
s`dr`tcrigs m` @stcmg,
@sc ocaific fám`r`s m`f
y su pctricrdc pcrtimg, c`tdét`rc.
ach`kclch fc éfit` pgrqu` `f ûhidg aôvif m` fgs
 

pgfátidgs `rc `f iht`rés act`ricf pgr csd`hm`r, dghs`euir pgm`r y mih`rg, y pgrqu`
s` trctclc pr`disca`ht` m` uhc ocaific, `s m`dir,
m`dir, uh dghkuhtg m` ihmivimugs qu` cf
ieucf qu` fcs acoics y fcs pchmiffcs, `k`rdách uhc oérr`c misdipfihc lcscmc `h `f
t`rrgr y fcs echchdics. Dgag pru`lc ihmisdutilf` m`f crrcieg qu` tuvg `stc
iht`rpr`tcdiôh, cûh dirdufc uh filrg qu` pgr médcmcs s` dghsim`rô uh `k`apfg m`f
chãfisis pgfátidg,  Fc pgfátidc m`f m`scrrgffga`xidchg, m` \ge`r Bchs`h, uhg m`
duygs dcpátufgs, cqu`f mghm` s` gdupc m` fc pgfátidc y fgs ouhdighcrigs, s` titufc
‖Fc Dgsc Hgstrc
Fgs dghofidtgs qu` pgdg c pgdg scdcrgh c fc sup`roidi` fgs `hor`htcai`htgs
`htr` fc éfit`, bidi`rgh qu` fc ‖ocaific r`vgfudighcric‑ p`rmi`rc dr`milifimcm dgag
dfch uhitcrig. T` cd`ptô qu` bclác dgap`t`hdic iht`rhc y qu` `h `ffc iht`rv`hách
erupgs grechizcmgs y mirieimgs pgr fám`r`s `sp`dáoidgs. Ti li`h bulg cvchd` `h `f
chãfisis, `h `f oghmg s` sustituyô c uhc ocaific pgr vcrics, pu`s s` achtuvg fc
im`c lãsidc m`f iht`rés y fc suk`diôh v`rtidcf. M`sm` `htghd`s s` mig pgr dghdfuimc

fc ihv`stiecdiôh
pgfátidgs y s`
c p`scr m` cd`ptô dgag
fc dcr`hdic ihmisdutilf`
m` `stumigs qu` fg fcprglcrch
`xist`hdic m` fgscûh,
y, a`hgs erupgs
qu`
agstrcrch dôag s` iht`erclch y ouhdighclch.
Fc bistgric pcr`diô gtgrecr uh `k`apfg erctuitg ` ihvcfuclf` m` `stgs erupgs.
Ph mác m` 39=< cf @stcmg m` Aéxidg ff`eô dgag egl`rhcmgr sustitutg uh
m`stcdcmg mipfgaãtidg, Isimrg Ocl`fc, qui`h cm`aãs m` duapfir su ouhdiôh ouhmô
uh erupg qu` m`sm` `htghd`s bc mgaihcmg fc pgfátidc fgdcf y, aãs m` uhc v`z, fc
hcdighcf. @s` erupg, mid` fc dghs`kc cdcméaidc, sôfg bc dcalicmg m` mirie`ht`
a`micht` uh prgd`miai`htg m`sdghgdimg p`rg `oidcz, qu` bc p`raitimg qu`
pgfátidgs dgag Ocl`fc, Eustcvg Lcz g Dcrfgs Bchj t`hech uh hgtclf` pgm`r.
M`sm` `htghd`s, lcstc s`r uh pgfátidg m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg pcrc p`rt`h`d`r cf
Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg y dcmc egl`rhcmgr hg sôfg f` m`l` `f dcreg cf fám`r `h turhg
sihg qu` f` rihm` du`htcs m` sus cdtgs. Fc v`rsiôh, `htr` rgaãhtidc y h`erc,
r`spghsclifizc ci aátidg erupg m` tgmg fg qu` gdurr` `h `f pcás.
Hcmc aãs ctrcdtivg p`rg tcaliéh hcmc aãs ocfsg. Yc m`sm` fgs cógs m`f
egli`rhg m` Cfor`mg m`f Aczg _éf`z (39=0—3903) fc pr`hsc fgdcf a`hdighclc c
fgs ‖bgalr`s m` Ctfcdgaufdg‑ pcrc r`o`rirs` c fgs pgfátidgs qu` gdupclch
cfeuhgs m` fgs aãs iapgrtcht`s pu`stgs pûlfidgs y, m`stcdcmca`ht`, `h `f
eclih`t`. Fc im`c m`f erupg dglrô ou`rzc dgh `f hgalrcai`htg m` Tcfvcmgr
Tãhdb`z Dgfáh `h 3903, hcturcfa`ht` pgr s`r griuhmg m` `s` auhidipig, y dgh `f
 

crrilg m` Dcrfgs Bchj c oih`s m` fgs cógs s`s`htc, pgr fc `str`dbc r`fcdiôh qu`
eucrmcrc dgh Isimrg Ocl`fc. M`sm` `htghd`s, fc pr`hsc y cfeuhgs pgfátidgs bch
ihdgrpgrcmg cf Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg dgag uh ocdtgr ihofuy`ht`, duchmg hg
m`t`raihcht`, `h `f sist`ac a`xidchg.<
@f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg `s uhg m` fgs aitgs a`kgr fgercmgs pgr fgs chcfistcs y,
`h pcrt`, pgr `f aisag sist`ac pgfátidg. Fc hgtclf` dgb`siôh qu` bc mistiheuimg c
fc éfit` fgdcf y qu` `h `f oghmg dia`htc fc dr``hdic `h uhc mihcstác b`r`mitcric, `h
r`cfimcm r`v`fc c uhc éfit` pr`pcrcmc `h fc pgfátidc y `f s`rvidig pûlfidg, tchtg
fgdcf dgag hcdighcf, qu` bc dr`cmg su dgb`siôh pcrc prgt`e`rs` m` fg qu` `ffgs
dghsim`rch uhc ca`hczc fct`ht`; `f Mistritg O`m`rcf y fc éfit` hcdighcf. F`kgs m`
s`r uhc uhimcm qu` s` m`riv` m` fc lûsqu`mc m` csd`hsgs, `s uh prihdipig m`
m`o`hsc qu` cs`eurc c fgs hcdimgs `h fc `htimcm `f pgm`r pgfátidg fgdcf. Cht` uhc
éfit` hcdighcf pgm`rgsc, a`kgr pr`pcrcmc y, sglr` tgmg, iht`r`scmc `h uh `stcmg
d`rdchg y m`scrrgffcmg, fc ûhidc pgsilifimcm m` r`t`h`r `f pgm`r `s acht`h`rs`
uhimgs, iht`ercmgs,
Ti li`h fc im`c m`fg Erupg
dgag `ffgs aisags mid`h,
Ctfcdgaufdg misdipfihcmgs.
sulrcyc `sc hgtclf` dgb`siôh, gduftc cf
a`hgs tr`s iapgrtcht`s ocdtgr`s; fc pr`s`hdic m` vcrigs erupgs pgfátidgs dgh
mirie`ht`s y s`euimgr`s qu` bch dgap`timg pgr `f pgm`r: fgs siheufcr`s a`migs
qu` cfeuhgs fám`r`s (`h pcrtidufcr fgs aãs r`hgalrcmgs) bch `apf`cmg pcrc
ihspircr y cs`eurcrs` f`cftcm, y `f cftg ercmg m` acmur`z qu` bch cfdchzcmg, `h fg
ihmivimucf y fg erupcf, pcrc dgap`tir pgr `f pgm`r sih m`struirs`. @f aitg `h
lu`hc a`mimc s` bc cfia`htcmg m` qu` fcs sud`sigh`s `h `f `stcmg huhdc bch
prgmudimg m`secrrcai`htgs `h fc éfit`: sih `alcreg, fc pr`s`rvcdiôh hg bc
m`p`hmimg m` s`r uhc ocaific sihg m` fc acmur`z `h su m`scrrgffg.
Dghtrc `f supu`stg m` qu` fc dgap`t`hdic `htr` erupgs dghff`vc
`hor`htcai`htgs m`spicmcmgs, `f dgapgrtcai`htg m` fgs qu` `xist`h `h `f @stcmg
m` Aéxidg au`strc qu` s` pu`m`h r`dghgd`r fcs vidtgrics sih qu` s` trcmuzdch `h
`f `xt`raihig m`f dghtrihdcht`. Fc sglr`viv`hdic m`f p`rm`mgr ff`vc dghsieg fc
pgsilifimcm m` dghv`rtirs` uh mác `h echcmgr. ^crc m`dirfg dgh pcfclrcs m` fgs
pgfátidgs, fgs triuhogs huhdc siehioidch `xtiheuir fc `sp`rchzc.
@f r`suftcmg m` tgmg `ffg bc simg fc r`prgmuddiôh m` uhc éfit` dgap`t`ht` y
`xp`ria`htcmc qu` bc dghv`rtimg `h prihdipig pgfátidg fc f`cftcm, dgag `ffgs
mid`h, c fgs fám`r`s p`rg tcaliéh c fcs ihstitudigh`s. Dgag `s oãdif m`mudir, `stcs
im`cs `stãh tch crrciecmcs `h fc éfit` ercdics c qu` bc simg `mudcmc dgh vcfgr`s
 

b`r`mcmgs pgr dcmc e`h`rcdiôh. Dgh puhtgs m` r`o`r`hdic m` `stc hcturcf`zc, hg

`s `xtrcóg qu` `f gls`rvcmgr ck`hg c fc `htimcm y c fcs prãdtidcs pgfátidcs fgdcf`s
v`c uhc mihcstác, uhc ocaific.
@stc ihv`stiecdiôh lusdc m`s`htrcócr fcs pcrtidufcrimcm`s m` uhc éfit` fgdcf qu`
s` bc siheufcrizcmg `h fc bistgric a`xidchc. ^gr uh fcmg, trctc m` prglcr fc
ih`xist`hdic m` uh sgfg erupg y, pgr dghtrcst`, agstrcr dôag fc pgfátidc fgdcf bc
simg misputcmc pgr vcrigs y sud`sivgs erupgs qu`, p`s` c fcs oriddigh`s, bch
dghs`euimg pr`s`rvcr su uhimcm. ^`rg tcaliéh pr`t`hm` agstrcr dôag s` ¡ograc
uh erupg pgfátidg, duãf`s sgh fcs agtivcdigh`s ` iht`r`s`s qu` bcd`h pgsilf` qu`
uh dghkuhtg m` ihmivimugs s` dgaprga`tc dgh uh fám`r y trclck` pcrc éf, pcrc fc
pgfátidc y pcrc sá aisag.
Fc ihv`stiecdiôh hg s` r`cfizô dgh fc siapf` gls`rvcdiôh y `fclgrcdiôh m`
bipôt`sis qu` s` dgaprglcrch dgh lilfigercoác m` bistgric fgdcf g `hscygs. T` oikô
dgag prihdipcf r`dursg a`tgmgfôeidg `htr`vistcr c pgfátidgs m` fc `htimcm. Dgag

li`h scl` `f `h
sulk`tivimcm qu`fcsbccpr`dicdigh`s
cpfidcmg `htr`vistcs, éstcs iapfidch
qu` s` prgouhmizc uhc`ferch
duchmg dcrec m`
p`rsghck` bc
tgacmg pcrt` `h fgs sud`sgs. @h `st` dcsg, sih `alcreg, `f `stumig hg lusdclc
r`dghstruir cdght`diai`htgs g, pcrc m`dirfg dgh aãs dfcrimcm, dghtcr fc bistgric
pgfátidc fgdcf.
Su`rác r`dghstruir fcs r`fcdigh`s `htr` p`rsghcs qu` dgaprga`ti`rgh su outurg
pgfátidg dgh uh fám`r y cdcsg dgh uh prgy`dtg, y pcrc `ffg `rc ihmisp`hsclf`
ihmcecr pgr qué fg bidi`rgh y hg sôfg supgh`rfg. C ri`seg m` dga`t`r uh
scdrif`eig cdcméaidg, m`l` s`ócfcrs` qu` `h `st` dcsg `rc aãs vcfigsc fc
sulk`tivimcm m` fgs `htr`vistcmgs pcrc `alcrdcrs` `h uh prgy`dtg, qu` su gpihiôh
cd`rdc m` uh sud`sg bistôridg fgdcf. Cf oihcf, sgh fgs pgfátidgs `htr`vistcmgs
qui`h`s `xpfidch dôag s` ograch fgs erupgs, dôag ouhdighch, quiéh`s y pgr qué
fgs iht`erch y, puhtg vcfigsg `h fc m`struddiôh m` aitgs, qué `s y bcstc môhm`
ff`ec `f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg.
@s dghv`hi`ht` sulrcycr qu` cuhqu` fc ihv`stiecdiôh hg pr`t`hm` hcrrcr fc
bistgric fgdcf hi a`hgs cûh pr`s`htcr uhc a`agric m` vcrics cmaihistrcdigh`s, `h
aãs m` uhc gdcsiôh ou` h`d`scrig ulidcr cfeûh csp`dtg `h su dirduhstchdic
bistôridc. @h `sgs dcsgs, fgs m`tcff`s, cm`aãs m` `xtrc`rs` m` fcs aisacs
`htr`vistcs, ou`rgh dghtrgfcmgs dgh fc ihogracdiôh b`a`rgerãoidc y lilfigerãoidc.
@f pria`r dcpátufg au`strc fgs prihdipigs lãsidgs qu` dghstituy`h, pgr csá
 

m`dirfg, fc tclfc m` vcfgr`s m` fgs pgfátidgs m`f `stcmg. Dghstruimg tgtcfa`ht` dgh
fcs gpihigh`s m` fgs `htr`vistcmgs, r`v`fc fgs t`agr`s (fc dcpitcf m`f pcás, `f
m`spgkg, fc s`er`ecdiôh) y sus dr``hdics `h r`fcdiôh dgh fc pgfátidc. Fc pria`rc, y
tcf v`z fc aãs iapgrtcht`, `s `f r`dghgdiai`htg y fc cd`ptcdiôh m` qu` igs erupgs
`xist`h, pria`rg, dgag ograc hcturcf pcrc pcrtidipcr `h fc pgfátidc y, s`euhmg,
dgag a`mig qu` p`rait` fc cft`rhchdic `h `f pgm`r, uhc ouhdiôh qu` dgag li`h
s` scl` dgrr`spghm` c fc dgap`t`hdic `htr` pcrtimgs. ^`rg cbá tcaliéh cpcr`d`h
cqu`ffgs puhtgs m` r`o`r`hdic qu` hgrach su dgapgrtcai`htg; fc dghoichzc, fc
f`cftcm, `f m`s`ap`óg m` tcr`cs, fc dgfclgrcdiôh ihstitudighcf, `tdét`rc.
Fgs sieui`ht`s dcpátufgs chcfizch fc dghogracdiôh m` fgs mistihtgs erupgs qu`
bch mgaihcmg `f `stcmg. Hcturcfa`ht` s` dgai`hzc dgh `f f`e`hmcrig
Ctfcdgaufdg, p`rg `h dghtrc m` fc v`rsiôh dgaûh, `f `stumig au`strc qu` hg
bulg huhdc fc sgfim`z ihmisp`hsclf` pcrc bcd`r uh `quipg murcm`rg qu` fgercrc
dghtrgfcr fc pgfátidc fgdcf. Fgs mio`r`ht`s iht`r`s`s y dghofidtgs `htr`
egl`rhcmgr`s bidi`rghm`qu`
bcstc 3905. M`spués éf s``f sud`mi`rgh
Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg
mgs erupgscp`hcs dghsieui`rc
mirieimgs `xistir
pgr pgfátidgs m`
r`hgalr` fgdcf y hcdighcf, p`rg qu` hg pumi`rgh trcsd`hm`r sus prgpigs p`rigmgs
dghstitudighcf`s, dgag ou`rgh fgs m` Eustcvg Lcz y Kuch O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh.
Ph dcpátufg s` gdupc m` fc gtrc bistgric dghgdimc; `f erupg m` Dcrfgs Bchj, `f
aãs iapgrtcht` m` tgmgs pgr s`r `f aãs sôfimg, y pgr `f `stifg p`rsghcf m` Bchj
pcrc dghstruir su fim`rczeg. Cuhqu` su sglr`viv`hdic hg sup`rô `f s`x`hig
sieui`ht` cf m` Bchj, fcs f`cftcm`s qu` e`h`rô bch p`rmurcmg audbg aãs ti`apg.
Oihcfa`ht`, bcy uh dcpátufg mghm` s` chcfizc `f qui`lr` m`f pgm`rág m` Bchj,
`f ducf s` m`liô tchtg c dirduhstchdics hcdighcf`s dgag c fc dr`di`ht`
dgapf`kimcm qu` cfdchzô fc éfit` fgdcf, m` tcf acehitum qu` hg pumg s`r
dghtrgfcmc pgr uh sgfg erupg, csá ou`rc `f m` Bchj. Dghtrc uhc pcrt` m` fc
v`rsiôh, s` ograufc qu` `s` erupg hg ou` v`hdimg tchtg pgr fc ff`ecmc m` Cfor`mg
m`f Aczg Eghzãf`z sihg pgr fc b`t`rge`h`imcm m` fc éfit` y fc auftipfidcdiôh m`
erupgs y fám`r`s.
Cuhqu` `f `stumig t`raihc dgh `f egli`rhg m` Iehcdig ^idbcrmg, s` `fclgrô uh
p`qu`óg cpcrtcmg `h `f qu` s` chcfizch fcs dcrcdt`rástidcs m` uh pgfátidg dgag
@aifig Dbucyoo`t, `f aãs purg r`suftcmg m` fc `vgfudiôh m` uhc éfit` qu` bc
trchsitcmg m`f trcmidighcfisag dcrcdt`rástidg m`f sist`ac a`xidchg, c fcs ihidicf`s
épgdcs agm`rhizcmgrcs m` M`f Aczg Eghzãf`z y L`t`tc. @f `stifg p`rsghcf m`
 

Dbucyoo`t, csá dgag su rãpimc y csd`hm`ht` dcrr`rc pgfátidc, sirv`h pcrc agstrcr
fgs prglf`acs y fgs fáait`s m` m`scrrgffg c qu` pu`m` ff`ecr uhc éfit` dgag fc m`f
@stcmg m` Aéxidg, r`dghgdimc pgr su uhimcm y misdipfihc.
@s pr`disg ihsistir `h qu` fc ihv`stiecdiôh hg pr`t`hm` mcr du`htc m` fc
`vgfudiôh pgfátidc m`f `stcmg: aãs cûh, `s pgsilf` qu` fgs dghgd`mgr`s
`hdu`htr`h ocftcht`s. @h r`cfimcm, `f trclckg s` prgpusg m`saitioidcr uhc
`xpfidcdiôh m`f sist`ac pgfátidg y, pgr dghs`du`hdic, ihidicr uh tipg m` `stumigs
qu` p`raitc `ht`hm`r, sih rgachtidisags, dôag y quiéh`s ach`kcrgh fcs
ihstitudigh`s pgfátidcs m`f pcás.

Hgtcs cf pi`
3  @f a`kgr `xpgh`ht` m` `stc iht`rpr`tcdiôh `s Orchj Lrchm`alure, ]b`Acjihe go Agm`rh A`xidg,
Hu`vc K`rs`y, ^r`htid` Bcff, 39?=, p`rg fc dgapcrt`h, `htr` gtrgs; Bgwcrm Dfih`,  A`xidg
 A`xidg;;  \`vgfutigh tg
 @vgfutigh,   Gxogrm, Gxogrm Phiv`rsity ^r`ss, 39?<, y \gl`t Tdgtt,  A`xidch Egv`rha`ht ih ]rchsitigh,
 @vgfutigh,
Prlchc, Phiv`rsity go Iffihgis ^r`ss, 39?=.
< Lcstc r`viscr fgs p`riômidgs y r`vistcs, `h `sp`dicf fcs dgfuahcs pgfátidcs y fgs • crtádufgs m` gpihiôh, `h

p`rigmgs `sp`dáoidgs, pcrc `hdghtrcr ci Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg dgag prihdipcf r`spghsclf` m` fgs
cdght`diai`htgs m`f pcás. Fg aisag duchmg Bchj ou` r`e`ht` m`f Mistritg O`m`rcf qu` c fg fcreg m` 399=,
duchmg ou`rgh cs`sihcmgs Fuis Mghcfmg Dgfgsig y Kgsé Orchdisdg \uiz Acssi`u. @h `stc ûftiac gdcsiôh, `f
aátidg erupg cpcr`diô dgag r`spghsclf` g dgag `hdulrimgr si`apr` dgh `f prgpôsitg m` cpgm`rcrs` m` fc
sud`siôh pr`sim`hdicf y dghtrgfcr fc pgfátidc hcdighcf. \`di`ht`a`ht`, dgh fc m`siehcdiôh m` Cfor`mg m`f

Aczg Eghzãf`z dgag dchmimctg m`f ^\I cf egli`rhg m`f Mistritg O`m`rcf, r`hcdiô fc gahipgt`hdic m`f
erupg. @st` fuecr dgaûh, qu` siapf`a`ht` sirv` pcrc ocdifitcr creua`htgs, bc simg cmgptcmg sih `sou`rzg
pgr cfeuhgs cdcméaidgs, dgag pu`m` cpr`dicrs` `h fc sieui`ht` ditc; `h `f ‖@stcmg m` Aéxidg fc eul`rhcturc
y fcs gtrcs pgsidigh`s pgfátidcs m` a`hgr p`sg, dgag s`hcmurács, miputcdigh`s y pr`sim`hdics auhidipcf`s,
bch `stcmg lckg `f dghtrgf m`f erupg pgfátidg ffcacmg ‒Ctfcdgaufdg’, dgh uh crrcieg m` ducr`htc cógs `h `f
`stcmg. Ést` bc t`himg dgag dcl`zcs prihdipcf`s c Isimrg Ocl`fc, Cfor`mg m`f Aczg _éf`z, Eustcvg Lcz y `h
fgs cógs r`di`ht`s cf r`pr`s`htcht` aãxiag m` fc lureu`sác pgfátidc a`xidchc: Dcrfgs Bchj Eghzãf`z‑.
Cfvcrg Crr`gfc, ‖Ctfcdgaufdg; fc cht`scfc m`f pgm`r‑, `h Dcrfgs Acrtáh`z Csscm (dggrm.),  Auhidipigs`h
dghofidtg,, Aéxidg, iisuhca - ev, 3920, p. 2. Hg `stã m` aãs s`ócfcr qu` coiracdigh`s dgag éstc, yc s`c qu`
dghofidtg

cpcr`zdch `h fc pr`hsc g `h crtádufgs cdcméaidgs, hg s` cdgapcóch m` fcs `vim`hdics h`d`scrics pcrc

 

m`agstrcr fc `xist`hdic m`f erupg.

 

I. FCT DC\CD]@\ÁT]IDCT Y
_CFG\@TM@ PHC ÉFI]@ FGDCF

FCT DGHMIDIGH@T @R]@\HCT

@h acygr g a`hgr a`mimc, tgmcs fcs `htimcm`s m` fc r`pûlfidc ti`h`h uhc qu`kc
qu` ograufcrf` cf ‖d`htrg‑, téraihg dgh `f ducf s` cfum` cf Mistritg O`m`rcf, fc

dcpitcf
`s` a`migm`f g,
pcás,
aãscf capfica`ht`,
egli`rhg o`m`rcf,
c fcsfgs pgfátidgs
cddigh`s y ouhdighcrigs dgh
eul`rhca`htcf`s. ^`rgpu`stgs `h
quizã hg
bcyc uhg qu` s` si`htc tch cercvicmg y ca`hczcmg pgr `f ‖d`htrg‑ dgag `f
@stcmg m` Aéxidg. Tu acygr pcm`diai`htg s` `hdu`htrc `h fc pérmimc m`
t`rritgrig y `h `f b`dbg m` qu` `f Mistritg O`m`rcf oásidca`ht` pcr`d` `stcr
ihdrustcmg `h fc `htimcm pcrc crr`lctcrf` cfeuhc gtrc riqu`zc.
Fgs prglf`acs s` r`aghtch cf siefg pcscmg. Bcstc 32=9, `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg
dgfihmclc dgh Tch Fuis ^gtgsá, ^u`lfc, Euchckûctg y Aidbgcdãh, y bcdic `f
g`st` su fáait` `rc `f Gdéchg ^cdáoidg.3 ^gr audbgs cógs su dcpitcf `stctcf ou`
hcmc a`hgs qu` fc diumcm m` Aéxidg, ihdfuimg `f Mistritg O`m`rcf: `h 32<5, dgh
mio`r`hdic m` a`s`s, fc dcpitcf s` trcsfcmô c ]`xdgdg y c ]fcfpch y, oihcfa`ht`, `h
324> s` cs`htô `h ]gfudc.
C pcrtir m` 32=9 s` sud`mi`rgh fcs m`sercdics pcrc su erchm`zc t`rritgricf. @h
acyg m` `s` cóg s` dr`ô `f `stcmg m` Eu`rr`rg: `h 320? s` capfiô `f Mistritg
O`m`rcf ff`vãhmgs` dghsieg vcrigs sulmistritgs m` fc `htimcm: `h 32?< s` cmkumidô
c ]fcxdcfc `f mistritg m` Dcfpufcfpch y mgs cógs aãs tcrm`, `h 32?9, s` dr`crgh
fgs `stcmgs m` Bimcfeg y Agr`fgs. @stc scherác t`rritgricf s` bc dghv`rtimg m`sm`
`htghd`s `h uh cercvig pcrtidufcr m`f egli`rhg o`m`rcf y `h uhc `sp`di` m`
ca`hczc p`rach`ht` qu` bc dr`cmg `h sus bclitcht`s ` ihdfusg `h sus
egl`rhcht`s, uhc cdtitum r`cdmvc cf Mistritg O`m`rcf.
 

@f Mistritg O`m`rcf dghd`htrc cercvigs y prglf`acs. Ti pgr uh fcmg, `s `f

csi`htg m` `s` egli`rhg o`m`rcf qu` f`s bc r`stcmg pcrt`s, pgr gtrg, tcaliéh `s `h
sá aisag uhc pgrdiôh m`sa`alrcmc qu`, pgr si ou`rc pgdg, bc dghv`rtimg `h
m`f`ecdigh`s c su t`rritgrig, uhc m` fcs ducf`s ou` pgr tr`s cógs su prgpic dcpitcf.
Su` `f Mistritg O`m`rcf s`c fc dcpitcf m`f pcás hg m`kc m` s`r pcrc `f @stcmg m`
Aéxidg uhc m`agstrcdiôh ihmir`dtc m` fc iapgrtchdic qu` fc `htimcm ti`h` pcrc fc
r`pûlfidc y, pgr `hm`, su pérmimc cmqui`r` uh vcfgr ihdfusg acygr cf qu`, si s`
ct`hmi`rc sôfg c su `xt`hsiôh, siehioidc `f bcl`r `he`hmrcmg tr`s `htimcm`s.
@f Mistritg O`m`rcf `s uhc ca`hczc qu` hg s` misdut`, cm`aãs m` uhc ou`ht`
iht`raihclf` m` prglf`acs `dghôaidgs y sgdicf`s ”y cf a`hgs m`sm` fgs cógs
gdb`htc, tcaliéh pgfátidgs” e`h`rcmgs pgr fc ihaiercdiôh. Audbgs m` fgs
auhidipigs qu` rgm`ch cf Mistritg O`m`rcf y qu` fgs bclitcht`s y pgfátidgs m`f
@stcmg m` Aéxidg ffcach siehioidctivca`ht` `f _cff` m` Aéxidg, g bch sureimg
dgag r`d`ptãdufg m` fc ihaiercdiôh cf Mistritg O`m`rcf ”dgag H`zcbucfdôygtf
y]gfudc
Dbcfdg” g bch m`
y `f @stcmg cfdchzcmg
Aéxidg,uhc
sihgou`rzc
dgh `f `dghôaidc qu` hg^crc
Mistritg O`m`rcf. s` audbgs
im`htioidcm`dgh
fgs
bclitcht`s m` fc `htimcm, `f Mistritg O`m`rcf, pgr su iapgrtchdic, dr`c g cuspidic
mioiduftcm`s: pcrc `ffgs, aãs qu` pcrc gtrcs zghcs m`f pcás, `f Mistritg O`m`rcf `s
uh vgrcz ocdtgr m` mivisiôh iht`rhc y m` m`struddiôh m` r`dursgs, dgag fg pru`lc,
sih fuecr c mumcs, `f cegtcai`htg m` sus rágs pcrc clcst`d`r m` ceuc pgtclf` c fc
dcpitcf.
^gr tgmg `ffg, `f Mistritg O`m`rcf bc e`h`rcmg `h fgs bclitcht`s m`f @stcmg m`
Aéxidg uh prgouhmg s`htimg m` fc prgt`ddiôh y, sglr` tgmg, m` ihs`eurimcm
r`sp`dtg m` fg qu` fc dcpitcf m`f pcás pu`m` quitcrf`s cmidighcfa`ht`. Fc
mistriludiôh e`gerãoidc qu` ti`h` `f Mistritg O`m`rcf `h r`fcdiôh dgh `f @stcmg m`
Aéxidg `s uhc ograc m` agstrcr tcaliéh fc ca`hczc qu` r`pr`s`htc; fc dcpitcf
m`f pcás pcr`di`rc `stcr `htrchmg c ou`rzc `h su t`rritgrig. Ti pcrc `f bclitcht`
dgaûh m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg si`apr` bcy `f t`agr m` s`r m`spgkcmg, pcrc `f
pgfátidg fgdcf `xist` `f ri`seg m` p`rm`r `f pgm`r `stctcf. Fc d`rdchác `s
m`t`raihcht` pgrqu`, c su kuidig, pcrc `f egli`rhg d`htrcf s`rác aãs s`hdiffg
mispgh`r m` fcs riqu`zcs m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg si pumi`rc tcaliéh dghtrgfcr su
egli`rhg y c sus pgfátidgs. @s oãdif `ht`hm`r qu` m` `stc dghd`pdiôh s` bcych
m`rivcmg mgs prihdipigs lãsidgs qu` hgrach su dghmudtc dgf`dtivc; fg qu` `ffgs
ffcach f`cftcm r`eighcf ”y qu` `h `stridtg s`htimg `s uhc ou`rt` im`htioidcdiôh
 

fgdcf-r`eighcf” y fc lûsqu`mc p`rach`ht` m` fc uhimcm m` fc éfit` pgfátidc.

Dgag fg mik`rc uh pgfátidg, pcrc `ffgs `s tch m`t`raihcht` `h su dghmudtc,
dgag pcrc `f pcás fg `s fc pr`s`hdic m` @stcmgs Phimgs;Am`f aisag agmg qu`
fgs a`xidchgs b`ags coichzcmg uhc im`c hcdighcfistc pgr fc pr`siôh
`stcmuhim`hs`, fgs pgfátidgs m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg b`ags m`scrrgffcmg fc im`c m`
m`o`hm`r fc `htimcm pgr fc d`rdchác m`f Mistritg O`m`rcf‑.<
Fc im`c m` m`o`hm`r fc `htimcm bc ff`vcmg c `stclf`d`r dgag dghmidiôh qu` `f
egl`rhcht` hg sôfg bcyc hcdimg y vivimg `h `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg, sihg qu`
dghgzdc sus h`d`simcm`s; `f pgfátidg fgdcf ti`h` dgag r`efc lusdcr ‖qu` `f qu`
`sté cf or`ht` s`c uhc e`ht` m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg, y s`c qui`h s`c, kcfcr dgh éf‑,
hg iapgrtc si cht`s bulg mio`r`hdics ` ihdfusg `hor`htcai`htgs. 4  Fc im`c m`
uhimcm `s uhc ach`rc `f`echt` m` siehioidcr sup`rviv`hdic;
mcmg qu` fcs dcrcdt`rástidcs m`f `stcmg fg bcd`h auy ctrcdtivg c gtrcs ihstchdics pgfátidcs, `sg bcd` qu`
`f pgfátidg qu` s` ograc `h `f `stcmg dr`zdc dgh uhc f`cftcm auy erchm` bcdic su `stcmg, pgrqu` scl` qu`
`s fc ûhidc ach`rc m` sglr`vivir. @f hg s`r fgdcf s`rác cprgv`dbcmg pgr fgs ouhdighcrigs m` grm`h o`m`rcf
pcrc ihdimir `h fc pgfátidc m`f `stcmg. Y m` cbá `h cm`fcht` fc e`ht` griuhmc huhdc vgfv`rác c t`h`r dghtrgf
sglr` su `stcmg.=

Hg bcy mumc m` qu` `st` t`agr `xist`, dgh vcricdigh`s, `h tgmcs fcs `htimcm`s,
p`rg `h `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg fc mio`r`hdic `s qu` bc `fiaihcmg fcs fudbcs iht`rhcs
qu` dcsi si`apr` lusdch `fiaihcr cf dghtrihdcht`. Fc h`egdicdiôh y `f cdu`rmg
sgh, cf oihcf, a`migs qu` f`s p`rait`h c fgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s hg clrir oisurcs.
Acht`h`r fc uhimcm `s tch iapgrtcht` qu` cqu`f qu` fc rgap` g fc prgpidic `s
s`v`rca`ht` dcstiecmg: dgag fg mik`rc uh m`stcdcmg ai`alrg m` fc éfit` fgdcf, `f
sist`ac `s cftca`ht` r`pr`sivg duchmg cfeui`h dgh su dghmudtc prgvgdc uhc
mivisiôh iht`rhc.0  @f cisfcai`htg y, `h fgs b`dbgs, fc `xpufsiôh m` fc cdtivimcm
pgfátidc, `s fc dghs`du`hdic, dgag fg m`au`strch fgs dcsgs m`f egl`rhcmgr Acrig
\caôh L`t`tc y `f cspircht` \caôh O`rrct Tgfc, qu` quisg s`r `f sud`sgr m`
Kiaéh`z Dchtû hg sôfg `h dghtrc m` fc vgfuhtcm m` fc dfcs` fgdcf, sihg rgapi`hmg
tgmcs fcs r`efcs m` dgapgrtcai`htg pgfátidg.
Gtrc ach`rc m` pr`s`rvcr su dghtrgf bc simg pr`pcrcr c fgs ouhdighcrigs `h fcs
tcr`cs cmaihistrctivcs, p`raitirf`s cmquirir `xp`ri`hdic pcrc qu` fgs
egl`rhcmgr`s hg t`hech qu` ff`vcr dgfclgrcmgr`s m`f d`htrg g, duchmg a`hgs,
ck`hgs cf `stcmg. Fc pgfátidc `h `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg s` cpr`hm` m`sm` kgv`h. Cf
ieucf qu` sud`m` `h `f Mistritg O`m`rcf, qu` pgr cógs dghd`htrô fcs pgsilifimcm`s
 

m` `stumig y m` trclckg prgo`sighcf, ]gfudc siehioidô fg aisag pcrc `f r`stg m` fc

`htimcm. Fc dcpitcf m`f `stcmg bc gor`dimg fcs a`kgr`s gpgrtuhimcm`s m`
pr`pcrcdiôh y, sglr` tgmg, s` bc r`s`rvcmg fc cmaihistrcdiôh pûlfidc y fcs
r`fcdigh`s pgfátidcs..
^gr `sg, fgs `stumicht`s uhiv`rsitcrigs s` vihdufch prghtg cf egl`rhcmgr m`f
`stcmg y pgdg c pgdg bcd`h dcrr`rc `h fgs mio`r`ht`s dcregs y hiv`f`s
cmaihistrctivgs. Hg `s `xtrcóg, `htghd`s, qu` fgs ouhdighcrigs t`hech `h
prga`mig quihd` g v`iht` cógs m` `xp`ri`hdic `h dcregs pûlfidgs y pgfátidgs.
@stc fcrec trcy`dtgric p`rait`, pgr uh fcmg, qu` `f egl`rhcmgr qu` ff`ec
ihdgrpgr` c ouhdighcrigs qu` dgfclgrcrgh `h gtrc cmaihistrcdiôh y, pgr gtrg, qu`
s` dghtihû`h prgy`dtgs y prgercacs m` egli`rhg. @h `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg,
hg s` `xdfuy` m`f egli`rhg c fcs e`ht`s m` Bchj, hg s` `xdfuy` c fcs e`ht`s m` Ocl`fc, pgr aãs qu` `stéh
`h m`scdu`rmg, si uhg v` fc dgapgsidiôh m`f eclih`t`, bcy si`apr` e`ht`s m` tgmgs fgs egl`rhcmgr`s. @h
`f `stcmg fcs rupturcs hg sgh fcs rupturcs m` pcsiôh m` gtrgs `stcmgs. ?

]gmgs dgihdim`h `h qu` fcs pr`o`r`hdics p`rsghcf`s y cuh erupcf`s hg m`rivch

`h `f r`vchdbisag qu` pgr sá sgfg s` `hdcrecrác m` cdclcr dgh fc éfit` fgdcf. C fc
misim`hdic ` ihdfusg cf dghofidtg, sieu` fc uhimcm `h tgrhg c qui`h r`suftô
echcmgr, csá hg s`c `f qu` s` `fieiô. @h `stg hg gp`rc sgfca`ht` uhc `sp`di` m`
pcdtg m` hg cer`siôh sihg uh dãfdufg m` iht`rés auy acrdcmg `h `f s`htimg m`
r`sdctcr fc dcpcdimcm m` uh ouhdighcrig y pgh`rfg cf s`rvidig m` uh egli`rhg;
^crt` m` fc ihstitudighcfimcm y m` fc prgo`sighcfizcdiôh `h fc pgfátidc `stctcf `s hg ff`ecr dgh dcrrg hu`vg,
sihg bcd`r usg m` fc e`ht` qu` yc `stã `h `f `stcmg, ihm`p`hmi`ht`a`ht` m` dgh quiéh bcyc dgfclgrcmg.
Ti `s uhc e`ht` qu` fc `xp`ri`hdic cvcfc pcrc r`sgfv`r cfeûh prglf`ac, `s és` `f drit`rig pcrc
ihdgrpgrcrfg cf hu`vg egli`rhg.5

Ti li`h, dgag s` v`rã m`spués, `stc ihdgrpgrcdiôh m` r`pr`s`htcht`s g

ai`alrgs m` erupgs, `h fgs b`dbgs, `quivcf` c uh r`pcrtg dghsdi`ht` m`f pgm`r
(qu` pgr sá sôfg cócm` uh `f`a`htg m` `stclifimcm), tcaliéh bc p`raitimg cf
egli`rhg m`f `stcmg acht`h`r prgy`dtgs m` fcreg pfczg. Cfeuhgs achmctcrigs,
pgr `k`apfg, pgmrách `stcr `h m`scdu`rmg dgh `f qu` dr`ô cfeûh prgercac, g
ihdfusg bcl`r t`himg oriddigh`s, ‖p`rg sieu`h `f aisag agm`fg…, fg
sgrpr`hm`ht` `s qu` `h `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg bc simg fg suoidi`ht`a`ht` rcdighcf
su egl`rhcht` dgag pcrc hg `stcr m` cdu`rmg dgh `f bgalr` qu` ihv`htô `f
2
agm`fg y sá s`euir `f agm`fg‑.
 

@stc ach`rc m` pr`s`rvcr fc uhimcm hg `s, dgh tgmg, tch rcdighcfa`ht`

r`of`xighcmc dgag pcr`d`. ]i`h` uh prihdipig m` s`eurimcm iht`rhc, qu` c p`scr
m` s`r auy sulk`tivc, s` bc vu`ftg `oidcz pcrc `vitcr fgs `hor`htcai`htgs. Fgs qu`
p`rmi`rgh `h fc dgap`t`hdic hg ctcdch cf echcmgr pgrqu` m` `sc ograc
achti`h`h fc `sp`rchzc m` csd`hm`r `h gtrc gpgrtuhimcm. Fc pérmimc, `h
dghs`du`hdic, `s trchsitgric y hg m`oihitivc.9 @s dgapr`hsilf` qu` hiheuhc m` fcs
pcrt`s `sté t`htcmc c `fiaihcr cf dghtrcrig; `h cfeûh aga`htg fc su`rt` pu`m`
dcalicr y bcd`r vufh`rclf` cf qu` bgy ti`h` `f pgm`r. Aãs cûh, `xd`ptg cfeuhgs
dcsgs siheufcr`s, tgmgs tuvi`rgh qu` `sp`rcr dirduhstchdics ocvgrclf`s pcrc
gdupcr pu`stgs m` m`disiôh. Fc cft`rhchdic ‖e`h`rc ifusigh`s, pgr fg a`hgs mc fc
`sp`rchzc m` qu` s` pu`m` r`er`scr `h tr`s g s`is cógs‑ m`p`hmi`hmg m`f tipg m`
pu`stg.3>
@st` prihdipig m` dgb`siôh pu`m` r`pr`s`htcrs` erãoidca`ht` dgag uhc
dcrr`rc. @h gtrcs `htimcm`s fgs dgap`timgr`s, cht`s qu` hcmc, trctch m` `vitcr qu`
ff`eu` `f dghtrcrig y, pcrc dghs`euirfg, ihvi`rt`h su ti`apg `h pgh`rf` glstãdufgs,
dgh fg ducf hiheuhg fgerc cvchzcr. @h `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg, `f dgap`timgr trctc
m` dgrr`r aãs rãpimg qu` `f gtrg sih iht`rpgh`rs` `h su dcaihg: cquá tgmgs echch
dgh mio`r`hdics m` ti`apg.33  @f r`suftcmg `s uhc éfit` dcpcz m` r`sgfv`r sus
mio`r`hdics sih crri`secr `f dghtrgf m`f pgm`r fgdcf, y `f acht`hiai`htg m` uhc
cftc dcpcdimcm m` egli`rhg qu` f` p`rait` cf `stcmg m`scrrgffcrs`. Hcturcfa`ht`,
pcrc fc pgfátidc o`m`rcf `f ogrtcf`diai`htg m` fc éfit` fgdcf, si hg `s uhc ca`hczc,
sá `s uh fct`ht` prglf`ac qu` r`su`fv`, dgag s` v`rã `h fgs dcpátufgs sieui`ht`s,
pghi`hmg or`hgs c cqu`ffgs erupgs qu` pu`mch dghtrgfcr fc `htimcm.

fc Tih
ducf`alcreg,
bcyc qu` `fm`o`hm`rs`.
Mistritg O`m`rcf bc simgtcaliéh
@h r`cfimcm, audbg aãs qu`uhc
bc simg fc siapf`
m` fcs ca`hczc m`
dcuscs aãs
iapgrtcht`s qu` bc m`t`raihcmg tchtg `f m`scrrgffg m`f `stcmg dgag `f m` su
éfit`. Fc d`rdchác e`gerãoidc bc p`raitimg qu` fgs pgfátidgs m`f `stcmg pcrtidip`h
m` fc pgfátidc hcdighcf cf aisag ti`apg qu` m` fc fgdcf: aãs cûh, `h cfeuhcs
gdcsigh`s fc pgfátidc s` a`zdfc tchtg qu` s` dghouhm`. Fgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s `stãh
tch d`rdc, qu` ograch pcrt` m` fcs ihtriecs y h`egdicdigh`s m` fc pgfátidc
hcdighcf.
M` tgmcs fcs dcrcdt`rástidcs qu` siheufcrizch c fc éfit` m`f `stcmg, quizã fc aãs
m`stcdcmc s`c su `hgra` pcr`dimg dgh fc hcdighcf. Cf ieucf qu` `ffc, fc `stctcf bc
`fclgrcmg sus a`dchisags pcrc pr`pcrcrfc `h fcs tcr`cs cmaihistrctivcs y
 

pgfátidcs, p`rg tcaliéh bc r`su`ftg `f prglf`ac m` fc sustitudiôh `h `f pgm`r

a`micht` uhc dgap`t`hdic grm`hcmc m` erupgs. Ai`htrcs `h gtrcs `htimcm`s fc
pgfátidc fc dghtrgfch erupgs d`rrcmgs, dcsi g pgr dgapf`tg dcdiquif`s,
iap`ra`clf`s c fgs dcaligs y qu` hg fgerch mistiheuir fc f`cftcm m`f
sga`tiai`htg p`rsghcf c uh pgfátidg pgm`rgsg, `h `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg s` bc
m`scrrgffcmg uh s`htimg m` p`rt`h`hdic fgdcf qu` bcd` pgsilf` `f iht`rdcalig m`
pgfátidgs, `f r`dghgdiai`htg m` dcpcdimcm`s y, sglr` tgmg, fc h`egdicdiôh m`
cdu`rmgs. Dgag fg m`agstrô `f dcsg m` Acxiaihg Ãvifc Dcacdbg `h ^u`lfc, 3<
uh erupg csá, dchd`fc fc pgsilifimcm r`cf m` prgo`sighcfizcr fc éfit` yy,, pgr `hm`, m`
pr`s`rvcrfc. ]gmc fc ou`rzc qu` `apf`ô pcrc `vitcr fc dgap`t`hdic m` gtrgs
pgfátidgs, `f dghtrgf oérr`g qu` achtuvg m` tgmcs fcs vács ihstitudighcf`s, yc
ou`rch cmaihistrctivcs g pgfátidcs, di`rtca`ht` pr`s`rvô fc ou`rzc m` su dr`cmgr,
p`rg hg pumg dr`cr fgs a`dchisags pcrc qu` `f pgm`r sglr`vivi`rc cf fám`r. Cf
agrir Acxiaihg Ãvifc Dcacdbg y dgh éf, fgs váhdufgs o`m`rcf`s, sus pgdgs
s`euimgr`s ou`rgh ihdcpcd`s m` acht`h`r fc mihcstác.
Fc éfit` huhdc pumg dghsgfimcrs`, hi a`hgs cûh, r`prgmudirs`. @st` tipg m`
erupgs sgh `f a`kgr r`dursg dgh qu` du`htc fc o`m`rcdiôh pcrc `vitcr qu` uhc
éfit` fgdcf s` m`scrrgff` y, aãs tgmcvác, hi siqui`rc h`d`sitc iht`rv`hir pcrc
`vitcrfg; fcs sud`sigh`s eul`rhca`htcf`s sgh tch m`spicmcmcs qu` lcstch pgr sá
aisacs pcrc ecrchtizcrf` cf egli`rhg d`htrcf `f pr`mgaihig. Fc éfit` m`f @stcmg
m` Aéxidg bc `hdghtrcmg qu` fc a`kgr ach`rc m` `hor`htcr fc ca`hczc m`f
dghtrgf `s pcr`d`rs` c `ffc, dgapgrtcrs` dgag `ffc y `vitcr fcs r`squ`lrckcmurcs
qu` ocdifitcrách su cdd`sg. @sc éfit` bc cpr`hmimg, m`sm` fc ff`ecmc m` Isimrg
Ocl`fc `h 39=<, c dghmudir su egli`rhg dgh prgy`dtgs m` fcreg pfczg, `h `stridtg
s`htimg `stctcf`s y hg h`d`scrica`ht` erupcf`s. @stc visiôh, qu` sglr`pcsc `f
trcmidighcf s`x`hig, p`raitiô dr`cr fcs lcs`s pcrc qu` pgdg c pgdg s` ou`rc
ograchmg uhc éfit` prgpic y, fg aãs iht`r`scht`, ou`rc dr`chmg tcaliéh fám`r`s
qu` `hdcl`zcrch erupgs y pumi`rch
pu mi`rch cfdchzcr pr`s`hdic hcdighcf.
Fc pgsilifimcm m` qu` `stg sud`mi`rc m`p`hmiô m` uhc ogrtuitc dirduhstchdic
bistôridc qu` fgerô r`uhir ocdtgr`s miv`rsgs qu` `h gtrcs `htimcm`s s` pr`s`htcrgh
pgr s`pcrcmg. Ocl`fc, m`stcdcmg iht`acdighcfistc, ouhdighcrig o`m`rcf m` cftg
hiv`f y, sih mumc, bgalr` duftg, gdupô fc eul`acturc m`f `stcmg kustg duchmg `f
egli`rhg o`m`rcf pghác `h acrdbc uh prgy`dtg hcdighcf m` fcreg cfdchd`. Ocl`fc
hg sôfg cmvirtiô `f o`hôa`hg, sihg qu` tuvg `f cdi`rtg m` uhir c su `stcmg dgh `s`
 

prgy`dtg: si s` pcrcorcs`c fc dghgdimc s`ht`hdic m` Kustg Ti`rrc cd`rdc m` fc

m`disiôh m` ^groirig Mácz m` vihdufcr fc `dghgaác a`xidchc c fc `stcmuhim`hs`,
s` pu`m` m`dir qu` Ocl`fc r`dghgdiô fc gpgrtuhimcm m` `hechdbcr cf @stcmg m`
Aéxidg c fc fgdgagtgrc hcdighcf.
@f egli`rhg m` Achu`f Ãvifc Dcacdbg dghstituy`, sih fuecr c mumcs, uh bitg
`h fc bistgric hcdighcf. @f ckust` m` du`htcs dgh `f dcrm`hisag, `f sga`tiai`htg
m`oihitivg m` fcs dgrpgrcdigh`s, fc trchsogracdiôh m`f ^\A `h ^\I, fc m`scpcridiôh
m` fgs aifitcr`s m` fc cdtivimcm pgfátidc pcrc prgo`sighcfizcr su `k`rdidig, y `f
ihidig m` fc ihmustricfizcdiôh, sgh fgs prihdipcf`s ocdtgr`s qu` dcrcdt`rizch `s`
s`x`hig.34  C pcrtir m` `htghd`s dgai`hzc fc épgdc m` `stclifimcm pgfátidc y
dr`diai`htg `dghôaidg qu` Aieu`f Cf`aãh iapufscrác sih t`h`r qu` `fiaihcr
trclcs sgdicf`s g erupcf`s. Ocl`fc ff`eô c fc eul`rhcturc pr`disca`ht` `h `scs
dirduhstchdics: fc gpgrtuhimcm dgh qu` fgerô ihtrgmudir fcs agmioidcdigh`s
`strudturcf`s `h su `htimcm ou` m`disivc pcrc qu`, m`sm` `htghd`s, `f @stcmg m`
Aéxidg dcaihcrc cf fcmg m` fc pgfátidc y `f m`scrrgffg `dghôaidg hcdighcf`s.
Cuhqu` `s pr`o`rilf` r`s`rvcr fgs m`tcff`s pcrc `f dcpátufg sieui`ht`, lcst`
s`ócfcr qu` c mio`r`hdic m` gtrgs fuecr`s, Ocl`fc tuvg uhc gpgrtuhimcm m` grg
pcrc `fiaihcr c fc éfit` r`vgfudighcric qu` dghtrgfclc `f `stcmg tch sôfimca`ht`
dgag gtrgs erupgs fg bcdách `h sus r`sp`dtivcs `htimcm`s; `f egl`rhcmgr
iapu`stg pgr `ffc ou` cs`sihcmg pgr gtrg m` sus ai`alrgs. @f iapcdtg ou` m` tcf
acehitum, qu` `f pr`sim`ht` Ãvifc Dcacdbg hg quisg qu` `f prglf`ac qu`mcrc
`h achgs m`f aisag erupg. Ocl`fc, cuhqu` `h m`sv`htckc, dghtô dgh `f
m`sdrémitg m` fc éfit` trcmidighcf, csá dgag dgh fc caistcm y `f cpgyg pr`sim`hdicf
qu` f` p`raiti`rgh m`scpcr`d`r pgr dgapf`tg c `sc vi`kc éfit` fgdcf.
^crc qu` fgs `o`dtgs ou`rch murcm`rgs, Ocl`fc mis`óô f`y`s y prgercacs m`
fcrec murcdiôh duygs orutgs hg cpcr`d`rách `h fgs cógs iha`mictgs y qu`, `h
dghs`du`hdic, `xieách uh tipg m` pgfátidc cdgrm` dgh `s` prgpôsitg. Ocl`fc ouhmô
uhcs r`efcs m` dgapgrtcai`htg qu` m`sm` `htghd`s hgrach fc vimc pgfátidc m`f
`stcmg y, `h dghtrcpcrtimc, ecrchtizch qu` s` acht`hec `f prgy`dtg. Fc éfit` qu`
sure` m` fgs cógs ducr`htc, mgaihcmgs pgr Ocl`fc, m`l` auy pgdg c fc cht`rigr y,
pgr `f dghtrcrig, hcd` y s` m`scrrgffc `h fcs ihstitudigh`s qu` éf ouhmô. Phc
dcrcdt`rástidc m` `sc éfit` `rc, cf ieucf qu` fc hcdighcf iapufscmc pgr Ãvifc
Dcacdbg dgh fc `f`ddiôh m` Aieu`f Cf`aãh, cfdchzcr uh ercmg tcf m`
dgaprgaisg dgh `f prgy`dtg qu` hg s` cegtcrc `h r`hdiffcs p`rsghcf`s g
 

erupcf`s, `s m`dir, m`lác s`r uhc éfit` prgo`sighcfizcmc. @h suac, csá dgag `f
egli`rhg m` Ãvifc Dcacdbg `s uh puhtg m` ihof`xiôh hcdighcf, `f m` Ocl`fc
`hti`rrc uh `squ`ac trcmidighcf ` ihidic fc épgdc agm`rhc m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg.

FGT E\P^GT
Fc éfit` pgfátidc m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg, cf ieucf qu` fc hcdighcf, cdtûc a`micht`
erupgs. Aãs cûh, duchmg s` bclfc m` erupgs pgfátidgs, `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg
cpcr`d` dgag `f `k`apfg ihmisdutilf` pu`s c tgmgs sus pgfátidgs s` f`s ihdfuy` `h
`f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg. @f `stcmg pcr`d` s`r uh rcrg dcsg `h `f qu` fc tgtcfimcm m`
pgfátidgs y, `h uh s`htimg aãs capfig, fc pgfátidc fgdcf, m`p`hm`h m` uh sgfg
cerupcai`htg, m` tcf su`rt` qu` bclfcr m`f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg y m`f @stcmg m`
Aéxidg `s dcsi fg aisag. Ti li`h fc `xce`rcdiôh `s `vim`ht`, hg bcy bcstc cbgrc
pru`lcs `h dghtrc. Cht`s m` chcfizcr `f puhtg, vcf` fc p`hc `xpfgrcr qué pi`hsch
fgs pgfátidgs m`f téraihg erupg, m` su `xist`hdic y, sglr` tgmg, m` fgs prihdipigs
qu` bcd`h pgsilf` su iht`ercdiôh.
Fc dghd`ptucfizcdiôh m` fgs erupgs `s suaca`ht` mioádif y, pgr `hm`, s`
vu`fv` misdutilf` su cpfidcdiôh c dcsgs `apáridgs dghdr`tgs. Fc iht`rpr`tcdiôh
dgaûh, qu` fgs dghsim`rc dgag sihôhiags m` dcacriffcs, bc `hturlicmg su
`ht`hmiai`htg pgrqu` s` f`s bc r`mudimg c uh grechisag d`rrcmg, dgh r`efcs m`
sulgrmihcdiôh qu` iapgh`h misdipfihc di`ec y, `h `sp`dicf, duyg fim`rczeg fg
m`s`ap`óc cfeui`h qu` s` mistiheu` pgr mispgh`r m` fc ou`rzc g dghtrgfcr cfeûh
l`h`oidig, y qu` s` `rie` `h `f ûhidg mirie`ht` bcstc qu` au`r`. Fc im`c m` fcs
dcacriffcs (capfica`ht` miouhmimc `h fcs glrcs `stcmuhim`hs`s sglr` éfit`
pgfátidc `h Aéxidg)3= `stã lcscmc `h fc hgdiôh chtrgpgfôeidc m`f dfi`ht`fisag.
Cuhqu` cluhmch fcs m`oihidigh`s m`f téraihg, tgmcs dgapcrt`h cfeuhgs
prihdipigs; `s uhc r`fcdiôh `htr` mgs g aãs p`rsghcs (fc of`xilifimcm m`f
dfi`ht`fisag `s tchtc qu` p`rait` sustituir p`rsghcs pgr ihstitudigh`s, dfcs`s
sgdicf`s, pcás`s y bcstc sist`acs pgfátidgs) dgh m`sieucf pgm`r y r`dursgs, fg qu`
iapfidc uh iht`rdcalig r`dáprgdg m` sctisocdtgr`s: c p`scr m` qu` `s mioádif m`
`ht`hm`r, fgs siapctizcht`s m`f téraihg coirach qu` fc m`sieucfmcm ihb`r`ht` c fc
r`fcdiôh grieihc sgfimcrimcm ` ihdfusg f`cftcm `htr` fgs pcrtidipcht`s. 30  Dgag
 

pu`m` cpr`dicrs` dgh ocdifimcm, `f dfi`ht`fisag ff`vc iapfáditc fc dg`rdiôh, fc

lûsqu`mc m` l`h`oidigs `sp`dáoidgs (`dghôaidgs. y pgfátidgs, p`rg tcaliéh m`
s`eurimcm p`rsghcf, dgag fc prgt`ddiôh) y, m`sm` fu`eg, fc pr`s`hdic m` uh fám`r
qu` m`dim` dr`cr `f erupg g dcacriffc pcrc dghs`euir sus glk`tivgs p`rsghcf`s.
^grqu` sgh `s`hdicf`s fc suaisiôh y `f iht`rés, `f dfi`ht`fisag hg cmait` fc
caistcm y fc f`cftcm dgag `f`a`htgs m`rivcmgs m` fcs coihimcm`s p`rsghcf`s g
prgo`sighcf`s. @h r`cfimcm, dgag s` v`rã `h fcs pãeihcs sieui`ht`s, fgs erupgs
pgfátidgs ti`h`h aãs m` caistcm y dgihdim`hdic dghsdi`ht` m` prihdipigs, qu` m`
csgdicdiôh acoigsc.3? Cuhqu` hcmi` fg bc `xpr`scmg dgb`r`ht` a`ht`, `xist` `f
supu`stg m` qu`, dgag `h fcs acoics, fc sud`siôh `s pgr b`r`hdic g pgr misputc,
p`rg dghs`rvchmg `h ducfqui`r dcsg fc k`rcrquác y `f dgapgrtcai`htg. Fc
misdusiôh t`ôridc pgmrác s`r iht`raihclf` m`limg c qu` hg `xist`h
dgaprglcdigh`s `apáridcs y c qu`, `h dghtrcst`, cfeuhgs pgfátidgs hi`ech fc
`xist`hdic m` fgs erupgs. Hg `s `f dcsg m` fgs pgfátidgs m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg.
Suizã fg aãs sgrpr`hm`ht` `s qu` `ffgs r`dghgd`h c fgs erupgs dgag `f a`mig
hgracf m` bcd`r pgfátidc `h fc `htimcm y `h `f pcás. Fg qu` misdut`h `s fc
m`oihidiôh y `f s`htimg qu` ti`h` fc p`rt`h`hdic c `ffgs;
si cf erupg s` f` trctc m` im`htioidcr dgh uhc dcl`zc y ai`alrgs qu` r`eufcra`ht` s` r`ûh`h pcrc bclfcr
sglr` `f prgy`dtg @stcmg m` Aéxidg, hg `xist`… Hg `xist` dgag cqu`f qu` s` r`ûh` pcrc `stclf`d`r
`strct`eics, pcrc pgh`rs` m` cdu`rmg, pcrc csiehcrs` tcr`cs. 35

Ti bcy cfeg dfcrg pcrc fgs pgfátidgs `s qu` fgs erupgs hg sgh s`dtcs g dgorcmács,
qu` `fclgrch pfch`s y `stclf`d`h tcr`cs c sus ai`alrgs dgag si ou`rc uh
p`qu`óg `kérditg qu` gl`m`d` ôrm`h`s `sp`dáoidcs. Tá `xist`, `ap`rg, si s` f`
dghsim`rc
32
dgag ‖`f dghkuhtg m` p`rsghcs qu` s` im`htioidch pgr su cspircdiôh cf
pgm`r‑.   Ti li`h `st` `huhdicmg pgr sá sgfg hg `fiaihc fc pgsilifimcm m` fc
dgorcmác, sá prgpgrdighc uh `f`a`htg lãsidg qu` dcalic `f s`htimg m` fc
p`rt`h`hdic y, `h pcrtidufcr, fgs téraihgs m` fc r`fcdiôh `htr` fgs ai`alrgs. Fc
cspircdiôh dgaûh `h duchtg c glt`h`r `f pgm`r m`rivc m` fc im`htioidcdiôh m`
gtrgs iht`r`s`s `htr` uh dghkuhtg m`t`raihcmg m` p`rsghcs; fg qu` p`rait` `f
váhdufg sgh fgs
iht`r`s`s dgauh`s, m` im`htioidcdiôh p`rsghcf, m` r`fcdiôh ocaificr, m` r`fcdiôh pgfátidc g m` iht`rés,
dgag fgs erchm`s s`ógr`s `h Acquicv`fg. Yg a` kuhtg dgh `f erupg m` R pgrqu` sé qu` yg a`
im`htioidg dgh éf, b` trclckcmg d`rdc m` éf y pgrqu` calgs t`h`ags di`rtcs cspircdigh`s. Yg sé qu` si `f
fám`r glti`h` cfeg, cutgaãtidca`ht` t`hmrã qu` ffcacr c fgs qu` `stãh aãs d`rdc y qu` dghgd` dgh
 

pr`disiôh qué `s fg qu` scl` bcd`r dcmc quiéh y `h môhm` f` `s ûtif. 39

Cspircr cf pgm`r hg lcstc g, `h tgmg dcsg, hg m`t`raihc `f pgrqué s` pcrtidipc

`h uh erupg y hg `h gtrg. Fc v`rmcm`rc rczôh s` `hdu`htrc `h `f b`dbg m`
dgapcrtir iht`r`s`s, im`cs y ogracs m` cdtucr qu` agtivch c uh pgfátidg c uhir su

dcrr`rc (y su outurg) c uh fám`r y c uh erupg `sp`dáoidg;

uh erupg pgfátidg `s, `h r`cfimcm, uhc dgauhiôh m` iht`r`s`s y m` l`h`oidigs, qu` bcd` qu` fcs p`rsghcs
sua`h `spghtãh`ca`ht` vgfuhtcm`s, cddigh`s, cdtitum`s `h uhc mir`ddiôh qu` cmvi`rt`h, ihmivimucf y
cutôhgaca`ht`, qu` fgs vc c l`h`oidicr c tgmgs. @s `htghd`s duchmg s` `api`zc c gls`rvcr uhc cddiôh
pgfátidc dghsist`ht`.<>

Ti `s csá, hg bcy csiehcdiôh m` tcr`cs hi uhc r`fcdiôh k`rãrquidc pgr achmctg

sihg pgr cutgrimcm. Dgag yc ou` s`ócfcmg, s` a`zdfch fg aisag fcs r`fcdigh`s
ocaificr`s, m` caistcm, qu` m` iht`rés. @stg `s fg qu` p`rait` cpfidcr fc im`c m`
fcs r`m`s y m` fgs erupgs y mistiheuir, pgr fg tchtg, ãalitgs `sp`dáoidgs m`
d`rdchác y, `h `sp`dicf, m` dgaprgaisg dgf`dtivg
@f dghgd`r pcrc qué `s ûtif dcmc quiéh, sôfg pu`m` m`rivcrs` m`f dghtcdtg
micrig `h `f trclckg pgfátidg y cmaihistrctivg, `s m`dir, m` trcy`dtgrics
prgo`sighcf`s qu` cf aisag ti`apg qu` p`rait`h fc im`htioidcdiôh y cuh fc
caistcm, bcd`h pgsilf` dghgd`r fc `xp`ri`hdic y m`s`ap`óg m` fgs ouhdighcrigs.
Fc dgfclgrcdiôh autuc y p`rach`ht` (g cf a`hgs or`du`ht`) `htr` `ffgs, `s fg
qu` cf pgfátidg m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg f` sirv` pcrc `stclf`d`r su p`rt`h`hdic m`
erupg.<3
^`rg si `f a`mig prgo`sighcf gor`d` fc d`rdchác qu` `s m`t`raihcht` pcrc
`stclf`d`r dghtcdtgs murcm`rgs, bcy gtrg ocdtgr qu` c su v`z dghsgfimc fc r`fcdiôh
y m`f ducf, dgag s` v`rã m`spués, m`p`hm` fc p`rach`hdic m`f erupg; fc
`xist`hdic m` e`h`rcdigh`s `sp`dáoidcs: `s m`dir, fc dgihdim`hdic, ercdics c fc
`mcm y `stctus `h `sdu`fcs, dful`s, csgdicdigh`s, `td., qu` ocdifitch fcs r`fcdigh`s
pria`rg `htr` ieucf`s y m`spués dgh fám`r`s pr`stieigsgs. << Fcs e`h`rcdigh`s, `h
s`htimg `stridtg, sgh fc ou`ht` grieihcf m` váhdufgs, pu`s sôfg fc dgihdim`hdic m`
ocdtgr`s dgauh`s, duyc r`uhiôh prgpidic `f ãalitg prgo`sighcf, bcd` qu` cfeui`h
m`sdulrc dgihdim`hdics y coihimcm`s `h gtrgs.
^`rg si `stg mc grie`h cf `quipg d`rdchg, hg `vitc qu` `f iht`rés purg bcec
iher`scr c gtrgs y, aãs cûh, qu` s` lusqu` m`fil`rcmca`ht` fc pcrtidipcdiôh m`
cfeuhgs aãs. @f erupg, `h tgmc su `xt`hsiôh, dgapr`hm` tcaliéh c uh dghkuhtg
 

aãs capfig m` p`rsghcs qu` cer`ech l`h`oidigs g s`rvidigs pcrtidufcr`s cf

dárdufg prôxiag cf fám`r. ]gmgs fgs erupgs `stãh ogracmgs pgr vcrigs tipgs m`
ai`alrgs;
@stãh fgs cmaircmgr`s, `stãh cqu`ffgs qu` ti`h`h uh prgy`dtg dgaûh y qu` sgh gp`rcmgr`s m` fcs
cfichzcs, sgh gp`rcmgr`s m` fc lûsqu`mc m`f vgtg, gp`rcmgr`s m`f cacrr` `htr` mgs erupgs. ^`rg tcaliéh
`stãh fgs caiegs, `h `f s`htimg m` qu` ducfqui`r fám`r ti`h` uh erupg auy d`rdchg m` dgfclgrcmgr`s qu`
ti`h`h di`rtcs bclifimcm`s y qu` éf h`d`sitc. Yc s`c `f cmaihistrcmgr, yc s`c `f oihchdi`rg, yc s`c bcstc `f
qu` f` `sdril` fgs misdursgs g, lu`hg, bcstc `f qu` f` bcd` fgs h`egdigs. <4

@f erupg `s csá uh dghkuhtg grechizcmg m` p`rsghcs qu` cm`aãs m` t`h`r uh

glk`tivg g cspircdigh`s dgauh`s, dgapcrt`h fc `xp`ri`hdic y fc pr`pcrcdiôh pcrc
`hdcrecrs` m` tcr`cs m` egli`rhg. Hg `s m` `xtrcócr qu` `stg sud`mc, si dgag fgs
aisags pgfátidgs r`dghgd`h, fgs erupgs ti`h`h fc oihcfimcm m` cft`rhcrs` `h `f
pgm`r.<= Bcstc fgs cógs gdb`htc, fc dgap`t`hdic pgfátidc, dgag li`h s` scl`, hg
ihvgfudrô r`cfa`ht` c fgs pcrtimgs pgfátidgs: `f pgm`r huhdc ou` clchmghcmg pgr
`f ^\I: sih `alcreg, sá bulg r`f`vg m` pgfátidgs y m` erupgs qu`, c su ach`rc y
sih clchmghcr fcs fáh`cs e`h`rcf`s m` dghmudtc m`f pcrtimg, y cuh m`f sist`ac
pgfátidg, iapriai`rgh sus agmcfimcm`s ` iht`r`s`s `h `f aga`htg qu` cfdchzcrgh
`f pgm`r.
@s dghv`hi`ht` sulrcycr qu` pcrc fgs pgfátidgs fc h`d`simcm m` ogracr erupgs
sure`, cf ieucf qu` fgs pcrtimgs, `h uh s`htimg aãs capfig, dgag uh a`mig
rcdighcf y, c sus gkgs `f aãs cm`ducmg m` lusdcr `f pgm`r y, fg qu` `s aãs
iapgrtcht`, m` dgap`tir pgr éf. Hg `s, dgag fc v`rsiôh dfi`ht`fcr qui`r` v`r, uhc
cerupcdiôh qu` prgt`e` y sirv` pcrc `sdcfcr pu`stgs g, p`gr cûh, pcrc qu` `f fám`r
cfdchd` l`h`oidigs pcrtidufcr`s. Cf ieucf qu` fc ograc ihstitudighcf m` uh pcrtimg,
p`rg sih `f r`quisitg m` mis`ócr hgracs ogracf`s m` dghmudtc y k`rcrquács m`
cutgrimcm, fgs erupgs duapf`h sus ouhdigh`s pgfátidcs `h uh a`mig mgaihcmg pgr
uh pcrtimg b`e`aôhidg.<0
Hg `s m` `xtrcócr, `h dghs`du`hdic, qu` fgs erupgs t`hech r`efcs m`
dgapgrtcai`htg hg `sdritcs qu`, sih `alcreg, sgh d`fgsca`ht` gls`rvcmcs pgr
sus ai`alrgs. Fc f`cftcm y fc `oidi`hdic sgh fcs aãs cpr`dicmcs pgr fgs pgfátidgs.
Fc f`cftcm `s fc qu` aãs ctrilutgs `hdi`rrc pgrqu` r`of`kc fgs iht`r`s`s y, `h
`sp`dicf, fcs hgracs étidcs m` fgs ihmivimugs. @s, pcrc m`dirfg `h pgdcs pcfclrcs,
`f prihdipig m`f ducf m`p`hm`h fcs r`fcdigh`s p`rsghcf`s y fc p`rt`h`hdic c uh
erupg m`t`raihcmg. Csá dgag fc im`htioidcdiôh m` iht`r`s`s dghmud` c iher`scr c
 

uh erupg, fc f`cftcm sure` m` fc im`htioidcdiôh dgh uhc p`rsghc `h pcrtidufcr, dgh

aãs pr`disiôh, dgh uh fám`r.
fám`r. Bcy f`cftcm
si bcy im`htimcm dgh uh ihmivimug, si bcy quáaidc. Hg s` f` pu`m` t`h`r f`cftcm c cfeui`h `h qui`h hg
dr`` uhg: `htghd`s, pria`rg, bcy qu` dr``r `h fc p`rsghc, bcy qu` im`htioidcrs` dgh `ffc, y fu`eg
dgapcrtir su prgy`dtg, pgrqu` csá s` vihdufc `f iht`rés m` uhg dgh `f iht`rés m`f gtrg.

@h `st` dcsg fc dr``hdic siehioidc pcrc `f pgfátidg uh cftg vcfgr étidg qu` sôfg
pu`m` sureir m`f dghtcdtg or`du`ht`. Hg `s uh csuhtg m` o`, sihg m` dghgdiai`htg
cd`rdc m` fg qu` `f pgfátidg mid` y bcd`; ‖pcrc qu` uh pgfátidg v`rmcm`rca`ht`
ctrciec, s` h`d`sitc qu` m`au`str` dgh b`dbgs, dgh `k`apfgs sus
dgaprgaisgs‑.<? @s m`dir, qu` dgapru`l` cht` fgs aisags pgfátidgs qu` pu`m`
dghv`rtirs` `h uh fám`r. @stc im`htioidcdiôh y dghgdiai`htg `htr` fgs ai`alrgs y
`f fám`r bcd` pgsilf` qu` fc cdtucdiôh m`f erupg s`c dcsi hcturcf y hg ihspircmc
pgr fc misdipfihc;

Fc misdipfihc
uh `s bcd`r
prgy`dtg, uh cfegdgaûh,
glk`tivg sih p`hscr, sôfg
fg qu` pgrqu`
lusdc fg mikg `h
fc f`cftcm cfeui`h. Fc misdipfihc
fgs erupgs pgfátidgs`s`sm`ec.
ff`ecrFccff`cftcm
pgm`r.ti`h`
^gr
`sg s` ograc `f erupg y tgmgs s` vch cpgychmg y s` vch mchmg iapufsg pgrqu` tgmgs vch c ff`ecr cf
glk`tivg!<5

Duchmg uh erupg ti`h` `stc dghsist`hdic `s pgrqu` sus ai`alrgs hg sgh

siapf`s sulgrmihcmgs. @htr` `ffgs fc im`htioidcdiôh bc hcdimg m` fc caistcm, pu`s
dgag fg mik`rc uh pgfátidg ‖hg pu`m` bcl`r caistcm si hg s` im`htioidch fgs
ihmivimugs, m` `ffc sure` fc f`cftcm‑.<2 M` cbá qu` fc caistcm g, `h téraihgs aãs
capfigs, fc pcrtidipcdiôh m` caiegs `h uh erupg pgfátidg, hg h`d`scrica`ht`
siehioidc qu` bcyc dgapcmrczeg g uhc csgdicdiôh d`rrcmc. Fc caistcm, dgag s`
s`ócfô cht`s, `s m`disivc `h fc dr`cdiôh m` uh erupg p`rg hg pcrc l`h`oidig m`f
fám`r sgfca`ht` sihg pcrc `f dghkuhtg m` pcrtidipcht`s.
Ph pgfátidg -m`oihiô uhg m` fgs `htr`vistcmgs” m`p`hm` m` dgfclgrcmgr`s
`oidcd`s y f`cf`s, pgrqu` bcy m`disigh`s `h fcs qu` h`d`sitc, pgr `hdiac m` tgmg,
fc dghoichzc p`rsghcf qu` sôfg ihspirch fgs caiegs. <9 Ést` `s, quizã, `f prihdipcf
ctrilutg qu` `f pgfátidg dghd`m` c fc f`cftcm; fc pgsilifimcm m` dghoicr `h uh
dgfclgrcmgr pu`s `s, cf oihcf m` du`htcs, fc dghmidiôh lãsidc pcrc qu` `f pgfátidg
duapfc dgh fgs dgaprgaisgs m` uh dcreg y, pgr `hm`, m`k` uhc lu`hc iace`h
qu` clgh` `f dcaihg m` su outurg pgfátidg. M` cbá qu` fc dghoichzc hg s`c di`ec
dgag pcrc `fiaihcr fc dcpcdimcm
dc pcdimcm g fc `xp`ri`hdic m`f dgfclgrcmgr. @h pgfátidc fgs
 

hgalrcai`htgs hg sgh dcpridbgsgs, c v`d`s ‖s` qui`r` dgapcrtir dgh gtrgs

erupgs fgs `spcdigs cmaihistrctivgs, p`rg `h fgs dcregs aãs iapgrtcht`s uh
pgfátidg m`siehc c qui`h`s éf v` dgh `f goidig g dgh `f tcf`htg pcrc gdupcrfgs‑. 4>
Fc rczôh m` `ffg `s siapf`; s` trctc m` `vitcr prglf`acs, pcrc qu` `f prgy`dtg
dgf`dtivg hg s` orustr`;
Yg si`apr` lusdg uh dgfclgrcmgr qu` t`hec dcpcdimcm pgrqu` hg pu`mg pgh`r c hcmi` c qu` cpr`hmc uh
pu`stg m` cfeuhc r`spghsclifimcm. T` h`d`sitc qu` t`hec cuhqu` s`c uhc ihdipi`ht` `xp`ri`hdic y fu`eg
s` f` m`l` ogracr mãhmgf` r`efcs dfcrcs m` gp`rcdiôh. ^gr `sg `f dgfclgrcmgr ti`h` qu` s`r dcpcz. 43

@h dcregs duycs r`spghsclifimcm`s s`ch fg suoidi`ht`a`ht` dgapf`kcs g

m`fidcmcs y qu` hg pu`mch s`r sup`rviscmcs hi a`hgs cûh r`cfizcmcs pgr `f
prgpig mirie`ht`, `f pgfátidg h`d`sitc m`f`ecr ouhdigh`s. @st` `s `f csp`dtg
m`disivg qu` uh` fc dcpcdimcm y fc dghoichzc; `f dgfclgrcmgr m`l` s`r cm`aãs,
cfeui`h f`cf pcrc qu` yg f` t`hec dghoichzc y pu`mc m`f`ecrf` r`spghsclifimcm`s. Ti yg hg fgerg t`h`r
dghoichzc, si hg t`heg uh dgfclgrcmgr f`cf hg m`f`eg, tgmg `f ti`apg `stgy lfgqu`cmg y pcrcfizg fc
cmaihistrcdiôh. @s uhc r`fcdiôh p`rsghcf fg qu` p`rait` pgm`r m`f`ecr.4<

M` hu`vg fc caistcm cpcr`d` dgag fc ecrchtác pcrc qu` `f pgfátidg pu`mc

dghoicrf` su bghgr;
duchmg `f pgfátidg cspirc c dghtihucr `h fc dcrr`rc pgfátidc, pu`s hgalrc c sus dgfclgrcmgr`s m` `htr` sus
caiegs. Éf pu`m` t`h`r dihdg, s`is g mi`z dgapcó`rgs, mi`z caiegs qu` bch `stumicmg dgh éf pgr
si`apr`, pu`s m` `htr` `ffgs lusdc c quiéh f` vc c mcr fc gpgrtuhimcm m` `stcr dgh uh dcreg m`
iapgrtchdic.44

Dgag s` v`, bcy uhc mio`r`hdic `htr` f`cftcm  y dghoichzc  (dgh `xcdtitum,

dghoiclifimcm). Ai`htrcs fcm` pria`rc

trcsdi`hm` `f m`s`ap`óg `htrcóc fcuhgtrc
uhc cdtivimcm, dgaprgaisg p`rsghcf
siehioidc qu` qu`
s` ti`h`h
ouhmcmcs `xp`dtctivcs cd`rdc m`f duapfiai`htg sctisocdtgrig m` uhc tcr`c. Fcs
mgs, sih `alcreg, sgh m`disivcs `h fc iht`ercdiôh m` uh erupg, pu`s sôfg dgh
p`rsghcs f`cf`s y dghoiclf`s pu`m`h ff`vcrs` c dclg sus glk`tivgs. @s `h `st`
s`htimg qu` `f erupg, si qui`r` sglr`vivir, m`l` cvchzcr `h dghkuhtg.
Hcturcfa`ht`, fc `stcturc m`f mirie`ht` `s `s`hdicf pcrc dghs`euirfg. Ph mirie`ht`
m`l` p`raitir qu` fgs ai`alrgs m`f erupg y sus dgfclgrcmgr`s m` dghoichzc
dr`zdch, m`l` r`dghgd`r pcrc qué sgh ûtif`s y `stiaufcr su m`scrrgffg. Dgh `stc
sgfc cdtitum, `f fám`r glti`h` r`dghgdiai`htg y f`cftcm, pgrqu` `f dgfclgrcmgr
cercm`d`rã fc dghoichzc y, sglr` tgmg, bcl`r glt`himg fc gpgrtuhimcm m` uh dcreg
 

iapgrtcht` qu` fg prgy`dtc.4=  Duchmg uh pgfátidg iapim` c fgs dgfclgrcmgr`s

m`scrrgffcrs`, cdtûc dgag uh k`o`, hg dgag uh fám`r.
fám`r.
Fc prihdipcf ou`ht` m` m`sdghoichzc y, pgr `hm`, qu` iapim` fc f`cftcm, `s
duchmg cfeui`h v` `h `f mirie`ht` c uhc p`rsghc qu` di`rrc `spcdigs c gtrgs s`eûh
su prgpic dghv`hi`hdic y sôfg cprgv`dbc fc dcpcdimcm m`f sulgrmihcmg. @h
`stridtg s`htimg `f mirie`ht` fg bcd` pcrc hg crri`secr su pr`mgaihig. @h `scs
dghmidigh`s, `f fám`r `s uh glstãdufg pcrc `f dr`diai`htg m`f dgfclgrcmgr:
duchmg, pgr `f dghtrcrig, ést` cfi`htc y clr` `spcdigs, `f pgfátidg fg r`dghgd`
dgag uh euác, dgag uhc cutgrimcm.
Éstc s`rã fc ducfimcm aãs siehioidctivc m` uhc p`rsghc dgag Bchj Eghzãf`z, c
qui`h fgs pgfátidgs m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg fg r`dghgd`h dgag cquéf qu` supg
cprgv`dbcr `f tcf`htg m` audbgs ouhdighcrigs c qui`h`s hg dghgdác
p`rsghcfa`ht`, p`rg c fgs qu` iht`erô c su fcmg pcrc qu` duapfi`rch uhc ouhdiôh
m`t`raihcmc. ^crc fgs qu` dgfclgrcrgh dgh éf m` ducfqui`r ach`rc, Bchj cpcr`d`
dgag `f pgfátidg qu` m`f`eô r`spghsclifimcm`s, qu` hg f`s d`rrô pu`rtcs hi
m`scf`htô su dr`diai`htg. Audbgs m` `ffgs hg fg cdgapcócrgh `h tgmgs sus
dcregs y cfeuhgs, ihdfusg, hg t`raihcrgh dgh éf su p`rágmg, sihg qu` fgercrgh
csd`hm`r c gtrcs r`spghsclifimcm`s. Yc ou`rc pgrqu` éf fg bizg pgsilf` g,
siapf`a`ht` pgrqu` hg fg iapimiô, `f dgfclgrcmgr f` r`dghgd` fc suoidi`ht`
`stcturc dgag pcrc hg t`a`r fc ogracdiôh m` uh pgsilf` dgap`timgr. Dgag mik`rc
uh `htr`vistcmg, uh fám`r qu` hg m`kc dr`d`r, ‖s` cdbidc c sá aisag‑ pgrqu` huhdc
fgerc trcsd`hm`r fcs ihtriecs m` scfôh.40
Aãs cûh, uh fám`r qu` qui`r` p`rmurcr cuspidic fc ogracdiôh m` gtrgs fám`r`s.

Duchmg dglikc `h su
mc fc gpgrtuhimcm m`erupg c pgfátidgs
qu` dgag iapgrtcht`s
éf, pu`mch ff`ecr cy s`r
`stiaufc su dr`diai`htg,
uhc oieurc f`s
`stctcf y, pgr
`hm`, uh pgsilf` egl`rhcmgr. Fc ihofu`hdic m`f erupg aisag g, cf a`hgs su
pr`s`hdic `h fgs egli`rhgs fgdcf`s, m`p`hm` m` qu` s`ch dcpcd`s m` pr`pcrcr
fám`r`s.
Ph pgfátidg dgh `sc cutgrimcm fgerc acht`h`r oira` su ihofu`hdic, ihdfusg
duchmg yc hg ti`h` fc pgsilifimcm m` m`t`raihcr fcs dcrr`rcs m` sus aisags
s`euimgr`s;
·Sué pu`stg ti`h` Bchj cbgrc7 Hiheuhg. ·Sué f` pu`m` mcr Bchj c uh miputcmg, s`hcmgr g egl`rhcmgr
cbgrc7 Hcmc. Y s` f` sieu` lusdchmg, s` f` ffcac, s` f` vc c v`r y s` f` dghsuftc. Yg pfctidg dgh éf y
dga`htg fg qu` `stã gdurri`hmg y tgag puhtgs m` vistc m` éf. ·^gr qué7, lu`hg, pu`s pgrqu` a` b`
 

im`htioidcmg dgh éf, dgh su ach`rc m` p`hscr, m` v`r fcs dgscs. F` r`dghgzdg qu` `s uh erch pgfátidg y yg
qui`rg s`r uh lu`h pgfátidg, pgr `sg fg lusdg. 4?

Phc im`htioidcdiôh dgag éstc, dgh `s` ercmg m` dgap`h`trcdiôh s` vu`fv`

p`rach`ht`. ^`rg pcrc fgs pgfátidgs m`f `stcmg hg siehioidc dgfclgrcr sgfca`ht`
dgh `f fám`r, dgh su erupg g dgh sus caiegs. Fc f`cftcm `s p`rsghcf p`rg tcaliéh
`s ihstitudighcf, `s m`dir, s` f` m`l` c uhc p`rsghc y `s murcm`rc, p`rg tcaliéh s`
f` ti`h` c fcs ihstitudigh`s, cf egli`rhg m`f `stcmg, m` tcf ach`rc qu` s` pu`m`
dgfclgrcr pcrc acht`h`r uh prgy`dtg `stctcf qu`, `h acygr g a`hgr a`mimc,
`hefglc ci prgpig erupg.45  Ti calcs f`cftcm`s `stãh r`óimcs, si `f pgfátidg pgr
pr`s`rvcr uhc, `vitc g ct`htc `h dghtrc m` fc gtrc, s` p`rkumidc éf y p`Ŋumidc fc
uhimcm m` fc éfit`.
Fc f`cftcm hg m`l` `ht`hm`rs` `h `f s`htimg m` qu` si sgy f`cf c R p`rsghc y m`spués cf egl`rhcmgr `h
turhg, vgy c m`kcr m` s`rfg dgh `f pria`rg. @f prihdipig `s qu` hg a` pimch qu` cdtû` `h dghtrc m` uhc
e`ht` qu` yg cpr`dig, qu` a` cpgyô, qu` `s ai caieg. @f pgfátidg m`f `stcmg ti`h` auy dfcrg qu` fc

caistcm qu`c éfsuti`h`

hg p`mirf` dgh uh pgfátidg,
dgfclgrcmgr qu` s`c uh egl`rhcmgr,
m`sf`cf cf gtrg.`s@s,pcrc si`apr`.ti`apg,
cf aisag Y `f fáait` qu` ti`h`
ecrchtác m` qu`uhhg
pgfátidg
a` s`rã`s
m`sf`cf c aá.42

Fc im`htioidcdiôh qu` sure` `htr` fgs pgfátidgs m` fc `htimcm, qu` dgapcrt`h

`st` dghkuhtg m` vcfgr`s y prihdipigs, ff`ec c s`r auy sôfimc y dghstituy` fg qu`
`ffgs ffcach r`efcs hg `sdritcs m` fc pgfátidc fgdcf. ^r`s`rvcrfcs m`p`hm` m` dôag
fc éfit` `h su dghkuhtg fcs trchsait` y m` fc s`v`rimcm dgh qu` schdigh` su
trchser`siôh. Fc uhimcm qu` bch dghs`euimg fgs bcd` oieurcr dgag uhc b`rach-
mcm g uh erupg ûhidg qu` bc sglr`vivimg pgr aãs m` dihdu`htc cógs. Tu
dgb`siôh, fc f`cftcm c fgs fám`r`s y, cf aisag ti`apg fc cd`ptcmc dgfclgrcdiôh `h
fcs ihstitudigh`s fgdcf`s, bch simg fc lcs` pcrc qu` fc im`c m`f Erupg
Ctfcdgaufdg s` bcyc dr`cmg y s` ach t`hec bcstc bgy. Fc v`rmcm `s qu` `h `f
@stcmg m` Aéxidg fc vimc pgfátidc bc simg m`acsicmg dgapf`kc dgag pcrc
cmaitir uh sgfg erupg: pgr `f dghtrcrig, bch simg vcrigs fgs qu` bch cfdchzcmg `f
pgm`r.

·SPÉ @T @F E\P^G C]FCDGAPFDG7
Mid` Tdbuap`t`r `h su dghgdimc glrc Dcpitcfisag, sgdicfisag ym`agdrcdic, qu`
 

‖uhc siapf` coiracdiôh, r`p`timc dgh or`du`hdic, ti`h` aãs p`sg qu` uh
creua`htg rcdighcr.49  M`sm` fgs cógs dihdu`htc, duchmg fgs ihv`stiecmgr`s
`stcmuhim`hs`s s` sgrpr`hmi`rgh dgh fc `stclifimcm pgfátidc a`xidchc y dgh fg
qu` pcr`dác uhc auy li`h cd`itcmc acquihcric priistc, s` bizg dgaûh ctriluirf` `f
aéritg c fc `xist`hdic m` uhc ‖ocaific r`vgfudighcric‑ dghstituimc pgr fgs `x
pr`sim`ht`s, mirie`ht`s priistcs, s`dr`tcrigs m` @stcmg, `td., prãdtidca`ht` tgmgs
fgs pgfátidgs m` cftg hiv`f, duyc dcl`zc `rc `f pr`sim`ht` `h turhg, p`rg si`apr`
lckg fc vieifchdic m` sus cht`d`sgr`s.=>
Fc ‖ocaific r`vgfudighcric‑ `rc, `h riegr, fc éfit` pgfátidc `h su dghkuhtg. @f
aisag hgalr` (pcrc hg bclfcr m` sus ouhdigh`s y, `h pcrtidufcr, m` sus prãdtidcs)
yc cfum` c fcs ‖ocaifics‑ m` acoigsgs dghtrgfcmcs pgr uh pcmrihg tgmgpgm`rgsg.
Fc im`c ou` r`suftcmg m` fc ocdifimcm qu` lrihmclc pcrc `xpfidcr `f
ouhdighcai`htg m` uhc éfit`, sih mumc cfeuhc, prgo`sighcf qu` bclác dr`cmg
ogracs `sp`dáoidcs pcrc sup`rcr fcs misdr`pchdics.
C p`scr m` fgs `stumigs puhtucf`s sglr` fc éfit` pgfátidc hcdighcf tgmcvác
sulsist` `st` dcfioidctivg. Cuh cbgrc, qu` dgai`hzc c dglrcr ou`rzc `f chãfisis m`
fcs r`m`s (sglr` tgmg `h su v`rsiôh `stcmástidc), `xist`h `stumigs qu` sustituy`h `f
téraihg ‖ocaific r`vgfudighcric‑ pgr `f m` ‖fc r`m‑ pgfátidc hcdighcf.=3 Cuhqu`
hg tgmcs fcs ocaifics s`ch uhimcs, ést` pcr`d` s`r uhg m` sus prihdipcf`s
ctrilutgs, si `s qu` hg `f m`t`raihcht`: m` cbá qu` duchmg uhc éfit` pgfátidc fgerc
`sc uhimcm, cht`s qu` p`hscr `h uh chãfisis m` fcs ogracs `h qu` fg bc
dghs`euimg, s` pi`hsc `h fc s`a`kchzc dgh fc ocaific.
T`c dgag ou`r`, `f dcsg `s qu` `f sáaif hg `s orudtáo`rg pgrqu` su im`c m` fc
uhimcm hg pcr`d`
pgm`r. Phc cmaitir,
ocaific, hg m`
cf oihcf yc du`htcs,
fc misdr`pchdic, sihg fc fudbc
`s uh `uo`aisag pcrccli`rtc pgr `f
hg `apf`cr
cli`rtca`ht` `f téraihg m` mihcstác. Cuhqu` pcrt`, pgr supu`stg, m` fc ocaific,
uhc mihcstác cd`ptc fc sud`siôh m` sgl`rchgs qu` c p`scr m`f pcr`ht`sdg
ihtrgmud`h vcricdigh`s, dcaligs `h fc ograc m` egl`rhcr. Cuh csá, sgh mioádif`s
fcs rupturcs pgrqu` fc iht`erimcm ocaificr s` `hdu`htrc pgr `hdiac m` ducfqui`r
mio`r`hdic: pr`s`rvcrfc `s uh prihdipig qu` s` b`r`mc kuhtg dgh `f pgm`r. ^`s` c su
ctrcdtivg, hg s` pu`m` cd`ptcr qu` uhc mihcstác s`c fc ûhidc `xpfidcdiôh pcrc uhc
éfit` pgfátidc dcpcz m` egl`rhcr y, sglr` tgmg, dcpcz m` r`sgfv`r divifizcmca`ht`
fgs r`f`vgs `h `f dcreg.
@h `f oghmg, cf dghsim`rcr c fgs erupgs dgag pchmiffcs s` trctc m` pr`s`htcr uh
 

ihmidcmgr m`f trcmidighcfisag y, sglr` tgmg, m` ocftc m` m`agdrcdic. M` cdu`rmg

dgh `scs iht`rpr`tcdigh`s, `h uhc sgdi`mcm agm`rhc y m`agdrãtidc fgs ihmivimugs
cdtûch `h pgfátidc filr`a`ht` `h fgs pcrtimgs. @f cvchd` prgo`sighcf (`h ducfqui`r
ãr`c, p`rg `h pcrtidufcr `h fc cmaihistrcdiôh pûlfidc) hg pu`m` m`p`hm`r m` fgs
erupgs si uhc sgdi`mcm `s cli`rtc. Éstc `s fc im`c qu` sust`htc fcs or`du`ht`s
iht`rpr`tcdigh`s m` fc pgfátidc a`xidchc `h téraihgs m` dfi`ht`fisag. Tih
`alcreg, fgs `stumigs sglr` fgs erupgs priacrigs g ihogracf`s (grieihcfa`ht`
ihidicmgs `h fc sgdigfgeác y dghtihucmgs pgr fc psidgfgeác sgdicf) r`v`fch hg sôfg
qu` sgh dghsustchdicf`s c fcs sgdi`mcm`s agm`rhcs m`agdrãtidcs, sihg
m`t`raihcht`s `h fc dghmudtc sgdicf y pgfátidc m` fgs diumcmchgs. Fgs erupgs,
`htghd`s, hcmc ti`h`h m` r`simugs trcmidighcfistcs y m`l`h s`r chcfizcmgs dgag
prãdtidcs dgauh`s y hg dgag o`hôa`hgs `xtrcgrmihcrigs.=<
@f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg `s uhc m`rivcdiôh m` fc im`c m` fc ‖ocaific
r`vgfudighcric‑. M`f aisag agmg qu` `stc ûftiac pr`t`hm` r`sgfv`r `f csuhtg m`
fc uhimcm m` fc éfit` hcdighcf, `f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg sirv` pcrc mcr du`htc, `h
pgdcs pcfclrcs, m` uhc éfit` fgdcf ihofuy`ht`, dgh fám`r`s qu` bch cfdchzcmg
r`hgalr` hcdighcf, qu` ihdfusg bch gdupcmg dcregs m` m`disiôh o`m`rcf y qu`
tcaliéh bc `hdghtrcmg uhc oôraufc pcrc sud`m`rs` `h `f egli`rhg sih crri`secr
su uhimcm y `f m`scrrgffg m` prgercacs cmaihistrctivgs. ^crc fc v`rsiôh m`f
erupg, `scs dcrcdt`rástidcs sôfg bch simg pgsilf`s pgr `f oérr`g dghtrgf m`
mirie`ht`s qu` s` bch b`r`mcmg `f pgm`r y bch sga`timg y dghtrgfcmg c tgmgs fgs
pgfátidgs. M` cdu`rmg dgh `sc v`rsiôh, Ocl`fc bclrác simg `f ouhmcmgr y `f r`stg
m` fgs egl`rhcmgr`s bclrách simg, pria`rg, `f`eimgs pgr éf: s`euhmg, b`r`m`rgs

m` su pgm`r,
bclrách y t`rd`rg
simg fgs ”`h m`f
hu`vgs euács `sp`dicf
erupg.cfeuhgs, dgag Dcrfgs Bchj Eghzãf`z” 
Fc v`rsiôh hg r`su`fv`, sih `alcreg, pgr qué oieurcs dgag Eustcvg Lcz g
Kuch O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh fgercrgh ff`ecr cf egli`rhg sih pcscr pgr fc cprglcdiôh
m`f pctricrdc y, p`gr cûh, qu` ou`rch p`rsghck`s tch pr`stieicmgs `h fc pgfátidc
hcdighcf dgag `f aisag Ocl`fc. A`hgs `xpfidc qu` `h fc dûspim` m` su efgric y
pgm`r fgdcf y hcdighcf, Bchj hg pumi`rc `vitcr fc ff`ecmc m` Cfor`mg m`f Aczg
Eghzãf`z c fc eul`rhcturc, fg ducf acrdc uhg m` fgs qui`lr`s bistôridgs aãs
iapgrtcht`s m` fc `htimcm. G fc mihcstác hg `s tch ou`rt`, g siapf`a`ht` hg bc
`xistimg.
@f grie`h m`f hgalr`, sih `alcreg, hg `s uhc siapf` ihv`hdiôh. Duchmg Isimrg
 

Ocl`fc s` bizg dcreg m`f egli`rhg `stctcf, iht`erô uh `quipg m` dgfclgrcmgr`s

d`rdchgs y m` su dghoichzc pcrc scdcr cm`fcht` uh prgy`dtg y bcd`r or`ht` c fc
éfit` trcmidighcf. Dgag s` v`rã `h `f sieui`ht` dcpátufg, Ocl`fc tuvg qu` r`durrir
c caiegs y ocaificr`s pgrqu` su vimc pgfátidc
p gfátidc hg bclác trchsdurrimg `h fc `htimcm.
Hcdimg `h Ctfcdgaufdg, `rc hcturcf qu` fgs dgfclgrcmgr`s prgvihi`rch m` `sc
zghc, cuhqu` `h su `quipg d`rdchg bulg m` gtrgs fuecr`s ` ihdfusg ck`hgs cf
`stcmg. Dgh tgmg, `f erupg m` Ocl`fc tuvg `h dgaûh `f fuecr m` hcdiai`htg y qu`
igs prihdipcf`s fczgs dgh éf ou`rch m` caistcm g pcr`ht`sdg: fcs tr`s
dcrcdt`rástidcs f` mi`rgh cf erupg uhc dghsist`hdic pgdg or`du`ht` `h fc pgfátidc
m` cqu`ffc épgdc.
Fc lcs` m` fc v`rsiôh pgpufcr sglr` `f erupg `rc sôfimc y cyumô c ogrtcf`d`rfc
`f qu` fgs mgs sieui`ht`s egl`rhcmgr`s, Cfor`mg m`f Aczg y Tcfvcmgr Tãhdb`z
Dgfáh, prgd`mi`rch m`f aisag fuecr qu` Ocl`fc (Ctfcdgaufdg) yy,, cf a`hgs C. m`f
Aczg, ou`rc su pcri`ht`. @h calgs egli`rhgs, cm`aãs, bulg uhc ou`rt` pr`s`hdic
m` pgfátidgs y ouhdighcrigs qu`, g li`h ou`rgh ihidicmgs `h `f a`mig pgr Ocl`fc
(`f aisag Cfor`mg m`f Aczg), g li`h, sôfg iapufscmgs pgr éf. @stc sgst`himc
s`du`hdic, qu` cpcr`ht`a`ht` acht`hác fcs aisacs dcrcdt`rástidcs `h duchtg cf
grie`h y cf tipg m` váhdufgs, dghoiraô qu` Ocl`fc bclác ouhmcmg uh erupg, m`f
ducf `rc fc ihmisdutilf` dcl`zc, y qu` m`sm` `htghd`s bclác mgaihcmg `f pgm`r
`stctcf.
C p`scr m` qu` `h `stc `xpgsidiôh bcy m`tcff`s qu` pgh`h `h mumc fc
dghsist`hdic m`f erupg, y `h `sp`dicf, fc murcdiôh m` su ihofu`hdic, li`h pgmrác
cd`ptcrs` su `xist`hdic. Hg glstcht`, hg pu`m` m`dirs` qu` fgercrc sglr`vivir
aãs cffã m` 3905, c a`hgs qu` s` cd`pt` qu` fgs egli`rhgs m` Eustcvg Lcz y
O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh ou`rgh ieucfa`ht` mgaihcmgs pgr Ocl`fc y su erupg, y qu`
Dcrfgs Bchj, egl`rhcmgr `h 39?9, pgr `f sgfg b`dbg m` `stcr vihdufcmg c Ocl`fc,
dghstituy`rc su prgfghecdiôh hcturcf. ]gmg `stg `s aãs qu` uhc `vim`hdic, uh
supu`stg m` audbgs gls`rvcmgr`s. Fcs mumcs sglr` fc p`rach`hdic m`f Erupg
Ctfcdgaufdg hg bch m`kcmg m` `xpr`scrs`, cuhqu` tcapgdg s` bch fgercmg
mgdua`htcr y a`hgs cûh bch fgercmg sup`rcr fc ou`rzc m` fc dghs`kc pgpufcr.
Dcrfgs B`rr`kôh bc simg uhg m` fgs pgdgs qu` bch h`ecmg fc im`c. ^crc éf, `f
Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg egl`rhô sgfca`ht` bcstc fc cmaihistrcdiôh m` Tãhdb`z
Dgfáh y m`sm` `htghd`s s` bch sud`mimg erupgs prgpigs m` dcmc achmctcrig qu`,
sih `alcreg, hg bch dghs`euimg sglr`vivir m`spués m` dghdfuir sus p`rigmgs. =4
 

Durigsca`ht`, B`rr`kôh hg dghsim`rc c Bchj `f sud`sgr m` Ocl`fc y, pgr `hm`,

qu` su egli`rhg s`c `f r`tgrhg m`f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg: pcrc B`rr`kôh, Bchj
dghstituyô uh erupg prgpig. Bclrã gpgrtuhimcm m` vgfv`r c `stc im`c qu` ti`h`
uhc cftc mgsis m` v`rmcm: pgr `f aga`htg fg iapgrtcht` `s qu` fc gls`rvcdiôh m`
`st` bistgricmgr s` sust`htc `h qu` hg pcr`d` `xistir hiheûh `f`a`htg qu`
m`au`str` qu` fc ihofu`hdic m`f erupg sulsist`. @h dcalig, sá s` bch acht`himg
prgercacs m` egli`rhg (tcf v`z s`rác pr`o`rilf` bclfcr m` prgy`dtgs) y fc
pr`s`hdic m` pgfátidgs m` cmaihistrcdigh`s cht`rigr`s: `ap`rg, calgs mctgs hg
pru`lch pgr sá sgfgs qu` tgmg fg bcyc b`dbg uh erupg, m`f aisag agmg qu` tgmc
fc glrc m`f egli`rhg o`m`rcf hg `s ctriluilf` c Cfvcrg Glr`eôh y ^futcrdg @fics
Dcff`s.
Fc r`o`r`hdic fgdcf tcapgdg pru`lc `f mgaihig m`f erupg. Ti li`h m`sm` M`f
Aczg `s pgsilf` `hdghtrcr dgfclgrcmgr`s m` gtrcs r`eigh`s m`f `stcmg, dgh
Tãhdb`z Dgfáh t`raihch fgs egl`rhcmgr`s hcdimgs `h Ctfcdgaufdg. Ihdfusg `h
fgs ûftiags ti`apgs s` bc bclfcmg m`f Erupg ]gfudc y, dgh a`hgs pr`disiôh, m`f
_cff` m` Aéxidg. Fc rcáz fgdcf-e`gerãoidc pcr`d` `stcr auy cs`htcmc `h `stc
p`rsp`dtivc, pu`s `h tgmgs fgs dcsgs s` sulrcyc `f qu` fgs dgfclgrcmgr`s m`f
egl`rhcmgr bcych hcdimg, g cf a`hgs s` bcych ogracmg, `h fc aisac pglfcdiôh
qu` éf. Csá s` grieihch dghtrcmiddigh`s ihscfvclf`s, dgag fc qu` s` dr`ô murcht`
fc cmaihistrcdiôh m` Iehcdig ^idbcrmg, s`eûh fc ducf cf aisag ti`apg qu` s`
coiraclc `f r`tgrhg m`f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg pgr sus r`fcdigh`s dgh Bchj, s`
ihsistác `h qu` mgaihclc `f Erupg ]gfudc. Hcmi`, `ap`rg, iht`htô `xpfidcr `stc
dg`xist`hdic-p`rt`h`hdic m` erupgs e`gerãoidgs.
_istg dgh m`t`hiai`htg, fc iaputcdiôh e`gerãoidc `s fc ach`rc aãs s`hdiffc m`
m`stcdcr fc cftc vihdufcdiôh p`rsghcf qu` `xist` `htr` `f egl`rhcmgr y sus
dgfclgrcmgr`s. Fg iapgrtcht` `htghd`s hg `s, `h prihdipig, `f fuecr mghm` hcd`h
sihg fc d`rdchác y dghoichzc qu` uh` c fgs pgfátidgs ` ihdfusg, pgr `hdiac m` `stg,
qu` `f achmctcrig bc egl`rhcmg dgh uh `quipg prgpig, im`htioidcmg
prihdipcfa`ht` dgh éf. M` cbá qu` gtrgs cutgr`s pr`oi`rch bclfcr m` fim`rczegs
aãs qu` m` erupgs y qu` bcech m`p`hm`r, tãditca`ht`, su ihofu`hdic m`f pr`stieig
m`f fám`r. Lckg `stc p`rsp`dtivc, fgs ûhidgs fim`rczegs s`rách `f m` Ocl`fc, duyg
pgm`r s` `xt`hm`rác m` 39=< c 390<: `f m` Lcz, qu` cp`hcs dulrirác su prgpic
cmaihistrcdiôh, y `f m` Bchj, qu` dgapr`hm`rác fc suyc y fc m` Kgre` Kiaéh`z
Dchtû.== ^`rg cuh cf cmaitir `stc vcricht`, s` t`hmrác qu` dghdfuir qu` hg bulg
 

uh sgfg erupg qu` mgaihcrc fc pgfátidc `stctcf y qu` c p`scr m`f r`hgalr` y fc
ihofu`hdic m`f fám`r (fgs tr`s a`hdighcmgs ou`rgh, y `h `f dcsg m` Bchj cûh fg `s,
pgfátidgs dgh acygr ihofu`hdic hcdighcf qu` fgdcf) hiheuhg bc dghs`euimg
mgaihcr aãs cffã m` mgd` cógs dghs`dutivgs.
Dgag s` v`, fc dr``hdic `h `f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg ti`h` m`acsicmcs
ihdghsist`hdics pcrc s`r v`rmcm. @h r`cfimcm, `h igs ûftiags ti`apgs `s aãs uhc
m`hgaihcdiôh qu` sirv` pcrc sulrcycr fc iapgrtchdic m` Bchj, sus gráe`h`s
pgfátidgs y sus lu`hgs dghtcdtgs dgh fgs achmctcrigs cht`rigr`s, qu` pcrc
`xpfidcr sctisocdtgrica`ht` fc `stclifimcm y dgb`siôh m` fc éfit` pgfátidc fgdcf. Hg
glstcht`, `f qu` hg `xistc uh erupg qu` dghtrgf` `f `stcmg m`sm` 39=<, hg
siehioidc qu` hg s` bcyc m`scrrgffcmg uhc éfit` `xp`ria`htcmc, hi tcapgdg qu`
hg bcych `xistimg erupgs qu` `h su aga`htg sá bidi`rgh tgmg fg pgsilf` pgr
trcsd`hm`r sus dirduhstchdics. Fg pcrcmôkidg `s qu`, pgr uh fcmg, bc simg fc
siheufcr dgb`siôh m` fc éfit` y pgr gtrg, `f dghtrgf m`f egli`rhg o`m`rcf (pcrc
dghtihucr dgh `f f`heuc k` dghv`hdighcf, `f Mistritg O`m`rcf) fg qu` bc iap`mimg
qu` `f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg g ducfqui`r gtrg s` ogrtcf`zdc.
Dgag yc s` a`hdighô, `f egli`rhg o`m`rcf hg bc t`himg qu` pr`gdupcrs`
huhdc pgr fc ogracdiôh m` uhc éfit` fgdcf `h gtrgs `stcmgs qu` pumi`rc ca`hczcr
c fc hcdighcf, pgrqu` fcs prgpics mivisigh`s iht`rhcs s` bch `hdcrecmg m`
d`rd`hcr sus ducmrgs. ^`rg `h `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg, fc `hgra` dgb`siôh qu` bch
fgercmg sgst`h`r sus pgfátidgs, y `f dcaihg pcrcf`fg dgh `f pcás qu` bc r`dgrrimg
`f `stcmg `h su m`scrrgffg `dghôaidg y pgfátidg, s` bc dghv`rtimg `h uhc cf`rtc
p`rach`ht` qu` bc glfiecmg cf egli`rhg o`m`rcf c iht`rv`hir pcrc m`lifitcr c uh
erupg m`t`raihcmg.
Csá fg bizg dgh Ocl`fc, c qui`h dghd`miô tgmg su cpgyg pcrc `fiaihcr c fc
dfcs` trcmidighcf y pcrc ogracr uhc dfcs` agm`rhc qu` fc sustituy`rc, p`rg c
qui`h hg f` p`raitiô mgaihcr aãs cffã m` 3905. @s c `stc vgfuhtcm hcdighcf qu`
r`spghm` fc ff`ecmc m` Eustcvg Lcz y Kuch O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh, y hg c uhc
a`zdfc m` erupgs im`htioidcmgs dgh su fuecr m` hcdiai`htg. Fg aisag gdurriô
duchmg `h 3923 s` tuvg qu` s`f`ddighcr cf sud`sgr m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû; `h `s`
`htghd`s, Bchj `rc `f r`e`ht` m`f Mistritg O`m`rcf (tchtg g aãs pgm`rgsg qu`
@rh`stg Prudburtu) qui`h iht`htô fc agmioidcdiôh dghstitudighcf qu` f` buli`rc
p`raitimg ff`ecr c fc pr`sim`hdic y, pgr si ou`rc pgdg, egzclc m`f co`dtg p`rsghcf
m`f achmctcrig `h turhg, Kgsé Fôp`z ^grtiffg. ^`s` c tgmg, c fc eul`rhcturc ff`eô
 

Cfor`mg m`f Aczg Eghzãf`z, qui`h hg sôfg hg `rc m` su cercmg, sihg qu` egl`rhô
rgapi`hmg fgs `squ`acs trcmidighcf`s m`f `stcmg. Dgag fg mik`rc uh
`htr`vistcmg, fc pgfátidc `stctcf `stã tch csgdicmc cf iht`rés m`f egli`rhg o`m`rcf,
qu` `f pr`sim`ht` cdtûc y m`dim` s`eûh fgs iap`rctivgs m`f @stcmg, hg m` fc
`htimcm,=0  y a`hgs cûh, bclrác qu` cer`ecr, m` uh erupg pgm`rgsg duyg
dr`diai`htg pgmrác `h cfeûh aga`htg ca`hczcr c fc éfit` pgfátidc hcdighcf.
@f egli`rhg o`m`rcf (`f d`htrg, dgag `s usucf ffcacrfg `h fgs `stumigs
r`eighcf`s) bc simg m`disivg `h `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg. @h lu`hc a`mimc, m` éf
m`p`hm`rã hg sôfg `f outurg m` fc `htimcm, `h duchtg c su m`scrrgffg `dghôaidg y
pgfátidg (ihdfusg sgdicf, dgag s` v`rã `h fgs dcpátufgs oihcf`s, pgr fc prgfio`rcdiôh
m` cs`htc ai`htgs buachgs `h fc p`rio`ric m`f Mistritg O`m`rcf), sihg `f m`stihg
m` fgs fám`r`s y sus erupgs. Fc ou`rzc m`f egli`rhg o`m`rcf y fc d`rdchác m`f
@stcmg m` Aéxidg dghmidighch fcs dcrr`rcs m` fgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s. Ti, pgr uh
fcmg, s` prgpgh`h dr`cr lcs`s m` pgm`r `h su `htimcm, pgr gtrg, iht`htch
vihdufcrs` c fc éfit` hcdighcf y c sus erupgs, m`limg c su dfcrc dghdi`hdic m` qu`
fcs r`fcdigh`s dgh `f pr`sim`ht` `h turhg m`t`raihch fc p`rach`hdic g fc
m`scpcridiôh m` fgs erupgs y sus mirie`ht`s.
M` cbá qu` pu`mc cmv`rtirs` `h tgmc fc bistgric pgfátidc m` fc `htimcm uhc
r`fcdiôh t`hsc, c v`d`s dghtrcmidtgric, `htr` `f d`htrg hcdighcf y `f pgm`r fgdcf.
Hg `s `xtrcóg `hdghtrcr qu` `f aisag pgm`r o`m`rcf uhcs v`d`s cpgy`
m`disivca`ht` `f mgaihig m` cfeûh erupg y gtrcs, dgh fc aisac oira` vgfuhtcm,
prgvgqu` su dcámc. ^`rg fc aisac mucfimcm pu`m` gls`rvcrs` `h fgs fám`r`s
fgdcf`s; uhc cli`rtc m`o`hsc m`f `stcmg, qu` s` cdgapcóc m`f m`s`g m` acht`h`r
=?
r`fcdigh`s `str`dbcs
Fc ihofu`hdic, dghacygr
g dgh `f egli`rhg o`m`rcf
pr`disiôh, y fc éfit`m`fpgfátidc
`f dghtrgf pgm`r hcdighcf.
fgdcf pgr uh erupg,
ti`h` mgs `xpr`sigh`s; pria`rg, qu` ai`alrgs m`stcdcmgs m` ést` hg sôfg
iht`er`h `f g fgs egli`rhgs sieui`ht`s, sihg qu` gdup`h dcregs m` m`disiôh, y
s`euhmg, qu` fc vgz m`f fám`r s`c ouhmca`htcf pcrc `f rualg pgfátidg m` fc
`htimcm. Calcs, dgag `s dgapr`hsilf`, ti`h`h prglf`acs pcrc s`r dghsim`rcmcs
dgag pru`lcs dghtuhm`ht`s m`f pgm`r m`f erupg. Ti `f pria`rg `s aãs visilf`, hg
pgr `ffg m`kc m` t`h`r uhc erch mgsis m` sulk`tivimcm `h fc a`mimc `h qu` `f pcsg
m` uh egl`rhcmgr c gtrg hg `quivcf` si`apr` c qu` trchsaitc fc ihofu`hdic m`f
erupg grieihcf, pu`s tcaliéh pgmrác iht`rpr`tcrs` dgag `f dgaprgaisg p`rsghcf
m`f ouhdighcrig dgh `f sieui`ht` achmctcrig, fcs aãs m` fcs v`d`s dghtrcámg `h `f
 

dursg m`f trclckg `h dgaûh, ihdfusg m`htrg m`f erupg priaie`hig. Midbg `h
téraihgs aãs siapf`s, pu`m` m`agstrcr fc ou`rzc m`f hu`vg erupg y hg
h`d`scrica`ht` fc m`f cht`rigr.
Fc ihofu`hdic p`rsghcf m`f fám`r, cm`aãs m` s`r cftca`ht` sulk`tivc y audbcs
v`d`s cp`hcs supu`stc, `h tgmg dcsg hg r`of`kcrác fc ou`rzc m`f erupg sihg fc m`f
mirie`ht`. Ti, cm`aãs, s` ti`h` pr`s`ht` qu` pcrc `f pgfátidg fgdcf fc dgfclgrcdiôh
dgh gtrgs egli`rhgs `s dghsim`rcmc dgag uhc au`strc m` f`cftcm ihstitudighcf y
qu` `f achmctcrig cfdchzc uh cftg ercmg m` dghtrgf cutôhgag pgr `f sgfg b`dbg
m` `hdcl`zcr `f egli`rhg, s` `ht`hm`rác fg mioádif qu` `s `stclf`d`r fgs ercmgs
r`cf`s m` pgm`r qu` `k`rd` uh erupg.
Dgh tgmg, `f aãs cd`ptcmg dghv`hdighcfa`ht`, ihdfusg pgr fgs prgpigs
chcfistcs m`f `stcmg, `s fc pr`s`hdic m` fgs pgfátidgs `h `f eclih`t`. =5 @f ducmrg
3.3 pr`s`htc diorcs sglr` fc p`rach`hdic m` pgfátidgs pgr dcmc egli`rhg m`sm`
39=<. @f pria`r mctg iapgrtcht` `s fc pcutc qu` s` gls`rvc `h dcsi tgmgs fgs
egl`rhcmgr`s m` ihdgrpgrcr `h sus p`rigmgs c uhc pgrdiôh siehioidctivc m`
pgfátidgs qu` yc bclách dgfclgrcmg dgh gtrgs achmctcrigs. C `xd`pdiôh m`
Ocl`fc, L`t`tc y ^idbcrmg, fgs m`aãs r`s`rvcrgh uhc t`rd`rc pcrt` m` fgs pu`stgs
mispghilf`s c r`dup`rcr ouhdighcrigs: uhc ach`rc m` mcr pr`s`hdic c fgs erupgs
(y dgh `ffg `vitcr dghofidtgs) p`rg tcaliéh m` cprgv`dbcr fc `xp`ri`hdic
cmquirimc.
Fc cft`rcdiôh `h fcs diorcs m` fgs tr`s achmctcrigs a`hdighcmgs r`spghm` c
dirduhstchdics `sp`dáoidcs. C r`s`rvc m` trctcr fgs dcsgs `h fgs dcpátufgs
dgrr`spghmi`ht`s, m`l` m`dirs` qu` si Ocl`fc r`sdctô c auy pgdgs ou` pgrqu` s`

trctclc pr`disca`ht`
ff`vô c aãs m` rgap`r
ouhdighcrigs dgh fccht`rigr`s
m` egli`rhgs éfit` cht`rigr
(?>%y m`
ouhmcr
tgmgsuhc
fgs hu`vc. L`t`tc
qu` gdupcrgh
uh dcreg pgfátidg `h su p`rigmg), y `h pcrtidufcr m` Bchj y Kiaéh`z Dchtû,
m`limg c su cf`kcai`htg m` fc `htimcm y c sus dgaprgaisgs dgh `f erupg m`f
prgo`sgr. @h r`cfimcm, `f `f`vcmg hûa`rg m` p`rsghcs vihdufcmcs cf bchquisag
dghstituy` uhc pru`lc m` fc pgdc cutghgaác m` su egli`rhg. @h `f dcsg m`
^idbcrmg, si li`h sgh visilf`s sus váhdufgs dgh Bchj, fcs ihdgrpgrcdigh`s c su
egli`rhg tcaliéh r`spghmi`rgh c fc h`d`simcm m` dght`h`r fc misp`rsiôh m` fc
éfit` fgdcf. ^idbcrmg, dgag s` v`rã `h su aga`htg, pr`oiriô r`dge`r pgfátidgs
dghgdimgs y dgh fcrec trcy`dtgric pcrc m`agstrcr su r`dghgdiai`htg c fc éfit` m`f
`stcmg.
 

Dgag s` cpr`dic `h `f ducmrg, fc r`dup`rcdiôh m` pgfátidgs s` bc

dgapf`a`htcmg dgh `f iapufsg c hu`vgs ouhdighcrigs. M` Ocl`fc ckiaéh`z
Dchtû fgs egl`rhcmgr`s bch ff`vcmg `htr` 5> y 9>% m` pgfátidgs qu` bcstc
`htghd`s hg bclách m`s`ap`ócmg dcregs pûlfidgs. Dgag s` v`, `f
r`dghgdiai`htg m` fgs erupgs (y, pgr `xt`hsiôh, m` fc `xp`ri`hdic) hg bc
iap`mimg qu` s` oga`ht` fc pr`pcrcdiôh m` hu`vgs ducmrgs, m` tcf ach`rc qu` fc
éfit` fgdcf dghstcht`a`ht` s` v` r`hgvcmc. @h `st` puhtg `s mghm` aãs s`
au`strc `f ogrtcf`diai`htg m` fc éfit`, pu`s c oih m` du`htcs, hiheûh erupg bc
iap`mimg `f iher`sg m` hu`vgs ouhdighcrigs. Y `f r`suftcmg s` cmvi`rt` `h `f
 

b`dbg m` qu` uhc t`rd`rc pcrt` m` `stgs pgfátidgs m` r`di`ht` iher`sg, sglr`viviô
c uhg g mgs m` fgs p`rigmgs sieui`ht`s.
Fc pcutc, `ap`rg, hg `s ieucf pcrc tgmgs fgs erupgs, fg qu` mc im`c m` fc
ou`rzc m` dcmc uhg. Csá, ai`htrcs fc acygrác m` fgs achmctcrigs fgerô pr`s`rvcr
`htr` << y 45% m` sus pgfátidgs, Ocl`fc, `f pcmr` m`f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg, y
Dcrfgs Bchj, qui`h fgerô dcpitcfizcr `f prgy`dtg, dghsieui`rgh acht`h`r vivgs c
sus erupgs dgh 0< y =?% m` sus iht`ercht`s. @f v`rmcm`rg iapcdtg m` `stcs diorcs
s` cpr`dic `h `f ducmrg 3.<. @h r`cfimcm, fc p`h`trcdiôh m` fgs erupgs `s a`hgr m`
fg qu` hgracfa`ht` s` pi`hsc, pu`s sôfg `f m` Ocl`fc fgerô prgfghecrs` bcstc `f
egli`rhg m` Cfor`mg m`f Aczg Eghzãf`z, 49 cógs m`spués m` ouhmcmg.
Dghtrc fc dr``hdic e`h`rcfizcmc, fc v`rmcm`rc ihofu`hdic m` fgs erupgs s` fiaitc
cf egli`rhg iha`mictg sieui`ht` y, c pcrtir m` éf dgai`hzc c m`sd`hm`r
sgst`himca`ht`. Ti `stgs mctgs ifustrch fc m`lifimcm m` fgs erupgs pcrc acht`h`r
su pr`s`hdic, tcaliéh ihmidch dôag dcmc egl`rhcmgr dghstruyô `f suyg pcrc
dght`h`r `f m` su cht`d`sgr y, cdcsg, pr`s`rvcrs`. M` hu`vg, fc ogrtcf`zc m` fgs
erupgs hg `s ieucf pcrc tgmgs; Ocl`fc fgerô dgfgdcr 5<% m` sus b`r`m`rgs `h `f
egli`rhg m` C. m`f Aczg _éf`z, ai`htrcs qu` ést` y Tãhdb`z Dgfáh m`kcrgh c =4
y 05%, r`sp`dtivca`ht`. Tôfg O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh y Bchj b`r`mcrgh 23 y 5=%
m` sus pgfátidgs c sus sud`sgr`s. C p`scr m` `ffg, hiheuhg pumg acht`h`r `f
pgrd`htck` `h uh s`euhmg p`rigmg, fg qu` pru`lc fc dgrtc vimc pgfátidc m` fgs
erupgs, ihdfuimgs fgs aãs pgm`rgsgs m` Ocl`fc y Bchj.
@f ducmrg 3.< tcaliéh p`rait` gls`rvcr `f grie`h m` cqu`ffgs ouhdighcrigs qu`
dcmc egl`rhcmgr r`dgeiô m` sus cht`d`sgr`s. Ti li`h, `h tgmgs s` cmvi`rt` `f
prgpôsitg m` mcr r`pr`s`htcdiôh c fgs erupgs `xist`ht`s, tcaliéh s` gls`rvch
rupturcs e`h`rcdighcf`s iapgrtcht`s. Ai`htrcs M`f Aczg _éf`z y Tãhdb`z Dgfáh
s` capcrcrgh dgh fgs bgalr`s m` Ocl`fc, Lcz y O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh gptcrgh pgr
acht`h`r c pgfátidgs m`f p`rigmg iha`mictg cht`rigr y sôfg bidi`rgh
hgalrcai`htgs sialôfidgs m`f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg. @s pgr `ffg qu`, m` tr`d`
pgfátidgs qu` Ocl`fc dgfgdô dgh Tãhdb`z Dgfáh, fc diorc m`sdi`hm` c hu`v` dgh
Lcz y c dihdg dgh O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh. @s dfcrc fc iht`hdiôh m` calgs
egl`rhcmgr`s m` s`pcrcrs` m`f erupg grieihcrig.
 

Dgh tgmg, hiheuhg m` `ffgs fgerô dghv`rtir su ihm`p`hm`hdic `h uhc

cerupcdiôh murcm`rc. ^gr `f dghtrcrig, fc rupturc qu` `ffgs dga`hzcrgh ou`
prgouhmizcmc pgr Dcrfgs Bchj, dgag s` v` `h `f grie`h m` cqu`ffgs qu` éf
r`dgeiô; << prgd`mách m`f egli`rhg m` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh, su cht`d`sgr, p`rg c
fc acygrác fgs dgfgdô `h pu`stgs m` `f`ddiôh: 39 bclách dgfclgrcmg dgh Lcz y 32
`rch m`f grieihcf Ctfcdgaufdg. Fg siehioidctivg `s qu` m` `stgs 32 pgfátidgs, ghd`
dgrr`spghmách c fc épgdc `h qu` Tãhdb`z Dgfáh ou` egl`rhcmgr, y hg dgag fc
dr``hdic pgpufcr s`ócfc, m`f pctricrdc Ocl`fc. Hg `s dcsucf; ou` `h `s` p`rigmg
mghm` Bchj r`cfizô fc acygr pcrt` m` su dcrr`rc pgfátidc fgdcf, y `s tcaliéh `f
egli`rhg mghm` fc ihofu`hdic m` Ocl`fc dga`hzô c m`dfihcr, m` tcf ach`rc qu`

fgs
aãsihmivimugs qu` m`f
qu` ai`alrgs r`dfutô
erupg`hgrieihcf.
su cmaihistrcdiôh bclách simg dghgdimgs suygs,
Dgag sud`miô dgh Lcz y O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh, `f egli`rhg m` Bchj r`v`fc uh
hátimg dgrt` `htr` fgs pgfátidgs m` cht`rigr`s p`rigmgs y fgs qu` éf b`r`mô c fgs
sieui`ht`s. Ti li`h hg bcy mumc m` fgs pgdgs dgaprgaisgs qu` r`dghgdiô `h su
p`rigmg, `f hûa`rg m` ouhdighcrigs qu` sglr`viviô `h fgs cógs sieui`ht`s pgh`
`h mumc `f pr`mgaihig m` su erupg. @f m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû `s `f qu` aãs pgfátidgs
m` Bchj r`eistrc, 0<, y m`spués `f m` C. m`f Aczg Eghzãf`z dgh 4<, pcrc
m`sd`hm`r lrusdca`ht` `h fgs ûftiags egli`rhgs.
Kiaéh`z Dchtû iht`erô c su egli`rhg c pgfátidgs iapufscmgs pgr Lcz, fg ducf
hg ti`h` hcmc m` sgrpr`hm`ht` pu`s ou` dgh éf dgh qui`h Kiaéh`z Dchtû
 

m`scrrgffô lu`hc pcrt` m` su dcrr`rc pgfátidc, sglr` tgmg `h fc `htimcm. Tu p`rigmg

`s r`v`fcmgr hg sôfg m` fc dfcrc ihofu`hdic m` Bchj y `h di`rtg agmg m` Lcz, sihg
tcaliéh pgrqu` `s fc ûftiac `h fc qu` s` gls`rvch cfeuhgs b`r`m`rgs m`f Erupg
Ctfcdgaufdg; 35 `h tgtcf y m` `ffgs
` ffgs ûhidca`ht` mgs im`htioidcmgs dgh Ocl`fc.
Fgs mctgs au`strch qu` fc eul`rhcturc m` M`f Aczg Eghzãf`z hg acreihô c fc
éfit` fgdcf y a`hgs cûh c fgs bgalr`s m` Bchj; m`f tgtcf m` ouhdighcrigs qu`
dgfclgrcrgh `h su épgdc, 4< prgvihi`rgh m`f p`rigmg m`f prgo`sgr y 3? m`f m`
Kiaéh`z Dchtû, `s m`dir, 00% m` tgmgs fgs pgfátidgs qu` r`dup`rô. Cuhqu` `h
a`hgr a`mimc, L`t`tc bizg fg aisag, dgag yc s` s`ócfô, `h r`spu`stc c sus
dgaprgaisgs dgh `f erupg m` Bchj. M` =2 ouhdighcrigs qu` ff`vô c su egli`rhg,
<? `stclch im`htioidcmgs dgh Bchj y Kiaéh`z Dchtû: pcrc dgap`hscrfg, L`t`tc
r`dup`rô c 3? m` M`f Aczg.
Dgag s` v`rã `h `f dcpátufg _,
_, fc m`dfihcdiôh m`f erupg m` Bchj hg s` m`liô c
fcs cddigh`s m` Cfor`mg m`f Aczg sihg c uh dcalig `h fgs glk`tivgs m`f prgo`sgr
y c fc fudbc pgr fc pr`sim`hdic m` fc \`pûlfidc. @h r`cfimcm, sus fiaitcdigh`s s`
m`li`rgh c fc pgfátidc hcdighcf y hg c fc fgdcf. @h `s` s`htimg, `s r`v`fcmgr qu` fc
ihofu`hdic m` Bchj `h fgs egli`rhgs `stctcf`s m`dfih` ihdfusg `h `f p`rigmg m`
^idbcrmg, qui`h sgfca`ht` r`dgeiô c hu`v` ouhdighcrigs qu` bclách iher`scmg
dgh Bchj, p`s` c qu` su p`rigmg bc simg dghsim`rcmg dgag uhc prgfghecdiôh
hcturcf m`f erupg m`f prgo`sgr. Fc v`rmcm `s qu`, dgag s` v`rã `h su aga`htg, si
^idbcrmg ff`vô c pgfátidgs iapufscmgs pgr Bchj, ou` pgrqu` éf fgs dghgdiô dgag
ai`alrgs m`f egli`rhg m` ést` y `htr` `ffgs s` `stclf`di`rgh fczgs p`rsghcf`s, m`
tcf ach`rc qu` hg s` trctc m` qu` `f erupg m` Bchj r`dup`rcrc `f pgm`r, sihg m`

qu`Dgag
^idbcrmg egl`rhô
s` pu`m` dgh uhg
cpr`dicr prgpig.
`h fgs ducmrgs 3.3 y 3.< qu` pr`s`htch cf dghkuhtg m`
pgfátidgs m` dcmc egli`rhg, `s lcstcht` cv`hturcmg supgh`r fc `xist`hdic m` uh
ûhidg erupg qu` bcyc mgaihcmg fc pgfátidc fgdcf. @h r`cfimcm, fc bistgric m`f
@stcmg m` Aéxidg pu`m` chcfizcrs` pgr fcs `tcpcs qu` acrdch dfcrca`ht` `f
pr`mgaihig m` erupgs `h pcrtidufcr y, cf aisag ti`apg, su cft`rhchdic. M` `st`
agmg pu`m`h im`htioidcrs` dihdg `tcpcs; `f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg, qu` dgapr`hm`
fgs egli`rhgs m` Ocl`fc, M`f Aczg _éf`z y Tãhdb`z Dgfáh: uhc `tcpc m`
trchsidiôh, qu` r`pr`s`htch fgs erupgs m` Lcz y O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh: `f mgaihig
m`f Erupg Bchj, qu` ihdfuyô su egli`rhg y `f m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû: uhc hu`vc
rupturc dgh fgs egli`rhgs m` M`f Aczg Eghzãf`z y L`t`tc y, pgr ûftiag, fc
 

dghdificdiôh dgh ^idbcrmg.

^gr aãs misdr`pchdics y cuh dghofidtgs `htr` `ffgs, tgmgs, dgh fc `xd`pdiôh m`
L`t`tc, duapfi`rgh dgh r`efcs m` dgapgrtcai`htg lãsidcs. Dcmc egl`rhcmgr
hgalrô su eclih`t` (y `h e`h`rcf, p`raitiô `f cdd`sg c fgs dcregs pgfátidgs)
ct`hmi`hmg c tr`s drit`rigs lãsidgs; cs`eurcrs` `f pgm`r dgh dgfclgrcmgr`s
d`rdchgs y f`cf`s: ecrchtizcr `f ouhdighcai`htg m`f egli`rhg dgh pgfátidgs qu` yc
tuvi`rch `xp`ri`hdic `h gtrcs cmaihistrcdigh`s (fg qu` f`s p`raitiô r`dup`rcr c
ouhdighcrigs `h ogracdiôh y cf aisag ti`apg r`ogrzcr fc f`cftcm ihstitudighcf), y
acht`h`r `f `quifilrig m` ou`rzcs mãhmgf` r`pr`s`htcdiôh c gtrgs erupgs
pgfátidgs. M` `stc ach`rc, `f egl`rhcmgr hg sôfg dghtrgfclc y cs`eurclc su pgm`r
sihg qu` tcaliéh gp`rclc dgag uh ãrlitrg cht` erupgs g, dgag fg mik`rc uh
`htr`vistcmg, dgag `f d`htrg m` uhc cfichzc m` erupgs.=2
Bc simg csá dgag dcmc egl`rhcmgr, fcs aãs m` fcs v`d`s, fám`r tcaliéh m` uh
erupg pcrtidufcr, bc acht`himg fc uhimcm m` fc éfit`. Phc uhimcm qu`, sih
`alcreg, hg bc `stcmg `x`htc m` dghofidtgs. @h ducfqui`r dcsg, fg aãs
iht`r`scht` `s qu` `h su m`scrrgffg fgs erupgs bch s`rvimg pcrc cefutihcrfc,
pr`pcrcrfc y r`hgvcrfc. @s pgr `ffg qu`, dgag yc s` vig cf prihdipig m`f dcpátufg,
su `xist`hdic hg `s dghm`hclf` pcrc fgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s. ^gr `f dghtrcrig, fgs
erupgs bch simg uhc vác qu` bc p`raitimg `f cdd`sg cf pgm`r, qu` hg bc glstruimg
fcs dcrr`rcs ihmivimucf`s y qu`, pgr ûftiag, f` bc pr`s`rvcmg c su éfit` `f dghtrgf
m` fc pgfátidc fgdcf.

Hgtcs cf pi`
3 ^rãdtidca`ht` hg bcy bistgric m` fc `htimcm qu` hg trct` `st` puhtg, pgr fg qu` ducfqui`r t`xtg pu`m`
s`rvir m` r`o`r`hdic. @h `st` dcsg s` `apf`ô `f `stumig m` \cûf Lékcr Hcvcrrg y O`rhchmg Dcschgvc
Ãfvcr`z,  Bistgric m` fc ihmustricfizcdiôh m`f@stcmg m` Aéxidg
Aéxidg,, Lilfigt`dc @hdimgpémidc m`f @stcmg m`
Aéxidg, vgf. <3, Aéxidg, 395>, pp. 3><—3>=.
< @htr`vistc l. C pcrtir m` `stc hgtc tgmcs fcs `htr`vistcs s` a`hdighcrãh dgag `htr`vistc c, l, d, m, `td.:
pcrc scl`r c quiéh s` `htr`vistô vécs` fc hgtc a`tgmgfôeidc.
4 @htr`vistc `.

= @htr`vistc l.
 

0 @htr`vistc e.

? @htr`vistc d.
5 @htr`vistc l.

2 @htr`vistc d.
9 @htr`vistc e.

3> @htr`vistc j.
33 @htr`vistc d.
3< Uif ^chst`rs, ^gfátidc
^chst`rs, ^gfátidc y pgm`r `h Aéxidg. Ogracãôh y gdcsg m`f dcdidczegcvifcdcacdbistc
dcdidczegcvifcdcacdbistc `h ^u`
^u`lfc,
lfc,
3945—3925 , Aéxidg, PC^,399<.
34 Fuis A`mihc,  M`f dcrm`hisag cf cvifcdcacdbisag, Bistgric m` fc \`vgfudiôhA`xidca, t.
A`mihc, M`f \`vgfudiôhA`xidca, t. 32, Aéxidg,
@f Dgf`eig m` Aéxidg, 3952.
3= ^`t`r B. Taitb, Fgs
Taitb,  Fgs fcl`rihtgs m`f pgm`r,
pgm`r, Aéxidg,
 Aéxidg, @f Dgf`eig m` Aéxidg, 3923, y \gm`rid Ci Dcap,
 Fgs fám`r`s
fám`r`s pgfátidgs m` Aéxidg
Aéxidg,, Aéxidg, OD@, 392=.
30 Fc lilfigercoác sglr` dfi`ht`fisag `s cluhmcht`, p`rg cfeuhgs m` fgs trclckgs aãs r`pr`s`htctivgs sgh

fgs m` K`r`ay Lgiss`vcih,  Ori`hms go Ori`hms. H`ĥggrjs, Achipufctighs chm Dgcfitighs

Dgcfitighs,, Gxogrm, Lcsif
Lfcdjw`ff, PJ, 395=: T. H. @is`hstcmt y \`hé F`acrdbchm (`ms.),  ^gfitidcf Dfi`ht`fisa, ^ctrghce` chm
 M`v`fgpa`ht , L`v`rfy Biffs-Fghmr`s, Tce` ^ulfidctighs, 3923: T. H. @is`hstcmt y Fguis \ghie`r, ‖^ctrgh-
Dfi`ht \`fctighs cs c Agm`f go Ttrudturihe Tgdicf @xdbche`‑, Tgdi`ty ogr Dgapcrctiv`Ttumy go Tgdi`ty chm
 Bistgry,, hua. 3, `h`rg m` 392>: @rh`st E`ffh`r ykgbh Uct`rlury (`ms.),  ^ctrghs chm Dfi`hts ih
 Bistgry
 A`mit`rrch`ch Tgdi`ti`s,
Tgdi`ti`s, Fghmr`s,
 Fghmr`s, Mudjwgrtb, 3955, y Tt`oo`h U. Tdbaimt, `t cf. (`ms.),
cf. (`ms.), Ori`hms,
 Ori`hms, Ogffgw`rs
chm Ocdtighs,
Ocdtighs, L`rj`f`y, Phiv`rsity go Dcfiogrhic ^r`ss, 3955. @f t`xtg qu` a`kgr r`sua` fc prgpu`stc y
`xpfidc dôag pu`m` cpfidcrs` cf dcsg m` Aéxidg, `s `f m` A`rif`` T. Erihmf`, Lur`cud
Lur`cudrcts,
rcts, ^gfitidichs chm
 ^`cschts ih A`xidg.
A`xidg. C Dcs` Ttumy ih ^ulfid
^ulfid ^gfidy
^gfidy,, L`rj`f`y, Phiv`rsity go Dcfiogrhic ^r`ss, 3955.
3? @xpfidcdigh`s cft`rhctivcs pu`m`h `hdghtrcrs` `h Cfvih U. Egufmh`r, ‖]b` Hgra go \`diprgdity; C
^r`fiaihcry Ttct`a`ht‑,  Ca`ridch Tgígfgeidcf \`vi`ijg
\`vi`ijg,, hua. <, clrif m` 39?>, y m`f aisag cutgr, p`rg
dgag dgapifcmgr, Ttumi`s ih F`cm`rsbip. F`cm`rsbip chm M`agdrctid Cdtigh,
Cdtigh , Hu`vc Ygrj, \uss`ff chm
\uss`ff, 390>: B`raihic Ilcrrc y Tt`v`h L. Chmr`ws, ‖^gw`r, Tgdicf Ihofu`hd` chm T`hs` Acjihe; @oo`dts
go H`twgrj D`htrcfity chm ^rgxiaity gh @apfgy`` ^`rsp`dtiv`s‑, `h  Cmaihistrctiv`
 Cmaihistrctiv`   Tdi`hd` Sucrt`rfy,
Sucrt`rfy,
hûa. 42,3994: ^cuf F. Fczcrso`fm y \gl`rt J. A`rtgh, ‖Ori`hmsbip cs Tgdicf ^rgd`ss; C Tulstchtiv` chm
A`tbgmgfgeidcf Chcfysis‑, `h Agrrg` L`re`r `t cf., Or``mga chm Dghtrgf ih Agm`a Tgdi`ty,
Tgdi`ty, Hu`vc Ygrj,
Gdtcegh Lggjs, 39?=: \cyaghm _. Fi`mjc, ‖Ubg mg Ygu Jhgw ih tb` Ergup7 Fgdctigh go Grechizctighs
ih Iht`rp`rsghcf H`twgrjs‑, `h Tgdicf Ogrd`s,
Ogrd`s, hua. <, midi`alr` m` 3993: K. Dfym` Aitdb`ff (`m.), Tgdicf
 H`twgrjs ih Prlch Tgdi`ti`s,
Tgdi`ti`s, Achdb`st`r
 Achdb`st`r Phiv`rsity ^r`ss, PJ, 39?9: @mwcrm C. Tbifs, ‖]b` Ttumy go tb`
^riacry Ergup‑, `h Mchi`f F`rh`r y Bcrgfm M. Fcssw`ff, ]b` ^gfidy Tdi`hd`s,
Tdi`hd`s, Ttchogrm, Ttchogrm
 

Phiv`rsity ^r`ss, 3903, y Timh`y _`rlc, Tacff Ergups chm ^gfitidcf L`bcvigur. C Ttumy go F`cm`rsbip,
^rihd`tgh, ^rihd`tgh Phiv`rsity ^r`ss, 39?3. Ph chãfisis aãs m`t`himg m`f dfi`ht`fisag, fcs r`m`s sgdicf`s y
fc caistcm, s` `hdu`htrc `h \ge`fig B`rhãhm`z \g- mroeu`z, ‖Fgs erupgs pgfátidgs. Phc r`visiôh t`ôridc‑,
`h @stumigs
`h @stumigs Tgdigfôeidgs,
Tgdigfôeidgs, hûa. =0, s`pti`alr`-midi`alr` m` 3995.
35 @htr`vistcs m y o.

32 @htr`vistc o.
39 @htr`vistc `.
<> @htr`vistc 3.

<3 @htr`vistc m.
<< @htr`vistc o.

<4 @htr`vistc m.
<= @htr`vistc j.
<0 @htr`vistc o.
<? @hr`vistc o.

<5 @htr`vistc d.
<2 @htr`vistc o.

<9 @htr`vistc e.
4> @htr`vistc j.
43 @htr`vistc d.

4< @htr`vistc d.
44 @htr`vistc j.

4= @htr`vistc j.
40 @htr`vistc d.

4? @htr`vistc o.
45 @htr`vistc i.

42 @htr`vistc l.
49 Kgs`pb C. Tdbuap`t`r, Dcpitcfisag, sgdicfisag y m`agdrcdic,
m`agdrcdic, Aéxidg, Ceuifcr, 39?3, p. 44>.
=>  @htr` gtrgs, \gl`rt Tdgtt,  A`xidch Egv`rha`ht ih ]rchsitigh..gp. dit.,
dit.,   y OrchjLrchm`alure, ]b`
 Acjihe go Agm`rh A`xidg…,
A`xidg…, gp. dit.
=3 @f trclckg a`kgr fgercmg bcstc cbgrc `s `f m` Tcau`f Tdbaimt y Kgre` Eif A`hmi`tc, ‖]b` H`twgrj
L`bihm tb` ^gw`r ih A`xidg‑ (pgh`hdic pr`s`htcmc `h fc Dgho`r`hdic Iht`rhcdighcf sglr` \`m`s Tgdicf`s,
Hu`vc Grf`chs, o`lr`rg m` 399=, p. <, `h `f ducf coirach qu` ‖fc pgfátidc `h Aéxidg… pu`m` s`r `ht`hmimc
dgag uh prgd`sg m`t`raihcmg pgr fcs cddigh`s m` uhc r`m m`htrg m` fc ducf mgs sulr`m`s dgapit`h pgr `f
pgm`r‑. Fc siaifitum `s tch dfcrc dgh fc v`rsiôh `stcmuhim`hs` qu` hg r`qui`r` acygr`s `vim`hdics, p`rg
 

tcapgdg s` h`d`sitc lusdcrfcs pgrqu` fgs cutgr`s dghoi`sch su d`rdchác dgh cquéffc cp`hcs mgs pãeihcs
cm`fcht`. Ihdfusg fc mivisiôh m` fc r`m `s uhc vcricht` m` fc grieihcf, pu`s ai`htrcs pcrc Tdbaimt y Eif
A`hmi`tc sgh fc r`vgfudighcric y fc oihchdi`rc, pcrc fgs gtrgs, dgag s` r`dgrmcrã, `rch fgs dcrm`histcs dghtrc
fgs cf`achistcs.
=< Tglr` fgs erupgs ihogracf`s, véchs` fcs glrcs yc a`hdighcmcs m` Timh`y _`rlc, Tacff Ergups chm
 ^gfitidcf L`bcvigur…, gp. dit.,
dit., y
 y @mwcrm C. Tbifs, ‖]b` Ttumy go ^riacry Ergup‑…, gp. dit.
=4 Dcrfgs B`rr`kôh, Bistgric
B`rr`kôh, Bistgric m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg
Aéxidg,, Aéxidg, PC@A, 3920, p. 4>3.
==  Kufiãh Tcfczcr (dggrm.),  @strudturc y mihãaidc m`f pgm`r `h `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg
Aéxidg,Aéxidg,PC@A,
,Aéxidg,PC@A,
3994, pp.3?—35.
=0 @htr`vistc b.

=? Fcs r`fcdigh`s `htr` `f d`htrg y fc p`rio`ric r`lcsch dgh audbg `f t`ac m`f pr`s`ht` trclckg, p`rg `f
f`dtgr iht`r`scmg pu`m` `hdghtrcr uhc capfic fit`rcturc `h fgs ffcacmgs hu`vgs `stumigs r`eighcf`s sglr` fc
r`vgfudiôh a`xidchc. Dgh tgmg, bcy r`o`r`hdics glfiecmcs; \cyaghm Luv` `t cf.,
cf., Ttct` chm \`eigh ih Fctih
 Ca`ridc; CU
CUgrjsbgp
grjsbgp,, Cast`rmca, d`mfc, Ihdim`htcf ^ulfidctighs, hua. 35,3923: Euiff`rag m` fc ^`óc,

‖Fgs `stumigs r`eighcf`s y fc chtrgpgfgeác `h Aéxidg‑, \`fcdigh`s,

Aéxidg‑, \`fcdigh`s, @f
 @f Dgf`eig m` Aidbgcdãh, vgf. II, 3923:
Kgre` ^cmuc y Cffcih _
_chh`pb
chh`pb (dgaps.),
(dgaps.), ^gm`r
 ^gm`r fgdcf ypgm`r r`eighcf,
r`eighcf, Aéxidg,
 Aéxidg, @f Dgf`eig m` Aéxidg, 3920:
^cuf Dfcv`f,  @spcdig y pgm`r
pgm`r,,  Aéxidg, OD@, 392<: Chh \, Acrjus`h, ‖\`eigh chm \`eighcfisa‑, `h O.
Agufc`r y \. Uifsgh Lcfihcs (`ms.),  \`eighs
 \`eighs..  Chcfysis chm tb` H`w Iht`rhctighcf Mivisigh goFclgur
goFclgur,,
Lgstgh-Fc Bcyc, Jf`w`r-Hikbgo ^ulfisb`rs, 3924, y Acrj J`ss`fach y Mghcfm \gs`htbcf,  Fgdcf ^gw`r
chm Dgapcrctiv` ^gfitids, L`v`rfy
^gfitids, L`v`rfy Biffs, Tce` ^ulfidctighs, 395=.
=5 Fgs erupgs `xti`hm`h su ihofu`hdic ercdics ‖c qu` audbgs m` sus ai`alrgs s` bch iht`ercmg fu`eg c
gtrgs, cuh dgag dgfclgrcmgr`s t`apgrcf`s 3 ‒,Kufiãh Tcfczcr, @strudturc
Tcfczcr, @strudturc y mihãaidc…, gp. dit  pp.
 pp. 35—32.
=2 @htr`vistc o.
 

II. @F E\P^G C]FCDGAPFDG

DCDISP@T FGDCF@T Y DCPMIFFGT HCDIGHCF@T

Dgag dcsi tgmgs fgs `stcmgs m`f pcás, `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg ou` mgaihcmg pgr uh
r`vgfudighcrig y pgdg m`spués pgr su b`rachg, m`sm` `f oihcf m` fc fudbc cracmc
bcstc fc ff`ecmc m` Isimrg Ocl`fc `h 39=<. Fgs b`rachgs Cluhmig y Oifil`rtg
Eôa`z, dgag `f r`stg m` dcdiqu`s fgdcf`s, ouhmcrgh su pgm`r `h `f b`dbg m`
bcl`r pcrtidipcmg `h fc r`vgfudiôh y, sglr` tgmg, `h sus váhdufgs dgh mgs
dcumiffgs hcdighcf`s, Cfvcrg Glr`eôh y ^futcrdg @fics Dcff`s.
Fgs mgs b`rachgs iher`scrgh c fcs oifcs r`vgfudighcrics pgr su b`rachg
]`fésogrg, `f acygr m` fc ocaific. Phc v`rsiôh mid` qu` fgs mgs b`rachgs
a`hgr`s sirvi`rgh lckg `f achmg m` ]`fésogrg, y gtrc qu` ou` cf agrir ést`,
duchmg Cluhmig y Oifil`rtg iher`scrgh c fc r`vgfudiôh.3 Cluhmig Eôa`z sá tgaô
pcrt` `h lctcffcs, dgh fc mivisiôh qu` dgachmclc `f e`h`rcf Kgcquáh Cacrg,
qui`h aãs tcrm` s` `hdcrecrác m` prgo`sighcfizcr cf `kérditg. Fc pcrtidipcdiôh m`
Cluhmig Eôa`z ou` suoidi`ht` pcrc egzcr pgr si`apr` m`f co`dtg m`f e`h`rcf

Cacrg. Hg `h
m`stcdcmcs ou`fc`ffudbc
dcsg m` su b`rachg
cracmc, p`rg sáOifil`rtg,
misorutô qui`h
m` fc hg tuvg iht`rv`hdigh`s
`stiacdiôh m`f e`h`rcf
Glr`eôh y,
y, aãs tcrm`, dgs`dbô fc glrc pcdioidcmgrc m` su b`rachg Cluhmig `h `f
@stcmg m` Aéxidg.
]caliéh dgag `h gtrgs `stcmgs, `f mgaihig m` fgs Eôa`z s` ogrtcf`diô dgh fc
dr`cdiôh m` uh pcrtimg fgdcf qu` pumg sglr`vivir, c mio`r`hdic m` fgs m`aãs, aãs
cffã m` fc ouhmcdiôh m`f ^crtimg Hcdighcf \`vgfudighcrig `h 39<9. Cluhmig
Eôa`z ou` qui`h ouhmô `f ^crtimg Tgdicfistc m`f ]rclckg (^T]) cf oihcfizcr su
s`euhmg p`rigmg dgag egl`rhcmgr, `h 39<0. @f ^T], fg aisag qu` `f ^crtimg
\cmidcf m` ]clcsdg, `f ^crtimg Tgdicfistc m` Yudctãh y `f ^crtimg Tgdicfistc
Orght`rizg `h ]cacufipcs,
]cacufipcs, pgr a`hdighcr sôfg c fgs aãs dghgdimgs, cfia`htô uhc
 

im`gfgeác sgdicfistc, tch calieuc dgag fc qu` m`dách acht`h`r fgs dcumiffgs
hcdighcf`s y qu`, dgh p`qu`ócs agmioidcdigh`s, ff`eô c ihofuir `h `f ^H\: dgh
mio`r`hdics, p`rg tgmgs lusdclch m`st`rrcr ochctisags, ocvgr`d`r ci dcap`sihg y
cf glr`rg y pr`s`rvcr fc r`vgfudiôh y sus l`h`oidigs.<
Ducfqui`r f`dturc m`t`himc m`f dght`himg qu` fgs r`vgfudighcrigs qu`rách mcrf`
c fc pcfclrc sgdicfisag, r`v`fc qu` su acygr rcmidcfisag s` r`o`rác cf prgercac y
glk`tivgs m` fc r`vgfudiôh.4  Dgag fg au`strch fgs mio`r`ht`s m`stihgs m` dcmc
pcrtimg, `f v`rmcm`rg agtivg m` mistchdicai`htg `htr` fgs r`vgfudighcrigs hg
`stuvg `h `f rcmidcfisag r`fieigsg g `mudctivg, sihg `h `f r`pcrtg cercrig qu` sus
mirie`ht`s pr`t`hmi`rgh ff`vcr c dclg. @sg ou` fg qu` mistchdiô g cd`rdô c dcmc
dcumiffg m`f rcmidcf y kcdglihg ^futcrdg @fics Dcff`s y, sglr` tgmg, ocdifitô su
sglr`viv`hdic.
Fgs Eôa`z hg tuvi`rgh prglf`acs cercrigs s`rigs qu` r`sgfv`r `h `f @stcmg m`
Aéxidg, hi tcapgdg s` `hor`htcrgh c uhc sgdi`mcm tch dgapf`kc qu` p`raiti`rc
fc ogracdiôh m` uh s`dtgr pgm`rgsg qu` misputcrc su dghtrgf. @f ^T] tuvg dgag
ouhdiôh prihdipcf fc m` cpgycr fcs m`disigh`s m`f dcumiffg fgdcf y ocdifitcr fc
s`f`ddiôh m` sud`sgr`s `h `f egli`rhg m`f `stcmg. ^r`disca`ht` `f ^T] hcdiô, `h
39<0, pcrc cpgycr fc dchmimcturc m` Dcrfgs \ivc ^cfcdig dgag egl`rhcmgr qu`
r`f`vcrác `h `f dcreg c Oifil`rtg Eôa`z, b`rachg m`f r`vgfudighcrig Cluhmig.
]capgdg `h `stg `f ^T] s` mio`r`hdiô m` sus dght`apgrãh`gs; `f pcrtimg ou` `f
prihdipcf ihstrua`htg pcrc cs`eurcrf` c fgs Eôa`z su dcdidczeg, m` fc aisac
ach`rc qu` fg bidi`rgh Ecrrimg Dchclcf, ^grt`s Eif y Dcrriffg ^u`rtg. C
`xd`pdiôh m` `st` ûftiag, tgmgs s` cpgycrgh `h sus pcrtimgs fgdcf`s pcrc fclrcrs`
uh pr`stieig qu` f`s p`raiti`rc oieurcr `h fc pgfátidc hcdighcf.
C `ffg s` m`l`, pgr `k`apfg, qu` Oifil`rtg Eôa`z, cf b`r`mcr `f pgm`r m`f
b`rachg, fgercrc oieurcr dgag pr`sim`ht` m` fc Dghv`hdiôh Dghstituy`ht` m`
Su`rétcrg, mghm` hcdiô `f ^H\, y aãs tcrm` Dcrfgs \ivc ^cfcdig, dgag mirie`ht`
m`f pcrtimg, grechizcrc fc Dghv`hdiôh, tcaliéh `h Su`rétcrg, mghm` s`rác
pgstufcmg `f e`h`rcf Fãzcrg Dãrm`hcs dgag dchmimctg c fc pr`sim`hdic.
Hcturcfa`ht`, calcs dirduhstchdics s` m`li`rgh hg sôfg cf dghtrgf qu` ff`ecrgh c
t`h`r m` su `stcmg y m` sus grechizcdigh`s, sihg c fc d`rdchác qu` tuvi`rgh dgh
fgs dcumiffgs hcdighcf`s.

Ercdics,
prgpic `h prihdipig,
cdtivimcm, c fc
Oifil`rtg ihofu`hdic
Eôa`z tuvg m`
uhcsutrcy`dtgric
b`rachg Cluhmig y m`spués
csd`hm`ht` c su
y cd`f`rcmc
 

qu` f` p`raitiô `h `f dgrtg pfczg m` mi`z cógs s`r miputcmg fgdcf, tr`s v`d`s
miputcmg o`m`rcf, s`hcmgr y egl`rhcmgr m` su `stcmg. ^crc hcmi` `h `sc épgdc `rc
m`sdghgdimg qu` `f dgrgh`f Oifil`rtg Eôa`z egzclc m` fc siapctác y `f cpgyg
m`f e`h`rcf Glr`eôh.=  ^gr su ihmisdutilf` glr`eghisag, aãs qu` pgr su
`xp`ri`hdic `h `f ach`kg m` uh pcrtimg pgm`rgsg (fg ducf pgmách misputãrs`fg `h
ieucfmcm m` dghmidigh`s, Ecrrimg Dchclcf y ^grt`s Eif), ou` qu` Oifil`rtg Eôa`z
pr`simiô fc Dghv`hdiôh m` Su`rétcrg, pu`s fcs cduscdigh`s m` qu` Dcff`s bclác
simg `f qu` grechizcrc `f cs`sihctg m`f dcumiffg, bcdách sgsp`dbgsg qu` uh
dcffistc miriei`rc `f cdtg `h `f qu` hcd`rác, cf oih y cf dclg, `f pcrtimg im`cmg pgr
éf.
Oifil`rtg Eôa`z pr`simiô `f cdtg m`f hcdiai`htg m`f phr y, aãs cûh, tcaliéh
`h `f qu` s` pgstufô c ^csducf Grtiz \ulig, dgag dchmimctg c fc pr`sim`hdic m` fc
r`pûlfidc: p`rg pru`lc m` qu` su pr`s`hdic ou` m` dgaprgaisg `s qu` `f pria`r
Dgaité @k`dutivg Hcdighcf m`f phr fg iht`ercrgh; dgag pr`sim`ht`, Achu`f ^ér`z
]r`vióg: dgag s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf, Fuis F. F`ôh: dgag `hdcrecmg m`f Mistritg
O`m`rcf, Eghzcfg H. Tchtgs: dgag s`dr`tcrig m` ^r`hsc, A`fdbgr Grt`ec,
dcffistcs c tgmc pru`lc, y Oifil`rtg Eôa`z sôfg gltuvg fc T`dr`tcrác m`f @xt`rigr,
aãs sialôfidc qu` r`cf.0
M`f aisag agmg qu` `f cpgyg m` Glr`eôh m`t`raihô su csd`hsg, dgh `f
bgaidimig m`f dcumiffg dga`hzô fc m`dfihcdiôh m`f pgm`r fgdcf m` Oifil`rtg. Fgs
pria`rgs egfp`s s` fgs cs`stô Dcrfgs \ivc ^cfcdig, uh b`r`m`rg m`f erupg
egaistc p`rg qu` t`hác fc su`rt` m` s`r uh dcffistc dghv`hdimg. @st` pgfátidg, duyg
cdd`sg c fc eul`rhcturc m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg bclác simg m`dimimg pgr Cluhmig
Eôa`z, y `h duyc dgyuhturc s` bclác ouhmcmg `f ^T], prghtg dga`hzcrác hg sôfg
c m`spr`hm`rs` m`f dghtrgf m` fgs Eôa`z sihg c m`struir su pgm`h
\ivc ^cfcdig dghdfuyô su cmaihistrcdiôh `h s`pti`alr` m` 39<9 pcrc m`kcr `h
fc eul`rhcturc c Oifil`rtg Eôa`z. F`kgs m` qu` su csd`hsg siehioidcrc `f
ogrtcf`diai`htg m`f dcdidczeg, acrdô `f prihdipig m` su `xtihdiôh. \ivc ^cfcdig
m`sm` `htghd`s kuecrác uh pcp`f m`disivg `h fc pgfátidc hcdighcf dgag uhg m` fgs
bgalr`s dfcv` m`f K`o` Aãxiag. Csá, duchmg Dcff`s m`dimiô r`tircr c @aifig
^grt`s Eif m` fc T`dr`tcrác m` Egl`rhcdiôh, murcht` `f egli`rhg m` ^csducf Grtiz
\ulig, y trcsfcmcrfg c fc pr`sim`hdic m`f ^H\, dgag uhc achiglrc pcrc
m`s`stclifizcr su réeia`h, qui`h gdupô fc siffc vcdác ou` \ivc ^cfcdig.
Mgs cógs m`spués ést` ff`ecrác c pr`simir `f ^H\, m`sm` mghm` s` pr`pcrcrác,
 

dgh fc chu`hdic m` Dcff`s, fc pgstufcdiôh m` Dãrm`hcs y `f ^fch T`x`hcf.?  Dgh

`s` pu`stg privif`eicmg, \ivc ^cfcdig ihofuyô m`disivca`ht` `h fc m`siehcdiôh
m`f sud`sgr m` Eôa`z `h `f `stcmg, Kgsé Fuis Tgfôrzchg, y sglr` tgmg, `apf`ô
tgmc su ihofu`hdic pcrc m`struir cf ^T].
Cuhqu` s` bc iht`rpr`tcmg `stc cdtitum dgag uhc m`agstrcdiôh m` dôag `f
egli`rhg o`m`rcf m`struyô fgs dcdidczegs fgdcf`s pcrc dghd`htrcr `f pgm`r,5
tcaliéh pu`m` `hdghtrcrs` uhc dfcrc iht`hdiôh m` aihcr c uh `h`aieg `stctcf
m`struy`hmg cf prihdipcf grechisag qu` sust`htclc su ou`rzc. @h `st` s`htimg,
Dcrfgs \ivc ^cfcdig duapfirác uh mglf` prgpôsitg m`sm` `f ^H\ ; cdclcr dgh uhg
m` fgs pgdgs, p`rg pgr `ffg aisag aãs ou`rt`s pgm`r`s fgdcf`s, pcrc dghd`htrcr `f
pgm`r `h `f d`htrg y, cf aisag ti`apg, cdclcr dgh uh `h`aieg m` ach`rc qu` éf
pumi`rc ouhmcr su prgpig mgaihig. Csá dgag fgs Eôa`z `hdghtrcrgh `h Glr`eôh
su ou`ht` m` pgm`r, \ivc ^cfcdig `apf`crác `f cpgyg m` Dcff`s pcrc m`struirfgs y,
cdcsg, `stclf`d`r `f suyg.
Hg fg dghsieuiô. Ph hu`vg fám`r `stclc pr`s`ht`, bclác sureimg tcaliéh m`f
dcdidczeg m` fgs Eôa`z y, dgag `ffgs y \ivc ^cfcdig, t`hác uh dcumiffg hcdighcf
qu` fg cpgyclc; U`hd`sfcg Fclrc, cdtivg pgfátidg fgdcf m`sm` fgs cógs v`iht`,
s`hcmgr murcht` `f egli`rhg m` Oifil`rtg Eôa`z, m`stcdcmg mirie`ht` m`f ^T]  y,
pgr si ou`rc pgdg, dcscmg dgh fc bikc m`f ûftiag Eôa`z, bclác dghstruimg su
dcrr`rc cf capcrg m` `s` dcdidczeg. ^`rg hg fg m`o`hmiô duchmg \ivc ^cfcdig y `f
dcffisag dga`hzcrgh c m`struirfg: pgr `f dghtrcrig, ceucrmô `f aga`htg `h qu`
`f egaisag m`scpcr`d`rác pcrc sureir dgag uh hu`vg fám`r. M` hu`vg, fc pgfátidc
hcdighcf dcaliô fc su`rt` m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg; Dãrm`hcs s` `hor`htô c Dcff`s y
fgerô m`st`rrcrfg m`f pcás y, `h fc purec m` egl`rhcmgr`s y f`eisfcmgr`s co`dtgs c
Dcff`s, Tgfôrzchg tuvg qu` r`huhdicr c fc eul`rhcturc. Tgrpr`sivca`ht` y m` uh
sgfg egfp`, \ivc ^cfcdig m`scpcr`diô m` fc pgfátidc fgdcf.2
Cuhqu` `f sud`sgr m` Tgfôrzchg hg ou` m`f cercmg m` Fclrc,9 fc m`dfihcdiôh
m`f dcffisag ou` m`oihitivc y, `h dghtrcst`, su im`htioidcdiôh dgh Dãrm`hcs,
m`disivc. Cf dghdfuir `f p`rigmg dghstitudighcf `h 3945, Fclrc ou` `f dchmimctg
hcturcf c fc eul`rhcturc, sih gpgsidiôh y dgh tgmg `f cpgyg m` uh dcrm`hisag qu`
`stclc `h fc dûspim` m`f pgm`r hcdighcf. Tu mgaihig pcr`dác sôfimg y murcm`rg
tgmc v`z qu` Dãrm`hcs bclác m`st`rrcmg c fgs dcumiffgs hcdighcf`s, c vcrigs

fgdcf`s
m` (dgag gdurriô
Acxiaihg dgh Tcturhihg
Ãvifc Dcacdbg D`miffgs``hdghsgfimclch
`h ^u`lfc, Tch Fuis ^gtgsá)
p`rgy pgr
gtrgs,cpgycr
dgag cf
`f
 

e`h`rcf aidbgcdchg.
Ercdics c sus váhdufgs dgh `f egaisag, Fclrc pumg bcd`rs` m` uh dghkuhtg m`
s`euimgr`s p`rsghcf`s, `htr` fgs ducf`s oieurclc `f qu` s`rác su sud`sgr, Cfor`mg
[crct` Cflcrrãh. Murcht` `f egli`rhg sustitutg m` @udcrig Fôp`z, c p`scr m` su
cf`kcai`htg m` Fclrc, ést` pumg ihtrgmudir c cfeuhgs m` sus bgalr`s, dgag `f
e`h`rcf Chtghig \ga`rg, Kuch H. Ecrdác, Ofgr`s Achdiffc y `f aisag [crct`
Cflcrrãh.3>  @h `f egli`rhg m` Fclrc, [ãrct` s` dghvirtiô `h s`hcmgr y `h uh
ou`rt` dchmimctg c sud`m`rfg. Dgh tgmg, éf hg ou` `f `f`eimg pgr Fclrc, sihg
Cmriãh F`ecspi, su t`sgr`rg e`h`rcf y caieg, `h qui`h `hdghtrô c fc p`rsghc qu`
cs`eurcrác su ihofu`hdic p`rsghcf.
Fgs drghistcs m` fc épgdc du`htch qu` pcrc dghs`euir su prgpôsitg sih qu`
pcr`di`rc uhc iapgsidiôh, Fclrc cf`htô c \ga`rg y c [ãrct` pcrc qu` su
`hor`htcai`htg ogrtcf`di`rc c Fcecspi. Phc pria`rc au`strc pûlfidc m` fcs
prãdtidcs qu` cdclcrách dgh fgs pgfátidgs trcmidighcf`s fc mig \ga`rg. @h pf`hc
dcapcóc pgr fc dchmimcturc, `f e`h`rcf s`du`strô c dctgrd` caiegs m` Fclrc y fgs
cs`sihô `h ]`hchdiheg.33 Tu dchmimcturc m`scpcr`diô, ` ih`sp`rcmca`ht` dr`diô
fc m` [ãrct` Cflcrrãh qui`h, cf gdupcr `f ^cfcdig m` Egli`rhg, hg r`dghgdiô
m`umcs dgh su a`htgr. C p`scr m`f pr`stieig hcdighcf m` Fclrc,3< [ãrct` Cflcrrãh
hg f` p`raitiô dghtrgfcr su egli`rhg.
Fc m`sdgapgsidiôh m` fc éfit` trcmidighcf `rc `vim`ht`. Fgs Eôa`z hg
pumi`rgh acht`h`r su mgaihig fgdcf c p`scr m` dghstruir m`fil`rcmca`ht` fgs
a`dchisags pcrc dghs`euirfg. Fc m`scpcridiôh m` Glr`eôh f`s quitô `f sust`htg
ihmisp`hsclf` y p`raitiô qu` uh pgfátidg ihdulcmg pgr `ffgs, Dcrfgs \ivc ^cfcdig,
m`struy`rc su cpcr`ht`a`ht` sôfimg pgm`r. Hg glstcht`, \ivc ^cfcdig tcapgdg
fgerô bcd`r p`rach`ht` su vidtgric: uh hu`vg ckust` m` du`htcs `htr` dcumiffgs,
qu` r`spghmác c uh fcreg prgd`sg m` dghsgfimcdiôh m`f réeia`h hcdighcf, `fiaihô
cf K`o` Aãxiag y dgh éf cf sustitutg m` Oifil`rtg Eôa`z. Dãrm`hcs cf`htô c gtrg
pgfátidg y aifitcr fgdcf, duyc dcrr`rc ou` capcrcmc tcaliéh pgr `f egaisag, pcrc
qu` dghtrgfcrc fc `htimcm. ^`rg Fclrc, `stc v`z sih fc iht`rv`hdiôh mir`dtc m`f
egli`rhg o`m`rcf, hg pumg r`sgfv`r `f prgd`sg m` m`sdgapgsidiôh m` uhc dfcs`
trcmidighcf qu` yc hg r`dghgdác fim`rczeg cfeuhg. Fclrc hg pumg dghtrgfcr su
sud`siôh (y, pgr `hm`, cs`eurcr su ihofu`hdic fgdcf) c p`scr m` qu` egzclc m`f
co`dtg m`f dcumiffg m`f aga`htg. Hi Fclrc, hi audbg a`hgs [crct` Cflcrrãh,
fgercrách sglr`vivir c `stc `xtihdiôh pgfátidc.
pg fátidc.
 

[crct`, m` grie`h buaifm` y, dgag fgs Eôa`z, tcaliéh m`f sur m`f `stcmg,
bclác pcscmg, mid` B`rr`kôh, m` vieifcht` m` dchtihc c pgfátidg iapgrtcht`. 34  C
O`rhchmg Grtiz \ulig, su cs`sihg, fg uhách miv`rsgs iht`r`s`s pgfátidgs,
`dghôaidgs y cuh ocaificr`s qu`, cf aisag ti`apg, bclách ihdulcmg cercvigs
p`rsghcf`s. Dgag `s dghgdimg, `h uh o`st`kg pgr `f duapf`cógs m`f egl`rhcmgr,
`h `f ducf bclác dgrrimg suoidi`ht` cfdgbgf, Grtiz \ulig biriô c [crct`, qui`h tr`s
mács m`spués agrirác. Fc m`scpcridiôh m`f achmctcrig y, sglr` tgmg, fcs
dirduhstchdics `h qu` gdurriô, csá dgag fc prgouhmc mivisiôh m` fc éfit` fgdcf,
iapimi`rgh qu` fgs pgfátidgs m`f `stcmg r`sgfvi`rch fc sud`siôh y r`tuvi`rch `f
pgm`r. @f egli`rhg o`m`rcf, `hdcl`zcmg `htghd`s pgr Achu`f Ãvifc Dcacdbg,
dga`hzcrác fc trcmidiôh m` dgrr`eir `f rualg m` fc pgfátidc `stctcf iapimi`hmg
qu` uh fám`r pgm`rgsg dghsgfimcrc su ihofu`hdic, cf hgalrcr y cpgycr c uh
pgfátidg r`fctivca`ht` ck`hg c fcs r`hdiffcs fgdcf`s.

@FDGAI@H[G M@ FC F@Y@HMC. FCD\@CDIÔH M@F E\P^G

@h `stridtg s`htimg, fc ff`ecmc m` Isimrg Ocl`fc hg pu`m` `xpfidcrs` pgr fc
cus`hdic m` pgfátidgs qu` sustituy`rch cf egl`rhcmgr cs`sihcmg. ^gr `f dghtrcrig,
ustg pgrqu` `xistách y pgrqu` ecrchtizclch fc dghtihucdiôh m` uhc éfit` `h
m`sdgapgsidiôh, `f pr`sim`ht` Ãvifc Dcacdbg gptô pgr Ocl`fc. Bclác pgfátidgs y
grm`hcai`htgs f`ecf`s qu`, m` duapfirs`, bclrách acht`himg fcs dgscs
prãdtidca`ht` ieucf`s.
Cf a`hgs tr`s ouhdighcrigs `rch `f`eilf`s pcrc gdupcr `f iht`rihctg; Kuch
O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh, pcri`ht` m`f egl`rhcmgr cs`sihcmg, m`stcdcmg mirie`ht` m`f
yc m`scpcr`dimg ^T] y `h `s` ag- a`htô pr`sim`ht` auhidipcf m` ]gfudc: Kgsé
Fuis Eutiérr`z, s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg m` [crct`, y @hdcrhcdiôh Ou`ht`s,
pr`sim`ht` m` fc Dãacrc m` Miputcmgs fgdcf. T`eûh cfeuhgs, fc sud`siôh f`
dgrr`spghmác cf s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg,3=  p`rg m` cdu`rmg dgh gtrgs,
ihdfuimg `f aisag Ocl`fc, fc f`y s`ócfclc c uh f`eisfcmgr y, dgh acygr`s
prglclifimcm`s, cf pr`sim`ht` m`f Dgher`sg fgdcf. T`c dgag ou`r`, Eutiérr`z y fgs
miputcmgs pcscrgh pgr cftg fcs hgracs f`ecf`s pcrc m`siehcr c O`rhãhm`z
Cflcrrãh dgag sud`sgr. Fclrc hg `rc ck`hg c fc achiglrc, pu`s orustrcmc su
 

ihdgrpgrcdiôh cf eclih`t` pr`sim`hdicf, s` bclác dghv`rtimg `h `f ûhidg fám`r

`stctcf dgh ihofu`hdic.
^crc sgrpr`sc m` fgs iht`r`scmgs, `f hgalrcai`htg m` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh ou`
r`dbczcmg pgr Ãvifc Dcacdbg, qu` s` h`eô c m`kcr `f `stcmg `h achgs m` fgs
pgfátidgs trcmidighcf`s. ^crc `f pr`sim`ht` ducfqui`r dchmimctg vihdufcmg c `ffgs
`stclc m`sdcfioidcmg m` cht`achg; uhc éfit` qu` bclác ff`ecmg cf `xtr`ag m`
miriair sus dghofidtgs p`rsghcf`s c lcfczgs hg pgmác dghtihucr egl`rhchmg fc
`htimcm aãs prôxiac c fc dcpitcf.30 Cuhqu` di`rtg fg cht`rigr,
cht`rigr, tcaliéh `rc v`rmcm
qu` Ãvifc Dcacdbg vig `h `f cs`sihctg uhc gpgrtuhimcm pcrc `fiaihcr uh
dcdidczeg aãs qu`, cmidighcfa`ht`, iap`mác fc agm`rhizcdiôh m` `s` `stcmg tch
d`rdchg. Fclrc, p`s` c tgmg, tuvg uh pcp`f iapgrtcht` `h fc sgfudiôh m`f
prglf`ac. Cf m`dir m` cfeuhgs, `f aisag Fclrc pimiô cf pr`sim`ht` m`siehcr uh
sud`sgr ck`hg c `ffgs pcrc fiapicr fc iace`h tch mcócmc m` fgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s:
pcrc gtrgs éf iht`erô fc fistc m` fc ducf Ãvifc Dcacdbg `fieiô cf egl`rhcmgr.
@h ducfqui`r dcsg, Fclrc sirviô pcrc f`eitiacr fc m`disiôh pr`sim`hdicf `
ihmir`dtca`ht` fcs vigfcdigh`s c fc f`y qu` s` sud`mi`rgh dgh Ocl`fc. @h fc fistc
oieurclch Cfl`rtg Oclifc y Crachmg Crrgyg, miputcmg fgdcf, calgs caiegs m`
Fclrc: \gaãh Lcmiffg, k`o` m` fc goidihc kurámidc m`f M`pcrtca`htg Cercrig:
Orchdisdg Kcvi`r Ecxigfc, s`dr`tcrig m` @dghgaác Hcdighcf, y hcmc a`hgs
Isimrg Ocl`fc.3?
Ocl`fc hg cpcr`diô, dgag mid` fc v`rsiôh pgpufcr, pgr fc siapf` vgfuhtcm
pr`sim`hdicf pu`s, cf a`hgs ogracfa`ht`, éf oieurclc `h fc fistc prgpu`stc pgr fgs
pgfátidgs m`f `stcmg, `hdcl`zcmgs pgr su fám`r Fclrc. @stc dirduhstchdic, sih
`alcreg, hg m`kccaistcm
vi`kc y prgouhmc m`f tgmgqu`
dfcrc sucf`f`ddiôh.
uhiô FcsÃvifc
pr`sim`ht` rczgh`s s` `hdu`htrch
Dcacdbg `h fcy
dgh Ocl`fc
qu` `xpfidch pgr qué s`f`ddighô c uh p`rsghck` ck`hg c fc pgfátidc fgdcf, dgh uhc
trcy`dtgric mipfgaãtidc qu` s` bclác m`scrrgffcmg `h `f `xtrchk`rg.
Fc sgfc f`dturc m` su durrádufua bcd` pr`euhtcrs` pgr qué Ãvifc Dcacdbg fg
achmô c pcdioidcr uh `stcmg dgh sglrcmcs au`strcs m` vigf`hdic. Ocl`fc ihidiô su
vimc prgo`sighcf `h 3933, duchmg `f pr`sim`ht` Acm`rg fg hgalrô k`o` m`
M`o`hsgr`s m` Goidig `h `f Mistritg O`m`rcf y dghs`k`rg tédhidg m` fc
p`hit`hdicrác dcpitcfihc.35 Ph cóg m`spués ou` `f`dtg miputcmg o`m`rcf, y `h `sc
dghmidiôh `f egl`rhcmgr Clrcbca Eghzãf`z fg hgalrô goidicf acygr m` su
egli`rhg `h Dbibucbuc. Cf agrir Acm`rg s` r`ihdgrpgrô c fc Dãacrc m`
 

Miputcmgs ` iher`sô c fc Dcsc m`f Glr`rg Auhmicf. @h 3934 prghuhdiô `f

misdursg dghtrc _idtgrichg
_idtgrichg Bu`rtc qu` fg glfieô c buir c Dulc.
C su r`er`sg, `h kufig m` `s` cóg, dga`hzô su cdtivc pcrtidipcdiôh `h fc
r`vgfudiôh. Iher`sô c fcs oifcs m`k`sûs Dcrrchzc mghm` dghgdiô cf e`h`rcf ^clfg
Eghzãf`z y tcaliéh c Kgsé Acrác Acytgréhc, qui`h `h `s` aisag cóg fg ff`vô c
Tghgrc dgag goidicf acygr m` su egli`rhg. @h midi`alr`, cf oih, _`hustichg
Dcrrchzc fg m`siehô `hdcrecmg m`f m`spcdbg m` \`fcdigh`s @xt`rigr`s. T`rác cbá
mghm` dga`hzcrác su v`rmcm`rc dcrr`rc prgo`sighcf cf `hdcrecrs` m` fgs tcr`cs
mipfgaãtidcs. Bcstc `htghd`s, dgag audbgs r`vgfudighcrigs m` fc épgdc, s`
r`spghsclifizô m` fg qu` `rc h`d`scrig, hg m` fg qu` éf pr`o`rác: p`rg c pcrtir m`
`sc o`dbc su cdtivimcm m`oihitivc hg s`rác fc pgfátidc sihg fc mipfgacdic.
@f pria`r csuhtg qu` m`liô r`sgfv`r ou` fc gdupcdiôh m` _`rcdruz pgr fcs
trgpcs `stcmuhim`hs`s. Dgh `ffg Ocl`fc fgerô `f r`dghgdiai`htg m` Dcrrchzc
qui`h, `h 3930, fg `hviô c @urgpc (c Fghmr`s `h pria`r fuecr) dgag aihistrg
pf`hipgt`hdicrig. Tu fclgr, cm`aãs m` fc mipfgaãtidc, s`rác fc m` fiapicr m`
bu`rtistcs fcs f`ecdigh`s a`xidchcs y r`dup`rcr fgs crdbivgs. M`sm` `sc o`dbc y
bcstc 39<3, duchmg ou` cs`sihcmg Dcrrchzc, Ocl`fc p`rach`diô `h `f `xtrchk`rg;
m` Fghmr`s vickô c Cre`htihc, Lrcsif, Dbif` y Prueucy dgag `alckcmgr `sp`dicf,
dgh fc oihcfimcm m` r`stclf`d`r r`fcdigh`s mipfgaãtidcs: ci t`raihcr, r`er`sô c
@urgpc. @h 39<< lusdô uhc s`hcmurác p`rg hg fc dghsieuiô: `h 39<4 vgfviô c s`r
miputcmg o`m`rcf (`h calcs gdcsigh`s pgr mistritgs m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg) p`rg
tuvg qu` `aiercr c @stcmgs Phimgs cf prgmudirs` fc r`l`fiôh m`fcbu`rtistc.
@h 39<5 r`er`sô c Aéxidg sih dcreg pûlfidg y dgfclgrô `h vcrigs p`riômidgs.

@f cf`kcai`htg
egli`rhg m` su cprgo`siôh
a`xidchg ou` t`apgrcf,
fc Dgaisiôh pu`s `h 394<
m` \`dfcacdigh`s ou` `hvicmg pgr
Aéxidg-Itcfic, `f
mghm`
p`rach`diô bcstc 3944. Ductrg cógs aãs tcrm`, `h 3945, `f e`h`rcf Dãrm`hcs fg
m`siehô r`pr`s`htcht` `h fc Fiec m` fcs Hcdigh`s, dgh s`m` `h Eih`lrc, y uh cóg
m`spués f` mig c `f`eir `htr` `sc r`pr`s`htcdiôh mipfgaãtidc y r`er`scr c Aéxidg
dgag s`dr`tcrig m` Tcfulrimcm. Ocl`fc pr`oiriô dghtihucr `h Eih`lrc, fg qu`
r`v`fc su pr`mif`ddiôh pgr fc mipfgacdic y hg pgr fc pgfátidc hcdighcf. @f
pr`sim`ht` Ãvifc Dcacdbg fg hgalrô `h 39=> pr`sim`ht` m` fc m`f`ecdiôh
a`xidchc c fc ]`rd`rc Dgho`r`hdic m`f Dcril`: `h fc r`uhiôh, Ocl`fc s`
`hor`htcrác cf m`f`ecmg m` @stcmgs Phimgs dgh tcf v`b`a`hdic qu` `f `hdu`htrg
orcdcscrác, dgh `f dghsieui`ht` `hgkg m`f dchdiff`r @z`qui`f ^cmiffc.
 

@s `vim`ht` qu` hg ou` fc pgfátidc hcdighcf y a`hgs fc fgdcf, fc cdtivimcm qu`

clsgrliô `f ti`apg m` Ocl`fc. Aãs cûh, `f mipfgaãtidg vig trchsdurrir audbgs
cógs m` su vimc prgo`sighcf `h @urgpc y Caéridc Fctihc, fg qu` iapfidclc uh
cf`kcai`htg r`cf m` fgs prglf`acs m` fc pgfátidc hcdighcf. Dgag éf aisag fg
mik`rc, ‖audbcs v`d`s s` a` gor`diô‑ fc eul`rhcturc y tgmcs fcs r`dbczô: pcrc éf
s` pgmác ‖s`rvir c fc pctric hg sôfg egl`rhchmg uh `stcmg, hg sôfg bcdi`hmg cdtgs
m` egli`rhg fgdcfa`ht`. T` pu`m` s`rvir… dgag fg b` b`dbg yg, `h `f t`rr`hg
iht`rhcdighcf‑.32
Aãs cûh, éf aisag dgho`scrác yc pcscmc su cmaihistrcdiôh `stctcf, qu` ff`eô c
]gfudc ‖`h uh cali`ht` pgfátidg y sgdicf qu` `rc cféreidg c ai `spáritu
m`sfualrcmg pgr fc r`oihcmc dufturc `urgp`c‑.39  Ocl`fc hg sôfg `stclc cf`kcmg
m`f a`mig sihg qu`, pcrc uscr sus pcfclrcs, ‖`rc cféreidg‑ c `s` cali`ht` hcmc
r`oihcmg qu` `rc fc pgfátidc `stctcf m` fgs cógs ducr`htc. ^gr `sg, pcrc aãs m`
uhg, Ocl`fc `rc `f a`hgs ihmidcmg pcrc sustituir cf achmctcrig cs`sihcmg.
@f prglf`ac `rc qu`, cf pcr`d`r, Achu`f Ãvifc Dcacdbg hg t`hác gpdigh`s. @h
su eclih`t` bclác mgs griuhmgs m`f `stcmg qu` pgmrách bcl`rs` `hdcrecmg m`f
egli`rhg p`rg calgs, pgr mio`r`ht`s rczgh`s, fg r`dbczcrgh. Eustcvg Lcz,
aémidg pr`stieigsg, qu` ihdfusg `h su cmgf`sd`hdic r`vgfudighcric bclác simg
egl`rhcmgr m` fc `htimcm, `rc `f s`dr`tcrig m` Tcfulrimcm y, sih mumc, uh
dchmimctg qu` dgag `f aisag Ocl`fc, `stclc cf acre`h m` fcs misputcs fgdcf`s.
Tôfg qu` Lcz cspirclc c fc pr`sim`hdic m` fc r`pûlfidc y hg cf egli`rhg m` su
`stcmg. @f gtrg, Orchdisdg Kcvi`r Ecxigfc, gdupclc uhc s`dr`tcrác dghofidtivc `h
uh aga`htg suaca`ht` mioádif
Fc épgdc m` Ãvifc Dcacdbg r`eistrô uh prgd`sg ihofcdighcrig s`v`rg y pgdg
dgaûh, qu` bizg cpcr`d`r c fc T`dr`tcrác m` @dghgaác Hcdighcf (`f cht`d`m`ht`
m` fc aãs dghgdimc m` Dga`rdig) dgag fc r`spghsclf` m` fgs cua`htgs m`
pr`digs. Cm`aãs, Ecxigfc `rc uh mistiheuimg ai`alrg m` fc m`r`dbc, d`rdchg
caieg y dgfclgrcmgr m` Cl`fcrmg F. \gmráeu`z, qu` dghd`htrô fc drátidc m` fgs
dcrm`histcs. Ecxigfc `rc tcaliéh uh r`dghgdimg hctivg m`f `stcmg; su pcmr`, m`f
aisag hgalr`, bclác t`himg uhc `str`dbc caistcm dgh `f egl`rhcmgr y bérg`
fgdcf, Kgsé _id`ht` _iffcmc, y bclác pcrtidipcmg cdtivca`ht` `h fc pgfátidc m`f
`stcmg. @h fc épgdc acm`ristc, Ecxigfc pcmr` lusdô fc eul`rhcturc y hg fc
dghsieuiô, p`rg cf triuhog m` Dcrrchzc ou` m`siehcmg s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m`
Egli`rhg `h fc cmaihistrcdiôh m`f e`h`rcf Ceustáh Aiffãh, c qui`h `h 3939
 

sustituyô dgag egl`rhcmgr iht`rihg.<> ^gr fg tchtg, Ecxigfc bikg `rc uhc oieurc
dghgdimc y r`sp`tcmc `h fc `htimcm, fg suoidi`ht` pcrc qu` `f dgrgh`f Oifil`rtg
Eôa`z, murcht` su achmc- tg, f` gor`di`rc fc T`dr`tcrác E`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg,
qu` hg cd`ptô, y cf oihcfizcr, `h 394=, tchtg éf dgag `f fám`r `h `s` `htghd`s
pgm`rgsg, Dcrfgs \ivc ^cfcdig, f` prgpusi`rch fc eul`rhcturc. Ecxigfc acht`hác
lu`hcs r`fcdigh`s dgh fcs ocddigh`s egaistcs, p`rg cuh csá, r`dbczô `f
gor`diai`htg pcrc t`raihcr sus ouhdigh`s dgag s`dr`tcrig m` fc pr`sim`hdic m`
Cl`fcrmg F. \gmráeu`z.
Cf gdurrir `f cs`sihctg m` [crct`, Ecxigfc iht`erô fc fistc m` dchmimctgs y,
s`eûh su prgpic v`rsiôh, Achu`f Ãvifc Dcacdbg fg dghsim`rô s`rica`ht`.
Ecxigfc hcrrc `h sus A`agrics qu` fc hgdb` m`f ouh`rcf m` [crct`, su dgapcó`rg
m` eclih`t`, Orchdisdg ]ruki 333g
3g Eurrác, s`dr`tcrig m` ]rclckg, `xpfgrô c hgalr`
m`f pr`sim`ht` fc mispgsidiôh m` Ecxigfc. @f s`dr`tcrig m` @dghgaác Hcdighcf
tckcht`a`ht` r`dbczô uhc eul`rhcturc iht`rihc.<3 Fgs mgs dchmimctgs ou`rt`s s`
r`tircrgh m`f prgd`sg, uhg pgr calidiôh y `f gtrg pgr sgl`rlic.
Ocl`fc r`suftô uhc cft`rhctivc r`cf. Tu trcy`dtgric mipfgaãtidc f` mclc mgs
ducfimcm`s ouhmca`htcf`s; cf`kcai`htg m` fcs ihtriecs m` fgs erupgs fgdcf`s y su
`hgra` pr`stieig qu` f` cffchcrác `f dcaihg. ^`rg cm`aãs m` tgmg, Ocl`fc `rc
caieg m` Ãvifc Dcacdbg. Hg `s oãdif `stclf`d`r fc o`dbc `xcdtc `h qu` calgs s`
dghgdi`rgh, p`rg `h r`cfimcm pumg s`r `h ducfqui`r aga`htg mcmg qu` fgs mgs
p`rt`h`di`rgh c fc aisac e`h`rcdiôh (Ocl`fc hcdiô `h 322< y Ãvifc Dcacdbg `h
3295) y ogracrgh pcrt` m` fcs oifcs r`vgfudighcrics dcsi m`sm` `f prihdipig m` fc
fudbc cracmc. Gpgrtuhimcm`s `xisti`rgh m` sglrc. Dgag ou`r`, calgs
`stclf`di`rgh uhc `str`dbc caistcm qu` c Ocl`fc f` rihmiô orutgs iapgrtcht`s. @h
uhc s`htimc dcrtc qu` `f mipfgaãtidg `hvicrc c Ãvifc Dcacdbg `h 39=2, f`
r`du`rmc dgh co`dtg qu` ou` éf qui`h r`dga`hmô c Ocl`fc dgh Dãrm`hcs, c qui`h
hg dghgdác p`rsghcfa`ht`, pcrc qu` `h 3945 `f aidbgcdchg fg m`siehcrc
m`f`ecmg p`rach`ht` `h fc fiec m` fcs Hcdigh`s. Ou` Ãvifc Dcacdbg, yc dgag
pr`sim`ht`, qui`h fg hgalrô k`o` m` fc m`f`ecdiôh a`xidchc c fc ]`rd`rc
Dgho`r`hdic m`f Dcril` `h 39=> y tcaliéh s`rác éf qui`h, cf dghdfuir `f achmctg
m` Ocl`fc `h `f `stcmg, e`stighcrác su hgalrcai`htg dgag ku`z m` fc Dgrt`
Iht`rhcdighcf m` Kustidic `h Fc Bcyc.<<
Ou` `sc prgouhmc caistcm fc qu` Ãvifc Dcacdbg `apf`ô pcrc v`hd`r fc
r`sist`hdic m` Ocl`fc, qui`h cf prihdipig r`dbczô fgs gor`diai`htgs m`f
 

pr`sim`ht`.<4  Dgag `f aisag Ocl`fc r`dghgd`, Ãvifc Dcacdbg cp`fô c fc

caistcm dgag ûftiag r`dursg pcrc qu` cd`ptcrc.<= \`suftch `ht`hmilf`s `f iht`rés
y fc ihsist`hdic m` Ãvifc DcacdŤig `h qu` ou`rc Ocl`fc (`s m`dir, uh caieg
dghoiclf`) qui`h sustituy`rc c [crct`, duchmg s` dghgd`h fcs iht`hdigh`s qu`

agvách
Ocl`fccf pr`sim`ht`.
`sdril` qu` Ãvifc Dcacdbg f` dghoiô ‖uh s`dr`tg `stridtca`ht`
dghoim`hdicf… qu` yg dghtihucrc `h `f egli`rhg bcstc dgapf`tcr fgs ductrgs
cógs qu` dgrr`spghmách c ai cht`d`sgr… duchmg fc Dghstitudiôh m`f `stcmg
grm`hclc qu` `f achmctcrig iht`rihg m`l`rác dghvgdcr iha`mictca`ht` c hu`vcs
`f`ddigh`s‑.<0
@rc h`d`scrig, dgag cf oih s` bizg, vigf`htcr fc Dghstitudiôh pcrc qu` ou`rc
Ocl`fc y hg uh pgfátidg trcmidighcf qui`h s` bidi`rc dcreg m`f `stcmg. Fc
dghoim`hdicfimcm m`f m`s`g ou` fg qu` p`raitiô dghvgdcr c fgs f`eisfcmgr`s pcrc
qu` r`huhdicrch, `h uhc pria`rc trchser`siôh m` fc f`y, c gdupcr iht`rihca`ht` fc
eul`rhcturc.
@h pcrt` pgrqu` dghoiclch `h qu` Ocl`fc `stuvi`rc m` pcsg `h tchtg
egl`rhcmgr iht`rihg, y `h pcrt` tcaliéh pgrqu` `ffgs aisags bclách iehgrcmg `f
achmctg dghstitudighcf cf m`siehcr c O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh, fgs miputcmgs
cd`ptcrgh fc s`f`ddiôh pr`sim`hdicf. Hg `s oãdif, sih `alcreg, `xpfidcr pgr qué
mács m`spués fgs aisags miputcmgs cdd`mi`rgh c agmioidcr fc Dghstitudiôh `stctcf
pcrc qu` Ocl`fc s` dghvirti`rc `h egl`rhcmgr sustitutg y, pgr `hm`, dghdfuy`rc `f
achmctg m` [rrct`. @stg y cfeuhgs gtrgs m`tcff`s qu` s` v`rãh c dghtihucdiôh,
agstrclch dfcrca`ht` qu` Ocl`fc lusdclc `fiaihcr c fgs vi`kgs pgfátidgs m`f
`stcmg, pgr `sg fc dgfclgrcdiôh m` fgs miputcmgs
m iputcmgs hg pgmác s`r pgr dghv`hdiai`htg
m` fgs oih`s. Hg s` dghgd`h fgs téraihgs m` fc h`egdicdiôh, p`rg fc pgst`rigr
r`l`fmác m` `sgs aisags miputcmgs pru`lc qu` `ffgs glt`hmrách cfeûh
l`h`oidig.<?
M` ducfqui`r ograc, Ocl`fc fgerô qu` fc f`eisfcturc ogracmc pgr s`euimgr`s m`
Fclrc y [crct` agmioidcrch ductrg crtádufgs dghstitudighcf`s (23 <, 2<s, 24s  y
25<).<5  Hg ou` fc ûhidc cddiôh qu` lusdclc ogrtcf`d`r su pr`s`hdic, p`rg sá fc
ûhidc qu` dghtô dgh `f cpgyg m` fgs miputcmgs. C fgs gdbg mács m` `hdcrecrs` m`f
egli`rhg, sustituyô c fgs aceistrcmgs m`f ]riluhcf Tup`rigr m` Kustidic pcschmg
pgr `hdiac
gor`dimg ‖su m` fc gpgsidiôh
pcfclrc m` m`
m` bghgr‑ fc Dãacrc
r`spcfmcrqu`, cf m`dir m`FcOcl`fc,
su prgpôsitg. acygrácf` m`
bclác
fgs
 

f`eisfcmgr`s s` `hor`htcrgh, cracmgs, cf ihsp`dtgr m` pgfidác m` Ocl`fc qu`

iht`htô m`scfgkcrfgs m` fc Dãacrc.<2 Fc vigf`hdic ou` or`du`ht` y, cf a`hgs pcrc
`f egl`rhcmgr, `rc uh acf ctãvidg m`f `stcmg. @h vcrics gdcsigh`s s` r`oiriô c fc
ihd`rtimualr` `h qu` vivách fgs bclitcht`s m`f `stcmg, p`rg cf cprgxiacrs` `f oih
m` su achmctg, Ocl`fc r`of`xighclc qu` `htr` fgs prihdipcf`s prgpôsitgs m` su
egli`rhg `stclch ‖fc iapfchtcdiôh m` fc kustidic, fc clgfidiôh m` fc vigf`hdic
Zpcrc qu` fgs bclitcht`s r`dup`rcrchQ fc o` `h sá aisags, fc dghoichzc `h su
trclckg y fc o`fidimcm `h su bgecr, Zpu`sQ audbg m` `sg hg `xistác duchmg ff`eué
dgag egl`rhcht`‑.<9
Dghv`hdimg m` qu` fc vigf`hdic `rc bclitucf, Ocl`fc pr`v`ác qu` s`rác ctcdcmg:
hg s` `quivgdô `h sus pr`middigh`s. Phg m` sus pria`rgs hgalrcai`htgs ou` `f
m`f mir`dtgr m` fc dãrd`f m` ]fcfh`pchtfc, qu` f`kgs m` cfl`recr c m`fihdu`ht`s
s`rvác pcrc r`t`h`r c bclitcht`s fgs ducf`s `rch `xtgrsighcmgs pgr fcs cutgrimcm`s
auhidipcf`s y fgs pgfidács. @f ouhdighcrig ou` cs`sihcmg pgdgs mács m`spués kuhtg
dgh uh caieg m` Ocl`fc, pgr qui`h ou`rc `f dcdiqu` r`vgfudighcrig aãs ocagsg
m` Su`rétcrg, Tcturhihg Gsgaig, qu` rcmidclc `h Czdcpgtzcfdg y qu` `xt`hmác
su ihofu`hdic c ]fcfh`pchtfc. Ãvifc Dcacdbg cprgv`dbô fc gpgrtuhimcm pcrc
cdclcr dgh `f mgaihig m` Gsgrhig y, m` pcsg, m`agstrcr su cpgyg cf egl`rhcmgr
iapu`stg.
Ocl`fc aisag r`diliô ca`hczcs, chôhiags ` ihdfusg uh ct`htcmg `h su dcsc,
m`f ducf s` scfvô pgr csistir cf t`ctrg. ]caliéh ou` glk`tg m` ctcqu`s pûlfidgs y,
pgr ûftiag, m` uh iht`htg m` fc acygrác m`f Dgher`sg pcrc m`sdghgd`rfg dgag
egl`rhcmgr. Cf ieucf qu` `h `f dcsg m` Gsgrhig, Ocl`fc hg vcdifô `h fcs
r`spu`stcs. C fgs `stumicht`s m`f Ihstitutg Di`htáoidg y Fit`rcrig qu` fg cer`mách
`h sus pulfidcdigh`s, fgs `hdcrd`fô y c fgs dihdg miputcmgs qu` trcacrgh `f egfp`
f`eisfctivg, fgs m`scogrô. Cuhqu` `h cpcri`hdic ou`rgh fgs miputcmgs prgpi`tcrigs
y supf`ht`s cmidtgs c Ocl`fc qui`h`s cpfidcrgh fc a`mimc, ou` `f aisag
egl`rhcmgr `f qu`, `ht`rcmg m` qu` dghvgdcrách c uh p`rigmg `xtrcgrmihcrig,
r`uhiô c fgs f`eisfcmgr`s pcrc m`stituir c fgs r`l`fm`s.4>
Fc dghspircdiôh, sih `alcreg, hg lusdclc sgfca`ht` `xpufscr c Ocl`fc pcrc
pr`s`rvcr c fgs pgfátidgs trcmidighcf`s, sihg cht` tgmg dglrcrf` fc ocdturc m` fcs
agmioidcdigh`s dghstitudighcf`s dgh uh siapf` l`h`oidig p`rsghcf. Fc cdtitum m`
fgs miputcmgs fc agtivô `f r`dbczg m` Ocl`fc pcrc m`siehcrfgs dchmimctgs pcrc
gdupcr pu`stgs `h `f Dgher`sg m` fc Phiôh. Ti `stc cdtitum, pgr uh fcmg, au`strc
 

li`h fgs iht`r`s`s p`rsghcf`s aãs qu` erupcf`s m` fgs f`eisfcmgr`s, pgr gtrg,
r`v`fc qu` cfeûh tipg m` h`egdicdiôh (y cdcsg, cfeûh dgaprgaisg) a`miô `htr`
`ffgs y `f egl`rhcmgr pcrc fgercr `f dcalig dghstitudighcf.43
Fcs cer`sigh`s tuvi`rgh mgs dghs`du`hdics; uhc, qu` Ocl`fc s` bidi`rc m` uhc
`xce`rcmc eucrmic cracmc pcrc cdgapcócrfg c tgmcs pcrt`s, y qu` mig pi` c fc
cduscdiôh m` qu` ou` éf qui`h ff`vô `f pistgf`risag cf `stcmg, 4< y fc s`euhmc, qu`
acreihcrc c fgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s m` su egli`rhg ` iht`ercrc uh dgapcdtg erupg
m` dgfclgrcmgr`s oi`f`s y dghoiclf`s. @xcdtca`ht` `f grie`h m` fc f`y`hmc m`f
Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg.
Ti s` cti`hm` c fcs dirduhstchdics y, `h `sp`dicf, c fc p`rd`pdiôh, di`rtc g hg,
p`rg oihcfa`ht` dr`ámc pgr Ocl`fc, m` qu` `rc vistg dgag ‖uh ihtrusg, uh dctráh
mipfgaãtidg qu` pr`t`hmác… m`siht`ercr Z`fQ erupg mgaihcht`, qu` s` dr`ác dgh
m`r`dbgs, cmquirimgs pgr médcmcs, c s`euir egl`rhchmg‑: 44  s` dgapr`hm` qu`
m`sdghoicrc m` `ffgs y qu` lusdcrc rgm`crs` m` caiegs. Ãvifc Dcacdbg, cf
`hvicrfg c ]gfudc, hg sôfg f` dghoiô cqu`f ‖s`dr`tg m`s`g‑ m` vigfcr fc f`y, sihg f`
bizg uhc r`dga`hmcdiôh; qu` egl`rhcrc, ‖bcstc mghm` a` ou`rc pgsilf`‑, dgh fgs
dgfclgrcmgr`s m` [crct` Cflcrrãh.4=
^`rg Ocl`fc hg t`hác iht`hdigh`s m` sctisocd`r `s` m`s`g pgrqu` `stclc
dghv`hdimg m` qu` hg dgapcrtách fgs aisags iht`r`s`s y prgy`dtgs. T`eûh
Ocl`fc, Ãvifc Dcacdbg fg dgapr`hmiô y fg cutgrizô pcrc ‖ogracr su erupg y
egl`rhcr dgag fg dr`y`rc dghv`hi`ht`‑.40  @h r`cfimcm, Ocl`fc hg m`sdghoiclc
tchtg m` fgs pgfátidgs trcmidighcf`s (pu`s dgag s` v`rã aãs cm`fcht`, r`sdctô c
cfeuhgs) sihg qu` dr`ác oira`a`ht` `h fc im`htimcm p`rsghcf m` fgs
dgfclgrcmgr`s. @h uh misdursg prghuhdicmg pcrc cercm`d`r c fgs miputcmgs `f
m`scou`rg m` igs egfpistcs y qu`, siehioidctivca`ht`, fg titufô Tglr` fc f`cftcm,
Ocl`fc `xpfidô su agtivcdiôh; ‖`f prihdipig pgfátidg m` qu` hg s` pu`m` egl`rhcr
dgh fgs `h`aiegs sihg dgh fgs caiegs, `rc `ht`rca`ht` cxigaãtidg‑, pgr `sg
iht`erô su `quipg ‖dgh bgalr`s f`cf`s y `sogrzcmgs‑.
` sogrzcmgs‑.
Caiegs f`cf`s pcrc prgt`e`rs` m` fcs ihtriecs, p`rg caiegs tcaliéh pcrc
dghoicrf`s uh prgercac m` egli`rhg. @f puhtg a`r`d` sulrcycrs` pgrqu` dgh
or`du`hdic s` coirac qu` fc ihdgrpgrcdiôh m` caiegs y pcri`ht`s ûhidca`ht`
r`spghmác c fc s`eurimcm p`rsghcf y hg c fc lûsqu`mc m` di`rtc `oidi`hdic

cmaihistrctivc. Dgagsus`ihofu`hdic
aãs cûh, s` f` m`l` v`rã, uhgcm`
fg fgs cdi`rtgs
fcreg m`f egli`rhg
m`f ti`apg, m` su
rcmidc `h Ocl`fc cf pcrc
visiôh qu`,
 

m`scrrgffcr prgercacs m` fcreg pfczg, qu` sôfg s` pgmách mis`ócr y pgh`r `h

acrdbc pgr p`rsghcs `h qui`h`s Ocl`fc dghoicrc. ^gr `sg, cf `xpfidcr cfeuhcs
r`huhdics m` ouhdighcrigs, Ocl`fc coiraô qu` ‖`s uhc f`y m` lu`hc
cmaihistrcdiôh, `f qu` uh egl`rhcht`, pcrc r`cfizcr su glrc m` dghkuhtg, s` rgm``
m` dgfclgrcmgr`s qu` dghgzdc m` d`rdc pcrc mivimir dgh `ffgs su trclckg, dgh
dghgdiai`htg, p`rsghcf tcaliéh, m` sus dcpcdimcm`s `h fgs rcags m` fc
cmaihistrcdiôh‑.4?
Hg m`l` sgrpr`hm`r, `htghd`s, qu` `dbcrc achg m` dghgdimgs. Dgh tgmg,
ou`rgh aãs fgs caiegs qu` fgs ocaificr`s iht`ercmgs c su egli`rhg, fg qu`
mioádifa`ht` buli`rc pgmimg bcd`r cfeui`h qu` hg buli`rc t`himg dghtcdtg dgh `f
`stcmg. @h r`cfimcm, uhg m` fgs m`tcff`s aãs iht`r`scht`s m` Ocl`fc `s qu` cuhqu`
rcmidô `h `f `xtrchk`rg, huhdc p`rmiô `f dghtcdtg dgh fc `htimcm y `h pcrtidufcr
dgh su ti`rrc hctcf, Ctfcdgaufdg. Mghm` `stuvi`rc, `f iht`acdighcfistc `stuvg cf
tchtg m` fgs cdght`diai`htgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s ercdics c fc dgauhidcdiôh `pistgfcr
qu` achtuvg dgh sus caiegs m` fc ihochdic. Cfeuhgs m` `ffgs hg sôfg `rch
gpgsitgr`s cdtivgs m`f egaisag sihg qu` `h aãs m` uhc gdcsiôh misputcrgh c fgs
b`rachgs Eôa`z pu`stgs m` `f`ddiôh, ihdfusg cf aisag dgrgh`f Oifil`rtg Eôa`z
trctcrgh m` echcrf` fc miputcdiôh o`m`rcf `h 39<=. Ocl`fc hg s` fiaitclc c r`dilir
ihogra`s: s` pr`sua` qu` cfeuhcs v`d`s iht`rvihg pcrc m`o`hm`r ` ihdfusg fil`rcr
m` fc prisiôh c sus caiegs gpgsitgr`s. M`sm` `f `xtrchk`rg tcaliéh prgagviô
glrcs m` l`h`oidig act`ricf pcrc su pu`lfg hctcf, Ctfcdgaufdg, a`micht` fc
iht`ra`micdiôh m` sus caiegs, cfeuhgs pgfátidgs egaistcs, dgag Acfcquács
Buitrôh.45
Ocl`fc achtuvg váhdufgs `str`dbgs qu` f` p`raiti`rgh dghtcr dgh uhc capfic
lcs` m` cpgyg duchmg ff`eô cf egli`rhg. Cm`aãs m` su dghgdiai`htg m`f `stcmg,
qu` s` m`kc v`r dfcrca`ht` `h su glrc fit`rcric y su dgrr`spghm`hdic dgh
p`rsghck`s fgdcf`s, Ocl`fc t`hác dghtcdtg dgh pgfátidgs, uhgs ogracmgs `h `f
egaisag y sus b`r`m`rgs, y gtrgs `h fc gpgsidiôh.42 ]chtg `h `f eclih`t` dgag
`h gtrgs dcregs d`rdchgs, Ocl`fc dgfgdô fg aisag c griuhmgs m`f `stcmg qu` c
`xtrcógs y c audbgs kôv`h`s qu` fg r`dghgdách dgag uh fám`r scfvcmgr. M` `stc
ach`rc, pgr `k`apfg, surei`rgh kôv`h`s dgag Acrig Dgfáh Tãhdb`z g \gl`rtg
Lcrrigs (qui`h cp`hcs r`lcsclc fgs tr`ihtc cógs), hcdimgs `h su aisac pglfcdiôh,
49
qu`Tucpgycrgh
eclih`t`su(vécs`
egli`rhg y c qui`h`s
`f ducmrg <.3), Ocl`fc
dghtrc iapufsô `h e`h`rcfizcmc,
fc v`rsiôh sus dcrr`rcs. hg `stuvg
 

ogracmg pgr ocaificr`s hi ck`hgs c fc `htimcm; tgmgs fgs titufcr`s m` fcs

m`p`hm`hdics (qu` s` ffcacrgh mir`ddigh`s e`h`rcf`s bcstc qu` `h fc r`ograc
cmaihistrctivc m`f egli`rhg m` Cfor`mg m`f Aczg Eghzãf`z s` dcalicrgh c
s`dr`tcrács), `rch griuhmgs m`f `stcmg, y cf a`hgs ductrg m` `ffgs (Cmgfog
\caár`z Orcegsg, mir`dtgr m` @mudcdiôh ^ûlfidc, Acfcquács Buitrôh, goidicf
acygr, Cl`f Buitrôh y Ceucmg, s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg, y ]itg Grt`ec,
clgecmg dghsuftgr) bclách t`himg yc uhc fcrec dcrr`rc pgfátidc fgdcf.=>  @h
pu`stgs a`hgr`s, `xd`ptg fc k`octurc m` pgfidác mghm` m`siehô c su vi`kg caieg
`f t`hi`ht` dgrgh`f Iehcdig Tuãr`z, qu` bclác simg dgfclgrcmgr d`rdchg m`
_`hustichg Dcrrchzc, m` Dãhmimg Ceuifcr y m` éf aisag murcht` fc r`vgfudiôh, y
qu` `rc grieihcrig m` _`rcdruz,=3  hgalrô c caiegs qu` prgd`mách m` gtrgs
`stcmgs. Fgs aãs m`stcdcmgs ou`rgh Kuch Tifv`ti, k`o` m`f Du`rpg m` Cyumcht`s,
qu` `rc m` Euchckuctg, y Kgsé ]. ]grr`s ]cfcv`rc, uhg m` sus s`dr`tcrigs
pcrtidufcr`s, m` _`rcdruz.
Fgs ûhidgs ocaificr`s ou`rgh Cfor`mg m`f Aczg _éf`z, pria`rg t`sgr`rg
e`h`rcf y fu`eg s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg, y Eclri`f Cfocrg, s`dr`tcrig
pcrtidufcr.=<  @s pgsilf` qu` tcaliéh ou`rc ocai- ficr suyg Cfl`rtg _éf`z
Acrtáh`z, su mir`dtgr e`h`rcf m` Bcdi`hmc, p`rg hg bcy fc d`rt`zc. Tih `alcreg,
fg r`f`vcht` `s qu` cf acre`h m`f tipg m` r`fcdiôh pcrtidufcr qu` buli`rc dgh
`ffgs, Ocl`fc `rc caieg m` dcmc uhg y `h aãs m` uhc gdcsiôh bclách yc
dgfclgrcmg dgh éf. Ti Cfocrg, Tuãr`z y Tifv`ti fg bclách b`dbg m`sm` fc
r`vgfudiôh g pgdg m`spués m` `ffc, Ecrdác ]grr`s, su pria`r s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m`
Egli`rhg, bclác simg pgr cógs `f `hdcrecmg m` ff`vcr sus h`egdigs pcrtidufcr`s
duchmg rcmidclc `h `f `xtrchk`rg.=4
 

T`eurimcm y dghoichzc ou` fg qu` lusdô Ocl`fc cf dghogracr su eclih`t`, y hg

bcy mumc m` qu` `stg f` p`raitiô egl`rhcr `h fcs mioádif`s dghmidigh`s m` fc
épgdc. Dgh tgmg, bulg gtrgs ocdtgr`s hg a`hgs iapgrtcht`s qu` `stãh
mir`dtca`ht` vihdufcmgs c su crrcieg fgdcf. Ocl`fc s` cpgyô `h uhc `xt`hsc r`m
m` dghgdimgs, dght`apgrãh`gs suygs, qu` bcdic fgs cógs ducr`htc yc t`hách
ou`rt`s iht`r`s`s `dghôaidgs, pgfátidgs y sgdicf`s `h `f `stcmg. @s oãdif `ht`hm`r
`stc dirduhstchdic si s` r`du`rmc qu` `f pcmr` m` Ocl`fc ou` uh bcd`hmcmg auy
dghgdimg y, si s` bc m` dr``r c fcs drôhidcs, `stiacmg pgr su lu`h trctg c igs
dcap`sihgs y pgr sus t`hm`hdics fil`rcf`s qu` fg `hor`htcrgh cf pgroárisag.==  @f
pcmr` `stclf`diô ou`rt`s fczgs dgh gtrcs ocaifics ieucfa`ht` r`sp`tcmcs qu`, c
mio`r`hdic m` fc suyc, fgercrgh trchsogracr sus h`egdigs, g cf a`hgs cm`ducrfgs,
m`spués m` fc r`vgfudiôh.
Cuhqu` `f pcmr` m` Ocl`fc v`hmiô sus prgpi`mcm`s y s` trcsfcmô dgh fc ocaific
c fc dcpitcf m`f pcás, `f bikg achtuvg `f dghtcdtg dgh cqu`ffcs ocaifics y, sglr`
tgmg, dgh fgs b`r`m`rgs, dght`apgrãh`gs suygs. Csá, ocaifics dgag fgs Buitrôh,
M`f Aczg, Dgfáh, _éf`z, Aghrgy, `td., yc `h fc épgdc `h qu` Ocl`fc ou`
egl`rhcmgr t`hách iapgrtcht`s h`egdigs qu` f` mi`rgh uh ihvcfuclf` sgpgrt` c su
=0
réeia`h.   Ti ` `ffgs
dga`rdicht`s pgmách`apr`scrigs,
ihdipi`ht`s s`rvir dgaggtrgs,
iht`ra`micrigs dgh fgsCrturg
dgag su sglrihg ceriduftgr`s,
_éf`z,
 

glispg m` ]gfudc, fg vihdufcrgh dgh s`dtgr`s m` fc sgdi`mcm qu` éf hg dghgdác =?

Ocl`fc hg sôfg supg dghstruir uh `quipg m` dgfclgrcmgr`s qu` cf aisag ti`apg
qu` f` `rch f`cf`s t`hách dghtcdtgs pr`vigs dgh fc pgfátidc fgdcf, sihg qu` tcaliéh
pumg dr`cr uhc ou`rt` dgrri`ht` m` cpgyg sgdicf y `dghôaidg m`limg c su grie`h
ocaificr,, bcstc di`rtg puhtg, cristgdrãtidg.
ocaificr
Ocl`fc hg s` pr`gdupô hcmc aãs m` scfvcr su réeia`h, `s m`dir, hg fiaitô su
trclckg c duapfir dgag egl`rhcmgr. Éf s` prgpusg sustituir c fc qu` ffcaclc ‖fc
aisac dcacriffc m` pgfátidgs prgo`sighcf`s qu` bc egl`rhcmg fc `htimcm murcht`
v`iht` cógs‑.=5  @sg iapfidclc mcr dclimc c uhc hu`vc e`h`rcdiôh qu` éf hg
dghgdác p`rsghcfa`ht`, p`rg qu` pgmác s`r cmi`strcmc pgr su `stifg y prgercac
m` cdtivimcm. Dgag s` v`rã m`spués, s`rã pr`disca`ht` `stc mio`r`hdic
e`h`rcdighcf fg qu` `xpfiqu` qu` ai`htrcs `f erupg m` Ocl`fc hg fger`
sglr`vivir, tgmc v`z qu` `stuvg ogracmg pgr dght`apgrãh`gs suygs, fgs kôv`h`s
qu` iht`erô m`spués ou`rgh pgfátidgs qu` m`scrrgffcrgh sus im`cs y r`efcs m`
dgapgrtcai`htg p`rg qu`, m` b`dbg, fg bidi`rgh duchmg ést` yc bclác m`kcmg `f
pgm`r.
@f ducmrg II-f au`strc c fgs ouhdighcrigs qu` tuvi`rgh uh dcreg cmaihistrctivg
`h `f egli`rhg m` Ocl`fc. M` fgs << qu` oieurch, fc aitcm fgerô p`rach`d`r `h fc
pgfátidc m`spués m` dghdfuimc su cmaihistrcdiôh, dgag `rc pr`visilf` fc acygrác
`h `f sieui`ht` egli`rhg m` M`f Aczg _éf`z. @s m` sulrcycrs` qu` c `xd`pdiôh
m` tr`s ouhdighcrigs (Buitrôh y Ceucmg: A`hmgzc ^fctc y Grt`ec Aghrgy)
hiheuhg m` `ffgs fg fgerô m`spués m`f egli`rhg m` Tãhdb`z Dgfáh: ihdfusg m` fgs
tr`s qu` fg dghsieui`rgh sôfg uhg gltuvg uh dcreg `h `f egli`rhg (`f aisag qu`
dgh Ocl`fc, fc Mir`ddiôh m` @mudcdiôh ^ûlfidc), ai`htrcs qu` fgs mgs r`stcht`s
gdupcrgh pu`stgs m` `f`ddiôh. Ti s` dghsim`rc cf eclih`t` dgag `f dárdufg aãs
d`rdchg y dghoiclf` m`f achmctcrig, ffcac fc ct`hdiôh qu` si`t` m` fgs mi`z
titufcr`s sglr`vivi`rch, ductrg `h `f egli`rhg m` M`f Aczg, y qu` `f r`stg
t`raihcrc su dcrr`rc, cf a`hgs fgdcf, dgh Ocl`fc.
Fc su`rt` m` fgs qu` gdupcrgh pu`stgs m` `f`ddiôh `s auy vcriclf` (ducmrgs
<.< c <.=). M` fgs dctgrd` qu` ou`rgh miputcmgs o`m`rcf`s sgfca`ht` uhg
p`rach`diô `h `f egli`rhg m` M`f Aczg. Cuh csá, bcy qu` t`h`r pr`s`ht` qu` mgs
m` fgs dctgrd` (O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh y \cags Aiffãh), hg pu`m`h s`r
dghsim`rcmgs dgag ai`alrgs m`f erupg m` Ocl`fc. Fgs << miputcmgs fgdcf`s
tuvi`rgh uh dgapgrtcai`htg auy s`a`kcht` c fgs qu` gdupcrgh pu`stgs
 

cmaihistrctivgs; ghd` tcaliéh s` achtuvi`rgh cdtivgs y, m` hu`vg, `h su acygrác

`h `f egli`rhg m` C. m`f Aczg. Dgh tgmg, sá cua`htc `f hûa`rg m` fgs qu`
dghsieui`rgh ff`ecr aãs cffã m`f réeia`h m` Tãhdb`z Dgfáh. ^gr ûftiag, fgs
pr`sim`ht`s auhidipcf`s s` dghd`htrcrgh `h `f egli`rhg m` M`f Aczg y `f r`stg
r`cpcr`diô, sih hiheuhc pcutc dfcrc, `h fgs sieui`ht`s tr`s p`rigmgs.
 

Cfeuhgs puhtgs aãs a`r`d`h m`stcdcrs` m` `stgs mctgs. @f pria`rg `s cmv`rtir

ducfqui`rc qu` s`c fc `xt`hsiôh qu` s` f` qui`rc dghd`m`r cf Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg,
su prgfghecdiôh `s audbg aãs dgrtc m` fg qu` hgracfa`ht` s` dghsim`rc. Dgag
s` bclác vistg `h `f dcpátufg cht`rigr dgh fgs mctgs cerupcmgs, `f erupg ocl`fistc
hg dghsieuiô sglr`vivir m`spués m` 3905 y, aãs cûh, s` dghd`htrô `h `f
iha`mictg sieui`ht`, `f m` C. m`f Aczg. @f gtrg csp`dtg `s qu` m`sm` `sc épgdc
yc s` cmv`rtách cfeuhcs pcutcs m` dgapgrtcai`htg `h fcs trcy`dtgrics m` fgs
pgfátidgs; cqu`ffgs qu` gdupcrgh dcregs cmaihistrctivgs ti`hm`h c r`p`tirfgs `h
gtrgs p`rágmgs, `h tchtg qu` qui`h`s m`s`ap`ócrgh fgs m` `f`ddiôh, cvchzch `h
dcregs sup`rigr`s p`rg m`f aisag ãalitg. Csá, `s siehioidctivg qu` m` fgs
miputcmgs fgdcf`s (a`mig mghm` bulg aãs sglr`vivi`ht`s), sôfg tr`s gdupch `h
cfeûh aga`htg uh dcreg cmaihistrctivg, ai`htrcs qu` `f r`stg, hg iapgrtc
duãhtgs pu`stgs cduauf`h, s` achti`h`h `h fc `so`rc `f`dtgrcf. Fgs ûhidgs dcregs
qu` hg au`strch uh pctrôh m`oihimg sgh fgs pcrtimcrigs, qu` fg aisag pcsch c
pu`stgs m` `f`ddiôh qu` cmaihistrctivgs (vécs` `f ducmrg <.0). @f v`rmcm`rg
erupg m` Ocl`fc prãdtidca`ht` s` `xtiheuiô dgh éf.

FC G^G\]PHIMCM
G^G\]PHIMCM BIT]Ô\IDC

@f egli`rhg m` Ocl`fc `s r`spghsclf` m` fc dr`cdiôh m` uh erupg pgfátidg duyc

ocac `s acygr qu` su r`cfimcm, p`rg tcaliéh (y quizã aãs iapgrtcht`) m` s`htcr
fcs lcs`s m` uh m`scrrgffg pgfátidg y `dghôaidg qu` agm`rhizô rãpimca`ht` cf
@stcmg m` Aéxidg. @stc `htimcm s` mistiheu` hg tchtg pgr su m`scrrgffg
`dghôaidg, pu`s sih mumc `xist`h gtrgs `stcmgs qu` dgapcrt`h `sc dcrcdt`rástidc,
sihg pgr fg t`aprchg qu` dghsieuiô iapfchtcrfg. Fc prihdipcf ducfimcm m` Ocl`fc
 

`stcrác aãs `h su visiôh m` fcreg pfczg y `h su s`hsilifimcm pgfátidc pcrc

r`dghgd`r su épgdc, su aga`htg bistôridg, dgag fc gpgrtuhimcm pcrc l`h`oidicr
c su `stcmg m`f m`scrrgffg hcdighcf, pgfátidg y `dghôaidg qu` prgagvác `f
egli`rhg o`m`rcf. M` cbá qu`, m`sm` `htghd`s, s`c `h `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg mghm`
s` m`scrrgff` uh `apr`scricmg agm`rhg qu`, aãs cûh, dghstituy` uhg m` fgs
d`htrgs m` cpgyg lãsidgs m`f prgy`dtg m` ihmustricfizcdiôh hcdighcf, y tcaliéh
uhc éfit` pgfátidc hgtclf`a`ht` siaifcr c fc d`htrcf.

Fc ihofu`hdic m`f Mistritg O`m`rcf, p`s` c s`r pct`ht` m`sm` `f siefg pcscmg, hg
s`rã tch m`disivc pcrc `stiaufcr `f m`scrrgffg `stctcf dgag fg s`rác m`sm` qu`
Ocl`fc m`dimiô uhirfg cf outurg m`f egli`rhg d`htrcf. _cf` fc p`hc m`stcdcr qu`,
dgh mio`r`ht`s `tcpcs y `h `sp`dicf `h mistihtgs aga`htgs, dcsi tgmgs fgs `stcmgs
m` fc r`pûlfidc cm`ducrgh c sus dghmidigh`s fcs pcutcs d`htrcf`s: `h `st` s`htimg,
hg bclrác mio`r`hdics dgh `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg. Tih `alcreg, duchmg s` cfum` c
fc gpgrtuhimcm s` trctc m` r`scftcr qu` fc `htimcm fg bizg `xcdtca`ht` duchmg `f
egli`rhg o`m`rcf fg bcdác, `s m`dir, qu` m`sm` `htghd`s cvchzcrgh kuhtgs y, pcrc
m`dirfg dgh fcs pcfclrcs m`=2uh pgfátidg m`f fuecr, `f `stcmg s` bc agvimg s`eûh fcs
dirduhstchdics m`f d`htrg.
Fc pr`sim`hdic m`f e`h`rcf Achu`f Ãvifc Dcacdbg dghstituy` uh aga`htg
siheufcr `h fc bistgric hcdighcf qu`, sih `alcreg, bc p`rach`dimg gpcdcmg pgr
fgs egli`rhgs m` Fãzcrg Dãrm`hcs y m` Aieu`f Cf`aãh. Dgh tgmg, fc ihh`eclf`
iapgrtchdic m` `stgs mgs r`eáa`h`s pu`m` dgapr`hm`rs` a`kgr cf situcr `f m`
Ãvifc Dcac-- dbg dgag cqu`f qu` fgerô `hdcuzcr fc glrc m` Dãrm`hcs `h uhc
`tcpc m` `stclifimcm pgfátidc, kustg pcrc qu` Cf`aãh pumi`rc m`scrrgffcr sih
dgrtcpiscs `f prgd`sg m` ihmustricfizcdiôh. Bcstc fc ff`ecmc m` Ãvifc Dcacdbg c

fc pr`sim`hdic,
sist`ac pgfátidg`f qu`
pcás sureiô
bclác suorimg uh fcreg p`rigmg
m` fc r`vgfudiôh. m` ihstitudighcfizcdiôh
Ai`htrcs m`f
qu` murcht` fgs cógs
 

v`iht` y tr`ihtc fgs egl`rhcht`s s` pr`gdupcrgh pgr `stclf`d`r fcs `strudturcs `

ihstitudigh`s qu` ecrchtizcrgh fc pcdioidcdiôh m`f pcás, fgs ducr`htc s` siehioidch
pgr `f hgtclf` iapufsg cf dr`diai`htg `dghôaidg.
Fc épgdc m`f dcumiffisag
dcum iffisag (y m` su dgapf`a`htg, `f acxiactg) `s cqu`ffc `h fc
qu` s` sga`t` c fgs dcumiffgs fgdcf`s y s` dr`c `f prihdipcf ihstrua`htg pgfátidg
m`f sist`ac, `f ^H\. Fc m` Dãrm`hcs m`stcdc pgrqu` r`vitcfizô cf pcrtimg m`f
@stcmg a`micht` fc grechizcdiôh y fc ihdgrpgrcdiôh m` fgs trclckcmgr`s cerádgfcs
y oclrif`s. Dgh éf, `f pcrtimg s` trchsograô, m` uh grechisag m` hgtclf`s `h uhg
mghm` fcs acscs cdtuclch y, ogracfa`ht`, s` dghv`rtách `h egli`rhg. ^crc
dghs`euirfg, Fãzcrg Dãrm`hcs duapfiô audbcs m` fcs prga`scs m` fc r`vgfudiôh
qu` lusdclch, si`apr` s` mikg, m`scpcr`d`r fc m`sieucfmcm sgdicf. Fgs váhdufgs
`htr` fgs trclckcmgr`s, su grechizcdigh`s y `f @stcmg s` `str`dbcrgh m` tcf ach`rc
qu`, dgag huhdc cht`s, `f egli`rhg tuvg uh cpgyg `xtrcgrmihcrig.
Ãvifc Dcacdbg b`r`mô uh pcás `stclf`, uhc pr`sim`hdic ogrtcf`dimc cf bcl`r
`fiaihcmg, f`ecf y f`eátiaca`ht`, `f pgm`r m` uh dcud iffg, y uh pcrtimg r`hgvcmg
`h `f qu` cdtuclch fgs prihdipcf`s s`dtgr`s sgdicf`s m`f pcás. Midbg `h gtrcs
pcfclrcs, Ãvifc Dcacdbg `hdghtrô ouhdighchmg fcs lcs`s ihstitudighcf`s m` uh
`oidi`ht` sist`ac pgfátidg. ^gr `sg, su egli`rhg pumg prgagv`r `f dr`diai`htg
`dghôaidg. Tih h`ecr fc ihofu`hdic qu` fc s`euhmc eu`rrc auhmicf tuvg cf
prgpidicr uhc dgyuhturc pcrc qu` fgs pcás`s dgag Aéxidg dga`hzcrgh c
ihmustricfizcrs`, hg bcy mumc m` qu` `f ou`rt` sist`ac pgfátidg a`xidchg bizg
pgsilf` qu` `f @stcmg ct`hmi`rc, dcsi sih mistrcddigh`s, `f dr`diai`htg `dghôaidg.
Hg glstcht`, hg ou` sôfg fg `dghôaidg, `h fg ûhidg qu` cvchzô `f egli`rhg m`
Ãvifc Dcacdbg.
rcmidcfisag sgdicfBizg duchtg
m` su pumg qu`
cht`d`sgr, pcrc s``fiaihcr c fgs`hdcrm`histcs
`xpr`sclc `f `hgra` ypgm`r
fiacrqu`
`f
`k`rdách fcs dgrpgrcdigh`s. Ãvifc Dcacdbg tcaliéh cdclô dgh fc pcrtidipcdiôh
m` fgs aifitcr`s, dgag uh s`dtgr aãs, `h fc pgfátidc: dr`ô fc Dgho`m`rcdiôh
Hcdighcf m` Grechizcdigh`s ^gpufcr`s (DHG^) dgag ihstrua`htg qu`
dghtrcp`scrc fc ihofu`hdic m` fc Dgho`m`rcdiôh m` ]rclckcmgr`s m` Aéxidg ( D]A)
y fc Dgho`m`rcdiôh Hcdighcf Dcap`sihc (DHD), y pgr ûftiag, dr`ô fcs
dghmidigh`s, hg sôfg pcrc qu` dga`hzcrch fgs egli`rhgs mirieimgs pgr divif`s
sihg pcrc qu` s` `stclf`di`rch fcs pcutcs m` fc prgo`sighcfizcdiôh m` fc pgfátidc.
^gr `ffg, hg `s dcsucf qu` `f ûftiag dcalig m`f pcrtimg m`f @stcmg tuvi`rc fuecr cf
dghdfuir `f s`x`hig m`f e`h`rcf pglfchg. ^gr tgmg fg cht`rigr, fc pr`sim`hdic m`
 

Ãvifc Dcacdbg r`pr`s`htc fc rupturc dgh uhc sgdi`mcm trcmidighcf y `f ihidig m`

fc agm`rhizcdiôh, qu` cvchzcrác cd`f`rcmca`ht` dgh Aieu`f Cf`aãh.=9
Ti `stg s` ti`h` pr`s`ht` cf `stumicr `f p`rigmg m` Ocl`fc, s` pu`m` `ht`hm`r fc
trcsd`hm`hdic m` su glrc; ‖bcstc cht`s m` Ocl`fc `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg `rc uhc

`htimcm mghm` sôfg

t`h`r glk`tivgs s` v`ácOcl`fc
dgauh`s. `f dgrtg pfczg,
fg qu` mghm`
tuvg auyfcdfcrg
mcs`ou`
pgfátidc s` p`f`clc
fc ogracdiôh m` sih
uh
`stcmg agm`rhg‑.0> Y `s` `stcmg agm`rhg sôfg pgmác cfdchzcrs` pcdioidchmg c
fgs erupgs, prgo`sighcfizchmg `f qu`bcd`r pgfátidg y rcdighcfizchmg fc
cmaihistrcdiôh pûlfidc. Ocl`fc dr`ô f`y`s, r`efca`htgs y m`scrrgffô prgercacs
qu` trcsd`hmi`rgh su p`rigmg y qu`, egli`rhg c egli`rhg, ou`rgh mchmg orutgs
qu` dgaprglcrgh su visiôh pgfátidc.
Cf ieucf qu` bidi`rgh fgs egl`rhcht`s hcdighcf`s, Ocl`fc dga`hzô pgr
ogrtcf`d`r fc dcpcdimcm `dghôaidc m`f egli`rhg qu` `rc, sih `xce`rcr, uh
m`scstr`. @f méoidit oisdcf `rc `hgra` y `h su acygr pcrt` s` dgapghác m`
cm`umgs qu` `f `stcmg t`hác dgh fc T`dr`tcrác m` Bcdi`hmc pgr chtidipgs c du`htc
m` fcs pcrtidipcdigh`s o`m`rcf`s. ^`rg `f prglf`ac m` oghmg `rc fc cmaihistrcdiôh
g, a`kgr midbg, fc ocftc m` `ffc pcrc ach`kcr fgs `sdcsgs r`dursgs. ]caliéh
`xistách cm`umgs pgr su`fmgs y pcegs m` s`rvidigs ctrcscmgs ` ihdfusg ocftcht`s
pgr préstcags qu` `f egli`rhg `stctcf bclác b`dbg c p`rsghcs ` ihstitudigh`s
miv`rscs.
@h pgdg ti`apg Ocl`fc fgerô dgrr`eir `f rualg. Yc m`sm` su pria`r ihogra`
mclc du`htc m` qu` fcs oihchzcs dga`hzclch c a`kgrcr y, sglr` tgmg, c cua`htcr
fgs r`dursgs. Fg iht`r`scht` `s qu` `f egl`rhcmgr hg fg fgerô a`micht` fc
dr`cdiôh m` hu`vgs iapu`stgs sihg siapf`a`ht` a`kgrchmg fc r`dcumcdiôh, `s
m`dir, dgrriei`hmg fcs ocffcs qu` fcs mistihtcs f`y`s t`hách y qu`, yc ou`rc pgr
gaisiôh g dghd`sigh`s if`ecf`s, iap`mách qu` `f `rcrig tuvi`rc mih`rg.
@f dcsg qu` a`kgr `k`apfioidc `stc vidicmc prãdtidc `s `f m`f dglrg m`
iapu`stgs pgr l`limcs cfdgbôfidcs. Fc f`y qu` Ocl`fc `hdghtrô vie`ht`, dghd`mác
c uh pcrtidufcr r`dcumcr fcs dghtriludig h`s m`f rcag c dcalig m` fg ducf pceclc
cf egli`rhg 3> >>> p`sgs a`hsucf`s (3<> >>> cf cóg). Cf sustituir fc f`y, fc
bcdi`hmc `stctcf gltuvg d`rdc m` 0=3 >>> p`sgs chucf`s cf r`cfizcr sih
iht`ra`micrigs `f dglrg m` iapu`stgs.03  Fg aãs ercv` `rc qu` hg si`apr` fc

`vcsiôh
vieifchdicou`oisdcf
r`suftcmg
g qu` m` fc dgrrupdiôh
bcdách sihg vcfgr`s
pgsilf` gduftcr m` ocffcsercvclf`s.
f`ecf`s qu`
Ést`iap`mách fc
`rc `f dcsg
 

m` fc f`eisfcdiôh sglr` b`r`hdics, mghcdigh`s y prgpi`mcm`s m` tgmg tipg, qu`

pceclch a`hgs m` fg m`limg.
Cf oihcf, Ocl`fc dgrrieiô g iapfchtô pgr v`z pria`rc aãs m` mgd` f`y`s y
r`efca`htgs qu` a`kgrcrgh fc r`dcumcdiôh, oikcrgh lcs`s trilutcrics y
prgd`miai`htgs m` vieifchdic, csá dgag schdigh`s pcrc fgs `vcsgr`s. M`htrg m`
`stc rcdighcfizcdiôh cmaihistrctivc m`stcdc `f `stclf`diai`htg m` fc Mir`ddiôh
E`h`rcf m` Bcdi`hmc qu` grm`hô fcs tcr`cs qu` bcstc `htghd`s r`cfizclch fc
]`sgr`rác E`h`rcf y fc ^rgdurcmurác E`h`rcf m` Bcdi`hmc, y qu` fcs aãs m` fcs
v`d`s hg eucrmclch hiheuhc r`fcdiôh `htr` sá.0<
Éstc ou` quizã fc aãs iapgrtcht` m` sus cddigh`s pcrc rcdighcfizcr fc
cmaihistrcdiôh pûlfidc (fc gtrc ou` dr`cr fc Mir`ddiôh E`h`rcf m` Glrcs ^ûlfidcs,
qu` f` p`raitiô prgercacr y mcr s`euiai`htg c fgs trclckgs m`f egli`rhg). @f
s`euhmg pcsg m` Ocl`fc ou` vihdufcrs` cf prgy`dtg m`f egli`rhg o`m`rcf. Mgs
`k`apfgs au`strch `f prgpôsitg m`f achmctcrig; uhg, su pfch`cdiôh ihmustricf, y
`f gtrg, su prgercac m` dcrr`t`rcs. @s di`rtg qu` éf hg ihidiô `f prgd`sg, pu`s `h
3943 Oifil`rtg Eôa`z m`dr`tô miv`rsgs cpgygs y aãs tcrm` U`hd`sfcg Fclrc fgs
capfiô (`h pcrtidufcr fcs `x`hdigh`s oisdcf`s) p`rg pgr miv`rscs rczgh`s, `htr` fcs
ducf`s m`l` dghtcrs` fc cus`hdic m` uhc pgfátidc ihmustricf pgr pcrt` m`f egli`rhg
o`m`rcf, `scs mispgsidigh`s tuvi`rgh `sdcsc trcsd`hm`hdic. Ocl`fc, `h dghtrcst`,
tuvg mgs cdi`rtgs; `xp`mir f`y`s ouhdighcf`s qu` s` vihdufcrgh cf sch`cai`htg
oisdcf y c fc siapfioidcdiôh m` gtrcs f`y`s, y suacrs` cf iapufsg o`m`rcf qu` yc s`
bclác ihidicmg.
Phc m` fcs cddigh`s aãs iapgrtcht`s m`f egli`rhg m` Ãvifc Dcacdbg ou` fc m`
`xp`mir `h 39=3 fc F`y m` Ihmustrics Hu`vcs y H`d`scrics, qu` `x`htclc m`
iapu`stgs, `h aghtgs y pgr p`rigmgs vcriclf`s (ihdfusg cduaufclf`s), c fcs
ihmustrics qu` pgr pria`rc v`z s` `stclf`di`rch g qu` capficrch sus ihstcfcdigh`s
y prgmuddiôh a`micht` hu`vcs dghstruddigh`s. Murcht` `f s`euhmg cóg m` su
achmctg Ocl`fc, pgr su pcrt`, `xpimiô mgs m`dr`tgs (fgs hûa`rgs ?? y ==,
r`sp`dtivca`ht`) qu` oga`htclch `f `stclf`diai`htg m` hu`vcs ihmustrics y qu`
`x`htclch m` iapu`stgs c fcs hu`vcs dghstruddigh`s. Oihcfa`ht`, `h 39=0 s`
cprglô fc F`y m` ^rgt`ddiôh c fc Ihmustric `h `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg, qu` s`
dghvirtiô `h fc lcs` pcrc `f dr`diai`htg `dghôaidg m` fc `htimcm. 04  Fc
dgihdim`hdic hg `s pcrc hcmc ogrtuitc; Ocl`fc r`dghgdiô `h fc F`y m` Ihmustrics
m` Ãvifc Dcacdbg `f iapufsg `dghôaidg m`f pcás y m`dimiô qu` `f @stcmg m`
 

Aéxidg ou`rc `f sitig qu` cfl`recrc `f prgy`dtg.

@f éxitg pu`m` dgaprglcrs` dgh `f ihdr`a`htg `h fc ihv`rsiôh tgtcf `h fc
ihmustric. @h 39=< `rc m` 52 >>> >>> m` p`sgs, p`rg `h 39=0 yc cfdchzclc fc
diorc m` 4>> >>> >>>. @f hûa`rg m` `apr`scs `h `s` ûftiag cóg `rc m` 3 030,
audbcs m` fcs ducf`s `rch hu`vcs. Dgag `s hcturcf, fc ihv`rsiôh ihmustricf
prgvgdô `o`dtgs `h dcm`hc `h audbgs s`dtgr`s, dgag fc `xpchsiôh urlchc (`sgs
cógs acrdch `f dgai`hzg m`f dr`diai`htg m` fcs prihdipcf`s zghcs oclrif`s m` fc
`htimcm, dgag ]fcfh`pchtfc, Hcudcfpch, Ducutitfãh, @dct`p`d, F`rac y `f _cff`
m` ]gfudc), dga`rdicf ` ihdfusg r`sim`hdicf. Fc dcpitcf y su d`rdchác bidi`rgh qu`
`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg `hdghtrcrc `h `f Mistritg O`m`rcf c su prihdipcf a`rdcmg y,
a`micht` su ihorc`strudturc, s` r`fcdighcrc dgh gtrcs r`eigh`s. Ercdics c `ffg, fc
ihmustricfizcdiôh m` fc `htimcm hg sôfg dgrriô pcr`kc dgh fc m` tgmg `f pcás sihg
qu` s` dghstituyô `h uhg m` fgs pgfgs m` dr`diai`htg aãs iapgrtcht`s m` fc
`dghgaác hcdighcf.
^crc Ocl`fc `rc auy dfcrg `f l`h`oidig. @h uh misdursg prghuhdicmg cht` fgs
ai`alrgs m` fc Dãacrc m` Dga`rdig m` ]gfudc, s`ócfô qu` su egli`rhg r`dilác
dghstcht`a`ht` sgfiditum`s pcrc ihstcfcr hu`vcs ihmustrics, pgrqu` t`hác vcrics
v`htckcs pcrc fgs `apr`scrigs, `htr` `ffcs;Afc d`rdchác m` fc dcpitcf o`m`rcf… qu`
`s `f a`kgr a`rdcmg qu` Zs` pu`m`Q t`h`r `h tgmc fc \`pûlfidc. @f @stcmg m`
Aéxidg Z…Q `s `f qu` ti`h` aãs prglclifimcm`s m` prger`sg act`ricf‑.0=
@f oga`htg ihmustricf s` dgapf`tcrác dgh fc glrc dcrr`t`rc. Ocl`fc s` prgpusg
duapfir dgh tr`s glk`tivgs cf `apr`hm`r `stc tcr`c; dgauhidcr zghcs prgmudtgrcs
m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg dgh ]gfudc y dgh fc dcpitcf m`f pcás: ocdifitcr `f trãhsitg
turástidg y dga`rdicf dgh gtrcs `htimcm`s y dghv`rtir cf @stcmg m` Aéxidg `h
pu`rtc m` `htrcmc y scfimc m` fgs prgmudtgs m` gtrcs r`eigh`s. @f grm`h m` fgs
glk`tivgs m`t`raihô fc s`du`hdic `h fc dghstruddiôh m` dcrr`t`rcs; pria`rg
dgauhidcr iht`rhca`ht` cf @stcmg m` Aéxidg y m`spués dr`cr fgs dghtcdtgs dgh
`f `xt`rigr.
`xt`rigr. Cf oihcf, fc cmaihistrcdiôh m` Ocl`fc dghstruyô dctgrd` dcrr`t`rcs dgh
uhc `xt`hsiôh cprgxiacmc m` =59 ja, cddigh`s siehioidctivcs qu`
ihmumclf`a`ht` `stiaufcrgh fc ihmustric m` fc r`eiôh.
Fc glrc m` Ocl`fc tuvg gtrg csp`dtg iapgrtcht` `h fc `mudcdiôh y fc dufturc.
Tus cdtivimcm`s dgapr`hmi`rgh fc dghstruddiôh m` `sdu`fcs priacrics y fc
`xpchsiôh hgtclf` m` s`duhmcrics. ^`rg tcaliéh ihidiô kgrhcmcs dufturcf`s y
v`fcmcs fit`rcrics `h ]gfudc, p`rg sglr` tgmg `h Ctfcdgaufdg (qu` f` vcfi`rgh `f
 

tátufg scrdãstidg m` fc Ct`hcs m` Ocl`fc), qu` cf aisag ti`apg qu` s`rvách pcrc
miouhmir fc dufturc dgh fc pr`s`hdic m` m`stcdcmgs crtistcs ` iht`f`dtucf`s m` fc
épgdc, ou`rgh tcaliéh iha`kgrclf`s r`uhigh`s sgdicf`s pcrc r`fcdighcr c fgs
ôv`h`s pgfátidgs m`f `stcmg dgh fcs p`rsghcfimcm`s pgfátidcs hcdighcf`s.00  Phg

m` fgs prihdipcf`s l`h`oidicrigs m` `stcs r`uhigh`s ou` `f kgv`h Dcrfgs Bchj

Eghzãf`z.
Dgag s` v`, fc iapgrtchdic m` fcs cddigh`s m` Ocl`fc vc aãs cffã m` fc
ogracdiôh m` uh erupg pgfátidg dgh `f ducf pumi`rc egl`rhcr y, dgag ou` su
iht`hdiôh, acht`h`r su ihofu`hdic cf t`raihcr su p`rigmg. Ti cfeg ou` r`f`vcht`
pcrc `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg ou` fc visiôh bistôridc, m` fcreg pfczg, qu` Ocl`fc tuvg
pcrc s`htcr fcs lcs`s m` fc cd`f`rcmc agm`rhizcdiôh pgfátidc. Fc glrc, dgh tgmg,
hg fc fgerô t`raihcr Ocl`fc, m` cbá qu` prgagvi`rc, cf oihcf m` su p`rigmg, fc
capficdiôh m`f p`rigmg eul`rhca`htcf `h mgs cógs,0? y qu` pr`pcrcrc fc sud`siôh
pcrc m`pgsitcrfc `h su sglrihg, Cfor`mg m`f Aczg.

FC DGHTGFIMCDIÔH O\PT]\CMC
@f aga`htg m` acygr pgm`r m`f erupg m` Ocl`fc s` cfdchzc dgh fc m`siehcdiôh
m` Cfor`mg m`f Aczg dgag su sud`sgr. M`f aisag agmg qu` Ãvifc Dcacdbg mig
tgmg su cpgyg c Ocl`fc pcrc qu` egl`rhcrc y, `h `sp`dicf, acreihcrc c fgs
pgfátidgs fgdcf`s, csá `f pr`sim`ht` cdd`miô c qu` `f sud`sgr ou`rc qui`h `f

mipfgaãtidg
vgfuhtcm: `f m` Dcrrchzc
egli`rhg `fiei`rc. m`f
m` Cfor`mg T`rác fc ûftiac
Aczg v`z qu`ti`apg,
`s, cf aisag Ocl`fcfcduapfirác
diac m` su
su
pgm`r y `f dgai`hzg m` su m`dfihcdiôh.
Dgag yc s` mikg, Ocl`fc dghtclc `htr` fgs ai`alrgs m` su eclih`t` dgh
pgfátidgs cv`zcmgs, ihdfusg qu` buli`rch pgmimg t`hm`r pu`ht`s dgh fc éfit`
m`spfczcmc. Cf pr`pcrcr c M`f Aczg, Ocl`fc lusdclc
l usdclc vcrigs glk`tivgs; cs`eurcrs`
m` qu` su glrc y sus prgy`dtgs dghtihucrách dgh cfeui`h `h qui`h dghoiclc
pf`hca`ht`: pr`s`rvcr su ihofu`hdic `h uh p`rsghck` qu` cm`aãs m` fc oim`fimcm
pgfátidc f` m`lác oim`fimcm ocaificr, y rgap`r m`oihitivca`ht` dgh fc vi`kc dfcs`
pgfátidc cf egl`rhcr uh kgv`h ouhdighcrig qu`, cm`aãs, bclác dghgdimg y cuh
`hor`htcmg fgs m`scoágs m` cqu`ffc éfit`. M`f Aczg `rc, pgr tgmg `ffg, uhc `sp`di`
 

m` ecrchtác m` qu` sus prgpôsitgs agm`rhizcmgr`s s` acht`hmrách.

Ocl`fc t`hác rczôh duchmg m`dác qu` éf ou` qui`h pr`pcrô y clriô `f dcaihg c
M`f Aczg.05 Ti li`h su pcmr`, Achu`f m`f Aczg, tuvg pcrtidipcdiôh `h pgfátidc `
ihdfusg ou` pr`sim`ht` auhdipcf m` Ctfcdgaufdg, `f bikg Cfor`mg s` m`midô auy

gv`h c t`hác
duchmg trclckcr
<< `h fc Dgaisiôh
cógs m` `mcm, yHcdighcf m` Irriecdiôh.
s` achtuvg Cbá iher`sô `h 39<?,
dcsi ihiht`rruapimca`ht` bcstc
39=<, duchmg su tág Ocl`fc fg m`siehô t`sgr`rg e`h`rcf m`f @stcmg. 02  Ph cóg
m`spués, Ocl`fc fg trcsfcmô c fc T`dr`tcrác E`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg, `f pu`stg
pgfátidg aãs iapgrtcht` m`spués m` fc eul`rhcturc, y m`sm` `s` dcreg M`f Aczg
cdgapcóô cf achmctcrig hg sôfg `h fc cpfidcdiôh m` sus a`mimcs sihg tcaliéh c
fcs r`uhigh`s `h fcs qu` Ocl`fc r`fcdighclc c sus pgfátidgs. Duchmg M`f Aczg
dghtclc dgh =3 cógs y dgh tr`s m` `xp`ri`hdic `h `f egli`rhg fgdcf, s` dghvirtiô
`h `f sud`sgr m` su tág.
Fc m`disiôh hg `stuvg `x`htc m` prglf`acs hi, audbg a`hgs, m` dchmimcturcs
m` gpgsidiôh. @h `f prgd`sg, Ocl`fc hg sôfg vgfviô c dghtcr dgh `f cpgyg
pr`sim`hdicf sihg qu` fg dgrr`spghmiô dgh uh siheufcr s`rvidig qu`, `h dghtrcst`,
f` prgvgdô `f gmig m` Ecxigfc. Dgag s` vig cht`s, `f s`dr`tcrig m` @dghgaác
Hcdighcf bclác r`dbczcmg `h 39=< `f iht`rihctg qu`, s`eûh su prgpic dgho`siôh,
Ãvifc Dcacdbg f` bclác gor`dimg. Fcs puehcs `h `f eclih`t` pr`sim`hdicf
vgfv`rách c dgfgdcr cf s`dr`tcrig or`ht` c fc eul`rhcturc y s`rác, m` hu`vg, `f
aisag pr`sim`ht` Ãvifc Dcacdbg qui`h s` fc gor`d`rác.
Fgs dghtihugs r`dfcags cf egli`rhg m` Ãvifc Dcacdbg pgr fc ihofcdiôh, csá
dgag fcs pr`sigh`s m` fc izqui`rmc dcrm`histc qu` lusdclch agmioidcr `f rualg
m`f réeia`h, dghv`hdi`rgh c Ãvifc Dcacdbg m` scdrioidcr c su s`dr`tcrig, lfchdg
p`rach`ht` m` fcs drátidcs, a`micht` uh r`dursg qu`, `h cpcri`hdic, hg
siehioidclc `f m`spimg sihg fc r`cfizcdiôh m` uh m`s`g p`rsghcf. @h 39==, tchtg
M`f Aczg dgag Ocl`fc p`rsucmi`rgh c Ecxigfc m` pgstufcrs` c fc eul`rhcturc
m`f `stcmg. @f aisag pr`sim`ht` cf`htô sus cspircdigh`s, dgh fg ducf Ecxigfc
supusg qu` fc m`disiôh `stclc tgacmc. ^gdgs mács bclrách m` pcscr pcrc qu`
Ecxigfc ou`rc m`s`hecócmg, ihdfusg pgr `f aisag Ocl`fc, m` qu` `f sud`sgr s`rác
M`f Aczg y hg éf.09 @s `vim`ht` qu` Ocl`fc hg mumô quiéh s`rác `f l`h`oidicrig
iha`mictg m` su glrc hi, audbg a`hgs, dghsim`rô s`rica`ht` c Ecxigfc, bgalr`

vihdufcmg
s`rvidig cf cfpr`sim`ht`
egaisag:qui`h
su mispgsidiôh pcrc m`
s` m`spr`hm`rác dghv`hd`rfg s` `htghd`s,
uh, pcrc `s` `xpfidc dgag uh
agf`stg
 

dgapcó`rg m` vick`. Ocl`fc dgrr`spghmác c fc caistcm dgh Ãvifc Dcacdbg.

Ecxigfc, sih `alcreg, hg ou` `f ûhidg dchmimctg: `f e`h`rcf Chtghig \ga`rg,
d`rdchg cf vi`kg fám`r Fclrc, qu` bclác dgap`timg dgh [crct` Cflcrrãh `h 39=3,
vgfviô c misputcr fc eul`rhcturc. Auy cf acre`h m` fcs cspircdigh`s p`rsghcf`s
m` \ga`rg, su prgpôsitg t`hác cf a`hgs mgs ou`ht`s m` cpgyg; `f aisag
U`hd`sfcg Fclrc, qu` murcht` `f ductri`hig m` Ocl`fc hg d`sô m` dghspircr `h su
dghtrc,?>  y cfeuhgs vi`kgs pgfátidgs, cduscmgs m` dcdiqu`s, dgag Kgsé Agzg,
qui`h ou`rc uh miputcmg m` fc f`eisfcturc gpgsitgrc c Ocl`fc.?3  Cf t`raihcr su
p`rigmg, fgs vi`kgs pgfátidgs qu` bclách simg acreihcmgs pgr `f mipfgaãtidg
iht`htcrgh r`dup`rcr `f dghtrgf m`f `stcmg cf v`r qu` dgh M`f Aczg sôfg s`
prgouhmizcrác su cf`kcai`htg. Tu m`disiôh ou` m` tcf acehitum qu` hg vcdifcrgh
`h r`sgfv`r `f dghofidtg pgr su a`mig pr`o`rimg, fc vigf`hdic. @h pf`hc dcapcóc,
iht`htcrgh cs`sihcr cf s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m` fc O`m`rcdiôh \`vgfudighcric m`
Glr`rgs y Dcap`sihgs y fg fgercrgh dgh `f fám`r m` fc Fiec m` Dgauhimcm`s
Cercrics `h _cff` m` Lrcvg.?<
Fgs ct`htcmgs hg fgercrgh iap`mir qu` M`f Aczg ff`ecrc c fc eul`rhcturc. Ti
`f cpgyg m` Ocl`fc bclác simg m`disivg, fgs bgalr`s qu` fg cdgapcócrgh `
ihdfusg pr`pcrcrgh su dcapcóc, hg m`kclch mumc m` qu` `f iht`acdighcfistc hg
pr`t`hmác clchmghcr `f pgm`r; fgs dggrmihcmgr`s m` fc dcapcóc bclách simg
\gl`rtg Lcrrigs, pgfátidg m` Ctfcdgaufdg d`rdchg c Ocl`fc, y Achu`f Acrtáh`z
Grtc, uhg m` fgs miputcmgs fgdcf`s iapufscmgs pgr Ocl`fc `h fc s`euhmc aitcm m`
su egli`rhg.?4 Aãs dfcrc ou` fc pr`s`hdic m` cfeuhgs ai`alrgs m`f eclih`t` qu`
`stclch vihdufcmgs dgh `f cht`rigr egl`rhcmgr.
Acrig Dgfáh Tãhdb`z s` dghvirtiô `h su s`dr`tcrig pcrtidufcr y r`piti`rgh,
dgag goidicf acygr, Acfcquács Buitrôh: dgag s`dr` tcrig e`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg,
Cl`f Buitrôh y Ceucmg: dgag mir`dtgr m` Bcdi`hmc, Cfl`rtg _éf`z Acrtáh`z, y
dgag mir`dtgr m` @mudcdiôh, Cmgfog \caár`z Orcegsg, `s m`dir, fcs prihdipcf`s
ihstitudigh`s m`f hu`vg egli`rhg m`sdchsclch `h fgs aisags pgfátidgs qu`
Ocl`fc bclác m`siehcmg. Cuh csá, M`f Aczg pumg mispgh`r m` si`t` dcrt`rcs `h
fcs qu` dgfgdô c sus bgalr`s m` dghoichzc (vécs` `f ducmrg <.?), `htr` `ffgs uh
ocaificr, Ecfg m`f Aczg. Tu d`rdchác p`rsghcf s` cmvi`rt` `h `f b`dbg m` qu`,
dgag s` v` `h `f ducmrg <.?, dihdg ouhdighcrigs hg t`hách cht`d`m`ht`s pgfátidgs

hi dgfclgrcdiôh
pcrtidipcdiôh `h`h`f `fpcrtimg
egli`rhg m` fcOcl`fc,
y `h y qu`fgdcf,
f`eisfcturc fgs mgs r`stcht`s
a`migs dghbclách t`himg
fgs qu` M`f
 

Aczg, dgag s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg, bclác t`himg dghtcdtg `str`dbg.

Fc ihm`p`hm`hdic m` M`f Aczg s` gls`rvc `h sus `sou`rzgs pgr dghtcr dgh uhc
f`eisfcturc fgdcf y dgh miputcmgs o`m`rcf`s qu` hg `stuvi`rch vihdufcmgs c
Ocl`fc. Dgag s` m`spr`hm` m` fgs ducmrgs <.5 y <.2, M`f Aczg dghsieuiô t`h`r
pgfátidgs coih`s `h calgs sitigs; m` fgs 44 miputcmgs o`m`rcf`s, sôfg gdbg bclách
dgfclgrcmg dgh Ocl`fc, y m` fgs == miputcmgs fgdcf`s, gdbg `stclch `h `sc
situcdiôh. Dgag s` v`, M`f Aczg, cuhqu` hg pumg scdumirs` fc ihofu`hdic m`f tág
(qu`, dgapcrctivca`ht` dgh fgs r`stcht`s egli`rhgs, ou` fc aãs iapgrtcht`) sá
fgerô dght`h`rfc ihtrgmudi`hmg `h fc pgfátidc c hu`vgs ihmivimugs. Dgh `stgs
mctgs yc pu`m` m`mudirs` qu` fcs f`cfµ tcm`s m` fgs kôv`h`s pgfátidgs hg `stclch
dgaprga`timcs dgh `f f`e`hmcrig mipfgaãtidg m` Dcrrchzc, sihg dgh M`f Aczg.
Fc aisac pcutc sieuiô dgh fgs gtrgs pu`stgs. @f éxitg s` fg cpuhtô `h fcs
pr`sim`hdics auhidipcf`s mghm` hiheuhg m` fgs `f`eimgs bclác t`himg dghtcdtg
dgh Ocl`fc (vécs` `f ducmrg <.9). @h fgs pu`stgs pcrtimcrigs y `h `f s`hcmg hg ou`
tch `xitgsg (vécs` fgs ducmrgs <.3> y <.33); m` fgs dihdg qu` miriei`rgh `f pcrtimg,
mgs yc bclách `stcmg dgh Ocl`fc y m` fgs ductrg s`hcmgr`s, tr`s hg t`hách
r`fcdigh`s mir`dtcs dgh `f mipfgaãtidg hi dgh M`f Aczg, sihg qu` r`spghmách c
iht`r`s`s m`f egli`rhg o`m`rcf.
Dgag pu`m` cmv`rtirs`, fc ihofu`hdic m` Ocl`fc hg ou` fc qu` éf aisag buli`rc
m`s`cmg. ^`gr cûh, cp`hcs t`raihô su p`rigmg r`diliô ihmidcdigh`s pr`discs m`
qu` `f egli`rhg o`m`rcf, `f aisag qu` fg bclác cpgycmg `h su cmaihistrcdiôh y
`h fc s`f`ddiôh m` su sud`sgr, hg f` p`raitirác acht`h`r su mgaihig. Ocl`fc quisg
dghtihucr oieurchmg `h fc pgfátidc m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg hg dgag fám`r ogracf,
sihg dghdghsieuiô
ihdfusg uh dcregs`r
m` ihsdritg.
`f`ddiôh ^`rg
(`f m`ou`s`hcmgr): prgagvi`hmg
Ãvifc Dcacdbg qui`h su dchmimcturc
t`raihô dgh sus`
pfch`s pu`s prgpusg su dchmimcturc dgag Ku`z `h fc Dgrt` Iht`rhcdighcf m` Fc
Bcyc pgr uh p`rigmg m` s`is cógs, `xcdtca`ht` fc murcdiôh m`f egli`rhg m` M`f
Aczg.?=  @f dcalig m` ûftiac bgrc bizg pgsilf` qu` Cmgfog Fôp`z Act`gs s`
dghvirti`rc `h s`hcmgr prgpi`tcrig y qu` Tcfvcmgr Tãhdb`z Dgfáh, `f outurg
egl`rhcmgr, gdupcrc fc supf`hdic. Cuhqu` Ocl`fc r`er`scrác `h 390> dgag
dghs`k`rg m` Aieu`f Cf`aãh, Ãvifc Dcacdbg bclác fgercmg cf`kcrfg m` fc
pgfátidc pcrc t`raihcr dgh fcs cspircdigh`s m` Ocl`fc y, fg aãs iapgrtcht`, dgrtcr
fgs yc mélif`s dghtcdtgs m`f mipfgaãtidg. Dgag s` v`rã `h s`euimc, fgs ductrg
cógs qu` pcsô `h Bgfchmc ou`rgh suoidi`ht`s pcrc qu` Ocl`fc hg pumi`rc m`dimir
 

cf sud`sgr m` M`f Aczg.

 

Fgs prglf`acs pcrc `f mipfgaãtidg dghtihucrgh y, fg qu` ou` p`gr, fg ff`vcrgh

c `hor`htcai`htgs dgh `f egl`rhcmgr. @h 39=5 gdurriô uh b`dbg `h cpcri`hdic
irr`f`vcht` qu`, sih `alcreg, agtivô uhg m` fgs r`dfcags aãs `héreidgs m`
Ocl`fc c M`f Aczg. ^gdg cht`s m` dghdfuir su p`rigmg, Ocl`fc ihcueurô uhc
 

`sdu`fc priacric c fc qu` sôfg f` ocftclch m`tcff`s a`hgr`s pcrc `htrcr `h

s`rvidig: dghv`hdimg m` `ffg, f` dgfgdô uhc pfcdc qu` ctriluác c su egli`rhg fc
glrc dghdfuimc. Cf pgdg ti`apg M`f Aczg fc sustituyô dgh gtrc `h fc qu` s`
dgrr`spghsclifizclc m` fc `sdu`fc y, dgag m`dác Ocl`fc, tuvg fc cumcdic m`

ihvitcrfg
`xd`sg m`c M`f
fc s`euhmc
Aczg, hgihcueurcdiôh.
`rc uh csuhtgFcpcrc
v`rmcm `s qu`
agtivcr uhc cuhqu`
r`cddiôhs`dgag
cmvi`rt` `f
fc qu`
Ocl`fc tuvg.
@h uhc dcrtc dghoim`hdicf, trcs m`tcffcr `sc y gtrcs oriddigh`s a`hgr`s, Ocl`fc
f` pim` c M`f Aczg r`dtioidcr g `hor`htcr uhc prgt`stc pûlfidc m`f `x egl`rhcmgr
pu`s, f` mid`, ‖hg bcs sclimg iht`rpr`tcr ai dghmudtc bcdic ti, `h fg qu` bc t`himg
m` tgf`rcht` y m` prum`ht`‑, yc qu` fg bc dghsim`rcmg ‖ihdcpcz m` pgh`rt` `h
`vim`hdic… dghsim`rãhmga` quizã mélif, ihdgapr`hsivg y clûfidg‑. Fc prgt`stc
misaihuy` `f tghg m` r`prgdb` bcstc r`dgrmcrf` c M`f Aczg qu` ou` éf qui`h fg
ff`vô c su egli`rhg y fg trctô ‖hg dgag uh k`o` sihg dgag uh caieg Z…Q y aãs
cûh t` trcté dgag c uh bikg. ]` tuv` si`apr` fc aãs clsgfutc dghoichzc, t`
gtgreué fcs aãs capfics ocduftcm`s Z…Q dgh `f glk`tg m` mcrf` c tgmg `f auhmg fc
iapr`siôh m` qu` `rcs tû fc p`rsghc aãs ihmidcmc pcrc r`eir m`spués m` aá fgs
m`stihgs m`f `stcmg‑.?0
@f b`dbg hg `s uh siapf` pf`itg m` ocaific. ^gr `f tghg m` fc dcrtc y fc
aihudigsimcm m` fgs m`tcff`s, `s pgsilf` m`mudir qu` fc r`fcdiôh ogracf hg `rc
lu`hc y qu` `st` m`sfiz m` M`f Aczg siapf`a`ht` r`lcsclc fc pcdi`hdic m`
Ocl`fc. Ti uh csuhtg a`hgr dgag fc `sdu`fc prgvgdclc uhc r`cddiôh csá, `rc
pgrqu` bclác gtrgs prglf`acs cduaufcmgs, dgag fg pru`lc `f qu` M`f Aczg
sga`ti`rc c prgd`sgs kumidicf`s c vcrigs pr`sim`ht`s auhidipcf`s, ku`d`s y
aceistrcmgs m`f ]riluhcf Tup`rigr m` Kustidic, tgmgs hgalrcmgs pgr Ocl`fc, y
qu` dghsieui`rc, c a`micmgs m` su p`rigmg, scdumirs` c Acfcquács Buitrôh dgag
goidicf acygr b`r`mcmg m` su tág, pcrc dgfgdcr `h su fuecr c Tchticeg _`fcsdg
\uiz, caieg d`rdchg qu` bcstc `htghd`s bclác simg su s`dr`tcrig pcrtidufcr. ?? @h
r`cfimcm, tgmg `stg hg `rc aãs qu` `f r`suftcmg visilf` m` uhc r`fcdiôh rispimc y
mioádif qu` acht`hách Ocl`fc y M`f Aczg ?5 y qu` r`suftclc
`hduli`rtc pgr `f pcr`ht`sdg, fc dghtihuimcm pgfátidc qu` s` cmv`rtác `h fcs
glrcs eul`rhca`htcf`s y fc pr`s`hdic m` cfeuhgs ouhdighcrigs im`htioidcmgs dgh

Ocl`fc.
@s v`rmcm qu` fcs s`a`kchzcs sgh hgtclf`s, c ercmg tcf qu` audbgs pgfátidgs
 

m`f `stcmg dghsim`rch `f réeia`h m` M`f Aczg dgag uhc prgfghecdiôh ocaificr
m` Ocl`fc,?2 p`rg uhc r`visiôh m`t`himc m` fcs m`siehcdigh`s y cddigh`s m` M`f
Aczg pru`lch qu` Ocl`fc hg tuvg ihofu`hdic tgtcf `h su egli`rhg hi, fg aãs
iapgrtcht`, su erupg s` achtuvg uhimg y dghsgfimcmg. @s `vim`ht` qu` M`f

Aczg
cdtucr ou`
`h uhc
su m` sus glrcs
hgalr`. Aãsaãs cdclcmcs
cûh, prghtgp`rg,
dglrôdgag s` bc vistg,
iapgrtchdic `stuvgercdics
prgpic f`kgs m`c
`str`dbcr sus r`fcdigh`s dgh Cmgfog Fôp`z Act`gs, c fc sczôh s`hcmgr y caieg
m` Cmgfog \uiz Dgrtih`s, qui`h fg hgalrcrác dggrmihcmgr m` su dcapcóc
pr`sim`hdicf, m` tcf su`rt` qu` M`f Aczg hg s` pr`gdupô pgr `xt`hm`r `f erupg m`
Ocl`fc hi dr`cr uhg prgpig. Csá, `f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg ou` p`rmi`hmg
pcufctihca`ht` ou`rzc.
Calgs ocdtgr`s qu`mch li`h agstrcmgs dgh fc sud`siôh m` M`f Aczg. Ocl`fc,
cuhqu` ou` cf`kcmg m`f pcás pgr Ãvifc Dcacdbg y tuvg dghofidtgs dgh M`f Aczg,
hg m`kô m` `stcr ihogracmg m` fc pgfátidc `stctcf hi m` iht`htcr r`dup`rcr su
ihofu`hdic m`dimi`hmg cf sud`sgr. Tu dchmimctg, Cfor`mg L`d`rrif Dgfáh, ou` su
caieg, ihe`hi`rg hctámg tcaliéh `h Ctfcdgaufdg, c qui`h Ocl`fc `h 39=<
hgalrô cs`sgr tédhidg `h csuhtgs r`fcdighcmgs dgh fcs glrcs pûlfidcs. ?9 L`d`rrif
ou` uhg m` fgs ouhdighcrigs qu` Ocl`fc f` b`r`mô dgh `f aisag pu`stg c M`f
Aczg, cuhqu` dgh fc siapctác m`f hu`vg egl`rhcmgr, pu`s calgs s` dghgdách m`
ti`apg ctrãs duchmg L`d`rrif `rc vgdcf `k`dutivg m` fc Dgaisiôh Hcdighcf m`
Irriecdiôh y M`f Aczg k`o` m` Cfacd`h`s ` Ihv`htcrigs m` fc aisac dgaisiôh. 5>
Fc r`fcdiôh `rc lcstcht` lu`hc, dgag fg pru`lc `f qu` Ocl`fc f` pimi`rc c
L`d`rrif vgfv`r m` uh vick` qu` bcdác `h @urgpc, pgrqu` M`f Aczg sih éf s`
s`htác ‖ihdgapf`tg y h`rvigsg‑.53
Cuhqu` hg s` pu`m` mgdua`htcr dgh fc aisac `xcdtitum fc o`dbc `h qu` s`
ihidiô fc r`fcdiôh `htr` Ocl`fc y L`d`rrif, fg di`rtg `s qu` `htr` `ffgs bulg uhc
prgouhmc y murcm`rc caistcm. Ou` L`d`rrif uhg m` fgs caiegs qu` achtuvg c
Ocl`fc dgtimichca`ht` cf tchtg m` fgs csuhtgs pgfátidgs m`f `stcmg ai`htrcs
rcmidô `h Bgfchmc. Mcmcs fcs dghv`re`hdics, hg ou` `xtrcóg qu` Ocl`fc vi`rc `h
L`d`rrif c uh lu`h prgsp`dtg pcrc fc eul`rhcturc y qu` dghv`hdi`rc c M`f Aczg
m` trclckcr `h su dghdr`diôh. Cuhqu` hg s` scl` duãhmg s` `fclgrô `f pfch, sá s`
dghgd`h fgs m`tcff`s y fgs dcaligs m` cdtitum m`f egl`rhcmgr M`f Aczg, qu`
Ocl`fc hg mumôs``h
Cf pcr`d`r, dcfioidcr
bclác m` vcdifcdigh`s.
dghsim`rcmg qu` L`d`rrif gdupcrc cfeûh pu`stg iapgrtcht`
 

bcdic a`micmgs m`f s`x`hig, p`rg M`f Aczg dcaliô m` gpihiôh. @h 39=2 L`d`rrif
tuvg suoidi`ht`s pru`lcs m` qu` fgs pfch`s bclách dcalicmg g ‖qu` hg bcy oira`
iht`hdiôh `h prgs`euir dgh `ffgs‑, cht` fg ducf éf y Acrig Dgfáh m`dimi`rgh
prgagv`rfg dgag miputcmg fgdcf.5< Fc r`spu`stc m` Ocl`fc hg m`kc fuecr c mumcs,

pria`rg,
sglr` M`fsglr`
Aczg;fc‖hg
`xist`hdic
a` `xtrcócm` fg
uhqu`
cdu`rmg pr`vig,
ust`m a` mid`…y s`euhmg,
c p`scr m`fm`dgaprgaisg
su gpihiôh
ogracf `xist`ht`, fc p`rsghc c qu` ust`m s` r`oi`r` hg r`sgfv`rã `f prglf`ac… @f
pcdtg m` dclcff`rgs d`f`lrcmg bcd` ti`apg hg fg ff`vcrã c dclg si hg f`
dghvi`h`‑.54  Dgh fc cprglcdiôh m` Ocl`fc, L`d`rrif s` dghvirtiô `h miputcmg
fgdcf pgr Ctfcdgaufdg `h 390>. M`sm` `htghd`s, `f prgy`dtg grieihcf ou` s`euimg
sgfca`ht` pgr Ocl`fc, L`d`rrif, Acrig Dgfáh y `f pr`sim`ht` m`f Dgaité Mir`dtivg
@stctcf m`f ^\I, \coc`f Tuãr`z Gdcóc, pu`s M`f Aczg, oihei`hmg uh `rrgr m`
dãfdufg, clgrtô fc dchmimcturc.
@h s`pti`alr` m` 390>, c uh cóg m` dghdfuir `f p`rigmg, M`f Aczg f`
dgauhidô c L`d`rrif qu` m`lác vgfv`r m`f vick` qu` r`cfizclc pgrqu` fc situcdiôh
s` dgapfidclc cf r`dbczcr Aieu`f Cf`aãh su r``f`ddiôh `h fc pr`sim`hdic:
L`d`rrif f` dgauhidô c Ocl`fc qu` éf dghsim`rclc qu`;
fg a`kgr s`rã ckustcrhgs cf pfch `fclgrcmg m`sm` uh prihdipig, m` pr`s`htcrf` cf pr`sim`ht` uhc dgsc
dgapf`tca`ht` b`dbc, r`spcfmcmc pgr uhc acygrác clruacmgrc, m` tci ach`rc qu` hg f` qu`m` gtrg
r`a`mig qu` mcrf` su cprglcdiôh.

^crc fgercrfg, prgpghác qu` `h mgs a`s`s Acrig Dgfáh grechizcrc

agvifizcdigh`s `h su ocvgr `h vcrigs fuecr`s, dgag ]fcfh`pchtfc, ]`hchdiheg,
Tuft`p`d, Ctfcdgaufdg, ]`xdgdg y ]gfudc, pcrc dr`cr ‖uh hûdf`g m` gpihiôh tch
ou`rt`‑ qu` s`rác iapgsilf` m`struirfg.5=  Lcstcrgh uhgs mács pcrc qu` `f pfch
orcdcscrc. M`f Aczg f` dghoiô c Cmgfog Griv` m` Cflc, vi`kg caieg suyg m`sm`
fgs cógs `h qu` calgs trclckcrgh `h fc Dgaisiôh Hcdighcf m` Irriecdiôh y `h `s`
aga`htg s`dr`tcrig m` \`dursgs Bimrãufidgs, qu` éf y Ocl`fc dghsim`rclch c
L`d`rrif dgag `f dchmimctg c sud`m`rfg. M`f Aczg pumg dga`t`r fc ihmisdr`diôh
pgr vcrics rczgh`s; pgr uh `xd`sg m` dghoichzc `h su caistcm dgh Griv`: pgrqu`,
s`eurg m` `ffc, lusdcrc su a`micdiôh dgh Cf`aãh (`stg ou` fg qu` dr`yô Ocl`fc,
dghv`hdimg m` qu` M`f Aczg hg pgmác dghtrgfcr fc situcdiôh), g pgrqu`
dghgdi`rc fcs pr`o`r`hdics m`f pr`sim`ht` y hg quisi`rc pr`s`htcrs` dgag uh
gpgsitgr c sus m`s`gs. @h ducfqui`rc m` fgs dcsgs, M`f Aczg pusg `h p`fierg `f
ocdtgr m`f qu` m`p`hmác `f éxitg m`f pfch, fcs agvifizcdigh`s qu` glfiecrách cf
 

pr`sim`ht` c cpgycr c L`d`rrif.50

C Ocl`fc hg f` pcsô ihcmv`rtimg qu` Cf`aãh, `ht`rcmg m`f prgy`dtg, cdtucrác
rãpimca`ht` y hg `h ocvgr m`f pfch. @h uhc ûftiac dgauhidcdiôh dgh L`d`rrif, f`
ihograc qu` `h uhc `htr`vistc dgh M`f Aczg `f pr`sim`ht` f` s`ócfô qu` éf
5?
tgacrác fgs
dghgd`r fc m`disiôh
m`tcff`s `s`hpgsilf`
`f aga`htg qu``fdghsim`rcrc
p`hscr qu` orcdcsg `h fccm`ducmg.
sud`siôh s`  Cuhqu` cf
m`liô c uh
`rrgr `h fgs pr`pcrctivgs, cuh csá `s dfcrg qu` Ocl`fc hg pumg dghtrgfcr cf
egl`rhcmgr M`f Aczg qui`h, c oih m` du`htcs, cdtuô dgh fc cutghgaác h`d`scric
y qu` Cf`aãh hg `stclc mispu`stg c sctisocd`r sus m`s`gs pcrc prgfghecr su
ihofu`hdic. ^gr `f dghtrcrig, fc m`disiôh m`f pr`sim`ht` ou` `f`eir c uh ouhdighcrig
qu`, sih `stcr m`f tgmg cf`kcmg m` Ocl`fc, `stclc fg suoidi`ht` pcrc t`raihcr dgh `f
pgdg pgm`r qu` cûh dghs`rvclc.
@f m`lifitcai`htg m` Ocl`fc tcaliéh s` `xpfidc pgr `f pgdg iht`rés qu` M`f
Aczg tuvg, hg yc pcrc cs`eurcr fc iace`h m`f mipfgaãtidg, sihg pcrc dr`cr uh
erupg prgpig qu` f` dghstruy`rc uh pgm`r murcm`rg. @f dghkuhtg m` ouhdighcrigs
fiecmgs c M`f Aczg au`strc dfcrca`ht` qu` cuhqu` f` d`rrô `f pcsg c Ocl`fc, hg
pumg g hg supg dôag bcd`r sglr`vivir c fgs pgfátidgs qu` éf bclác prgagvimg.
M`f tgtcf m` ihmivimugs qu` M`f Aczg hgalrô `h su egli`rhg (vécs` `f ducmrg
<.?), fc t`rd`rc pcrt` prgd`mách m` Ocl`fc y, dgag yc s` a`hdighô, cf a`hgs
ductrg dghtrgfclch fcs dcrt`rcs aãs iapgrtcht`s. ^`rg m` fgs <= qu` ogracrgh `f
`quipg m` dghoichzc m` M`f Aczg, sôfg s`is fgercrgh sglr`vivir `h `f egli`rhg
sieui`ht`.55
Aãs ifustrctivc `s fc su`rt` qu` tuvi`rgh fgs pgfátidgs qu` ff`vô c fgs pu`stgs
m` `f`ddiôh y pcrtimcrigs (vécs` fgs ducmrgs <.5 c <.3>); ûhidca`ht` ductrg m` fgs
<0 miputcmgs o`m`rcf`s, hu`v` m` fgs 4? fgdcf`s, gdbg m` fgs mgd` pr`sim`ht`s
auhidipcf`s y uhg m` fgs tr`s mirie`ht`s m`f pri, dghsieui`rgh gtrg dcreg `h
cfeuhc cmaihistrcdiôh pgst`rigr y si`apr` `h `f aisag ãalitg `f`dtgrcf. \`suftc
`vim`ht` qu` M`f Aczg hg s` iht`r`sô pgr pr`s`rvcr fc ihofu`hdic m` su prgt`dtgr
p`rg tcapgdg s` gdupô s`rica`ht` m` dr`cr uh erupg prgpig qu` trcsd`hmi`rc su
egli`rhg. Tôfg fc iaceihcdiôh pu`m` `hdghtrcr `h `stgs m`tcff`s fc p`rach`hdic
m` uh erupg pgfátidg. Fc f`y`hmc m` Ocl`fc y m` su Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg hg
r`sistiô fgs dghofidtgs m` fc sieui`ht` eul`rhcturc.
 

@F DGAI@H[G M@F OIH

Cuhqu` fc v`rsiôh pgpufcr mid` qu` `f ihe`hi`rg Tcfvcmgr Tãhdb`z Dgfáh ff`eô c
fc eul`rhcturc `h 3903 pgr sus váhdufgs dgh Ocl`fc y `f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg,
lcstc v`r su durrádufua pcrc dgapr`hm`r qu` fg ûhidg qu` t`hác `h dgaûh dgh
Ocl`fc y M`f Aczg ou` `f fuecr m` hcdiai`htg. Tãhdb`z Dgfáh hcdiô `h
Cmcdgaufdg, cuhqu` hg `h fc dcl`d`rc auhidipcf sihg `h uh pu`lfg d`rdchg, fg
qu`, cf m`dir m` cfeuhgs, hg `rc li`h vistg pgr cqu`ffgs qu` s` dghsim`rclch aãs
duftgs y `mudcmgs.52  ]capgdg tuvg audbgs váhdufgs dgh su `stcmg, pu`s sôfg
dursô fgs mgs pria`rgs cógs m` fc priacric `h Ctfcdgaufdg y m`sm` `htghd`s `f
r`stg m` su `mudcdiôh trchsdurriô `h `f Mistritg O`m`rcf. L`dcmg pgr `f egli`rhg
o`m`rcf, iher`sô cf Ihstitutg ]édhidg Ihmustricf @f A`x`, `h Bimcfeg, y m`spués
iher`sô c fc @sdu`fc Hcdighcf m` Ceridufturc m` Dbcpiheg. Tu dfcrc vgdcdiôh pgr
fgs
`sc csuhtgs tédhidgs m`f dcapg fg ff`vô auy prghtg c m`midcrs` pgr dgapf`tg c
cdtivimcm.
@htr` 394? y 39=4 trclckô `h ihstitudigh`s m`midcmcs c fc ceridufturc `h `f
Mistritg O`m`rcf ` ihdfusg `h Lckc Dcfiogrhic. @h fgs cógs d`htrcf`s m` fc
cmaihistrcdiôh m` Ocl`fc, Tãhdb`z Dgfáh vickô c @stcmgs Phimgs, l`dcmg pgr `f
egli`rhg m` `s` pcás, pcrc `sp`dicfizcrs` `h dátridgs, fg qu` f` p`raitirác cógs
m`spués, dgag ihv`stiecmgr m` fc T`dr`tcrác m` Ceridufturc, dr`cr uhc hu`vc
vcri`mcm m`f fiaôh qu` bcstc bgy ff`vc su cp`ffimg. Tus `xp`ri`hdics fcs `xpusg
`h `f filrg  @f duftivg m`f fiagh`rg y fc ihmustricfizcdiôh m`ffiaôh, trclckg
capfica`ht` dghgdimg pgr fgs `sp`dicfistcs y fgs duftivcmgr`s.
Phg m` `ffgs, Aieu`f Cf`aãh, fg f``rác pcrc `hdghtrcr sgfudigh`s c fgs
prglf`acs qu` t`hác `h su rchdbg (fc Oihdc Tcyufc): cf oihcf, Cf`aãh f`
`hdcrecrác cf cerôhgag `f duimcmg m` fc prgpi`mcm. C `stc r`fcdiôh, `stridtca`ht`
`stridtca`ht`
p`rsghcf y privcmc, `f pr`sim`ht` f` cócmirác fc pgfátidc pgrqu` murcht` su
dcapcóc Tãhdb`z Dgfáh pcrtidipcrác `h fcs dgaisigh`s tédhidcs, dgh fg ducf
capficrác su ocac m` `xp`rtg `h `f fiaôh y `f ceucdct`.59
@s `vim`ht` qu` Tãhdb`z Dgfáh hg sôfg `stuvg ou`rc m` su `stcmg sihg cf
acre`h m` fc pgfátidc `h e`h`rcf. Fc épgdc m` Ocl`fc y fgs dghofidtgs dgh `sc
éfit` trcmidighcf, csá dgag fgs `sou`rzgs pgr dr`cr uhc `htimcm agm`rhc y uhc
dfcs` pgfátidc cmi`strcmc y oi`f cf fám`r mipfgaãtidg, pcscrgh sih pr`gdupcr
 

m`acsicmg cf `xp`rtg cerádgfc, aãs iht`r`scmg `h fgs fiagh`s y fgs ceucdct`s. @h

r`cfimcm, Tãhdb`z Dgfáh tuvg dghtcdtg pgfátidg dgh `f `stcmg duchmg Cmgfog
Fôp`z Act`gs gdupô fc s`hcmurác c fc qu` tuvg qu` r`huhdicr Ocl`fc y qu`mô
vcdcht` fc supf`hdic, uh pu`stg qu` pgr fg dgaûh s` vu`fv` m`dgrctivg pgrqu` `f

prgpi`tcrig
misdr`tc m` dcsi huhdc
Aieu`f clchmghc
Cf`aãh pcrc su duruf. @f dcreg
dgrr`spghm`r pcr`d` bcl`r
c Tãhdb`z Dgfáh simg uhc ach`rc
sus s`rvidigs `h
fc dcapcóc. Ou` M`f Aczg qui`h, dghv`hdimg m` sus dghgdiai`htgs, fg m`siehô
mir`dtgr m` Ceridufturc `h su eclih`t`, dgh fg ducf echclc c uh tédhidg
`xp`ria`htcmg cf aisag ti`apg qu` `hschdbclc su cutghgaác r`sp`dtg m`
Ocl`fc.
Dgh `sgs cht`d`m`ht`s, `ap`rg, hg `rc pr`visilf` qu` s` dghvirti`rc `h uh
dchmimctg iapgrtcht` c fc eul`rhcturc. @f aga`htg pcr`d` bcl`rs` pr`s`htcmg
`h 39=9, duchmg auriô `h uh cddim`ht` m` cvicdiôh `f qu` m`sm` 39=? ”duchmg
Cf`aãh s` dghvirtiô `h pr`sim`ht`” s` p`roifclc dgag `f sieui`ht` egl`rhcmgr;
Eclri`f \cags Aiffãh. Dgag `s sclimg, `htr` \cags Aiffãh y Cf`aãh bulg uhc
prgouhmc caistcm qu` hcdiô `h su kuv`htum y s` ou` ogrtcf`di`hmg dghogra`
ou`rgh gdupchmg pu`stgs pgfátidgs r`f`vcht`s. \cags Aiffãh `rc `f dchmimctg
s`eurg m` Cf`aãh y fc a`kgr pru`lc m` qu` hg p`raitirác fc dghsgfimcdiôh m`
Ocl`fc.
@h 390>, duchmg `f mipfgaãtidg y M`f Aczg prgagvi`rgh c L`d`rrif Dgfáh
dgag miputcmg fgdcf, Tãhdb`z Dgfáh tcaliéh gdupô fc duruf pgr `f mistritg m`
]`xdgdg. Fc iht`hdiôh hg
h g pgmác pcscr ihcmv`rtimc pcrc fgs pgfátidgs m` fc épgdc y
a`hgs duchmg Tãhdb`z Dgfáh, `f `xp`rtg tédhidg cerádgfc, `rc qui`h duimclc `f
rchdbg m` Cf`aãh `h _`rcdruz. Hg ou` `xtrcóg `htghd`s qu`, cf m`scpcr`d`r
\cags Aiffãh, `f pr`sim`ht` dghsim`rcrc c Tãhdb`z Dgfáh dgag uh lu`h
prgsp`dtg, qu` cm`aãs m` su pr`stieig prgo`sighcf t`hác fc ducfimcm m` bcl`r
hcdimg `h fc aisac r`eiôh qu` Ocl`fc y M`f Aczg, p`rg dgh fgs ducf`s cp`hcs
t`hác dghtcdtg.2>  Aãs cûh, fc ihmisdr`diôh m` M`f Aczg `h 390> cf`rtô cf
pr`sim`ht` sglr` fcs cspircdigh`s m` Ocl`fc y fg glfieô (`h `f supu`stg m` qu` hg
fg buli`rc m`dimimg cht`s) c lusdcr uh dchmimctg m` su pr`o`r`hdic.
Fc ihm`p`hm`hdic dgh fc qu` ff`eô Tãhdb`z Dgfáh qu`mô dfcrca`ht`
m`agstrcmc cf iht`ercr su eclih`t`. M` fgs 3? titufcr`s dgh qu` dghtô, mgs bclách

`stcmg
b`r`mô dgh
m` Ocl`fc y bcláchiha`mictg
su cht`d`sgr fgercmg dghtihucr dghducmrg
(vécs` `f M`f Aczg,
<.3<).y cDgag
gtrgs mgs
s` fgs
v`,
 

dgapcrcmg dgh `f eclih`t` m` M`f Aczg, Tãhdb`z Dgfáh r`mukg c fc aitcm fc

ihofu`hdic mir`dtc m` Ocl`fc. @s di`rtg qu` fc T`dr`tcrác E`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg
qu`mô `h achgs m` Acfcquács Buitrôh, uhg m` fgs sáalgfgs m`f ocl`fisag, p`rg
fc m`siehcdiôh pcr`d` r`spghm`r aãs c uhc dcfdufcmc v`htckc m`f egl`rhcmgr qu`

cf pr`mgaihig
bclác m`f mipfgaãtidg,
trchsdurrimg pu`s fc fcrecm`trcy`dtgric
`h fcs cmaihistrcdigh`s m` Buitrôh,
Ocl`fc y M`f qu`tcaliéh
Aczg, sihg hg sôfg
`h `f egaisag, r`sgfvác `f `vim`ht` m`sdghgdiai`htg pgfátidg m` Tãhdb`z Dgfáh
y, sglr` tgmg, f` p`raitác r`dghdificrs` dgh fgs ocl`fistcs mgfimgs pgr su vidtgric.
Fc iht`hdiôh s` dghoirac dgh `f mctg cmidighcf m` qu` \caár`z Orcegsg, `f
s`euhmg ocl`fistc, `stclc `h @mudcdiôh y hg `h fgs gtrgs iapgrtcht`s dcregs qu`
bclách dghtrgfcmg `h `f réeia`h iha`mictg. Fgs mgs ouhdighcrigs qu` prgd`mách
m`f egli`rhg m` M`f Aczg ou`rgh B`raifg Crdgs ^ér`z y Tchticeg _`fcsdg
_`fcsdg \uiz,
dgh fgs ducf`s Tãhdb`z Dgfáh bclác iht`ercmg `f eclih`t` cht`rigr, pgr fg qu` hg
`rc mioádif qu` buli`rc `stclf`dimg r`fcdigh`s p`rsghcf`s si, dgag `h `f dcsg m`
Crdgs ^ér`z, cm`aãs fgs uhác fc prgo`siôh m` ihe`hi`rgs.
 

Fgs m`aãs ouhdighcrigs au`strch dôag `f egl`rhcmgr s` rgm`ô m` p`rsghcs c

qui`h`s dghgdác m` ti`apg ctrãs y, pgr fg tchtg, sclác môhm` pgmách r`hmir uh
a`kgr m`s`ap`óg. ^gr `k`apfg, Iehcdig Cfvisg Ofgr`s, su s`dr`tcrig pcrtidufcr,
`rc grieihcrig m` Tch Fuis ^gtgsá, cuhqu` rcmidcmg `h [cdct`dcs: si li`h hg t`hác
dghtcdtg dgh `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg, bclác simg ac`strg m` Tãhdb`z Dgfáh `h
Dbcpiheg y m`sm` `htghd`s fg bclác cdgapcócmg `h cfeuhgs trclckgs,
pcrtidufcra`ht`
r`mghmcs‑, qu` s``h fc pr`pcrcdiôh
r`cfizcrgh m` fcs
`h fc dcapcóc dgho`r`hdics ffcacmcs ‖a`scs
m` CK`aãh.
Kufiãh Mácz Crics, qu` ou` su pria`r goidicf acygr, `rc ihe`hi`rg a`dãhidg
`f`dtridistc y tcaliéh `dghgaistc, bclác trclckcmg `h `f Ihstitutg ^gfitédhidg
Hcdighcf (ou` ouhmcmgr m` fc _gdcdighcf 0) y `h fc T`dr`tcrác m` Bcdi`hmc y
Drémitg ^ulfidg. Dgag Cfvisg, tcaliéh bclác dgfclgrcmg dgh Tãhdb`z Dgfáh `h
fc dcapcóc m` Cf`aãh. Fc r`fcdiôh dgh Acrig Aghti`f, su mir`dtgr e`h`rcf m`
Bcdi`hmc, `rc aãs vi`kc; `sp`dicfizcmg `h fcs tcr`cs bcd`hmcrács, bclác dr`cmg y
mirieimg `f ãr`c m` cumitgrác duchmg Ocl`fc ouhmô fc Mir`ddiôh E`h`rcf m`
Bcdi`hmc. Tu caistcm dgh Tãhdb`z Dgfáh mctclc m` fgs cógs tr`ihtc, duchmg
bclác pr`stcmg sus s`rvidigs `h fc Dgaisiôh Hcdighcf m` Irriecdiôh. Kgsé \caôh
Crchc Prlihc, qu` ou` `f clgecmg dghsuftgr m` su egli`rhg, r`uhác fc mglf`
ducfimcm m` s`r caieg m` Tãhdb`z Dgfáh, (calgs bclách pcrtidipcmg `h fc
dcapcóc m` Cf`aãh), y t`h`r uhc dghgdimc dcrr`rc cmaihistrctivc `h `f `stcmg,
mghm` bclác simg prgdurcmgr m` fc M`o`hsc m`f ]rclckg y tcaliéh clgecmg
p` rigmg m` M`f Aczg. 23
dghsuftgr,, murcht` `f p`rigmg
dghsuftgr
Dgag pu`m` cpr`dicrs`, Tãhdb`z Dgfáh hg s` r`oueiô `h fgs ocl`fistcs c p`scr
m` qu` hg t`hác `f dghgdiai`htg m`f `stcmg hi, sglr` tgmg, fc `xp`ri`hdic pgfátidc
ihmisp`hsclf` pcrc `hor`htcr fc eul`rhcturc. Éf sieuiô dgh fc dgstualr` m`
trclckcr dgh su erupg m` dgfclgrcmgr`s, cqu`ffgs `h qui`h`s pgmác dghoicr
pf`hca`ht`. Y `sg s` rctioidc dgh `f r`stg m` ouhdighcrigs qu` iher`scrgh cf ãr`c
 

cmaihistrctivc murcht` su p`rigmg (vécs` `f ducmrg <.3<). Ti s` gls`rvc `f

hûa`rg tgtcf m` p`rsghcs, ihdfuimgs fgs aisags titufcr`s m`f eclih`t`, s` cmvi`rt`
cmv i`rt`
qu` m` fgs 49 qu` `stuvi`rgh `h su egli`rhg, sgfca`ht` hu`v` bclách `stcmg
cht`s `h cfeûh gtrg (dihdg dgh Ocl`fc y tr`s dgh M`f Aczg), fg qu` siehioidc qu`

Tãhdb`z Dgfáh
(55% or`ht` pumg m`
c ?9% hgalrcr c uh pgrd`htck`
M`f Aczg), acygr m` ouhdighcrigs
mctg qu` dghstituy` uh ihmidcmgrfiecmgs
aãs m`c éf
fc
m`dfihcdiôh m` fc ihofu`hdic m` Ocl`fc.
Cf ieucf qu` fg bidi`rc M`f Aczg, Tãhdb`z Dgfáh r`hgvô pgr dgapf`tg fcs
miputcdigh`s o`m`rcf`s y fc f`eisfcturc fgdcf (vécs` fgs ducmrgs <.34 y <.3=). Tôfg
si`t` m` fgs <= `hvicmgs c fc Dãacrc o`m`rcf y ductrg m` fgs <0 fgdcf`s, bclách
t`himg cfeûh dcreg dgh Ocl`fc g M`f Aczg. @f éxitg, dgh tgmg, fg tuvg `h fcs
pr`sim`hdics auhidipcf`s (vécs` `f ducmrg <.30), `h fcs ducf`s sôfg mgs pgfátidgs
pgmách `stcr im`htioidcmgs dgh fgs cht`rigr`s achmctcrigs. Dgag `s pr`visilf`,
fgs pu`stgs `h `f pri fgdcf ou`rgh pgdgs y dgh pr`s`hdic sglr` tgmg m`f p`rigmg m`
M`f Aczg, y `h fcs s`hcmurács ou` pgdc fc ihofu`hdic qu` fgerô `k`rd`r, pu`s fgs
mgs titufcr`s qu`mcrgh `h achgs m`f `x egl`rhcmgr M`f Aczg (qui`h sá dghsieuiô
fg qu` Ocl`fc hg pumg) y m` Kuch O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh, uh pgfátidg m` `hgra`
pr`stieig `h `f `stcmg y pcrc hcmc vihdufcmg cf mipfgaãtidg (vécs` fgs ducmrgs
<.3? y <.35).
^`s` c s`r acygr `f éxitg m` Tãhdb`z Dgfáh `h clrir `spcdigs c hu`vgs
pgfátidgs fgdcf`s, pgr fgs r`suftcmgs qu` s` cmvi`rt`h `h `f hûa`rg m` qui`h`s
p`rach`di`rgh `h gtrgs p`rigmgs, pu`m` dgh dfuirs` qu` tcapgdg bizg audbg pgr
ogracr uh erupg cft`rhctivg murcm`rg. M` fgs 4> ouhdighcrigs m` egli`rhg qu` éf
ihdgrpgrô, sôfg mi`z dghsieui`rgh sglr`vivir `h fgs s`x`higs m` Lcz, `f sieui`ht`,
y `f m` Bchj, mgd` cógs m`spués. Fcs diorcs lckch hgtclf`a`ht` pcrc fgs gtrgs
dcregs pgfátidgs; mgs miputcmgs o`m`rcf`s, dihdg fgdcf`s y hiheuhg m`f pri g `f
s`hcmg. @f ûhidg ãalitg qu` pcr`d` bcl`r r`hmimg orutgs ou` `f m` fcs
pr`sim`hdics auhidipcf`s, pu`s tgmgs sus cfdcfm`s fgercrgh oieurcr `h gtrgs
p`rigmgs, m` hu`vg, `h fgs m` Lcz y m` Bchj.
 

Cf r`viscr dgh m`t`hiai`htg fc `vgfudiôh m`f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg y, `h

`sp`dicf, fgs dghofidtgs pgfátidgs qu` s` prgmuk`rgh murcht` fgs mi`diséis cógs qu`
dghtrgfô `f `stcmg, s` cmvi`rt` qu`, c p`scr m` `xistir váhdufgs ou`rt`s `htr` fgs
egl`rhcmgr`s qu` s` sud`mi`rgh y cuh `htr` fgs pgfátidgs aãs m`stcdcmgs qu`
oieurcrgh `h sus eclih`t`s, hg `s pgsilf` bclfcr m` uh erupg dghsist`ht`,
bgageéh`g. @h r`cfimcm, `s aãs cm`ducmg dghsim`rcr fc pr`s`hdic m` erupgs
ogracmgs `h tgrhg m` dcmc achmctcrig qu` dgapcrti`rgh prihdipigs y glk`tivgs
m` fcreg pfczg.
@s di`rtg qu` Ocl`fc mig dclimc c audbgs p`rsghck`s, uhgs qu` `f egaisag
bclác acreihcmg y gtrgs qu` cp`hcs dga`hzclch c ihdursighcr `h fc pgfátidc. Ti
fgs pria`rgs s` mistiheuách pgr fcrecs trcy`dtgrics y, pgr `hm`, uhc cvchzcmc
`mcm, fgs s`euhmgs s` dcrcdt`rizclch pgr fg dghtrcrig; cfeuhgs `rch kôv`h`s m`
v`iht` cógs y audbgs gtrgs cp`hcs cmgf`sd`ht`s, dgag `rc `f dcsg m` Dcrfgs
Bchj, qui`h aãs tcrm` b`r`mcrác fc f`y`hmc m` Ocl`fc. Ou`rgh fc fiaitcdiôh
e`h`rcdighcf, pgr uh fcmg, y fc vieifchdic m`f egli`rhg o`m`rcf, pgr gtrg, fgs mgs
 

ocdtgr`s ouhmca`htcf`s qu` iapimi`rgh fc dghsgfimcdiôh m` uh erupg qu` huhdc

pcsô m`f e`ra`h.
@h r`cfimcm, fc pcrtidipcdiôh m`f egli`rhg m` Cf`aãh ou` audbg aãs qu` m`
vieifchdic. @s` p`rigmg s` dcrcdt`rizô, `htr` gtrgs m`tcff`s, pgr fc vgfuhtcm

pr`sim`hdicf m` dghd`htrcr
pri y `f sihmidcfisag `f pgm`r
r`v`fch y coichzcr
dfcrca`ht` `f `fprgpôsitg
d`htrcfisag. Fgs dcaligs
m` Cf`aãh `h `f
m` r`stcr
cutghgaác c vcrics ihstitudigh`s m`f sist`ac y dghv`rtir c fc pr`sim`hdic `h `f
ocdtgr d`htrcf m` fc vimc pgfátidc. ^`rg fc dcámc m` mgd` egl`rhcmgr`s y `f
hgalrcai`htg `h dcregs o`m`rcf`s m` gtrgs mgs, siehioidô `f sga`tiai`htg m` fcs
cutgrimcm`s fgdcf`s c fc vgfuhtcm m`f k`o` m`f `k`dutivg. Ti `fiaihô sih
mioiduftcm`s c dcsi fc aitcm m` fgs achmctcrigs m`f pcás, `rc `vim`ht` qu` hg
tgf`rcrác uh pgm`r gduftg `h `f `stcmg dghtieug cf Mistritg O`m`rcf.2<
Duchmg Ocl`fc s` bizg dcreg m`f egli`rhg, dghtclc dgh s`s`htc cógs m` `mcm,
fg qu` iapfidclc qu` sus prihdipcf`s caistcm`s t`hách uhc `mcm siaifcr. ^gr aãs
`xt`hmimg qu` ou`s` `f erupg m` dghgdimgs, `rc mioádif qu` ihdfuy`rc c kôv`h`s
qu` hg vi`rgh `h éf c uh euác sihg c uh fám`r. Fc mio`r`hdic `s `s`hdicf pgrqu` m`
`ffc m`p`hm` `f dgaprgaisg m` fgs s`euimgr`s. ^crc fgs pgfátidgs acmurgs Ocl`fc
ou` uh fám`r, uh bgalr` qu` acrdô glk`tivgs y prgd`miai`htgs pcrc dghs`euirfgs,
p`rg pcrc fgs cmgf`sd`ht`s y kôv`h`s qu` fg vi`rgh cdtucr, sôfg ou` uh pgfátidg
visighcrig y e`h`rgsg qu`, pgr uh fcmg, bizg pgsilf` fc agvifimcm pgfátidc y, pgr
gtrg, p`rsghcfa`ht` f` clriô fc pu`rtc m` `s`
` s` a`mig c cfeuhgs. @h duc
ducfqui`r
fqui`r dcsg,
sih `alcreg, fcs dcrr`rcs ihmivimucf`s `stclch pgr bcd`rs` y, pgr `hm`,
mispghilf`s pcrc dgaprga`t`r sus f`cftcm`s. Hcmi` dgh quihd` g v`iht` cógs
pgmác vihdufcr su outurg c uh bgalr` qu`, cf acre`h m` sus ctrilutgs, `stclc cf
oihcf m` su `xist`hdic.
Ocl`fc, `h riegr, duapfiô uh didfg `h fc vimc pgfátidc `stctcf, p`rg hg pumg, pgr
ocftc m` uh ti`apg qu` yc hg f` p`rt`h`dác, dghtrgfcr fc prgfio`rcdiôh m` fgs
pgfátidgs qu` éf aisag prgagviô. ]cf v`z fg buli`rc dghs`euimg si su iha`mictg
sud`sgr y, sih mumc cfeuhc, su prihdipcf prgmudtg pgfátidg, buli`rc dgapcrtimg su
p`rsghcf cspircdiôh m` pgm`r. ^`rg Cfor`mg m`f Aczg hg dr`yô `h `s` m`s`g
ihmivimucf m` Ocl`fc hi tcapgdg vig `h `f `stcmg qu` egl`rhclc uh r`mudtg m`
pgm`r pgr fc s`hdiffc rczôh m` qu` éf, c fgs tr`ihtc cógs, yc bclác cfdchzcmg `f

aãs cftgm`
pgfátidg dcreg qu` fc pgfátidc
prga`t`mgr outurgfgdcf gor`dác
hcdighcf, y bclác
dgag ogrtcf`dimg
fg `rc su caistcm
Cmgfog Fôp`z dgh Fc
Act`gs. uh
 

eul`rhcturc ou` pcrc M`f Aczg uhc ou`ht` m` prgy`ddiôh, p`rg hg fc lcs` m` su
pgm`r.
M`f Aczg, pgr gaisiôh g pgr cddiôh, aihô fgs pgdgs diai`htgs qu` Ocl`fc
t`hác. M`f Aczg hg h`d`scrica`ht` iapufsô c pgfátidgs im`htioidcmgs dgh `f

mipfgaãtidg
pu`rtcs m` fcsihg qu`, cpcrcmôkidca`ht`,
pgfátidc sieuiô
audbgs cspircht`s. M`fsuAczg
`hs`óchzc,
e`h`rô `sf`cftcm`s
m`dir, clriô
c éf, fcs
`h
pria`rc ihstchdic, y c fcs ihstitudigh`s `stctcf`s y c su prgy`dtg m` fcreg pfczg.
Cuh csá, hg s` gdupô `h cs`eurcrf` fgs pu`stgs c qui`h`s ihdgrpgrô: m` cbá qu` cf
dghdfuir su egli`rhg hg buli`rc fgs dchmimctgs y, cht` tgmg, fc ou`rzc m` uh
erupg pcrc iapgh`r cf sud`sgr.
sud`sgr.
@f s`euhmg ocdtgr ou` `f egli`rhg o`m`rcf. Ou` Ãvifc Dcacdbg qui`h bizg
vcf`r tgmc su ihofu`hdic pcrc cdclcr dgh fc vi`kc y dghofidtivc éfit` trcmidighcf,
pcrc fg ducf hg vcdifô
vcd ifô `h sgst`h`r c Ocl`fc ihdfusg dghtrc fc f`y y fc Dghstitudiôh
fgdcf. ^`rg tcaliéh ou` éf qui`h vig `h M`f Aczg cf dghtihucmgr m` `sc glrc
ihdghdfusc: fg aãs siehioidctivg `s qu` cf aisag ti`apg bizg tgmg fg qu` pumg
pcrc cf`kcr cf dr`cmgr m`f prgy`dtg y dgh `ffg iap`mir qu` s` dghsgfimcrc uh
dcdidczeg r`hgvcmg. @f cegtcai`htg e`h`rcdighcf cuhcmg c fc iht`rv`hdiôh
pr`sim`hdicf, lcstcrã pcrc t`raihcr dgh uh erupg pgfátidg qu` buli`rc simg m`
duimcmg.
Fc ff`ecmc m` Tãhdb`z Dgfáh `s fc a`kgr pru`lc m` fc vgfuhtcm d`htrcf m`
cdclcr dgh fc cspircdiôh. Fg ûhidg qu` dgapcrtiô `f hu`vg egl`rhcmgr dgh sus
mgs cht`d`sgr`s ou` `f fuecr e`héridg m` hcdiai`htg, p`rg hi m`scrrgffô su dcrr`rc
lckg su capcrg, hi ff`eô c `s` dcreg pgr su vgfuhtcm. Tãhdb`z Dgfáh ou` `f
bgalr` cm`ducmg qu` s` pr`s`htô `h `f aga`htg gpgrtuhg. Tu caistcm dgh `f
pr`sim`ht` Cf`aãh, su r`fctivg mistchdicai`htg dgh fgs fám`r`s fgdcf`s, `f
ocff`diai`htg m`f dchmimctg hcturcf y fc m`disiôh d`htrcf m` hg cuspidicr `f
ogrtcf`diai`htg m`f erupg, dgfgdcrgh c és` `xp`rtg cerôhgag pr`gdupcmg pgr
a`kgrcr fgs dátridgs, `h uhc gpdiôh r`cf pcrc fc eul`rhcturc. @rc `ht`hmilf`, `h
dghs`du`hdic, qu` Tãhdb`z Dgfáh hg csuai`rc dgaprgaisgs dgh `s` erupg
pgfátidg y qu`, c scli`hmcs m` su m`scapcrg, tcaliéh lusdcrc prgt`e`rs`. @h `s`
s`htimg, m`scrrgffô su glrc m` egli`rhg sglr` fcs lcs`s qu` yc `xistách, p`rg fc
m`pgsitô `h sus bgalr`s m` dghoichzc.
@f r`suftcmg m` tgmg `ffg hg pgmác s`r aãs qu` fc csoixic m` uh erupg cp`hcs
`h ogracdiôh. Fc v`rsiôh pgpufcr, sih `alcreg, ti`h` cfeuhgs `f`a`htgs m`
 

v`rmcm. @f aãs iapgrtcht` dghsist` `h qu` hiheûh egl`rhcht`, p`s` c fcs

mio`r`hdics qu` tuvi`rc dgh fgs `x achmctcrigs, ou` tch ihs`hsctg dgag pcrc
m`struir fc glrc pr`vic. ^gr `f dghtrcrig, suaô su `sou`rzg, dgag fg bizg M`f
Aczg, g dgag Tãhdb`z Dgfáh, qui`h si hg f` cócmiô prgercacs pgr fg a`hgs

dghtihuô
acht`h`r igs qu` `xistách.
fc im`c Gtrg,fc hg
m` iapufscr a`hgs r`f`vcht`
ogracdiôh p`rgpgfátidc
m` uhc éfit` sá a`hgs visilf`,qu`,
agm`rhc ou`
mcmcs fcs dirduhstchdics bistôridcs m` su hcdiai`htg, prghtg s` cs`a`kô c fc
hcdighcf. M` cbá qu` audbgs kôv`h`s qu` `hdghtrcrgh `h Ocl`fc cf `stcmistc
dcpcz m` rgap`r fcs ih`rdics m` fc épgdc pgs r`vgfudighcric, p`rg qu` hg t`hách
hi fc `mcm hi fc `xp`ri`hdic pcrc csuair r`spghsclifimcm`s, bcych vistg `h fgs
p`rigmgs m` M`f Aczg y m` Tãhdb`z Dgfáh tchtg fc act`ricfizcdiôh m`f prgy`dtg
m` Ocl`fc dgag fc pgsilifimcm r`cf m` ihidicr sus dcrr`rcs.
@s siehioidctivg qu` fc prgagdiôh m` fgs hu`vgs pgfátidgs hg gdurrc `h `f
ãalitg cmaihistrctivg m`f egli`rhg sihg `h fgs dcregs m` `f`ddiôh, `h pcrtidufcr
`h fcs pr`sim`hdics auhidipcf`s. Fcs rczgh`s sgh `vim`ht`s; `f egli`rhg
dghstituyô m`sm` `htghd`s `f a`mig privif`eicmg pcrc dghtrgfcr fc pgfátidc fgdcf y
pcrc qu` dcmc achmctcrig s` cs`eurcrc `f pgm`r or`ht` c ocddigh`s m`f `stcmg. Fgs
pu`stgs m` r`pr`s`htcdiôh, pgr `f dghtrcrig, pcr`d`h bcl`rs` dghstituimg `h fc
a`kgr vác pcrc r`pr`s`htcr c fgs erupgs y mcr dclimc c aãs ouhdighcrigs. @f
aisag m`stihg m` cqu`ffgs qu` uhc v`z tuvi`rgh dcregs m` `f`ddiôh (gdupcr gtrgs
`h `f aisag a`mig) r`v`fc qu` `f pgm`r s` dghd`htrô `h fgs pu`stgs
cmaihistrctivgs. M` ducfqui`r ograc, s` `stclf`di`rgh fcs mgs pcutcs d`htrcf`s m`
fc éfit`; dghtrgf m`f erupg y r`hgvcdiôh sist`aãtidc.
Fc sustitudiôh m` pgfátidgs `s pgr `sg e`h`rcdighcf, m` cbá qu`, pgr `k`apfg,
hg s`c `xtrcóg qu` audbgs m` fgs pgfátidgs m` Tãhdb`z Dgfáh qu` dghsieui`rgh
oieurcr `h gtrcs cmaihistrcdigh`s fg bidi`rch `h fc m` Bchj, mgd` cógs aãs tcrm`,
pu`s éf aisag tuvg su m`sp`eu` pgfátidg fgdcf `h `s` réeia`h; `rc hcturcf qu`
r`uhi`rc c qui`h`s dghgdác y dgh qui`h`s s` s`htác im`htioidcmg. Ihmir`dtca`ht`
`sg m`au`strc qu` pcrc `ffgs fcs p`rsghcfimcm`s m` Ocl`fc y, s`eûh `f dcsg, m`
M`f Aczg y Tãhdb`z Dgfáh, hg `stuvi`rgh m`sfiecmcs, hg ou`rgh prgy`dtgs
cft`rhctivgs, pgr `sg hg ou`rgh ihdgapctilf`s y e`h`rcrgh uhc `sp`di` m` f`cftcm
c fc iace`h f`e`hmcric m` Ocl`fc, y cf aisag ti`apg r`dghgdi`rgh `f cpgyg qu`
r`dili`rgh m` fgs sieui`ht`s egl`rhcmgr`s. Auy cf acre`h m` qu` Ocl`fc
iht`htcrc ogracr uh erupg dghsist`ht` y murcm`rg, fc act`ric priac dgh fc qu` fg
 

iht`htô hg `rc fc aãs cm`ducmc, pria`rg, pgrqu` fcs `mcm`s tch miv`rscs
iapimi`rgh fc ogracdiôh m` uh ûhidg iht`rés, y s`euhmg, pgrqu` hg pgmác
`xieirf`s c fgs kôv`h`s qu` r`muk`rch su outurg pgfátidg c fcs cspircdigh`s
p`rsghcf`s m` uh fám`r. Cf dghdfuir `f egli`rhg m` Tãhdb`z Dgfáh, dgh `f ducf yc

`rc `vim`ht``hfc39=<.
dga`hzcrc m`lifimcm m`f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg, ff`eô c su oih `f prgy`dtg qu`

Hgtcs cf pi`
3 Cfoghsg Tãhdb`z Ecrdác, @f
Ecrdác, @f dárdufg rgkih`erg,
rgkih`erg, ]gfudc,
 ]gfudc, PC@A, 392=, pp. 35—32.
< Cfch A. Jirsbh`r, ]gaãs Ecrrimg Dchclcf y `f agviai`htg m` fgs Dcaiscs \gkcs, T`ps`t`htcs,
\gkcs,  T`ps`t`htcs, hûa.
<?5, Aéxidg, 395?: Orchdisdg K. ^cgfi y @hriqu` Aghtcfvg,  @fsgdicfisag gfvimcmg m` Yudctãh
udctãh,, Aéxidg,

Tiefg RRI @mitgr`s, 3955: Crturg Cfvcrcmg,  @f pgrt`seifisag `h ]cacufipcs,

cacufipcs,   Aéxidg, @f Dgf`eig m`
Aéxidg, 399<, y C. Tãhdb`z Ecrdác, @f
Ecrdác,  @f dirdufggp. dit.
dit.
4 Fgs a`kgr`s t`stiaghigs m` `stc siheufcr iht`rpr`tcdiôh m`f sgdicfisag c fc a`xidchc, s` `hdu`htrch `h
fgs m`lct`s sglr` fc `mudcdiôh sgdicfistc pcrc agmioidcr `f Crtádufg 4¾ dghstitudighcf `h 394<,
pcrtidufcra`ht` fcs iht`rv`hdigh`s m` @z`qui`f ^cmiffc y Fuis @hriqu` @rrg,  Bistgric mgdua`htcf m`f
 ^crtimg m` fc \`vgfudiôh,
\`vgfudiôh, Aéxidg, IDC^, 3923, t. 4, pp. 3<=—<30.
= C. Tãhdb`z Ecrdác, @f
Ecrdác, @f dárdufggp. dit  p.
 p. 32.
0 Bistgric dit., t. 3, p. 345.
 Bistgric mgdua`htcf…, gp. dit.,
?  Fc d`rdchác m` \ivc ^cfcdig dgh Dcff`s ou` tch `str`dbc qu` ihdfusg ou` dghsim`rcmg pgr `f K`o`
Aãxiag, kuhtg dgh Achu`f ^ér`z ]r`vióg, dgag uh dchmimctg c fc pr`sim`hdic `h fuecr m` Dãrm`hcs. Cf
oihcf ou` m`sdcrtcmg, p`rg hg p`rmiô fc dghoichzc m` Dcff`s qui`h fg achtuvg cf or`ht` m`f ^H\ pcrc scdcr
cm`fcht` fc pgstufcdiôh m`f aidbgcdchg, ihdfusg or`ht` cf pgsilf` m`sdght`htg m` fgs s`euimgr`s m` ^ér`z
]r`vióg. Fgr`hzg A`y`r,  Fgs ihidigs m` fc ihstitudighcfizcdiôh
ihstitudighcfizcdiôh..  Fc pgfátidcm`f acxiacfg
acxiacfg,,  Bistgric m` fc
 \`vgfudiôh A`xidchc
A`xidchc,, t. 3<, Aéxidg, @f Dgf`eig m` Aéxidg, 3952, p. <50.
5 C. Tãhdb`z Ecrdác, ilim., p.
ilim.,  p. 54 yk. Tcfczcr, @strudturc..gp
Tcfczcr, @strudturc..gp.. dit.,
dit., p.
 p. 24.
2 D. B`rr`kôh, Bistgric…,
B`rr`kôh, Bistgric…, gp. dit., p.
dit., p. <49.
9  Ou` @udcrig Fôp`z, vihdufcmg `h a`hgr a`mimc c \ivc ^cfcdig y qu` bclác oieurcmg kuhtg dgh
Tgfôrzchg y Eustcvg Lcz `h fc t`rhc pcrc sud`m`r c Oifil`rtg Eôa`z. Fc m`disiôh ou` glrc m` fc f`eisfcturc
fgdcf. Ca`hmgffc, Fc
Ca`hmgffc, Fc r`vgfudiôh
r`vgfudiôh  dgai`hzc `h fgs ducr`htc
ducr`htc,, Aéxidg, s.p.i., s./o., p. <95.
3> Ilim., p.
 Ilim., p. <92.
 

33 Ilim.,
 Ilim., p. 4>>.
3<  Fclrc ff`eô c gdupcr fc pr`sim`hdic m`f Lfgqu` m` Egl`rhcmgr`s bcdic `f oihcf m`f egli`rhg m`
Dãrm`hcs y s` f` supghác dgag uh ai`alrg m`i eclih`t` m` Achu`f Cvifc Dcacdbg, dghdr`tca`ht` `h `f
M`pcrtca`htg m`f Mistritg O`m`rcf.
34
3= D. B`rr`kôh, gp
gp.. dit.,
dit., p.
 p. <0?.
 @s fc gpihiôh m` Ca`hmgffc, dit , p. 4>0.
30 @htr`vistc i.
3? @htr`vistc i y Ca`hmgffc, gp. dit., p.
dit., p. 4>?.
35 Cuhqu` cluhmch fcs ligercoács m` Ocl`fcº uhc m` fcs aãs puhtucf`s `s fc m` Acrig Dgfáh Tãhdb`z,
 Oidb`rg ligerãoidg m` Isimrg Ocl`fc
Ocl`fc,, Aéxidg, s.p.i., 39?4: tcaliéh fc m` Cfoghsg Tãhdb`z Crt`db`,  Mgh
Suikgt` egl`rhcmgr,
egl`rhcmgr, ]gfudc, Egli`rhg m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg, 3925, pp. 35—39.
32 Isimrg Ocl`fc, ‖^rgt`stc cht` `f pgm`r f`eisfctivg m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg‑, `h  Ai egli`rhg `h `f @stcmg
m` Aéxidg, Lilfigt`dc
Aéxidg, Lilfigt`dc Isimrg Ocl`fc, vgf. R_I, ]gfudc, Ihstitutg A`xiqu`hs` m` Dufturc, 399=, p. ?.
39 I. Ocl`fc, ‖^crc ti, cagr aág‑, `h ¡^u`lf`ditg aág!, ]gfudc,
aág!, ]gfudc, Ducm`rhgs m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg, 3902, p.
30?.
<> Orchdisdg Kcvi`r Ecxigfc, A`agrics
Ecxigfc, A`agrics,, Aéxidg, ^grruc, 3950, dcps. < y 2.
<3 Ilim., pp.
 Ilim., pp. 43>—433.
<<  Crdbivg ^`rsghcf m` Isimrg Ocl`fc (`h fg sud`sivg, cpio), dcrtc c Achu`f Ãvifc Dcacdbg, << m`
midi`alr` 39=2, `xp. =>/3=?-C.
<4 Ecxigfc, qu` hg gduftc su chtipctác pgr `f mipfgaãtidg, `h pcrt` ouhmcmc dgag s` v`rã cm`fcht`, coirac
qu` Ocl`fc pimiô su cyumc pcrc dghv`hd`r c Ãvifc Dcacdbg m` hgalrcrfg egl`rhcmgr iht`rihg. Hg `s
dr`álf` fc `sp`di` pgrqu` `rch aãs fgs váhdufgs p`rsghcf`s m` Ãvifc Dcacdbg dgh Ocl`fc qu` fgs qu` bclác
dgh Ecxigfc. Csá, hg m`kc m` s`r uh m`tcff` aãs `h fcs ihtriecs m`f aga`htg. Ecxigfc, gp.ít.,
gp.ít., p.
 p. 433.
<= I. Ocl`fc, ‖^crc ti…‑, gp. dit  p.
 p. 30?.
<0 Ilim.,
 Ilim., p. 305.
<? T` mid` qu` Ocl`fc hg `sdctiaô r`dgap`hscs `dghôaidcs pcrc dghv`hd`r c fgs f`eisfcmgr`s hi tcapgdg

cfeuhcs ca`hczcs, Ca`hmgffc, Fc

Ca`hmgffc, Fc r`vgfudiôh…,
r`vgfudiôh…, gp. dit.,
dit., p.
 p. 434 y `htr`vistc i.
<5 I. Ocl`fc, ‖^ria`r ihogra` m` egli`rhg‑, `h Ai egli`rhg…, gp. dit., p.
dit.,  p. 349.
<2 Ca`hmgffc,
 Ca`hmgffc, Fc
 Fc r`vgfudiôh,
r`vgfudiôh, gp. dit.,
dit., p.
 p. 4>9, ` I. Ocl`fc, ‖^crc ti…‑, gp. dit., pp.
dit., pp. 309—3?>.
<9 I. Ocl`fc, ‖^crc oihcfizcr fc eul`rhcturc‑, `h Ai
`h Ai egli`rhg…, gp. dit., p.
dit., p. 343.
4> Fgs m`tcff`s s` `hdu`htrch `h F Ocl`fc, ‖^crc ti…‑, gp. dit., pp.
dit., pp. 3?=—3?0 y `h d! ‖Misdursg sglr` fc
f`cftcm‑, `h Ai
`h Ai egli`rhg…,
egli`rhg…, gp. dit .,., pp. =9—0>.
43  Ca`hmgffc `xpfidc fc csghcmc pgr fc r`cddiôh, m`f tgmg iapr`vistc, qu` prgvgdô `f dcalig m` fgs
crtádufgs y pgrqu` Ocl`fc hg duapfiô dgh `f pceg dgapf`tg m`f sglgrhg prga`timg. Gp. dit., pp.
dit., pp. 434—43=.
 

Cfeg m` v`rmcm m`l` bcl`r pgrqu` `htr` fc agmioidcdiôh dghstitudighcf y `f iht`htg pgr m`sdghgd`r cf
egl`rhcmgr, a`micrgh pgdgs mács.
4< Ocl`fc r`dghgd` qu` iht`erô fc eucrmic y, aãs cûh, qu` éf pgrtclc cracs (‖^crc ti…‑, gp. dit., pp.
dit., pp. 3?3— 
3?<), p`rg fg t`stiaghich Ecxigfc, qui`h `sdril` qu` c uhc m` sus `htr`vistcs dgh éf, Ocl`fc csistiô `sdgftcmg

pgr tr`s dcaigh`tcs m` pgfidács ( A`agrics,

 A`agrics, gp. dit .,., p. 433), y Ca`hmgffc, qu` s`ócfc qu` `rc tch gst`htgsc
fc prgt`ddiôh qu` `f aisag Ãvifc Dcacdbg fg dritidclc (gp. dit., pp.
dit., pp. 430—43?).
44 Isimrg Ocl`fc, ‖^crc ti…‑, gp. dit., p.
dit., p. 30?.
4= p. 305.

40 Im`a.
 Im`a.
4? ^ria`r ihogra`…, gp. dit., p.
dit., p. 302.
45 C^IO, dcrtcs m` Kustg Aghrgy c Ocl`fc, <? `h`rg y 35 o`lr`rg m` 39<0, `xp. 42/3=3—3, y m` Ocl`fc c
Acfcquács Buitrôh, 34 m` cegstg m` 39<?, `xp. 42/3=<—?.
42 @htr`vistc d.
49 @htr`vistcs k y `.

=> Kgsé Ãhe`f Ceuifcr, Fc

Ceuifcr,  Fc \`vgfudiôh `h `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg
Aéxidg,, Aéxidg, IH@B\A, 3955, t. II, pp. <44— 
<49.
=3 Ca`hmgffc, gp. dit. p.
dit. p. 43>, @f
43>, @f M`aôdrctc, 3<
M`aôdrctc, 3< m` `h`rg m` 39=0.
=< T` bc misdutimg audbg `f pcr`ht`sdg m` Ocl`fc y M`f Aczg y m`limg c qu` fgs cp`ffimgs hcmc pcr`d`h
t`h`r `h dgaûh, s` bc p`hscmg qu` fc r`fcdiôh `rc purca`ht` co`dtivc. Hg glstcht`, sá bulg pcr`ht`sdg
mir`dtg; fc clu`fc pct`rhc m` Ocl`fc ou` Mgfgr`s _éf`z, uhc m` duycs m`sd`hmi`ht`s ou` fc s`ógrc A`rd`m`s
_éf`z, acmr` m` Cfor`mg m`f Aczg. ^gr `sg Ocl`fc `rc tág m`f qu` s`rác su sud`sgr. @f váhdufg s` `str`dbô
aãs pgrqu` Ocl`fc ou` pcmrihg m`f bikg m` M`f Aczg, Cfor`mg m`f Aczg Eghzãf`z, qui`h chgs m`spués
tcaliéh s`rác egl`rhcmgr, (C^IO, misdursg m` Ocl`fc cf cercm`d`rf` cf egl`rhcmgr Cfor`mg m`f Aczg _. f`

r`ecfcrc fc dcsc mghm` hcdiô, 30 m` acyg m` 390<, `xp. =40/343—5: dcrtc m` Ocl`fc c M`f Aczg Eghzãf`z, <
m` kufig m` I9?>, `xp. <=/9<—<, y ‖^crc ti…‑, gp. mi.,
mi., pp. 35=—350 y 355). Fc r`fcdiôh dgh Eclri`f Cfocrg s`
r`su`fv` oãdif; `f s`euhmg cp`ffimg m` Ocl`fc ou` Cfocrg, m` cbá qu` ou`rc su tág. ^`rg cm`aãs m` `sg,
Eclri`f Cfocrg ou` pgr cógs su s`dr`tcrig pcrtidufcr y `h `sc dcfimcm cdgapcóô cf mipfgaãtidg `h audbgs m`
sus vick`s cf `xtrchk`rg (C^IO, dgrr`spghm`hdic `htr` calgs, `xps. <=/9<—< y =4/30?—3).
=4 Ca`hmgffc, gp. `xt., pp.
`xt., pp. 4>9—43>.
== C. Tãhdb`z Crt`db`, Mgh
Crt`db`, Mgh Suikgt`gp. dit.,
dit., pp. <3—4<.
=0 @htr`vistcs b y c.
=? @htr`vistc `.

=5 cpio, dcrtc m` Ocl`fc c Kufiãh Hgeu`irc, `alckcmgr m` Prueucy `h @stcmgs Phimgs, 5 m` gdtulr` m`
39=4, `xp. =4/300-3.
 

=2 @htr`vistc b.

=9  @f s`x`hig m` Ãvifc Dcacdbg hg `stã suoidi`ht`a`ht` `stumicmg, cuhqu` s` `hdu`htrch r`o`r`hdics
pcrmcf`s c prglf`acs `sp`dáoidgs `h miv`rsgs `stumigs. @f trclckg m` F. A`mihc, M`f
A`mihc,  M`f dcrm`hisag…, gp. dit.,
`s `f aãs dgapf`tg m` tgmgs.
0>
03 @htr`vistc d.
 Hg `stã dfcrg duãhmg s` `xpimiô fc dghd`siôh. Dcrfgs B`rr`kôh, `h Bistgōc…,
`h Bistgōc…, gp. dit., p.
dit., p. <?2, mid` qu`
ou` `xp`mimc pgr `f egl`rhcmgr Kgsé Fuis Tgfôrzchg c uh caieg `h 394?, p`rg éf tuvg qu` clchmghcr `f
dcreg uh cóg cht`s pgr fc purec m` dcffistcs. M` ducfqui`r ograc fc scherác bcd`hmcrác murô d`rdc m` mi`z
cógs y `hriqu`diô cfeuhgs lgfsiffgs pcrtidufcr`s.
0< ]`rd`r y ducrtg ihogra`s m` egli`rhg, `h Dcrfgs B`rr`kôh,  Ai egli`rhg…, gp.dit., pp.
gp.dit., pp. 449—4=3 y =32-
=39.
04 Tchogrm C. Agsj, Fc
Agsj,  Fc r`vgfudiôh ihmustricf m` Aéxidg,
Aéxidg, Aéxidg,
 Aéxidg, ^CIA, hua. <, clrif-kuhig m` 3903, y
\. Lékcr Hcvcrrg y O. Dcschgvc Ãfvcr`z,
Ãfvcr`z, Bistgric
 Bistgric m` fc…, gp.dit .,., p. 354.
0= ‖C fc Dãacrc Hcdighcf m` Dga`rdig m` fc Diumcm m` ]gfudc‑, `h Isimrg Ocl`fc, Ai
Ocl`fc,  Ai egli`rhg…, gp.
dit., p.
dit., p. 4=.
00 @htr`vistcs ` y d.

0? Ducrtg ihogra` m` egli`rhg, `h Ai

`h Ai egli`rhg…, gp. dit., p.
dit., p. 400.
05 Isimrg Ocl`fc, ‖^crc ti…‑, gp. dit., p.
dit., p. 355.
02 A. Dgfáh, Ghd` s`alfchzcs m` p`rsghck`s m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg,
Aéxidg, Aéxidg, Ducm`rhgs m`f @stcmg m`
Aéxidg, 395<, pp. <>4—<>5.
09 Orchdisdg Kcvi`r Ecxigfc, A`agrics…,
Ecxigfc, A`agrics…, gp. dit . pp. 433—434.
?> cpio, ihogra` m` Fuis Ãhe`f \gmráeu`z, prgdurcmgr m` Kustidic m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg, cf egl`rhcmgr
Ocl`fc, sglr` qui`h`s ctcdch cf egli`rhg, 32 m` gdtulr` m` 39=4, `xp. =4/300—3.
?3 D. B`rr`kôh, gp. dtt., p.
dtt., p. <=9, y Ca`hmgffc, gp. dit.,
dit., p. 4<3.
?< @f
 @f M`aôdrctc,
M`aôdrctc, 0 m` `h`rg m` 39=0. Ecxigfc `sdril` qu` murcht` fc dcapcóc su dcsc ou` cscftcmc: pgr
supu`stg suei`r` qu` ou`rgh bgalr`s m` Ocl`fc fgs qu` fg bidi`rgh, p`rg fc d`rdchác `h fcs o`dbcs `htr` fgs
ct`htcmgs m` fgs rga`ristcs y fc r`huhdic m` Ecxigfc, bcd`h p`hscr qu` ou`rgh éstgs fgs cutgr`s m`f ctcqu`.
Gp.dit., p.
Gp.dit., p. 43=.
?4 @f
 @f M`aôdrctc,
M`aôdrctc, 4> m` `h`rg y ? kufig m` 39=0.
?= cpio, dcrtc m` Ocl`fc c Achu`f Ãvifc Dcacdbg, << midi`alr` m` 39=2, `xp, =>/3=?-C y @f
y  @f M`aôdrctc,
M`aôdrctc,
3 ¢ m` acrzg m` 39=?.
?0 cpio, dcrtc m` Ocl`fc c M`f Aczg, 33 m` kufig m` 39=5, `xp. 3=/04—3.

?? D. B`rr`kôh, gp. dit  p.

 p. <5< y @f
y @f Tgfmé ]gfudc,
]gfudc, 3>
 3> m` kuhig m` 390>.
?5 @htr`vistc d.
 

?2 @htr`vistcs i, k, `.

?9 cpio, Dcrtc m`f egl`rhcmgr Ocl`fc c Fuis O. Oihj, mir`dtivg m` Cftgs Bgrhgsm` Aéxidg, 9 m` kufig m`
39=0, `xp. =4/300—<.
5> A. Dgfáh, Ghd` s`alfchzcsgp. dit., p.
dit., p. <>5.
53
 cpio, dcrtc m` Ocl`fc c Cfor`mg L`d`rrif Dgfáh, = m` gdtulr` m` 390>, `xp.<2/33>—4.
5< cpio, dcrtc m` Cfor`mg L`d`rrif Dgfáh c Ocl`fc, 3? m` kuhig m` 39=2, `xp. =>/3=?.
54 cpio, dcrtc m` Ocl`fc c Cfor`mg L`d`rrif Dgfáh, 34 m` kufig m` 39=2, aisag `xp`mi`ht`.
5= cpio, dcrtc m` Cfor`mg L`d`rrif Dgfáh c Ocl`fc, <0 m` s`pti`alr` m` 390>, `xp. <2/33>—4.

50 Fgs m`tcff`s y fcs r`of`xigh`s m` Ocl`fc s` `hdu`htrch `h uhc fcrec dcrtc mirieimc c Cfor`mg L`d`rrif
Dgfáh, C^IO, = m` gdtulr` m` 390>, `xp. <2/33>—4.
5? cpio, dcrtc m` Ocl`fc c Cfor`mg L`d`rrif Dgfáh, <5 m` gdtulr` m` 390>, `xp. <2/33>—4. M` tgmcs ogracs
Ocl`fc pr`sighô bcstc `f ûftiag aga`htg pcrc echcr fc dchmimcturc, dgag fg pru`lc `f qu` L`d`rrif tgmcvác
ou`rc dghsim`rcmg oihcfistc cf dghgd`rs` fc m`disiôh `h ocvgr m` Tãhdb`z Dgfáh,  @f Tgf m` ]gfudc
gfudc,, <2 m`
acrzg m` 3903.
55 @htr` `stgs s`is `stã ihdfuimg Tãhdb`z Dgfáh hcmc aãs pcrc ocdifitcr fc m`sdripdiôh p`rg, dgag s` v`rã
m`spués, éf hg ograô pcrt` m`f erupg.
52 @htr`vistc `. Hcdiô `h ]`dgcd, `h `s` `htghd`s uh dcs`rág c aif quihi`htgs a`trgs m` Cmcdgaufdg.
Kgsé Ãhe`f Ceuifcr, Fg
Ceuifcr, Fg qu` sup` y a` dghstc m` TcfvcmgrTãhdb
TcfvcmgrTãhdb`z Dgfáh,, ]gfudc, s.p.i., 392?, p. <5.
`z Dgfáh
59 K. C. Ceuifcr, gp. dit., p.
dit., p. 52. Cf ieucf qu` dgh `f fiaôh, Tãhdb`z Dgfáh dr`ô uhc vcri`mcm m`f ceucdct`
qu` tcaliéh ff`vc su hgalr`.
2> @htr`vistcs `, i, k.

23 @f
 @f Tgf m` ]gfudc
]gfudc,, 32 y 39 m` s`pti`alr` m` 3903.
2< Fuis A`mihc, ‖Divifisag y agm`rhizcdiôh m`f cutgritcrisag‑, Bistgric
cutgritcrisag‑,  Bistgric m` fc\`vgfudiôh A`xidchc,
A`xidchc, t.
 t.

<>, Aéxidg, @f Dgf`eig m` Aéxidg, 3959, y \ge`r D. Chm`rsgh, ]b` Ouhdtighcf \gf` go tb` Egv`rhgrs chm
tb`ir Ttct`s ih tb` ^gfitidcf M`v`fgpa`ht goA`xidg, 39=>—39?=, 
39=>—39?=,  t`sis m` mgdtgrcmg, Phiv`rsimcm m`
Uisdghsih, 3953.
 

III. FGT E\P^GT M@ ]\CHTIDIÔH

Fc im`c m`f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg ti`h` `h fgs egli`rhgs m` Eustcvg Lcz y Kuch
O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh mgs m` sus prihdipcf`s du`stighcai`htgs. Fc supu`stc
dghtihuimcm y mgaihig m` fgs pgfátidgs mirieimgs pgr Ocl`fc hg `hdu`htrc
`xpfidcdiôh `h mgs p`rigmgs eul`rhca`htcf`s `hdcl`zcmgs pgr pr`stieigsgs
pgfátidgs hg sôfg tch dghgdimgs dgag Ocl`fc, sihg ihdfusg uhg m` `ffgs gpu`stg c
éf, y qu` egl`rhcrgh rgm`cmgs m` pgfátidgs y ouhdighcrigs im`htioidcmgs dgh `ffgs.
Hg bcy ach`rc m` bcd`r dgihdimir c Lcz y O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh dgh Ocl`fc c
a`hgs qu` s` cd`pt`, dgag cfeuhgs fg bch iht`htcmg, uhc `sp`di` m` pcdtg, m`
cdu`rmg `htr` erupgs qu` t`apgrcfa`ht` p`raiti`rgh fc ff`ecmc m` ck`hgs cf
Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg.
M` cdu`rmg dgh `stc v`rsiôh, fgs mgd` cógs qu` vch m` 3905 c 39?9 bclrách
simg uhc `sp`di` m` dghd`siôh ocl`fistc qu` t`raihcrác, dgh fc ff`ecmc m` Dcrfgs
Bchj, b`r`m`rg y dghtihucmgr m`f mipfgaãtidg m` Dcrrchzc. Cuh duchmg `xist`h
`f`a`htgs qu` mch v`rcdimcm c fc `xpfidcdiôh, hiheuhg pu`m` r`sgfv`r fc
pr`euhtc m` dôag ou` pgsilf` qu`, pria`rg, Lcz y O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh buli`rch
pgmimg h`egdicr dgh Ocl`fc si su pgm`r `rc tch erchm` y, s`euhmg, qu`
cmaiti`rch oieurcr trchsitgrica`ht`. A`hgs `xpfidc pgr qué rczôh uh erupg tch
pgm`rgsg dgag s` supgh` fg `rc `f Ctfcdgaufdg, cd`ptclc s`r m`spfczcmg csá
ou`rc pgr uh dgrtg ti`apg. @h `f oghmg, si s` sieu` fc fôeidc m`f pfcht`cai`htg, s`
m`sdulr` qu` tchtg Lcz dgag O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh sgh cfeg csá dgag
m`rivcdigh`s hg `sp`rcmcs m`f erupg m` Ocl`fc, uhc ach`rc m` kustioidcr qu` fc
mihcstác pgmác m`scrrgffcr egli`rhgs mio`r`ht`s y, bcstc di`rtg puhtg, gpu`stgs.
Fc v`rmcm `s qu` `stc v`rsiôh `s uhc ach`rc aãs m` mcr dr`milifimcm ogracf c
uhc dr``hdic qu`, c oih m` du`htcs, mc dgb`siôh ` ihdfusg im`htimcm fgdcf. @h
r`cfimcm, fc ff`ecmc m` Lcz y m` O`rhãh m`z Cflcrrãh dghoirach fc m`t`raihcdiôh
m`f egli`rhg d`htrcf m` cdclcr dgh `f dcmc v`z aãs m`lifitcmg pgm`r m` Ocl`fc y
su erupg. Hcturcfa`ht` qu` calgs p`rsghck`s pumi`rgh cfdchzcr `f pgm`r ercdics
 

hg sôfg c `s` cpgyg ihmisdutilf`, sihg tcaliéh c qu` fc ou`rzc m`f Erupg
Ctfcdgaufdg bclác simg aihcmc m`sm` `f egli`rhg m` M`f Aczg pgr mio`r`hdics
`htr` sus ai`alrgs ` ihdfusg uh m`fil`rcmg cf`kcai`htg, dgag gdurriô `h `f
p`rigmg m` Tãhdb`z Dgfáh.

^`rg
v`rã `h tcapgdg s` Lcz
s`euimc, hi trctchim`O`rhãhm`z
uhc sustitudiôh dclcf
Cflcrrãh m`f erupg m`
dghsieui`rgh Ocl`fc.
ff`ecr Dgag m`
cf pcfcdig s`
egli`rhg m` ]gfudc ercdics cf cpgyg m` erupgs dghsist`ht`s qu` s` buli`rch
trczcmg `s` glk`tivg. Ti Lcz, pgr uh fcmg, hg dghstruyô uhc lcs` sôfimc m` cpgyg
qu` f` p`raiti`rc glt`h`rfg, pgr gtrg, O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh cuh pr`t`hmiéhmgfg, hg
pumg bcd`rfg c ti`apg. Csá, fg aãs siehioidctivg m` calgs pgfátidgs `s qu`
cfdchzcrgh auy tcrm` `f pgm`r, y cuhqu` cf a`hgs uhg fg m`s`ô, hg dghtô dgh `f
`quipg buachg qu` fg trcsd`hmi`rc duchmg cf oih s` bizg r`cfimcm su cspircdiôh.
Dgag s` v`rã `h fcs fáh`cs sieui`ht`s, fc pr`s`hdic m` Lcz y O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh
hg `s `f r`suftcmg m` uh cdu`rmg dgh Ocl`fc, sihg m` m`disigh`s m`f egli`rhg
d`htrcf qu`, cf aisag ti`apg qu` fgercrgh m`spfczcr m`oihitivca`ht` cf Erupg
Ctfcdgaufdg, hg pumi`rgh dr`cr gtrgs erupgs cft`rhctivgs qu` `h `f a`michg
pfczg s` dghstituy`rch `h d`htrgs m` mgaihig.
@stcs dghs`du`hdics, sih `alcreg, hg sgh tgtcfa`ht` iaputclf`s c fc vgfuhtcm
m`f egli`rhg o`m`rcf. @h r`cfimcm, dcmc uhc m` fcs m`siehcdigh`s, si li`h
au`strch `s` glk`tivg, tcaliéh r`v`fch qu` `stuvi`rgh m`t`raihcmcs pgr fgs
m`s`gs pcrtidufcr`s m` dcmc pr`sim`ht` qu` `fieiô c uh pgfátidg fgdcf d`rdchg
pgrqu` tcaliéh s` lusdô iap`mir qu` `f egl`rhcmgr scfi`ht` prgfghecrc su
ihofu`hdic. @f r`suftcmg oihcf ou` hg sôfg qu` `f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg s` `fiaihô,
sihg tcaliéh qu` igs mgs sieui`ht`s hg dghtcrgh dgh `f ti`apg hi `f cpgyg
ihmisp`hsclf`s pcrc dghsgfimcrs` `h `f `stcmg.

PH AÉMIDG M@ FC \@_GFPDIÔH
Cuhqu` fc r`cfimcm `rc mistihtc m` fg qu` s` m`dác y p`hsclc cd`rdc m` fgs
egl`rhcht`s y `f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg, fg di`rtg `rc qu` m`sm` 39=< bclách
dghtrgfcmg fc pgfátidc `stctcf tr`s bgalr`s hcdimgs `h `s` fuecr.
fuecr. @h dghs`du`hdic,
`rc ihmisp`hsclf` uhc au`strc dfcrc, ihmisdutilf`, m` qu` fc dghtihuimcm pgfátidc
 

hg s`rác cd`ptcmc hi siqui`rc `h téraihgs m`f fuecr m` hcdiai`htg. T` trctclc m`

s`f`ddighcr c uh pgfátidg qu` r`uhi`rc vcrics dghmidigh`s; s`r m`f `stcmg, p`rg m`
uhc r`eiôh mistihtc c fc m` Ocl`fc, hg r`fcdighcmg mir`dtca`ht` dgh fc oieurc m`f
pctricrdc y qu`, cm`aãs, tuvi`rc fc `xp`ri`hdic y `f pr`stieig suoidi`ht`s pcrc

v`hd`r fc hcturcf
s`euimgr`s. Fc p`rsghcr`sist`hdic m` Lcz.
ou` Eustcvg Ocl`fc y m` sus, cuhqu` pgdgs, ou`rt`s
Fc h`d`simcm m` uhc p`rsghcfimcm duyc sgfc pr`s`hdic ct`hucrc fcs drátidcs y
v`hdi`rc cfeuhcs r`sist`hdics, m`rivclc m` fc cdtivimcm m`f aisag Ocl`fc. Ti li`h
su erupg `stclc m`lifitcmg y fgs pgfátidgs cdtivgs hg bclách `hdghtrcmg `h M`f
Aczg _éf`z y Tãhdb`z Dgfáh c uh fám`r qu` fgs euicrc, `f mipfgaãtidg m`
Dcrrchzc sá `stclc cdtivg. M`sm` su r`er`sg c Aéxidg `h 390>, Ocl`fc
prãdtidca`ht` hg vgfviô c scfir m`f pcás y achtuvg fgs dghtcdtgs dgh su `htimcm
y, `h `sp`dicf, dgh fgs pr`sim`ht`s m` fc r`pûlfidc.3
Csá, cuhqu` aáhiac fc ihofu`hdic m`f erupg, fc m` Ocl`fc `rc dghsim`rclf`, si
hg pcrc dcalicr fc gpihiôh pr`sim`hdicf `h csuhtgs `stctcf`s, sá cf a`hgs pcrc
qu` s` dghgdi`rch dgh suoidi`ht` chtidipcdiôh fgs m`s`gs m`f `x achmctcrig. M`
`stc ach`rc prghtg s` supg qu` Ocl`fc t`hác uh dchmimctg pcrc sud`m`r c
Tãhdb`z Dgfáh; Acrig Dgfáh Tãhdb`z, kgv`h clgecmg, hcdimg `h Ctfcdgaufdg,
qu` pcrc `sc o`dbc yc bclác t`himg uhc m`stcdcmc dcrr`rc pgfátidc fgdcf y qu`, pgr
cócmimurc, `rc ocaificr m`f aisag egl`rhcmgr scfi`ht`.< Ti `f erupg hg t`hác fc
ou`rzc suoidi`ht` pcrc acht`h`r `f dghtrgf m`f `stcmg, Ocl`fc sá lusdclc, pgr
s`euhmc v`z, dgfgdcr c uh bgalr` d`rdchg `h fc eul`rhcturc.
@h pcrt` pgr fc ocac m` Ocl`fc y fc dgstualr` m` qu` bgalr`s m`
Ctfcdgaufdg oieurcrch `h fc pgfátidc, p`rg tcaliéh pgr `f durrádufua m`f mgdtgr
Lcz, su pgstufcdiôh ou` uhc erch sgrpr`sc.4  Mgd` cógs aãs kgv`h qu` Ocl`fc,
Lcz tuvg audbcs s`a`kchzcs dgh `f mipfgaãtidg. Dgag éf, Lcz pcrtidipô `h fc
r`vgfudiôh m` ach`rc cdtivc y m`limg c su dgaprgaisg dgh fcs ou`rzcs zcpctistcs
ou` hgalrcmg egl`rhcmgr m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg duchmg cp`hcs `rc uh
cmgf`sd`ht`. Duchmg Dcrrchzc ou` pr`sim`ht`, Lcz r`iher`sô c fc @sdu`fc m`
A`midihc pcrc dghtihucr sus `stumigs. @h fc vimc cdcméaidc y prgo`sighcf, aãs
qu` `h fc pgfátidc, dghstruirác su pr`stieig y sus r`fcdigh`s p`rsghcf`s. @h fc
`sdu`fc, `f outurg `sp`dicfistc dghgdiô c mgs m`stcdcmgs aémidgs dgh fgs ducf`s
`stclf`d`rác uhc `str`dbc caistcm qu`, `h `f aga`htg gpgrtuhg, fg ff`vcrách dgh
cfeuhgs pr`sim`ht`s; Iehcdig Dbãv`z y Tcfvcmgr [ulirãh. Ercdics c fc caistcm
 

qu` calgs tuvi`rgh dgh Dãrm`hcs, Lcz tuvg dghtcdtg dgh éf y, aãs tcrm`, duchmg
yc `rc pr`sim`ht` m` fc r`pûlfidc, Lcz fg iht`rvihg m` uhc cp`hmiditis: m`sm`
`htghd`s achtuvi`rgh `str`dbcs r`fcdigh`s p`rsghcf`s. @s dgapr`hsilf` `htghd`s
qu` Lcz dghgdi`rc c Achu`f Ãvifc Dcacdbg, qui`h gdupclc fc dcrt`rc m` Eu`rrc
`h `f eclih`t`
ogrtcf`dimc pgr `fdcrm`histc, y dgh
b`dbg m` s`r `f qu` p`rsghcf
`f aémidg ff`ecrác m`
c duftivcr uhcTgf`mcm
su `spgsc, erch caistcm,
Grgzdg
m` Ãvifc Dcacdbg.=
Cf aisag ti`apg qu` Lcz capficlc su dárdufg m` caiegs iapgrtcht`s,
m`scrrgffclc uhc m`stcdcmc dcrr`rc dgag aémidg dirukchg, p`rg tcaliéh dgag
prgo`sgr uhiv`rsitcrig, fg qu` f` p`raitirác dr`cr audbgs misdápufgs tchtg `h fc
a`midihc dgag `h fc pgfátidc. Ff`eô c gdupcr fc mir`ddiôh m` fc Ocduftcm m`
A`midihc cf r`huhdicr su caieg Dbãv`z y pgdg m`spués ou` r`dtgr m` fc PHCA,
duyg p`rigmg hg dgapf`tô pgr cd`ptcr fc T`dr`tcrác m` Tcfulrimcm `h `f eclih`t`
m` su tcaliéh caieg Ãvifc Dcacdbg, `h midi`alr` m` 39=>. Dgag s` v`, Lcz hg
ff`eô c fc pgfátidc pgr m`midcrs` c `ffc sihg pgr su cdtivimcm prgo`sighcf. Hg bcy
mumc m` qu` tuvg fgs dghtcdtgs cm`ducmgs dgag pcrc cprgv`dbcrfgs duchmg ou`
h`d`scrig, p`rg fg ffcactivg `s qu` huhdc fgs `apf`ô, pu`s m`sm` qu` clchmghô
fc r`vgfudiôh y bcstc qu` ou` hgalrcmg s`dr`tcrig m` Tcfulrimcm, Lcz hg tuvg
hiheûh dcreg pûlfidg qu` agstrcrc iht`hdigh`s m` ihidicr uhc dcrr`rc pgfátidc.
Aãs cûh, m` cdu`rmg dgh sus prgpics dgho`sigh`s, fc eul`rhcturc f` ou`
gor`dimc `h tr`s gpgrtuhimcm`s. Fc pria`rc, dgag yc s` vig `h `f dcpátufg
cht`rigr, s` fc prgpusg Dcff`s duchmg dghdfuyô `f achmctg m` Dcrfgs \ivc
^cfcdig `h 39<9: fc s`euhmc, ou` Oifil`rtg Eôa`z qui`h fg ihvitô c sud`m`rfg `h
394= y fc t`rd`rc, ou` Aieu`f Cf`aãh, cf t`raihcr `f p`rigmg m` Cfor`mg m`f
Aczg, `h 3903.0
Hcturcfa`ht`, tgmcs fcs v`d`s r`dbczô fc gpgrtuhimcm, `h lu`hc a`mimc dgag
éf aisag s`ócfc, pgrqu` su dcrr`rc prgo`sighcf `stclc `h csd`hsg.
Ffcac fc ct`hdiôh qu` hg s` f` bcyc gor`dimg fc eul`rhcturc fc ûhidc v`z `h
qu` t`hác aãs gpgrtuhimcm`s pcrc dghs`euirfc; duchmg [crct` Cflcrrãh ou`
cs`sihcmg, fg qu` r`v`fc qu` cuh duchmg Ãvifc Dcacdbg `rc su caieg (cdcsg hg
tchtg dgag fg `rc m` Ocl`fc) hg dghsim`rô fc pgsilifimcm. @s `xtrcóg qu` `stg
gdurri`rc pgrqu`, dgapcrcmg dgh `f mipfgaãtidg, Lcz `rc uh pgfátidg `h fc
dûspim` m` su trcy`dtgric
aãs `xp`ri`hdic qu` dghtclc
`h fc pgfátidc dgh a`kgr`s
fgdcf. _istg csá, Lczr`fcdigh`s hcdighcf`s
r`uhác aãs v`htckcsy pcrc
dgh
 

`hor`htcr `f m`scoág qu` Ocl`fc. Fc `xpfidcdiôh, qu` pgr supu`stg hg cd`ptô

caãs `f dirukchg, ou` su hg tch gduftc cspircdiôh c fc pr`sim`hdic.?
^gr `sg, duchmg `h 3905 Lcz yc `stclc r`tircmg m` fc cdtivimcm pûlfidc `
ihdfusg yc bclách pcscmg fgs a`kgr`s aga`htgs pcrc cfdchzcr fc eul`rhcturc,
ou` uhc sgrpr`sc qu` s` dghvirti`rc `h dchmimctg y s`eurg sud`sgr m` Tãhdb`z
Dgfáh. _crics sgh fcs rczgh`s qu` `xpfidch fc s`f`ddiôh. ^r`disca`ht` pgrqu` fc
dcrr`rc pgfátidc m` Lcz `stclc t`raihcmc y hg bclác trchsdurrimg `h fc `htimcm, f`
cs`eurclc cf pr`sim`ht` Cmgfog \uiz Dgrtih`s fc suoidi`ht` ihm`p`hm`hdic y
cf`kcai`htg pcrc rgap`r dgh Ocl`fc. ^`rg, pcrcmôkidca`ht`, tcaliéh ecrchtizclc
qu` hg dghstruirác uh eru- pg prgpig qu` mgaihcrác fc pgfátidc fgdcf m`spués m`
éf.5  Tu s`f`ddiôh `s `f r`suftcmg m` uh dãfdufg pr`sim`hdicf pcrtidufcra`ht`
cstutg; dgag fg mik`rc uh pgfátidg, fcs mgs v`d`s qu` Lcz ff`eô cf egli`rhg m`f
`stcmg ou` ‖`h uhc dgyuhturc m` gpgrtuhimcm‑, sih t`h`r uh dghgdiai`htg dfcrg
m` fc `htimcm, sih uh prgercac qué r`cfizcr, pgr fc s`hdiffc rczôh m` qu` huhdc s`
prgpusg s`r `f achmctcrig m` su `stcmg hctcf. M` `sc ach`rc, Lcz dghgdiô `f
`stcmg egl`rhãhmgfg.2
Gtrc dirduhstchdic ocvgrclf` pcrc su m`siehcdiôh ou` su d`rdchác dgh Cmgfog
\uiz Dgrtih`s. C mio`r`hdic m` fg tcrmág qu` ou` su cd`rdcai`htg dgh Dãrm`hcs y
Ãvifc Dcacdbg, dgh `f v`rcdruzchg Lcz tuvg uhc r`fcdiôh qu` s` r`aghtclc c
fgs cógs m` fc fudbc cracmc, pu`s ai`htrcs `f outurg dirukchg dgfclgrclc dgh
[cpctc, \uiz Dgrtih`s fg bcdác dgh Dcrrchzc.9 M`sm` `htghd`s y c p`scr m` hg
dgapcrtir hiheûh dcreg pûlfidg g dgfclgrcr kuhtgs, achtuvi`rgh uhc prgouhmc
caistcm qu` s` achio`stclc, `htr` gtrcs ach`rcs, `h m`scyuhgs or`du`ht`s `h fgs
ducf`s `rc dgaûh qu` fc dghv`rscdiôh v`rscrc sglr` fgs csuhtgs pgfátidgs
hcdighcf`s.3>
@sc r`fcdiôh p`rsghcf s`rvác c audbgs glk`tivgs m` \uiz Dgrtih`s. ^gr uh fcmg,
`f pr`sim`ht` hg gduftclc su chtipctác pgr Tãhdb`z Dgfáh hi su m`s`g m` lgrrcr fgs
r`du`rmgs m` fc cmaihistrcdiôh m` Aieu`f Cf`aãh: `h dghs`du`hdic, fc
eul`rhcturc m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg s` pr`s`htô dgag uhc gpgrtuhimcm pcrc
ckustcr cfeuhcs du`htcs p`hmi`ht`s.33 ^`rg tcaliéh `rc uhc ograc m` pr`aicr c
uh caieg qu` ff`eclc cf oihcf m` su dcrr`rc, fg qu` dgihdimác dgh `f `stifg
p`rsghcf m` \uiz Dgrtih`s m` mcr r`cfd` c vi`kgs r`vgfudighcrigs, dgag bizg dgh
Lrcufig Acfmghcmg `h Lckc Dcfiogrhic ` ihdfusg dgh `f r`eistrg f`ecf m`f ^crtimg
Cutéhtidg m` fc \`vgfudiôh A`xidchc `h 390=. Hg sôfg ou` uhc ach`rc m`
 

pgh`rf` aãs pi`mrcs cf ocl`fisag, ou` tcaliéh uh r`dghgdiai`htg c ai`alrgs m`

su aisac e`h`rcdiôh.3<
Lcz, `h suac, r`uhiô vcrigs ocdtgr`s pcrc qu` `f egli`rhg o`m`rcf fg `hvicrc cf
@stcmg m` Aéxidg. Fg ûhidg qu` f` p`raitiô c \uiz Dgrtih`s y cf aisag Lcz qu`
su dchmimcturc ou`rc cd`ptcmc, ou` `f ihmisdutilf` pr`stieig p`rsghcf m`f dirukchg
qu` ct`huclc tchtg fg tcrmág m` su m`siehcdiôh, dgag `f dfcrg a`hsck` m` rgap`r
fc dghtihuimcm pgfátidc. Cf oihcf m` du`htcs, Lcz t`hác uhc trcy`dtgric tch `xitgsc
y r`dghgdimc dgag fc m` Ocl`fc y, tcaliéh dgag éf, gst`htclc uh grie`h
r`vgfudighcrig. M`sm` ducfqui`r puhtg m` vistc hcmi` pgmác gpgh`rs` c fc ff`ecmc
m`f mgdtgr Lcz.
@s v`rmcm qu` su cf`kcai`htg m` fc `htimcm pr`s`htclc `f ri`seg m` qu` Lcz
r`durri`rc cf cpgyg m` Ocl`fc y, sih prgpghérs`fg, pr`s`rvcrc su ou`rzc. Tih
`alcreg, dgag su`f` gdurrir `h pgfátidc, Lcz gptô pgr rgm`crs` m` ouhdighcrigs
d`rdchgs c éf, qu` f` ecrchtizcrch fc dghoiclifimcm. Cuh csá, Lcz tuvg `f cdi`rtg
m` r`dge`r c vcrigs m` fgs kôv`h`s ` ihdfusg cmgf`sd`ht`s qu` ou`rgh ihidicmgs `h
pgfátidc pgr Ocl`fc. Midbg `h gtrcs pcfclrcs, Lcz supg cprgv`dbcr `f iapufsg qu`
`f mipfgaãtidg f` iapriaiô c vcrigs p`rsghck`s qu`, `h su aga`htg, hg pgmách
oieurcr m` ach`rc m`stcdcmc. @h r`cfimcm, c `stc m`disiôh s` m`l` `f qu`, pgr uh
fcmg, s` coira` qu` Lcz dr`ô uh hu`vg erupg m` pgfátidgs y qu`, pgr gtrg,
tcaliéh s` miec qu` dgihdimiô dgh fgs iht`r`s`s m` Ocl`fc. F`kgs m` `ffg, dgag fg
dghsim`rô dgh ceum`zc uh pgfátidg fgdcf, cf hgalrcr î ouhdighcrigs prga`t`mgr`s
dgag Bchj, Lcz siapf`a`ht` bizg uóc lu`hc ihv`rsiôh pgfátidc.34
Lcstc gls`rvcr fc dghogracdiôh m`f eclih`t` m` Lcz pcrc dgapr`hm`r `f
acre`h m` ihm`p`hm`hdic qu` tuvg (vécs` `f ducmrg 4.3); m` fgs mgd`
ouhdighcrigs titufcr`s sôfg uhg (_`fcsdg \uiz) bclác gdupcmg uh pu`stg m`
eclih`t` `h gtrg p`rigmg y `h `f suyg `stuvg `hdcrecmg m` uhc `htimcm m` a`hgr
iapgrtchdic pgfátidc (fc Mir`ddiôh m` ^`hsigh`s). M` fgs ghd` r`stcht`s, dihdg yc
bclách b`dbg dcrr`rc `h `f `stcmg, cfeuhgs ihdfusg `h fc aisac cmaihistrcdiôh.
Fgs gtrgs `rch caiegs suygs g pgfátidgs dgh cfeûh r`dghgdiai`htg pûlfidg, dgag
su mir`dtgr m` Ceridufturc, Eifl`rtg Oclifc, p`rigmistc y `sdritgr `hdcrecmg m`
r`mcdtcr pcrt` m` fgs `stctutgs m`f ^T]  y qu` `h 390> bclác lusdcmg uhc
miputcdiôh fgdcf.3=
 

@htr` fgs caiegs s` `hdghtrclc, `h pria`r fuecr, Kgre` Kiaéh`z Dchtû, c qui`h
m`siehô s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg y, pgr `hm`, `f prihdipcf r`spghsclf` m` fc
pgfátidc fgdcf. @f hgalrcai`htg ou` iapgrtcht` yc qu` pcrc fgs pgfátidgs m`f
`stcmg `s` pu`stg `s `f ihmidcmgr d`htrcf m`f rualg qu` `f egl`rhcmgr vc c tgacr,
tgacr,
pgrqu` acrdc `f ercmg m` dghtihuimcm g m` cutghgaác qu` ti`h` `f achmctcrig g,
cf a`hgs, fc mispgsidiôh pcrc acht`h`r r`fcdigh`s mir`dtcs dgh fgs erupgs
cht`rigr`s. Fc m`siehcdiôh m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû ou` pgr `ffg `f a`kgr ihmidig m` qu`
Lcz hg bcrác pgfátidc dgh `f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg pgrqu` sus dcrcdt`rástidcs
r`v`fclch tchtg `f `str`dbg dghtcdtg qu` `f egl`rhcmgr t`hác dgh éf, dgag fc
clsgfutc ihm`p`hm`hdic m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû m` fgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s.
Cuh duchmg hg s` scl` dgh d`rt`zc `f fuecr m` hcdiai`htg m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû
 

(uhgs fg ulidch `h `f Mistritg O`m`rcf y gtrgs `h Dgcbuifc), sá s` scl` qu` hg `s

griuhmg m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg y qu` ou` su p`rach`hdic `h _iffc m`f Dcrlôh,
duapfi`hmg su s`rvidig sgdicf, fg qu` fg bizg cmgptcr `s` auhidipig dgag suyg y
m`sm` éf dghstruir sôfimcs r`fcdigh`s p`rsghcf`s y pgfátidcs. 30  Kiaéh`z Dchtû
`stumiô a`midihc y, dgag `rc `sp`rclf`, uhg m` sus ac`strgs ou` `f mgdtgr Lcz,
dgh `f qu` m`sm` `htghd`s tuvg uhc siheufcr im`htioidcdiôh p`rsghcf, c tcf ercmg
qu` aãs m` uhc v`z dgaprga`tiô su prgpig outurg dgh `f m`f ac`strg. Csá, pgr
`k`apfg, ou` Kiaéh`z Dchtû, kuhtg dgh gtrgs `stumicht`s qu` tcaliéh ff`ecrách c
s`r prgaih`ht`s aémidgs y pgfátidgs, dgag Hgrl`rtg ]r`vióg [cpctc, L`rhcrmg
T`pufv`mc y Achu`f _`fcsdg Tuãr`z, qui`h cpgyô c Lcz pcrc qu` ou`rc mir`dtgr
m` A`midihc duchmg Iehcdig Dbãv`z r`huhdiô c `ffc `h 394=.
@st` cpgyg ou` uhc m`agstrcdiôh aãs m` fcs auy t`aprchcs cspircdigh`s
pgfátidcs m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû, pu`s murcht` su dcrr`rc ou` fám`r m` fc Tgdi`mcm m`
@stumicht`s m` A`midihc y, cf pgdg ti`apg, m` fc O`m`rcdiôh m` @stumicht`s
Phiv`rsitcrigs. Kuhtgs, aãs tcrm`, ouhmcrgh `f ^`htctfôh Phiv`rsitcrig, erupg
pcrcaifitcr qu` mistiheuirác pgr `f r`stg m` su vimc ckiaéh`z Dchtû y qu`,
cmidighcfa`ht`, ouhmca`htô fcs cduscdigh`s m` ocsdistc dghtrc éf, p`rg sglr`
tgmg dghtrc Lcz.3?  @f hgalrcai`htg m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû rgapiô hg sôfg dgh fc
dgstualr` m` M`f Aczg y Tãhdb`z Dgfáh m` r`sdctcr (g cd`ptcr fc iapgsidiôh,
s`eûh s` v`c) m` uh pgfátidg im`htioidcmg dgh Ocl`fc, sihg qu` dgfgdô, pgr
pria`rc v`z `h fc bistgric r`di`ht` m`f `stcmg, c cfeui`h ck`hg c fc `hmmcm qu`
bcstc `htghd`s bclác b`dbg su dcrr`rc cf fcmg m`f hu`vg egl`rhcmgr.
^crc rctioidcr su s`pcrcdiôh m`f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg, Lcz r`durriô c gtrgs
caiegs ` ihdfusg ocaificr`s. Dgag mir`dtgr m` Bcdi`hmc (gtrg pu`stg qu` bclác
dghtrgfcmg `f erupg acht`hi`hmg cf aisag titufcr) m`siehô cf mgdtgr Héstgr
B`rr`rc, caieg p`rsghcf y misdápufg, y dgag r`pr`s`htcht` m` su egli`rhg `h `f
Mistritg O`m`rcf, c su y`rhg O`m`ridg Lrcdcaght`s. 35 Fc ‖ihv`rsiôh pgfátidc‑ m`
Lcz s` cmv`rtác `h `f iapufsg c kôv`h`s ihidicmgs pgr Ocl`fc ` ihdfusg, dgag ou`
`f dcsg m` Bchj, dfcrca`ht` cpgycmgs pgr éf. @h fc Goidicfác Acygr y `h fc
^rgdurcmurác E`h`rcf m` Kustidic m`siehô c Cf`kchmrg Dclcff`rg y L`hitg
Tãhdb`z B`hj`f, qu` `h fgs cógs m`f egli`rhg m` Ocl`fc `rch `stumicht`s y cf
oihcfizcr `f p`rigmg yc s` bclách dghv`rtimg `h mirie`ht`s m`f Dgaité ^gfátidg m`
@stumicht`s Phiv`rsitcrigs, `f ducf cpgyô cdtivca`ht` fc dcapcóc m` Cfor`mg m`f
Aczg. Tu ihdgrpgrcdiôh cf egli`rhg m` Lcz hg ou` r`p`htihc, dgag fg pru`lc `f
 

qu` cfeuhgs m` `ffgs buli`rch dgfclgrcmg dgh éf m`sm` fc dcapcóc, dgag ou` `f
dcsg m` Tãhdb`z B`hj`f, qu` ograô pcrt` m` fc Dgaisiôh m` @stumigs
@dghôaidgs.32 Dgag s`dr`tcrig pcrtidufcr m`siehô c gtrg kgv`h clgecmg (cp`hcs
cfdchzclc fgs <5 cógs m` `mcm), Dcrfgs Lcrrigs Bgh`y, bikg m` uh mistiheuimg
pgfátidg fgdcf y c qui`h Lcz f` r`dghgdiô suoidi`ht`s mgt`s dgag pcrc t`h`rfg
d`rdc.
^`rg sih mumc ou` Dcrfgs Bchj `f kgv`h pgfámdg qu` s` mistiheuiô `htr` tgmgs
`ffgs, hg sôfg pgrqu` c mio`r`hdic m` fgs m`aãs yc t`hác uhc siehioidctivc
trcy`dtgric `h `f a`mig fgdcf (c fgs tr`ihtc cógs bclác simg mirie`ht` `stumichtif,
s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m` fc m`f`ecdiôh m`f Tihmidctg Hcdighcf m` ]rclckcmgr`s m` fc
@mudcdiôh (TH]@), mir`dtgr m` @sdu`fcs T`duhmcrics, mir`dtgr m` fc Goidihc m`
Kuhtcs m` A`kgrcai`htg y pr`sim`ht` auhidipcf m` ]gfudc), sihg tcaliéh pgrqu`
s`rác `f ûhidg m` `ffgs qu` ff`ecrác c trcsd`hm`r fc pgfátidc m`f `stcmg, gdupchmg
pu`stgs o`m`rcf`s qu` f` mcrách `f r`hgalr` h`d`scrig pcrc dghv`rtirs` `h uhg m`
fgs egl`rhcmgr`s aãs pgm`rgsgs m` fc `htimcm. @s` p`roif s` dgaprglô
rãpimca`ht` duchmg, c fgs pgdgs a`s`s m` gdupcr fc Mir`ddiôh m` Egl`rhcdiôh,
`f s`euhmg pu`stg aãs iapgrtcht` m`spués m` fc T`dr`tcrác E`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg,
Bchj fg m`dfihô pcrc gdupcr fc miputcdiôh o`m`rcf dgh fc qu` ihidicrác su dcrr`rc
`h `f d`htrg m`f pcás.
Lcz hg t`hác r`fcdigh`s pr`vics dgh Bchj, p`rg sá dghgdác su vihdufcdiôh dgh
Ocl`fc y tcaliéh su m`s`ap`óg dgag pr`sim`ht` auhidipcf m` ]gfudc. ]gmg ]gmg `ffg
ou` suoidi`ht` pcrc qu` `f hu`vg egl`rhcmgr vi`rc `h Bchj c uh lu`h pgfátidg,
ûtif c su egli`rhg pgr su `xp`ri`hdic, p`rg tcaliéh pgrqu` su hgalrcai`htg `rc
uhc au`strc m` lu`hc vgfuhtcm bcdic `f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg.39 Dgh cddigh`s m`
`st` tipg, Lcz pumg s`pcrcrs` sih dghofidtg m` fc ihofu`hdic m` Ocl`fc, pu`s m`
gtrc ach`rc fc capficdiôh m` su erupg m` dgfclgrcmgr`s, fc acygrác m` `ffgs sih
r`fcdigh`s dgh `f ocl`fisag, bclrác dgapfidcmg su egli`rhg. ^gr `k`apfg, m` fgs
42 ouhdighcrigs qu` `stuvi`rgh dgh éf `h fc cmaihistrcdiôh eul`rhca`htcf (vécs`
`f ducmrg 4.3) sgfca`ht` ghd` bclách `stcmg cht`s `h gtrg p`rigmg, p`rg fc erch
acygrác m` `ffgs fg bclác b`dbg dgh Tãhdb`z Dgfáh, `s m`dir, dgh `f achmctcrig
qu` a`hgs ihofu`hdic cd`ptô m` Ocl`fc. Ti s` ti`h` pr`s`ht` qu` fgs <5 r`stcht`s
hg t`hách trcy`dtgrics pr`vics pu`m` dgapr`hm`rs` `f acre`h m` ihm`p`hm`hdic
dgh qu` egl`rhô.
Fg aisag s` dgapru`lc dgh `f r`stg m` fgs pu`stgs pgfátidgs. M` fgs 44
 

miputcmgs o`m`rcf`s, 0< fgdcf`s y 32 cfdcfm`s qu` ou`rgh `f`eimgs murcht` su

réeia`h (vécs` fgs ducmrgs 4.< cf 4.=), sgfca`ht` gdbg, ghd` y dihdg,
r`sp`dtivca`ht`, tuvi`rgh dghtcdtg dgh cfeuhc cmaihistrcdiôh pr`vic. Ti fcs
diorcs au`strch uh `f`vcmg pgrd`htck` `h ocvgr m` Lcz, duchmg s` gls`rvc `h
duãf`s egli`rhgs dgfclgrcrgh s` cmvi`rt` qu` privif`eiô c cqu`ffgs qu` `stuvi`rgh
dgh M`f Aczg y Tãhdb`z Dgfáh, hg dgh Ocl`fc.<> @f ûhidg sitig mghm` mig dclimc
cf ocl`fisag ou` `h fcs s`hcmurács, ãalitg cdgstualrcmg pcrc fcs h`egdicdigh`s
`htr` erupgs y dgh `f egli`rhg o`m`rcf. Cbá dgfgdô c Acrig Dgfáh y Cl`f
Buitrôh, ihmisdutilf`s ai`alrgs m`f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg, y c Acxiaifichg \uiz
Dcstcó`mc, uh pgfátidg y aémidg pr`stieicmg dgh capfig r`dghgdiai`htg fgdcf
(vécs` `f ducmrg 4.?).
Fc `vim`ht` vgfuhtcm m` Lcz pgr rgap`r fcs dghtihuimcm`s dgh fgs cht`rigr`s
egli`rhgs y `h `sp`dicf dgh `f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg, dghtrcstc dgh `f pgdg
`ap`óg qu` s` cmvi`rt` `h dghstruir uhg prgpig. Ti s` gls`rvc dgh m`t`hiai`htg
`f outurg qu` tuvi`rgh fgs pgfátidgs qu` cdgapcócrgh c Lcz, m`stcdch mgs pcutcs
siehioidctivcs; qu` fc sglr`viv`hdic ou` `sdcsc y qu` s` dghd`htrô `h fcs
cmaihistrcdigh`s m` Bchj y Kiaéh`z Dchtû. Csá, m` fgs <5 ouhdighcrigs qu`
iht`erô c fclgr`s eul`rhca`htcf`s, sgfca`ht` hu`v` tuvi`rgh hu`vgs dcregs cf
t`raihcr `f p`rigmg. M` sus <0 miputcmgs o`m`rcf`s y =3 fgdcf`s `f pgrd`htck` m`
pgfátidgs qu` dghtihucrgh dgfclgrchmg dgh gtrgs achmctcrigs cp`hcs ff`ec c fc
t`rd`rc pcrt` y si`apr` `h `f aisag ãalitg `f`dtgrcf. Tôfg a`kgrc fc dghtihuimcm
dgh fgs pr`sim`ht`s auhidipcf`s yc qu` mi`z m` fgs tr`d` qu` Lcz iapufsô
sglr`vivi`rgh `h fgs tr`s sieui`ht`s egli`rhgs (vécs` fgs ducmrgs 4.< cf 4.=).
 

Ti Lcz `h cfeûh aga`htg iht`htô ogracr uh erupg, huhdc dghsieuiô

ogrtcf`d`rfg. @h r`cfimcm, hg `xist` hiheuhc `vim`hdic m` qu` `f dirukchg s` fg
buli`rc prgpu`stg y cuhqu` `s or`du`ht` `sdudbcr qu` Lcz ouhmô `f s`euhmg
erupg aãs iapgrtcht` m`f `stcmg, fc v`rmcm `s qu` `f ûhidg creua`htg qu` s`
gor`d` `s fc ff`ecmc,
m` Egli`rhg. Dgag mgd`s`cógs m`spués,
t`hmrã m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû,
fc gpgrtuhimcm m` v`rsu s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf
`h `f cpcrtcmg
dgrr`spghmi`ht`, `s` creua`htg m`fil`rcmca`ht` gait` `f b`dbg m` qu` cf
oihcfizcr `f p`rigmg m` Lcz, Kiaéh`z Dchtû dgfclgrô ihiht`rruapimca`ht` dgh
Bchj, qui`h yc pcrc `htghd`s `rc uhc oieurc m` r`hgalr` hcdighcf aãs qu`
`stctcf. Csá, fc p`rt`h`hdic y sglr` tgmg fc dghtihuimcm m` Lcz, r`suftch
s`rica`ht` du`stighcmcs.
Fc cpcridiôh m` pgfátidgs iapufscmgs pgr Lcz `h fgs egli`rhgs m` Bchj y
Kiaéh`z Dchtû, hg siehioidc h`d`scrica`ht` qu` r`hcdi`rc fc ihofu`hdic m`f
dirukchg, sihg qu` uh hu`vg y pgm`rgsg erupg bclác fgercmg dghtrgfcr fc pgfátidc
fgdcf. @h r`cfimcm, tchtg Bchj dgag Kiaéh`z Dchtû r`dup`rcrgh vi`kcs r`fcdigh`s
qu` ou`rgh dghstruy`hmg pgr s`pcrcmg p`rg aãs m` uhc v`z dgihdimi`hmg, m`sm`
cqu`ffc épgdc. @f fám`r m` `s` erupg, Dcrfgs Bchj, supg cprgv`dbcr `f dglikg m`f
Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg p`rg tcaliéh fc s`hsilifimcm m` Lcz, qui`h dgapr`hmiô qu`
fgs kôv`h`s ` ihdfusg cmgf`sd`ht`s m` fgs ducr`htc, pgmách s`euir
ihstitudighcfa`ht` c su
Gi`rhg. M` fc aisac ach`rc qu` Ocl`fc, Lcz hg pumg s`r `f fám`r m` uh
dghkuhtg m` pgfátidgs duycs `mcm`s ofudtuclch cfr`m`mgr m` fgs tr`ihtc cógs,
duchmg éf bclác csuaimg `f dcreg c fgs s`s`htc y mgs. @rc m` `sp`rcr qu` `s`
erupg, cf acre`h m` fcs p`rsghcfimcm`s qu` fg buli`rch iapufscmg, lusdcrác `htr`
sus ieucf`s cf mirie`ht`, `s m`dir, c cfeui`h dgh s`a`kcht`s cspircdigh`s p`rg qu`
buli`rc fgercmg sglr`scfir
sglr`scfir..

@F ^GFÁ]IDG M@ FC FC\EC @T^@\C

Bcdic `f oihcf m`f egli`rhg m` Lcz, duchmg dga`hzcrgh c a`hdighcrs` fgs
pgsilf`s sud`sgr`s, ou` `vim`ht` tchtg `f cegtcai`htg m`f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg
dgag fc ih`xist`hdic m` uhg cft`rhctivg. Fc fistc `rc fcrec, p`rg fgs aãs ou`rt`s
 

ou`rgh; @hriqu` ]cpic Crchmc, miputcmg o`m`rcf `h ouhdigh`s: Kufiãh Mácz Crics,
qu` bclác simg goidicf acygr `h `f egli`rhg m` Tãhdb`z Dgfáh: Mcvim \ga`rg
Dcstcó`mc, miputcmg o`m`rcf dgh Cfor`mg m`f Aczg, y `f s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m`
Egli`rhg, Kiaéh`z Dchtû.<3  Dgh a`hgs ihsist`hdic p`rg tcaliéh ou`rgh
dghsim`rcmgs mgs `x ouhdighcrigs m`f egli`rhg m` Lcz, Tãhdb`z B`hj`f, `h `s`
aga`htg miputcmg o`m`rcf, y Bchj, qu` yc bclác gdupcmg uhc duruf `h fc
f`eisfcturc cht`rigr y qu` `h `s` `htghd`s m`s`ap`óclc su pria`r pu`stg
cmaihistrctivg o`m`rcf dgag sule`r`ht` `h Dghcsupg.<<
Fc fistc `stclc dghstituimc pgr bgalr`s vihdufcmgs dgh
d gh `f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg,
cuhqu` hg mir`dtca`ht` dgh su ouhmcmgr, dgh `sdcsg cpgyg `h `f `stcmg, y pgr
cfeuhgs pgfátidgs aãs im`htioidcmgs dgh Lcz, dgag Tãhdb`z B`hj`f y `f aisag
Kiaéh`z Dchtû. Ti fc m`disiôh buli`rc ocvgr`dimg c cfeuhc m` fcs mgs pcrt`s,
bclrác siehioidcmg cuspidicr fc dghtihuimcm. C oih m` du`htcs, hg `stclc tch f`kchg

`f r`du`rmg`fm``stcmg,
dghtrgfcmg fgs mi`diséis
y tcf v`zcógs
pgrqu`
`ffgfgsfc pgfátidgs
sud`siôh m` Ctfcdgaufdg
`stuvg acrdcmc bclách
pgr fc
h`d`simcm m` rgap`r ducfqui`r dghtihuimcm. M`sm` gtrc p`rsp`dtivc `s
siehioidctivg qu`, cuh duchmg s` a`hdighcrgh vcrigs hgalr`s, hiheuhg, yc s`c
qu` s` f` dghsim`rcrc pgr s`pcrcmg g pgr `f cpgyg m` fgs erupgs qu` fgs
prgagvách ou` fg suoidi`ht`a`ht` ou`rt` pcrc iapgh`r cf dchmimctg. Phc pru`lc
cmidighcf m` fc m`lifimcm m` fgs erupgs, g si s` qyi`r`, m` su ih`xist`hdic.
^`rg éstc hg ou` fc ûhidc dirduhstchdic qu` m`t`raihô fc m`disiôh `h ocvgr m`
uh pgfátidg m` erch pr`stieig fgdcf y hcdighcf dgag fg `rc Kuch O`rhãhm`z
Cflcrrãh. Tu dcrr`rc, csá dgag su fcrec trcy`dtgric fgdcf pr`vic c fc ff`ecmc m`
Ocl`fc `h 39=< y, dgag `h `f dcsg m` fgs gtrgs egl`rhcht`s, su caistcm dgh `f
pr`sim`ht` `h turhg, Cmgfog Fôp`z Act`gs, dgapf`tcrgh `f dghkuhtg m` rczgh`s
pcrc dghv`rtirfg `h egl`rhcmgr. O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh, cf ieucf qu` Ocl`fc y Lcz,
`rc uh pgfátidg m` capfic trcy`dtgric, p`rg c mio`r`hdic m` `ffgs, lu`hc pcrt` fc
bclác r`cfizcmg `h `f `stcmg dgh `f prgpôsitg m` cfdchzcr fc eul`rhcturc, y fg
bclrác dghs`euimg si Ocl`fc hg buli`rc cdclcmg dgh fc éfit` trcmidighcf.
O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh `rc uh pgfátidg vihdufcmg, sih fuecr c mumcs, dgh fgs vi`kgs
fám`r`s fgdcf`s y, `h `sp`dicf, dgh Fclrc y `f egl`rhcmgr cs`sihcmg, [crct`
Cflcrrãh.
Cuhqu` cf`kcmg m` su `htimcm cfeuhgs cógs, pu`s `k`rdiô su prgo`siôh m`
clgecmg `h triluhcf`s m` _`rcdruz, Murcheg y `f Mistritg O`m`rcf, `h 3945
 

r`er`sô c ]gfudc hcmc a`hgs qu` dgag s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg `h fc

cmaihistrcdiôh m` U`hd`sfcg
U`hd`sfcg Fclrc, `f fám`r qu` bcstc 39=< pcr`dác dcpitcfizcr `f
pgm`r m` fgs Eôa`z y m` \ivc ^cfcdig. @h 39=<, cp`hcs uhgs a`s`s m`spués m`
tgacr `f pgm`r [crct` Cflcrrãh, O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh ou` `f`dtg pr`sim`ht`
auhidipcf m` ]gfudc. Ai`alrg m`stcdcmg m`f erupg m` Fclrc, ou` `f `f`eimg pgr
fc f`eisfcturc fgdcf dgag achmctcrig iht`rihg cf gdurrir `f bgaidimig.
Duchmg fc achiglrc ou` orustrcmc pgr Ãvifc Dcacdbg, O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh
dghtihuô dgag pr`sim`ht` auhidipcf m` ]gfudc, p`rg hg pumg r`aghtcr `f
miseustg m` Ocl`fc y, sglr` tgmg, h`ecr su p`rt`h`hdic cf erupg pgfátidg p`rm`mgr.
^gr `ffg, O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh lusdô scfir m`f `stcmg y dghsieuiô filrcr fgs cógs
aãs mioádif`s m` fc r`ograc ocl`fistc, pria`rg dgag miputcmg o`m`rcf (39=4— 
39=?) y m`spués dgag goidicf acygr m`f M`pcrtca`htg m` Csuhtgs Cercrigs
(39=?—390<). Cf t`raihcr `f p`rigmg m` Cfor`mg m`f Aczg vgfviô c fc pgfátidc
fgdcf dgag s`hcmgr y cbá fgerô `stclf`d`r fgs váhdufgs h`d`scrigs pcrc
dghv`rtirs` `h s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m`f pri `h 3909, m`sm` mghm` fgercrác, cf oih, fc
eul`rhcturc m`f `stcmg.
O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh lusdô p`rach`ht`a`ht` fc pgstufcdiôh. Ti `f iht`htg m`
39=< hg prgsp`rô, vgfviô c `hscycrfg `h 3903 duchmg `stclc pgr dghdfuir fc
cmaihistrcdiôh m` Cfor`mg m`f Aczg _éf`z. Tu `sou`rzg dghtclc dgh `f suoidi`ht`
cpgyg fgdcf pcrc pr`gdupcr cf egl`rhcmgr Cfor`mg m`f Aczg _éf`z, qui`h s` fg
dgauhidô cf pr`sim`ht` Aieu`f Cf`aãh pcrc qu` fg iapimi`rc.<4 M`spués m` fgs
mgs iht`htgs orustrcmgs pcr`dác qu` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh bclác dghdfuimg su
dcrr`rc pgfátidc, y `h di`rtg agmg csá `rc `h duchtg cf a`mig fgdcf. Cf ieucf qu`
Lcz, O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh ff`eô tcrm` c fc eul`rhcturc, duchmg hcmi` fg
dghsim`rclc siqui`rc `h fc fistc m` prgsp`dtgs.
^crcmôkidca`ht`, sus iht`htgs orustrcmgs y su p`rt`h`hdic c fc vi`kc éfit` m`f
`stcmg ou`rgh m`disivgs pcrc dghs`euirfg `h 39?4. @h fc bistgric pgfátidc m`f
@stcmg m` Aéxidg fc r`eiôh m`f sur ti`h` uh `sp`dicf siehioidcmg; `h uh prihdipig
`stuvg dghstituimc pgr fg qu` bgy `s `f `stcmg m` Eu`rr`rg, p`rg c pcrtir m` fc
dr`cdiôh m` fc hu`vc `htimcm, `f sur s` dghvirtiô `h fc zghc fiaátrgo`, qu` `s m`
fcs aãs pglr`s y dgh acygr`s dcr`hdics.<=  @f sur, `h téraihgs pgfátidgs, bc
m`s`ap`ócmg uh pcp`f ouhmca`htcf `h `f `stcmg, pu`s m` cbá prgd`mách fgs
dcdiqu`s ouhmcmgr`s, Cluhmig y Oifil`rtg Eôa`z y `f egl`rhcmgr cs`sihcmg,
[crct` Cflcrrãh. M` cbá tcaliéh `rc grieihcrig @h`mihg Acd`mg, `f pgfámdg qu`
 

mcrác fc pria`rc au`strc m` ihmisdipfihc cf lusdcr pgr su du`htc fc pgstufcdiôh,

hcmc a`hgs qu` or`ht` c Bchj Eghzãf`z.
Cuhqu` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh hcdiô `h ]gfudc, bclác b`dbg su dcrr`rc pgfátidc
murcht` `f mgaihig m` fgs Eôa`z y m` Fclrc, y`rhg m` Oifil`rtg, y pgr si ou`rc
pgdg, `rc ocaificr m`f egl`rhcmgr cs`sihcmg. ^gr tgmcs `stcs rczgh`s, O`rhãhm`z
Cflcrrãh cpcr`dác dgag uh b`r`m`rg hcturcf m` cqu`ffc épgdc y `hdcaclc dgag
hiheûh gtrg c fc éfit` m`spfczcmc pgr Ocl`fc. Tialôfidca`ht`, fc m`siehcdiôh m`
O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh r`ivihmidclc c uh pgfátidg qu` bclác cspircmg c fc
eul`rhcturc, p`rg tcaliéh ou` uhc dgap`hscdiôh tcrmác (y cdcsg bghgrclf`, pgr
`f pr`stieig p`rsghcf m` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh) cf dghkuhtg m` pgfátidgs
trcmidighcf`s m`spfczcmgs pgr Ocl`fc.<0
Hiheuhc m` `stcs dirduhstchdics, sih `alcreg, buli`rc simg iapgrtcht` si
O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh hg buli`rc egzcmg m` fc caistcm, vi`kc y prgouhmc, m`f
pr`sim`ht` Cmgfog Fôp`z Act`gs y, sglr` tgmg, si `f pr`sim`ht` hg buli`rc vistg
`h O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh uh a`mig pcrc m`agstrcr sus mio`r`hdics dgh Ocl`fc y sus
m`umcs p`rsghcf`s dgh fgs pgfátidgs qu` f` cyumcrgh c m`scrrgffcr su prgpic
dcrr`rc pgfátidc. Gtrc m` fcs bistgrics qu` hutr`h fc dr``hdic `h `f Erupg
Ctfcdgaufdg y, y, `h pcrtidufcr, fc iapgrtchdic m` Ocl`fc, `strilc `h `f cpgyg qu` `f
mipfgaãtidg f` mig c Cmgfog Fôp`z Act`gs, c tcf ercmg qu` s` f` ctriluy` `f éxitg
qu` `st` p`rsghck` cfdchzô. M` cdu`rmg dgh `stc v`rsiôh, fc dcrr`rc pgfátidc m`
Cmgfog Fôp`z Act`gs bclrác dga`hzcmg duchmg Ocl`fc fg m`siehô mir`dtgr m`f
Ihstitutg Di`htáoidg y Fit`rcrig y bclrác dghtihucmg duchmg fg bizg s`hcmgr m` fc
r`pûlfidc. Fc bistgric `s mio`r`ht` y r`v`fc uhc sgrmc t`hsiôh `htr` uh pgfátidg `h
pf`hc ogracdiôh y, aãs cûh, dgh `xp`ri`hdic prgpic, y `f iht`rés m` Ocl`fc pgr
bcd`rfg pcrt` m` su erupg.
Fc v`rsiôh gait` uh p`rigmg iapgrtcht` `h fc vimc m` Cmgfog Fôp`z Act`gs,
sih `f ducf fc oieurc m` Ocl`fc s` cerchmc. Duchmg `f egl`rhcmgr ihvitô c Fôp`z
Act`gs c mirieir `f Ihstitutg `h 39=4, `f outurg pr`sim`ht` t`hác quihd` cógs `h fc
pgfátidc `stctcf y hcdighcf. @h 39<2, duchmg Fôp`z Act`gs cp`hcs dghtclc dgh
mi`digdbg cógs, `f pgfátidg qu` mgaihclc cf `stcmg y qu` `h `s` aga`htg
dga`hzclc su eul`rhcturc, `rc `f dgrgh`f Oifil`rtg Eôa`z, qu` fg m`siehô
s`dr`tcrig pcrtidufcr y pgdg ti`apg m`spués fg `hviô c ]fcfh`pchtfc dgag ce`ht`
<?
m`f Aihist`rig ^ûlfidg.   C fgs pgdgs a`s`s, Fôp`z Act`gs dga`hzcrác su
cli`rtc aifitchdic `h dghtrc m`f acxiactg `h fc dcapcóc m`kôs` _
_csdghd`fgs
csdghd`fgs y cf
 

dghdfuir éstc, r`er`scrác c t`raihcr sus `stumigs m` clgecmg.

Tu dgaprgaisg dgh `f vcsdghd`fisag hg f` d`rrô fcs pu`rtcs m` fc pgfátidc
fgdcf, dgag fg pru`lc `f qu` ou`rc uhg m` fgs m`f`ecmgs pgr `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg
`h fc Dghv`hdiôh m`f ^H\  `h 3944, mghm` s` cprglcrác `f ^fch T`x`hcf y fc
pgstufcdiôh m` Fãzcrg Dãrm`hcs c fc pr`sim`hdic.<5  @h `st` r`sdct` kuecrác uh
pcp`f m`disivg Dcrfgs \ivc ^cfcdig, qui`h yc bclác dghgdimg c Fôp`z Act`gs `h
3943: tr`s cógs m`spués, yc dgag pr`sim`ht` m`f ^H\, \ivc
^cfcdig hgalrô c Fôp`z Act`gs s`dr`tcrig pcrtidufcr y, cf pgdg ti`apg,
s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m`f pcrtimg `h `f Mistritg O`m`rcf.<2 C oih`s m`f m`d`hig m` fgs
tr`ihtc, Fôp`z Act`gs `rc uhc p`rsghc dghgdimc y r`sp`tcmc qu`, hg glstcht`,
cûh hg cfdchzclc uh dcreg m` iapgrtchdic. Cf dga`hzcr `f egli`rhg m` Ãvifc
Dcacdbg, Fôp`z Act`gs ou` hgalrcmg mir`dtgr m` @mudcdiôh @xtrc`sdgfcr y
@stétidc `h fc T`dr`tcrác m` @mudcdiôh ^ûlfidc, mghm` s` acht`hmrác bcstc 39=4,

duchmg
DgagOcl`fc
pu`m`fgcmv`rtirs`,
m`siehô mir`dtgr
duchmgm`f Ihstitutg
Ocl`fc Di`htáoidg.
fg ff`vô c ]gfudc, Fôp`z Act`gs t`hác
uhc fcrec dcrr`rc pgfátidc y, fg aãs iapgrtcht`, sih dghtcdtg cfeuhg dgh `f
mipfgaãtidg. @s v`rmcm qu` Fôp`z Act`gs yc `rc dghgdimg pgr sus li`h duimcmgs
misdursgs y qu` Ocl`fc ihdfusg bclác `sdudbcmg cfeuhg m` `ffgs, p`rg bcstc fc
dgyuhturc m` 39=4, Ocl`fc y Fôp`z Act`gs hg s` dghgdách. Aãs cûh, ou`rgh
vi`kgs prgo`sgr`s y pgfátidgs m`f Ihstitutg Di`htáoidg qui`h`s f` prgpusi`rgh su
hgalr` cf egl`rhcmgr y fg dghv`hdi`rgh m` qu`, pgr su kuv`htum y pr`stieig
`htr` fgs `stumicht`s (Fôp`z Act`gs bclác prghuhdicmg pcrc `s` `htghd`s vcrigs
misdursgs `h `f Ihstitutg), Fôp`z Act`gs `rc `f p`rsghck` cm`ducmg pcrc t`raihcr
dgh fgs dghofidtgs iht`rhgs.<9
@h dghtrcst`, Fôp`z Act`gs y O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh `rch caiegs `htrcóclf`s.
Lcstc r`dghstruir calcs dcrr`rcs y, sglr` tgmg, fgs dghtcdtgs qu` fgs mgs
pgfátidgs tuvi`rgh dgh fgs fám`r`s fgdcf`s, pcrc dgapr`hm`r `f grie`h m` fc
r`fcdiôh y fgs iht`r`s`s qu` ff`ecrgh c dôapcrtir.4>  Hg m`kc m` s`r iht`r`scht`
cmv`rtir qu` Fôp`z Act`gs hg pgmác v`r aãs qu` dgh r`d`fg qu` Ocl`fc, `f
egl`rhcmgr qu` fg ff`vclc m` vu`ftc c su `stcmg, dghstruác su glrc eul`rhca`htcf
y pgfátidc m`struy`hmg c fgs pgfátidgs dgh fgs ducf`s éf bclác dgfclgrcmg. Suizãs
pgr `ffg, p`rg tcaliéh pgr fc ihmumclf` prgy`ddiôh qu` yc t`hác Fôp`z Act`gs,
fc r`fcdiôh dgh Ocl`fc hg bcyc simg `str`dbc.
@s di`rtg qu` `f egl`rhcmgr prgagviô fc pgstufcdiôh m` Fôp`z Act`gs cf
 

s`hcmg, cuh duchmg ai`alrgs m` su erupg f` prgpusi`rgh c Acfcquács Buitrôh,43

p`rg tcaliéh `s v`rmcm qu` fg qu`rác dgag su supf`ht` y pgr sus mgt`s m` grcmgr,
y hg pr`disca`ht` pgr sus ducfimcm`s pgfátidcs. Ou` fc m`disiôh m` Ãvifc
Dcacdbg m` `hvicr c Fc Bcyc c Ocl`fc fg qu` bizg pgsilf` qu` Fôp`z Act`gs
gdupcrc fc s`hcmurác dgag prgpi`tcrig.
@xist` gtrg ocdtgr qu` r`v`fc fc mioádif r`fcdiôh `htr` calgs p`rsghck`s. Dgag
du`htc Kustg Ti`rrc, `f oi`f cdgapcócht` m` Fôp`z Act`gs, `f qu` s`rác pr`sim`ht`
cspirô c egl`rhcr su `stcmg cf t`raihcr `f p`rigmg m` Ãfor`mg m`f Aczg _éf`z.
]cf v`z pgr su pgsidiôh m` s`hcmgr qu` f` p`raitiô `stclf`d`r vcfigscs r`fcdigh`s
p`rsghcf`s, y pgr sus váhdufgs dgh `f `htghd`s s`dr`tcrig m` Egl`rhcdiôh, \uiz
Dgrtih`s, Fôp`z Act`gs, cf m`dir m` Ti`rrc, `stclc dcsi s`eurg m` fgercr fc
m`siehcdiôh.4< Dgag yc s` vig cht`s, fcs pr`o`r`hdics pr`sim`hdicf`s `stclch dgh
Tãhdb`z Dgfáh, p`rg fg aãs r`f`vcht` hg `s fc ihdfihcdiôh m` Achu`f Ãvifc

Dcacdbg sihg `f b`dbg

sihg c uh p`rsghck` m` qu`tcffc
m` a`hgr Ocl`fc y M`f
dgag AczgDgfáh.
L`d`rrif hg cpgycrch
Dgag `sc Fôp`z Act`gs
dgapr`hsilf`,
cf s`hcmgr Fôp`z Act`gs hg pgmác pcscrf` ihcmv`rtimg qu` `f fám`r `stctcf hg fg
dghsim`rclc dgag prgsp`dtg.
Cm`aãs m` fc caistcm, Fôp`z Act`gs dgapcrtác dgh O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh fc
lûsqu`mc orustrcmc m` fc eul`rhcturc, pu`s cf pcr`d`r pr`t`hmiô dghs`euirfc
tcaliéh `h 3905, s`is cógs m`spués m` su pria`r iht`htg. 44 Fc pérmimc `stc v`z
ou` aãs mgfgrgsc pgrqu` Fôp`z Act`gs `rc s`dr`tcrig m`f ]rclckg, `s m`dir, qu`
`rc `f pgfátidg m`f `stcmg qu` gdupclc `f pu`stg aãs iapgrtcht` y, sglr` tgmg,
qu` `rc, c mio`r`hdic m` Lcz, uh pgfátidg cdtivg. Ti Fôp`z Act`gs cf lusdcr fc
eul`rhcturc agstrclc qu` hg pr`t`hmác fc pr`sim`hdic g, cf a`hgs, qu` hg
dghsim`rclc `stcr `h lu`hcs dghmidigh`s pcrc misputcrfc, fcs a`mimcs m` \uiz
Dgrtih`s au`strch qu` yc bclác tgacmg su m`disiôh y qu` hi `f aisag Fôp`z
Act`gs fg sclác; fc pgstufcdiôh m` Lcz gdurriô c prihdipigs m` 3905 y fc
dchmimcturc m` Fôp`z Act`gs c fc pr`sim`hdic `h hgvi`alr` m`f aisag cóg.
Cf acre`h m` `stc chédmgtc hcdighcf, fg iapgrtcht` `s qu` Fôp`z Act`gs, pgr
uh fcmg, hg t`hác tchtcs m`umcs g dgaprgaisgs dgh Ocl`fc dgag pcrc cpgycr c
cfeûh dchmimctg prgagvimg pgr éf, y pgr gtrg, dgapcrtác dgh O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh
caistcm, bistgric pgfátidc y uhc orustrcmc cspircdiôh c fc eul`rhcturc. Lcstcht`s
rczgh`s pcrc m`dimirs` pgr éf. Dgh tgmg, bclác gtrg agtivg qu` `xpfidc pgr qué
hg cpgyô c fgs dchmimctgs m` Lcz y `h pcrtidufcr c su s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m`
 

Egli`rhg, Kiaéh`z Dchtû. Ti fcs r`fcdigh`s `htr` Fôp`z Act`gs y Ocl`fc ou`rgh
t`hscs, cf a`hgs huhdc ou`rgh dghofidtivcs, c mio`r`hdic m` fcs qu` sgstuvg dgh
Lcz. C p`scr m` fcs ogracs duimcmcs y dgrmicf`s qu` calgs achtuvi`rgh duchmg
gdupcrgh fc eul`rhcturc y fc pr`sim`hdic, hg s` tgf`rclch r`dáprgdca`ht`. Yc `f
aisag Ti`rrc dghoi`sc `h su filrg qu` Fôp`z Act`gs ‖hg v`ác dgh lu`hgs gkgs‑
cf egl`rhcmgr Lcz,4= p`rg fgs t`stiaghigs m` fgs pgfátidgs qu` tuvi`rgh dghtcdtg
dgh `ffgs r`v`fch qu` `f trctg huhdc m`kô m` s`r ãsp`rg. Ti Lcz ffcaclc cf
pr`sim`ht` ‖fgpitgs‑, `f k`o` m`f `k`dutivg o`m`rcf `h sus eircs cf `stcmg scfumclc
cf achmctcrig fgdcf dgag ‖ai kgv`h egl`rhcht`‑. 40  @f acf`stcr qu` Fôp`z
Act`gs achtuvg murcht` tgmc fc cmaihistrcdiôh m` Lcz ou` suoidi`ht` agtivg
pcrc qu`, cf ff`ecr c su oih, hi pgr csgag p`hscrc `h cpgycr c uh dchmimctg m`
dfcrc oificdiôh dgh `f dirukchg.
O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh s` dghvirtiô `h egl`rhcmgr hg sôfg dgag pru`lc m`f

r`spcfmg
Act`gs hgy p`raitirác
fc vgfuhtcmqu`pr`sim`hdicf, sihgtchtcs
Lcz, dgh qui`h dgagchtipctács
uhc au`strc
tuvg, m` qu` Fôp`z
prgfghecrc su
ihofu`hdic. ^`rg f`kgs m` fg qu` pgmác supgh`rs`, tcapgdg p`raitiô `f r`er`sg m`f
Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg, b`dbg tgmcvác aãs siehioidctivg si s` r`du`rmc qu` `f
s`dr`tcrig m` \`dursgs Bimrãufidgs m` Fôp`z Act`gs `rc Cfor`mg m`f Aczg, dgh
qui`h `f mipfgaãtidg tuvg oriddigh`s s`rics, p`rg m` qui`h `f pr`sim`ht` Fôp`z
Act`gs `rc vi`kg caieg.
Fc pr`s`hdic m` Cfor`mg m`f Aczg `h `f eclih`t`, csá dgag fc m` \gl`rtg
Lcrrigs dgag mir`dtgr m`f M`pcrtca`htg m` Csuhtgs Cercrigs y Dgfghizcdiôh,
sgh pru`lc m` qu` Fôp`z Act`gs hg pr`t`hmiô cdclcr dgh fgs pgfátidgs m` Ocl`fc,
sihg dgh `f pr`mgaihig m`f erupg qu` éf bclác ouhmcmg. ]caliéh `s v`rmcm qu`
Fôp`z Act`gs bclác r`dilimg cpgyg m` Ocl`fc `h su dcrr`rc, fg qu` m`sm` `f
puhtg m` vistc m` cfeuhgs m`l`rác bcl`rs` trcmudimg `h uh hu`vg iapufsg cf
Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg si, dgag mid` fc v`rsiôh pgpufcr, éf aisag ograclc pcrt` m`f
prgy`dtg. @ap`rg, cuh `h `f supu`stg m` qu` buli`rc simg csá, Fôp`z Act`gs hg
`rc `h 39?4 uh pgfátidg fgdcf, `rc pr`sim`ht` m` fc r`pûlfidc y, pgr `hm`,
r`spghsclf` m` iap`mir qu` uh erupg, csá ou`rc `h su prgpig `stcmg, fgercrc
ogrtcf`d`rs` c tcf ercmg qu` pumi`rc `hor`htcr cf egli`rhg o`m`rcf. Sué a`kgr
au`strc m`f iht`rés m`f d`htrg `h dghtrgfcr `f dr`diai`htg pgfátidg m`f @stcmg m`
Aéxidg, qu` fc cddiôh m`fil`rcmc m` uh pr`sim`ht` hcdimg cbá y ogracmg d`rdc
m`f Erupg Cmcdgaufdg qu` t`raihô pgr m`scpcr`d`r fg qu` qu`mclc m` sus
 

ai`alrgs.
O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh hg m`kc m` t`h`r siheufcr`s siaifitum`s dgh Ocl`fc y Lcz
qu`, pgr gtrg fcmg, tcaliéh `xpfidch `f pgrqué hg trcsd`hmiô su p`rigmg m`
egli`rhg. Dgag `ffgs, O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh t`hác uh pr`stieig b`dbg tchtg `h `f
`stcmg dgag `h fc pgfátidc hcdighcf, p`rg c mio`r`hdic m` `ffgs ` ihdfusg m` M`f
Aczg y Tãhdb`z Dgfáh, ff`eclc c fc eul`rhcturc t`hi`hmg uh pu`stg pgfátidg
iapgrtcht` `h `f ãalitg o`m`rcf. Hiheuhg m` sus ductrg cht`d`sgr`s bclác
m`s`ap`ócmg iha`mictca`ht` cht`s uh dcreg `h `f egli`rhg g fc pgfátidc
hcdighcf: O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh ou` `f pria`rg `h `stclf`d`r `sc dghmidiôh pcrc
cfdchzcr fc eul`rhcturc.
^`rg hcmc m` fg cht`rigr pumg `vitcr qu` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh ff`ecrc tcrm` cf
pcfcdig m` egli`rhg m` ]gfudc. Dgag Ocl`fc y Lcz, ff`eô c s`r achmctcrig c fgs
s`s`htc y mgs cógs m` `mcm, dgh uhc fcrec bistgric m` iht`htgs orustrcmgs, qu`
m`kô `h `f dcaihg c vcrigs dgfclgrcmgr`s, y sih iht`rés pgr lusdcr fc cyumc m`
pgfátidgs dgaprga`timgs dgh fgs egli`rhgs im`htioidcmgs dgh Ocl`fc. M` cbá qu`
iht`ercrc su eclih`t`, `s m`dir, su erupg m` dghoichzc, dgh ouhdighcrigs `h su
acygr pcrt` m`sdghgdimgs, cfeuhgs sih trcy`dtgric pgfátidc pr`vic, p`rg qu`
t`hách dgag dgaûh m`hgaihcmgr s`r sus caiegs. @f eclih`t` m` O`rhãhm`z
Cflcrrãh s` dcrcdt`rizô pgr su `f`vcmc `mcm `h uh `stcmg mghm` fc mispghilifimcm
m` pgfátidgs kôv`h`s, dgag fg bclác m`agstrcmg Lcz, `rc cluhmcht`.4?
@sg `rc dghs`du`hdic m` fc lûsqu`mc m` ihm`p`hm`hdic. M` fgs quihd` titufcr`s
m` su eclih`t`, sôfg mgs bclách `stcmg cht`s `h pu`stgs m`f aisag hiv`f y tr`s
aãs bclách t`himg cfeûh pu`stg pgfátidg pr`vig, fg qu` r`v`fc fc `hgra` sgf`mcm
dgh fc qu` egl`rhô O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh (vécs` `f ducmrg 4.5). Fc sgrpr`sc `rc
e`h`rcfizcmc, pu`s duchmg s` mig c dghgd`r fc fistc m` dgfclgrcmgr`s, fc pr`hsc
ou` fc pria`rc `h sulrcycr fg pgdg dghgdimgs qu` `rch, csá dgag fc dcr`hdic m`
trcy`dtgric pgfátidc m` audbgs m` `ffgs.45
 

@h fc T`dr`tcrác E`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg m`siehô c uh dghgdimg clgecmg m`

]gfudc, ai`alrg m` uhc m` fcs ocaifics aãs vi`kcs m`f `stcmg, dghsim`rcmc
cristgdrãtidc, Eustcvg Lcrr`rc Erco, qu` bclác simg `h mgs gdcsigh`s sáhmidg
prgdurcmgr m`f cyuhtcai`htg m` ]gfudc, fc pria`rc m` `ffcs duchmg `f cfdcfm`
bclác simg O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh, y qu` bclác dgfclgrcmg tcaliéh dgag goidicf
acygr m`f egli`rhg m` [crct` Cflcrrãh. Ti hg bclác mumcs cd`rdc m` su oificdiôh
egl`rhcmgr..42
pgfátidc, a`hgs tgmcvác m` su caistcm dgh `f hu`vg egl`rhcmgr
@h fc Mir`ddiôh m` Bcdi`hmc hgalrô c Cfor`mg Cfvc Eôa`z, dghtcmgr y
caieg suyg, dghgdimg `h fc sgdi`mcm tgfuqu`óc pgr su prgo`siôh p`rg sih hiheûh
cht`d`m`ht` pgfátidg pr`vig: `h fc Goidicfác Acygr fc sgrpr`sc `rc acyûsdufc
pgrqu` m`siehô c uh clgecmg m`f qu`, m`dác fc pr`hsc, hcmi` dghgdác sus
 

cht`d`m`ht`s, Clrcbca Orchdg Ecrzc. @h r`cfimcm, cf ieucf qu` Cfvc Eôa`z, `rc
uh caieg m`f egl`rhcmgr qu` huhdc cht`s bclác t`himg pcrtidipcdiôh pqfátidc.
Caiegs tcaliéh fg `rch su s`dr`tcrig pcrtidufcr, Tcfvcmgr Dcfviffg Acmriecf,
`sdritgr y p`rigmistc, y O`rhchmg Tuãr`z m`f Tgfcr, clgecmg cf qu` dgfgdô `h fc
Mir`ddiôh m` Egl`rhcdiôh, dghgdimg hg pgr sus éxitgs `h pgfátidc sihg pgr sus
orcdcsgs, pu`s audbcs v`d`s iht`htô, sih dghs`euirfg, s`r miputcmg fgdcf ` ihdfusg
cfdcfm` m` ]gfudc.49
Fc ^rgdurcmurác E`h`rcf m` Kustidic ou` `f ûhidg pu`stg qu` O`rhãhm`z
Cflcrrãh dghd`miô cf erupg m` Ocl`fc, pu`s m`siehô dgag titufcr c uh
ouhdighcrig ihmisdutilf`a`ht` vihdufcmg c éf, dgag `rc F`gpgfmg _`fcsdg
A`rdcmg. Clgecmg tcaliéh, `rc grieihcrig m` Cmcdgaufdg y dghtclc dgh uhc
fcrec trcy`dtgric prgo`sighcf dgag ku`z m` mistritg `h mistihtgs auhidipigs m`f
`stcmg. Hg `s oãdif scl`r pgr qué `f egl`rhcmgr fg cd`ptô `h su eclih`t` si, dgag

`rc
qu` `vim`ht`, bcdác `s
sá `s dghgdimg tgmg
qu`fg _`fcsdg
pgsilf` pgr
sclácagstrcr su s`pcrcdiôh
m` su situcdiôh m`f ocl`fisag.
ogrzcmc, pu`s dgag Fg fg
dgho`scrác c uh pgfátidg fgdcf, bclác `htrcmg ‖dgh dcfzcmgr‑ cf eclih`t`.=>
@f ducmrg dgapf`tg m` su erupg agstrclc, sih fuecr c mumcs, qu` O`rhãhm`z
Cflcrrãh hg `stclc mispu`stg c egl`rhcr dgh pgfátidgs im`htioidcmgs dgh gtrgs
p`rigmgs. ^gr `sg privif`eiô, quizã dgag `h hiheûh gtrg dcsg, fc caistcm cuh
duchmg hg ecrchtizcrc dgh `ffc fc `xp`ri`hdic. @f aisag O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh
`stuvg dghsdi`ht` m` `ffg. Cógs m`spués `f egl`rhcmgr `xpfidcrác qu` éf é f tuvg qu`
m`dimir `htr` fc `oidi`hdic y fc dghoichzc `h uh aga`htg `h `f qu` uh `rrgr pgmác
griffcr c su egli`rhg c dgapcrtir `f pgm`r. Csá, mirác O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh, s`
`hdghtrô cht` fc misyuhtivc m` ‖hgalrcr tédhidgs `xp`rtgs `h fcs ãr`cs m`f
egli`rhg, p`rg sih qu` éf fgs dghgdi`rc y sglr` tgmg, `h fgs qu` hg pgmrác
dghoicr, g hgalrcr caiegs qu` c su v`z s` `hdcrecrch m` lusdcr y dghtrgfcr c fgs
tédhidgs dgap`t`ht`s‑.=3
@stg m`t`raihô qu` hg buli`rc `h su eclih`t` kôv`h`s pgfátidgs, dgag fgs tuvg
Lcz: tgmgs fgs `hdcrecmgs m` fgs m`spcdbgs `rch, dgag `f aisag egl`rhcmgr,
bgalr`s duycs `mcm`s `stclch cfr`m`mgr m` fgs s`s`htc cógs. Fgs pgdgs kôv`h`s
qu` dgfclgrcrgh `h `s` egli`rhg, fg bidi`rgh `h pu`stgs a`migs y sôfg fc su`rt`
bizg qu` cfeuhgs fgercrch dghv`rtirs` `h titufcr`s. És` ou` `f dcsg m` Bual`rtg
Firc Agrc, qu` `hdghtrô `h `f s`x`hig m` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh su pria`rc
r`spghsclifimcm pgfátidc m` iapgrtchdic. @stumicht` m` m`r`dbg cûh, ou` ihvitcmg
 

pgr su ac`strg Tuãr`z m`f Tgfcr c dgfclgrcr dgh éf, pria`rg dgag k`o` m`f
M`pcrtca`htg m` \`fcdigh`s Auhidipcf`s y cf pgdg ti`apg dgag sulmir`dtgr,
bcstc qu` `h 39?5, duchmg Tuãr`z m`f Tgfcr ou` pgstufcmg dgag miputcmg
o`m`rcf, Firc Agrc fg r`apfczô dgag mir`dtgr m` Egl`rhcdiôh. Ou` `f ûhidg
ai`alrg m`f eclih`t` qu` s` mistiheuiô pgr su =<
kuv`htum (t`hác `htghd`s <= cógs)
`h `f `hv`k`dimg erupg m` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh.
Bulg gtrgs m`tcff`s qu` dghoiracrgh fc vgfuhtcm m`f egl`rhcmgr m` s`pcrcrs`
pf`hca`ht` m` fc iace`h m` Ocl`fc. M`f tgtcf m` => ouhdighcrigs qu` trclckcrgh
`h su cmaihistrcdiôh (vécs` `f ducmrg 4.5), ihdfuimgs fgs ai`alrgs m`f eclih`t`,
sôfg dctgrd` prgd`mách m` gtrgs p`rigmgs eul`rhca`htcf`s, y fc acygrác m` `ffgs
m`f réeia`h m` Lcz. @s siehioidctivg qu` cht` fc ocftc m` caiegs `h qui`h dghoicr
y su r`d`fg `h fgs kôv`h`s y pgfátidgs m` gtrgs p`rigmgs, O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh
lusdcrc cpgyg `h fgs dgfclgrcmgr`s m` su cht`d`sgr iha`mictg, dgh qui`h hg

bclác t`himg
m`disiôh hiheuhc
`rc lusdcr mio`r`hdic.
cyumc `h gtrg Ti s` trctclcqu`
egl`rhcmgr m` tcaliéh
cf`kcrs` bclác
m` Ocl`fc, fc a`kgr
trclckcmg `h fc
aisac mir`ddiôh.
@sc aisac cdtitum, ihm`p`hm`hdic y dglikg `h Lcz, s` dghoirac `h sus
m`disigh`s pcrc ff`hcr fgs pu`stgs m` `f`ddiôh. M` sus 4< miputcmgs o`m`rcf`s, =9
fgdcf`s y <3 pr`sim`ht`s auhidipcf`s, O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh r`dup`rô c tr`d`,
dctgrd` y mi`z pgfátidgs, r`sp`dtivca`ht`, dgh cfeuhc trcy`dtgric pr`vic, fc acygr
pcrt` m` fgs dcsgs, r`cfizcmc `h fc épgdc m` Lcz. Ti fc acygrác m` fgs `f`eimgs
ou`rgh s`f`ddighcmgs pgr `f egl`rhcmgr pcrc ecrchtizcr fc f`cftcm, `h fgs qu` s`
vig glfiecmg c cd`ptcr cfeuhc dghtihuimcm pr`oiriô c fc e`ht` m` Lcz (vécs` fgs
ducmrgs 4.2 cf 4.3>). Dcsg ifustrctivg pgr su p`qu`óg hûa`rg `s `f m` fgs
pgfátidgs qu` gdupcrgh pu`stgs `h `f pri fgdcf.
M` fgs s`is qu` oieurch (vécs` `f ducmrg 4.33), ductrg hg t`hách cht`d`m`ht`s
pgfátidgs y `h su erch acygrác `rch kôv`h`s `stumicht`s m` m`r`dbg qu` yc
pcrtidipclch `h fc pgfátidc uhiv`rsitcric, dgag Bual`rtg L`hát`z ]r`vióg y
Eclri`f @z`tc Agff. M` fgs gtrgs mgs, Timrghig Dbgp`r`hc `rc uh vi`kg y
dghgdimg pgfátidg, qu` bclác ogracmg pcrt` m` fc f`eisfcturc qu` r`diliô c Ocl`fc
`h 39=<, qu` cpgyô c O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh pcrc qu` s` dghvirti`rc `h `f sud`sgr
m`f achmctcrig cs`sihcmg, y uhg m` fgs miputcmgs fgdcf`s qu` Ocl`fc m`scogrô.
@st` hgalrcai`htg hg m`kclc hiheuhc mumc m` qu` `f egl`rhcmgr hg bclác
gfvimcmg fcs cddigh`s m` Ocl`fc, p`rg tcapgdg m` su p`rsghcf oificdiôh pgfátidc.
 

@f gtrg `rc Euiff`rag Agfihc \`y`s, vi`kg caieg m` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh,

dggrmihcmgr m` su dcapcóc pgfátidc y c qui`h m`siehô pr`sim`ht` m`f pri fgdcf.
M`sm` ducfqui`r puhtg m` vistc s` dghoirac `f dghtrgf clsgfutg m` fc pgfátidc,
pu`s `rch sus caiegs fgs qu` mirieách tchtg fc T`dr`tcrác E`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg
dgag `f pcrtimg. Ûftiag `k`apfg `s `f m`f s`hcmg, trcmidighcfa`ht` dghv`rtimg
`h fuecr m` trchscddigh`s pgfátidcs. @h `stc gdcsiôh (vécs` `f ducmrg 4.3<)
O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh sôfg cmaitiô c uh ouhdighcrig qu` bclác dgfclgrcmg dgh
Tãhdb`z Dgfáh y dgh Lcz.
 

Hg s` pu`m` pcscr pgr cftg `f prgpôsitg m` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh m` rgap`r

rcmidcfa`ht` dgh fc bistgric pgfátidc cuspidicmc pgr `f ocl`fisag. Tih `alcreg, `f
egl`rhcmgr, cf ieucf qu` Lcz, hg dghsieuiô dghsgfimcr `s` `sou`rzg. Dgag yc s`
vig, cuhqu` Lcz hg dghstruyô uh erupg prgpig, cf ihdgrpgrcr c vcrigs kôv`h`s
vihdufcmgs `h acygr g a`hgr a`mimc c fc épgdc m` Ocl`fc, fgerô m`kcr uhc
bu`ffc p`rsghcf (qu` ihdfusg bc simg vistc dgag uhc dghtihucdiôh m`f Erupg
Ctfcdgaufdg) `h fgs s`x`higs pgst`rigr`s, `h pcrtidufcr fgs qu` dgrr`spghm`h c fc
`rc m` Bchj. O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh, pgr `f dghtrcrig, m`fil`rcmca`ht`
m`scprgv`dbô c fgs kôv`h`s qu` yc bclác iapufscmg Lcz y egl`rhô dgh uh erupg
m` caiegs qu`, m`limg c su prgpic `mcm, mioádifa`ht` pgmác trcsd`hm`r. @f
 

pgrd`htck` m` pgfátidgs qu` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh prgagviô y qu` fgercrgh

sglr`vivir `s hgtgrica`ht` pglr`; m` fgs <? ouhdighcrigs qu` ff`vô c su
cmaihistrcdiôh, sgfca`ht` si`t` dghsieui`rgh gtrgs dcregs `h p`rigmgs sud`sivgs.
M` fgs 39 miputcmgs o`m`rcf`s, 40 fgdcf`s y ghd` cfdcfm`s qu` oieurcrgh murcht`
su achmctg, ûhidca`ht` dihdg y s`is (fc aisac diorc r`suftc dgh fgs pr`sim`ht`s
auhidipcf`s), r`sp`dtivca`ht`, p`rach`di`rgh `h fc vimc pgfátidc, fg qu`
r`pr`s`htc a`hgs m` fc t`rd`rc pcrt` m` qui`h`s pgmách bcl`r ogracmg su erupg
aãs `xt`hmimg.
@f cegtcai`htg s` cpr`dic dgh aãs hitim`z `h `f m`stihg m` fgs ai`alrgs m` su
eclih`t`; m` fgs quihd` qu` fg iht`ercrgh, sgfca`ht` ductrg s` achtuvi`rgh `h
gtrcs cmaihistrcdigh`s, y m` `ffgs sôfg uhg (Gfiv`rc Eôa`z-tcef`) pgmác s`r
dghsim`rcmg m` su erupg, pu`s hi Firc Agrc, hi a`hgs cûh _`fcsdg A`rdcmg y
_`fcsdg \uiz, pgmách s`r dghtclifizcmgs dgag r`pr`s`htcht`s m`f egl`rhcmgr. @h
r`cfimcm, O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh ff`eô prãdtidca`ht` sgfg y m`kô pgdc bu`ffc `h fc
éfit` pgfátidc. Tih mumc pumg iap`mir murcht` su p`rigmg fc `vgfudiôh m` `sc éfit`
hu`vc qu` dga`hzô dgh Ocl`fc, p`rg hg pumg bcd`r qu` `f `o`dtg p`rach`di`rc.
_istg csá, su cmaihistrcdiôh ou` uh pcréht`sis qu` fgerô d`rrcrs` `h duchtg
t`raihô su achmctg dghstitudighcf.
^crc fgs pgfátidgs m`f `stcmg `s ihmumclf` qu` `f glk`tivg qu` s` p`rs`euác cf
s`f`ddighcr c Lcz y O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh `rc m`t`h`r `f cvchd` m`f Erupg
Ctfcdgaufdg,=4  y aãs qu` cf erupg, fc iho fu`h- dic m` Ocl`fc. Hg `s uh
dghtrcs`htimg dgag pcr`d` c siapf` vistc, pgrqu` `h r`cfimcm bcdic `f oihcf m` fgs
cógs dihdu`htc fc éfit` pgfátidc fgdcf `stclc `h pf`hg prgd`sg m` acmurcdiôh, `s
m`dir, qu` `stclc iht`ercmc pgr kôv`h`s sih fc h`d`scric `xp`ri`hdic dgag pcrc
ogracr egli`rhgs prgpigs. @h `stcs dirduhstchdics, Ocl`fc pgmác `k`rd`r di`rtc
ihofu`hdic y, c dgrtg pfczg, dghsgfimcrs` dgag ocdtgr ihmisp`hsclf` `h fc pgfátidc
fgdcf. @st` prgd`sg m` m`scrrgffg pu`m` dgapr`hm`rs` li`h si s` ti`h` pr`s`ht`
qu` Ocl`fc m`struyô c uhc dfcs` trcmidighcf qu` bcstc su ff`ecmc bclác dghtrgfcmg
fc pgfátidc y cf aisag ti`apg bclác prgt`eimg c sus pgsilf`s sud`sgr`s. Ocl`fc
siapf`a`ht` cdclô dgh uhc e`h`rcdiôh m` pgfátidgs qu` `stclc csgdicmc c `sc
éfit`: `f dcsg `k`apfcr `s `f m` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh, qu` `h 39=< `stclc `h `f sitig
e`h`rcdighcf cm`ducmg pcrc r`f`vcr c fgs vi`kgs p`rsghck`s m` fgs cógs tr`ihtc.
Ocl`fc, pgr `f dghtrcrig, f` clriô fcs pu`rtcs c audbgs kôv`h`s m` `htr` quihd`
y v`iht` cógs qu`, p`s` c su `htusicsag, glk`tivca`ht` hg pgmách tgacr
 

r`spghsclifimcm`s. Csá, Ocl`fc hg fgerô dgfgdcr c uhc hu`vc éfit` ogracmc, sihg
cp`hcs ihidicrfc `h fc pgfátidc. M` cbá qu` `h 3905 y 39?4 hg `xisti`rch
dchmimctgs dghsist`ht`s c fc eul`rhcturc, pu`s tgmgs `rch kôv`h`s ihacmurgs
ihdcpcd`s pgr sá aisags pcrc tgacr fcs ri`hmcs m` fc `htimcm.== @h r`cfimcm, Lcz
y O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh `rch fgs ûhidgs pgfátidgs dcpcd`s m` dghtrcrr`stcr fc oieurc
m` Ocl`fc; dgag éf, `rch p`rsghck`s pf`hca`ht` ogracmgs, dgh sôfimgs pr`stieigs
fgdcf`s y sglr` tgmg hcdighcf`s, y qu`, pgr `sg aisag, t`hách fc `xp`ri`hdic
suoidi`ht` pcrc egl`rhcr sih p`raitirf` c Ocl`fc t`h`r ihk`r`hdic. Hg glstcht`,
`scs v`htckcs ou`rgh cf aisag ti`apg ercv`s m`o`dtgs pcrc fc éfit` `h ogracdiôh,
pu`s Lcz y O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh s` dghvirti`rgh `h achmctcrigs duchmg sus
dcrr`rcs yc `stclch dghdfuy`hmg y murcht` fcs ducf`s hg s` bclách prgpu`stg
ogracr erupgs pgfátidgs prgpigs.
Ph erupg pgfátidg sôfg s` ograc pcrc dghs`euir `f pgm`r, y dgag yc s` s`ócfô,

Lcz huhdcm`s`dr`crs`
h`d`simcm prgpusg
uhcff`ecr
lcs` m`c cpgyg
s`r egl`rhcmgr, m` `h
pcrc m`stcdcr tcf gtrc
su`rt` qu` hgqu`tuvg
cdtivimcm hg
ou`rc fc m` uh dirukchg `xp`rtg. O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh, cuhqu` sá lusdô t`hcza`ht`
fc eu- l`rhcturc y ograô uh erupg dgh `i prgpôsitg m` dghs`euirfc, sus orcdcsgs y
su grie`h fiecmg c fc épgdc pr`ocl`fistc, fg m`lifitcrgh. ^gr `sg, cuhqu` dcmc uhg
tgaô m`disigh`s mio`r`ht`s r`sp`dtg m` `sc éfit` `h vács m` ogracdiôh, calgs
r`s`rvcrgh fgs prihdipcf`s pu`stgs m` eclih`t` c sus caiegs, `s m`dir, c
ouhdighcrigs `h su acygr pcrt` sih cht`d`m`ht`s pgfátidgs p`rg qu` bclách `stcmg
si`apr` auy d`rdc m` Lcz g O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh. @h `st` s`htimg, hiheuhg m`
`ffgs egl`rhô dgh erupgs pgfátidgs, sihg aãs li`h dgh erupgs m` ihmivimugs qu`
`stuvi`rgh mispu`stgs c cyumcr cf caieg qu` gltuvg `f pgm`r: pgr `sg duchmg
calgs p`rigmgs ff`ecrgh c su oih, auy pgdgs dgfclgrcmgr`s m` pria`r hiv`f
pumi`rgh oieurcr m`spués. F`kgs m` iht`htcr fc sglr`viv`hdic pgfátidc, vgfvi`rgh c
fcs cdtivimcm`s qu` t`apgrcfa`ht` clchmghcrgh.
_istg m`sm` gtrc p`rsp`dtivc, cuh duchmg Lcz sá mig dclimc c cfeuhgs kôv`h`s
pgfátidgs, su erupg y `f m` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh, `h téraihgs e`h`rcf`s, s`
dgfgdcrgh `hdiac m` fc éfit` `h ogracdiôh y, `h tgmg dcsg, f`s dghd`mi`rgh
pu`stgs m` a`hgr iapgrtchdic. @h dghs`du`hdic, `sgs pgfátidgs huhdc pumi`rgh
dghsim`rcr c calgs egl`rhcht`s dgag fám`r`s qu` fgs iapufscrch, p`rg tcapgdg
pgmách vgfv`r fgs gkgs cf mipfgaãtidg m` Dcrrchzc `h 39?9 pgrqu`, dihdg cógs
ctrãs, bclác ocff`dimg. ^gr pria`rc v`z m`sm` 39=<, igs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s dcr`dách
 

m` fám`r`s; `f pctricrdc `stclc au`rtg, Tãhdb`z Dgfáh y M`f Aczg r`tircmgs m` fc

pgfátidc cdtivc, Lcz y O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh sih m`s`gs m` `hdcl`zcr c hiheûh
erupg. Phc éfit` `h mispghilifimcm y chsigsc m` pcrtidipcr `h fc pgfátidc sôfg
pgmác cdtucr mivimimc, sih dghmuddiôh y dgh ercv`s `hor`htcai`htgs. @sg ou` fg
qu` gdurriô cf dghdfuir `f s`x`hig 39?4—39?9.
@f aisag m`s`ap`óg m`f egl`rhcmgr O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh cyumô c `stiaufcr fc
cdtivimcm. Tu cmaihistrcdiôh ou`, dgag éf aisag, cust`rc, sih lriffg, y m`kô sih
ct`hm`r prglf`acs sgdicf`s qu` yc `ap`zclch c sureir y qu` c pcrtir m` 395>
dcalicrách fc pgfátidc fgdcf.=0  @sc ocftc m` s`hsilifimcm, suacmc cf
dghv`hdiai`h tg m` qu` `f eclih`t` `stclc d`rrcmg c fc hu`vc e`h`rcdiôh y c fcs
iht`hdigh`s m` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh m` iapufscr fc dchmimcturc m` uh ouhdighcrig
dgh siaifcr`s dcrcdt`rástidcs c fcs suycs, e`h`rcrgh uhc m`sdghgdimc ceitcdiôh
pgfátidc qu` `hturliô dgag huhdc cht`s fc sud`siôh `stctcf. Fc dghtihuimcm hg `rc

uh
39?5supu`stg, pu`sfcTuãr`z
pcrc gdupcr m`f Tgfcr
miputcdiôh r`huhdiô
o`m`rcf c fc Mir`ddiôh
pgr `f mistritg m` Egl`rhcdiôh
m` F`rac. `h
^crc hcmi` pcsô
ihcmv`rtimg qu` `f dcalig, kustg pcrc oieurcr `h fc s`euhmc f`eisfcturc m`f
s`x`hig, `quivcfác c pr`pcrcr cf dchmimctg m`f egl`rhcmgr y qu`, m` dghsuacrs`
`f iht`htg, `f sieui`ht` p`rigmg s`rác uhc prgfghecdiôh m`f qu` bclác `hdcl`zcmg
O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh.=?
Ti fc cdtivimcm pgfátidc sgrpr`hmác pgr su hgv`mcm, fc ach`rc `h qu` s`
`xpr`sô pghác `h `vim`hdic qu`, pgr uh fcmg, bclác m`acsicmgs cspircht`s cf
dcreg y, pgr gtrg, qu` tcapgdg `xistác uh fim`rczeg fgdcf. Dcsi tgmcs fcs
dchmimcturcs dghtclch dgh iapgrtcht`s lcs`s m` cpgyg `h `f `stcmg, fg qu`
`xbilác c uhc éfit` mivimimc `h miv`rsgs erupgs pgfátidgs dgh fám`r`s prgpigs, p`rg
sih qu` hiheuhg m` `ffgs tuvi`rc fc dcpcdimcm m` dghtrgfcr cf dghkuhtg. =5  @rc
dfcrg qu` hiheûh `x achmctcrig `rc dcpcz m` `hdcl`zcr fgs erupgs y, p`gr cûh,
qu` tcapgdg `xistác uhg fg suoidi`ht`a`ht` pgm`rgsg dgag pcrc sglr`pgh`rs` c
fgs m`aãs. ^crcmôkidca`ht`, fc cdtivimcm m` 39?9 agstrclc fg aisag c uhc éfit`
vitcf qu` fc `xtihdiôh m`f erupg qu` fc bclác cuspidicmg.
@sc cus`hdic m` dghtrgf p`raitiô qu` fcs dchmimcturcs, pgr pria`rc v`z,
rgapi`rch ducfqui`r r`efc g prihdipig m` dgapgrtcai`htg pgfátidg. C fc
dchmimcturc goidicf m` Tuãr`z m`f Tgfcr s` suacrgh m` hu`vc du`htc fgs hgalr`s
m` Mcvim \ga`rg Dcstcó`mc, Kufiãh Mácz Crics y @hriqu` ]cpic Crchmc, qu` yc
bclách oieurcmg s`is cógs ctrãs, csá dgag fgs s`hcmgr`s `h ouhdigh`s O`rhchmg
 

Grmgridc Ihdfãh y Acrig D. Gfiv`rc.=2 Hiheuhg m` `ffgs, sih `alcreg, t`hác fc

suoidi`ht` trcy`dtgric pcrc sup`rcr cf r`stg y, pgr `f dghtrcrig, fc fistc r`v`fclc `f
ercmg m` dghousiôh qu` mgaihô fc fudbc pgfátidc, pu`s bcdác ocdtilf` qu`
ouhdighcrigs m` hiv`f a`mig, cfeuhgs m` `ffgs yc sih dcreg cfeuhg `h `s`
aga`htg, cspircrch c fc eul`rhcturc.
Or`ht` c `stgs pgfátidgs oieurclch gtrgs dgh dcrr`rcs iapgrtcht`s; Acrig Dgfáh
Tãhdb`z, \cûf F`ecspi Mghis, Euiff`rag Agfihc \`y`s, Chtghig L`rhcf y `f qu`
bcstc `f mác m` fgs dgaidigs ou` `f prihdipcf dght`hmi`ht`; @h`mihg \. Acd`mg. Ti
=gs tr`s pria`rgs pgs`ách trcy`dtgrics iapgrtcht`s `h fc `htimcm y Agfihc \`y`s
bclác dghtrgfcmg, cm`aãs, cf pri fgdcf m`spués m` mirieir fc dcapcóc m`
O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh, L`rhcf y Acd`mg `rch oieurcs pgfátidcs hcdighcf`s; `f
pria`rg yc bclác simg mirie`ht` m` fc O`m`rcdiôh m` Tihmidctgs m` ]rclckcmgr`s
cf T`rvidig m`f @stcmg (OT]T@) y ai`alrg m`f dgaité mir`dtivg m` fc DHG^, y `h

`s`Acd`mg,
aga`htgpgr `rc,su
dgag Tuãcm`aãs
pcrt`, r`z m`f Tgfcr,
m` s`rmiputcmg o`m`rcf.
dghgdimg `h su kuv`htum pgr sus
cdtivimcm`s pgfátidcs,=9 bclác simg miputcmg o`m`rcf `h fc cht`rigr f`eisfcturc kuhtg
dgh Dgfáh y F`ecspi y bclác mirieimg hcmc a`hgs qu` fc Mir`ddiôh m`
Ihv`stiecdigh`s ^gfátidcs `h fc T`dr`tcrác m` Egl`rhcdiôh. ^gr si tgmg `sg ou`rc
pgdg, Acd`mg `rc grieihcrig m`f sur m`f `stcmg, `h di`rtg agmg b`r`m`rg m` fc
trcmidiôh pgfátidc m` fgs cógs tr`ihtc, pgr fg ducf dghsim`rô qu` dgh fc ff`ecmc m`
O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh c fc eul`rhcturc y fc au`rt` m` Ocl`fc, s` r`stclf`d`rác fc
dghtihuimcm y glt`hmrác fc pgstufcdiôh.0>
Dgag pu`m` gls`rvcrs`, fc cdtivimcm pgfátidc ou` fc aãs ceitcmc m` fc bistgric
r`di`ht` m`f `stcmg y dgh dchmimctgs tch ou`rt`s qu` fc sgfudiôh hg pcr`dác
s`hdiffc. Cuhqu` yc s` a`hdighclc `f hgalr` m` Dcrfgs Bchj, su prgy`ddiôh
hcdighcf `rc tch erchm` qu` sus s`euimgr`s yc hg dghsim`rclch fc eul`rhcturc
dgag uhc `sdcfc ihmisp`hsclf` `h su dcrr`rc. Y tcf v`z csá buli`rc gdurrimg si hg
s` buli`rch pr`s`htcmg dirduhstchdics pgfátidcs hcdighcf`s y, m` hu`vg, fc
vgfuhtcm pr`sim`hdicf.
@h ducfqui`r dcsg, fg iapgrtcht` c m`stcdcr cquá `s fc prgfio`rcdiôh m` erupgs
y fc cus`hdic m` fám`r`s qu` pumi`rch dghtrgfcr `sc prgouhmc mivisiôh m` fc éfit`
pgfátidc fgdcf. Suizã hg bcyc hiheûh mctg tch dghtuhm`ht` sglr` `f cegtcai`htg y
fc `xtihdiôh m`f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg, qu` fc misputc `h fc qu` prãdtidca`ht` tgmc
 fc éfit` pcrtidipô pcrc glt`h`r `f pgm`r `h 39?9. Phc dghti`hmc m` `sc acehitum,

`h fc qu` ihdfusg uhg m` fgs dchmimctgs (Acd`mg), agvifizô grechizcdigh`s pcrc

glt`h`r fc pgstufcdiôh m`f ^\I, y sgstuvg su dcapcóc cuh duchmg Bchj f` bclác
echcmg `h `f Mistritg O`m`rcf, r`v`fc qu` hg `xistách suoidi`ht`s puhtgs m`
r`o`r`hdic pcrc cefutihcr fc éfit`.
@h 39?9 bclác audbgs pgfátidgs r`uhimgs `h erupgs vcricmgs, p`rg yc hg
mgaihclc `f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg, ouhmcmg pgr Ocl`fc. T`rã pr`disca`ht` `st`
dcapg oértif y, sglr` tgmg, mispghilf` pgr fc cus`hdic m` mirie`ht`s, fg qu` bcrã
pgsilf` qu` uh pgfátidg bãlif y `xp`ria`htcmg dgag Bchj fger` dghtrgfcr fc
situcdiôh dgh uh erupg prgpig, fcreca`ht` dghstruimg `h `f t`rr`hg fgdcf y
hcdighcf, qu` hg `hdghtrô r`sist`hdics iapgrtcht`s.

Hgtcs cf pi`
3  @h su crdbivg p`rsghcf s` dghs`rvch vcrics dcrtcs y `stumigs qu` Ocl`fc `hviclc r`eufcra`ht` c fgs
pr`sim`ht`s Aieu`f Cf`aãh, Cmgfog \uiz Dgrtih`s y, hcturcfa`ht`, c Cmgfog Fôp`z Act`gs, tchtg sglr`
csuhtgs iht`rhcdighcf`s dgag hcdighcf`s.
< @htr`vistc i.

4 @htr`vistc k.
= Eustcvg Cl`f B`rhãhm`z, E`raihcf _imc m` uh pu`lfg y uh bgalr`. @f ac`strgEustcvg Lcz,
Lcz , Aéxidg,
Achu`f ^grrûc, 392>, pp. 3>2—3>9 y Cfidic Gfiv`rc y @ue`hic A`y`r, Eustcvg Lcz y sus kuidigs dgag
r`vgfudighcrig,, aémidg y pgfátidg,
r`vgfudighcrig pgfátidg, Aéxidg, ihcb, 3953, pp. =<—==.
0
 Ca`hmgifc, gp. dit., p.
dit., p. <90 y E. C. B`rhãhm`z, E`raihcf…, gp. dit., p.
dit., p. <43.
? Dcmcv`z qu` s` f` pr`s`htô fc gpgrtuhimcm Lcz fg h`eô, ihmusg duchmg yc bclác t`raihcmg su p`rigmg
`h `f egli`rhg `stctcf y, m` b`dbg, su prgpic dcrr`rc (vécs` fc `htr`vistc dgh @f`hc ^ghictgwsjc,  @f Mác, <2
Mác, <2
m` hgvi`alr` m` 39?4). Hg glstcht`, pcrc fgs pgfátidgs m`f `stcmg hg bcy mumc m` qu` éstc ou` fc rczôh m`
qu` Ãvifc Dcacdbg hg s` fg prgpusi`rc. @htr`vistcs `, i y e.
5 @htr`vistcs i y e.

2 @htr`vistc d.
9 Hg m`kc m` ffcacr fc ct`hdiôh qu`, pgr `sc aisac dirduhstchdic, \uiz Dgrtih`s dghgdi`rc c Ocl`fc y `f
cfdchd` m` sus cspircdigh`s. @h `s` s`htimg, \uiz Dgrtih`s bclrác s`ffcmg fc su`rt` m`f erupg pgfátidg m`
Ocl`fc dgh fc ff`ecmc m` uh vi`kg r`vgfudighcrig qu` t`hác `f aisag grie`h qu` `f mipfgaãtidg.
3> @htr`vistc dgh @f`hc ^ghictgwsjc, im`a.
 

33 @htr`vistc i.

3< @htr`vistcs c y `. @h di`rtg agmg Lcz `stuvg dghsdi`ht` m` `st` prgpôsitg, pu`s r`dghgdiô qu` cd`ptô
`f gor`diai`htg m` \uiz Dgrtih`s m`spués m` r`dbczcr fgs m` gtrgs pr`sim`ht`s, pgrqu` bclác triuhocmg `h su
dcrr`rc dgag aémidg y tcaliéh pgrqu` yc `stclc `h `f oihcf m` su vimc. @htr`vistc dgh @f`hc ^ghictgwsjc,

ilim.
34 @htr`vistc i.
3= C. Tãhdb`z Ecrdác, @f
Ecrdác, @f dárdufggp. dit.,
dit., p.
 p. 90, y @f
y @f Tgf m` ]gfudc
]gfudc,, < m` acrzg m` 390>.
30 @htr`vistcs o y `.
3? K. Tcfczcr,  @strudturc…, gp. dit.,
Tcfczcr, @strudturc…, dit., p.
 p. <= y E. C. B`rhãhm`z, gp. dit., pp.
dit., pp. 3?2—3?9. Phc m` fcs rczgh`s
qu` s` cmud`h pcrc `xpfidcr pgr qué Lcz hg ou` egl`rhcmgr m`f `stcmg m`sm` 39=<, `s qu` s` sgsp`dbclc m`
sus t`hm`hdics ocsdistcs, dgaprglclf`s dgh fc ouhmcdiôh m` uh erupg dfcrca`ht` csgdicmg c fcs dcaiscs
h`ercs m` Aussgfihi. (@htr`vistc i). @s dr`álf` fc iht`rpr`tcdiôh si s` ti`h` pr`s`ht` qu` m`sm` `f ihidig m` fc
s`euhmc eu`rrc auhmicf y murcht` fgs m`d`higs sieui`ht`s, `f ocsdisag ou` `f prihdipcf `h`aieg y uhc
cduscdiôh suoidi`ht` pcrc `fiaihcr c ducfqui`r gpgsitgr. @h `s` s`htimg, \uiz Dgrtih`s bclrác prgagvimg fc
dchmimcturc m` Lcz, cm`aãs m` tgmg fg s`ócfcmg, dgag uhc ograc m` r`ivihmidcr pgfátidca`ht` c su caieg.
35 @htr`vistc ` y @f
y @f Auhmg, 30
Auhmg, 30 m` s`pti`alr` m` 3905.
32  @f
@f M`aôdrctc,   5 m` `h`rg y 32 m` o`lr`rg m` 39=0, y Kufiãh Eczdôh A`rdcmg,  Cducr`
M`aôdrctc,  Cducr`fcs sgdicf`s,,
fcs sgdicf`s
Aéxidg, Dgstc Caid, 3959, p. <=.
39 @htr`vistc `.
<> M` fgs mgs pgfátidgs dgh ouhdigh`s `h `f pcrtimg, uhg bclác `stcmg dgh Tãhdb`z Dgfáh. _écs` `f ducmrg
4—0.
<3 Kufiãh Tcfczcr, @strudturc
Tcfczcr, @strudturc y…,
y…, gp
gp.. dit.,
dit., p.
 p. <0.
<< @f
 @f Auhmg, 30
Auhmg, 30 m` o`lr`rg m` 39?4.
<4 Csá s` fg ihograô `f prgpig Cfor`mg m`f Aczg _éf`z c Ocl`fc duchmg kuhtgs iht`htclch dghv`hd`r cf
pr`sim`ht` pcrc qu` cpgycrc c su dchmimctg, C^IO, dcrtc m` Ocl`fc c Cfor`mg L`d`rrif Dgfáh, <5 m` gdtulr`
m` 390>, `xp. <2/33>—4.
<= @s uhc r`eiôh auy capfic, cf`kcmc fg aisag m` ]gfudc qu` m`f Mistritg O`m`rcf, m` mioádif cdd`sg pgr
su tgpgercoác aghtcógsc y m`midcmc c fc ceridufturc y fc echcm`rác. Phc prgpu`stc m` mivisiôh e`gerãoidc
pgr s`rvidigs y m`scrrgffg `dghôaidg `s mcmc pgr Émecr Tcau`f Agrcf`s Tcfcs, @stcmg
Tcfcs,  @stcmg m` Aéxidg,
Aéxidg, Aéxidg,
DIIB, PHCA, 3929, pp. 39—45.
<0 @htr`vistc k. Fc im`htioidcdiôh m` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh dgh fgs pgfátidgs sur`ógs `rc tch erchm` qu` s`
dghsim`rc qu` éf tcaliéh hcdiô `h `sc zghc.
<?
 Acrtc Lcrchmc y Fác Ecrdác _`rãst`eui, Cmgfog
_`rãst`eui,  Cmgfog Fôp`z Act`gs, `stcmistc a`xidchg,
a`xidchg, Aéxidg,
 Aéxidg, Egli`rhg
m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg, 3925, pp. 39—<4.
 

<5 Bistgric
 Bistgric mgdua`htcf…, gp. dit., t.
dit., t. <, pp. =?—?=.
<2 Kustg Ti`h c, Fôp`z
c, Fôp`z Act`gs, Aéxidg,
Act`gs, Aéxidg, s.p.i., s./o., p. <4.
<9 @htr`vistc i.

4> @htr`vistcs k, `, i.

43  _ádtgr D`kc \`y`s hchc `f `hdu`htrg m` Ocl`fc dgh vcrigs m` sus aãs d`rdchgs caiegs, tgmgs
miputcmgs fgdcf`s, pcrc `f`eir cf dchmimctg cf s`hcmg, ‖Fc prgo`dác dá` Ocl`fc‑,  Fc ^r`hsc,
^r`hsc, 9 m` hgvi`alr`
m` 3905.
4< Kustg Ti`rrc, Fôp`z
Ti`rrc, Fôp`z,, gp. dit., p.
dit., p. <2.
44 @htr`vistc i.
4= Kustg Ti`rrc, gp. dit., p.
dit., p. =5.
40 @htr`vistcs i, e yk.
4? @htr`vistcs `, i, b.

45 @f
 @f Auhmg, 35
Auhmg, 35 m` s`pti`alr` m` 39?4.
42 @htr`vistc b

49 @f
 @f Auhmg, 35
Auhmg, 35 m` s`pti`alr` m` 39?4, y `htr`vistc b
=> @htr`vistc b.

=3 @htr`vistc b.
=< @htr`vistcs ` y b.

=4 @htr`vistcs d y k.
== @htr`vistcs ` y c.

=0 @f dcsg aãs m`stcdcmg ou` `f r`p`htihg sureiai`htg m` prglf`acs prgvgdcmgs pgr fc ihaiercdiôh cf
Mistritg O`m`rcf, qu` `rc r`dbczcmc pgr fc dcpitcf y qu` dga`hzclc c dghd`htrcrs` `h t`rr`hgs m`f @stcmg m`
Aéxidg: `f `k`apfg ou` Diumcm H`zcbucfdôygtf, qu` fg aisag dga`hzô c m`achmcr s`rvidigs qu` c
pr`s`htcr cftgs áhmid`s m` m`fihdu`hdic. O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh, c p`scr m` fcs r`dga`hmcdigh`s, m`sct`hmiô `f
prglf`ac pgrqu` dghsim`rclc qu` `rc r`spghsclifimcm m`f Mistritg O`m`rcf y hg m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg,
m`limg c qu` `rch pglfcdigh`s trchsitgrics sih hiheûh `o`dtg l`héoidg pcrc fc `htimcm. Dgag fg mik`rc uh
pgfátidg, `sg m`agstrclc hg sôfg m`sct`hdiôh, sihg tcaliéh ihdgapr`hsiôh m`f aga`htg `h qu` f` bclác
tgdcmg egl`rhcr c O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh. @htr`vistc b.
=? @htr`vistcs ` y b.

=5 @htr`vistc i.
=2 @f
 @f Tgf m` ]gfudc
]gfudc,, 34 m` acrzg m` 39?9, y K. Tcfczcr, gp. dit., p.
dit., p. <9.
=9  Yc pcrtidipclc, pgr `k`apfg, dgag grcmgr m`f pcrtimg `h fc dcapcóc m` M`f Aczg _éf`z,  @f

 M`aôdrctc, 4> m` `h`rg m` 39=0.

 M`aôdrctc, 4>
0> @htr`vistcs i y k.
 

I_. PH _@\MCM@\G E\P^G

^GFÁ]IDG, @F M@ DC\FGT BCHJ

M`sm` fc ff`ecmc m` Ocl`fc `h 39=< cf egli`rhg m`f `stcmg, fgs achmctcrigs

bclách dghtrgfcmg fc pgfátidc dgh erupgs m` caiegs, dgfclgrcmgr`s `h cfeûh
aga`htg m` sus trcy`dtgrics, p`rg huhdc dgh erupgs qu` ou`s`h ogracmgs m`sm`
ti`apg ctrãs dgh `f prgpôsitg m`fil`rcmg m` cfdchzcr `f pgm`r. @h fc a`mimc qu`
hiheuhg m` `ffgs s` prgpusg s`r egl`rhcmgr m`f `stcmg (c `xd`pdiôh m`
O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh) sihg qu` fcs dirduhstchdics pgfátidcs fgs dghvirti`rgh, tgmgs
r`durri`rgh c fc cyumc m` fgs caiegs, p`rg hg c uhc r`s`rvc m` pgfátidgs
pr`pcrcmgs g, cf a`hgs, iht`ercmgs pcrc glt`h`r `f pgm`r. Ti s` m`kc ou`rc c M`f
Aczg y Tãhdb`z Dgfáh, duycs trcy`dtgrics hg `rch tch r`f`vcht`s dgag pcrc
ustioidcr pgr sá sgfcs fc glt`hdiôh m`f dcreg, `h fgs dcsgs m` Ocl`fc, Lcz y
O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh ou` `f sôfimg pr`stieig m` dcmc uhg fg qu` bizg pgsilf` qu`
dghvgdcrch tchtg c caiegs dgag c miv`rsgs pgfátidgs pcrc duapfir dgh sus
eul`rhcturcs.
@f éxitg m` `stgs p`rsghck`s s` m`l`, `htghd`s, aãs c sus trcy`dtgrics
p`rsghcf`s qu` c fc cddiôh dghd`rtcmc m` vcrigs ihmivimugs. @rc dgapr`hsilf`
qu` csá gdurri`rc si s` pi`hsc qu` fc dgap`t`hdic pgr `f pgm`r `h fc `htimcm, `h
fgs v`ihtiûh cógs qu` vch m` 39=< c 39?4, hg s` bclác r`cfizcmg cûh `htr` uhc
éfit` cluhmcht` y mivimimc. Fc éfit`, `h r`cfimcm, trcs fc m`struddiôh qu` ihidiô
Ocl`fc, `stclc `h pf`hg m`scrrgffg. M` cbá qu` fc sgfc a`hdiôh m` uh pgfátidg
prgaih`ht`, dgh erch r`hgalr` hcdighcf, qu` pgr `s` ûhidg b`dbg s` dghv`rtác
`h uh pctriaghig fgdcf, r`uhi`rc fcs vgfuhtcm`s ihmivimucf`s y fc cd`ptcdiôh pcrc
dgfclgrcr. ]gmc v`z qu` hiheuhc sud`siôh m`sm` 39=< ou` r`suftcmg m` uh
`hor`htcai`htg `htr` ocddigh`s, qu` iapfidcrc v`hechzcs ` ihdfusg `f
chiquifcai`htg m` fgs p`rm`mgr`s, fgs pgfátidgs v`ách c dcmc achmctcrig dgag uh
 iapufsg c sus dcrr`rcs y, pgr `ffg aisag, uhc rczôh pcrc dgfclgrcr.

Tih `alcreg, `f prgpig m`scrrgffg m` `sc éfit` mig fuecr c uhc dgap`t`hdic aãs
cdtivc `htr` pgfátidgs dgh siaifcr`s ctrilutgs. @f éxitg hg pgmác yc dghoicrs`
`xdfusivca`ht` cf czcr pr`sim`hdicf y cf pr`stieig ihmivimucf, sihg c uhc
m`fil`rcmc y dghsdi`ht` lûsqu`mc m`f pgm`r. ^crc `ffg `rc ihmisp`hsclf` dr`cr
erupgs m` pgfátidgs dcpcd`s qu` grm`hcrch fc dgap`t`hdic y dr`crch fcs
dghmidigh`s pcrc qu` fc m`disiôh hg ou`s` ogrtuitc. @htr` tgmgs fgs iht`htgs qu`
t`hmrãh fuecr `h `sgs cógs, `f m` Dcrfgs Bchj m`stcdc pgr s`r `f a`kgr fgercmg
ercdics c uhc siheufcr dcrr`rc pgfátidc qu` capfiô fcs ãr`cs m` cdtivimcm p`rsghcf
y qu` supg iht`ercr iht`r`s`s y p`rsghcfimcm`s `h uh prgy`dtg qu`, cuh duchmg
l`h`oidiô c fc `htimcm y c fc aisac éfit` pgfátidc `h `vgfudiôh, ou` im`cmg pcrc
dghs`euir `f éxitg m` su dr`cmgr y fám`r, Dcrfgs
Dcrfgs Bchj.

PHC DC\\@\C M@MIDCMC C FC ^GFÁ]IDC

@f prgo`sgr Dcrfgs Bchj hcdiô `h 39<5, duchmg m`dfihclc fc ihofu`hdic m` fgs
Eôa`z y dga`hzclch c mgaihcr \ivc ^cfcdig y Fclrc. Buérochg m` pcmr`
(auriô cht`s m` qu` éf hcdi`rc), dr`diô `h uhc ocaific agm`stc, qu` c p`scr m`
sus fiaitcmgs r`dursgs `dghôaidgs pumg sgst`h`r fgs `stumigs m` priacric m`
Bchj `h su pu`lfg
pu`l fg hctcf, Tchticeg ]icheuist`hdg: cf t`raihcr dghsieuiô uhc l`dc
m` fc pr`sim`hdic auhidipcf pcrc trcsfcmcrs` c ]gfudc y `stumicr cbá fc s`duhmcric.
Hg sôfg ou` su cprgv`dbcai`htg `sdgfcr fg qu` ihofuyô pcrc qu` gltuvi`rc fc
l`dc: su clu`fg act`rhg, Dctcrihg Eghzãf`z, bclác simg r`eimgr m`f
cyuhtcai`htg `h 329> y s` bclác dghv`rtimg, s`eûh fcs prgpics pcfclrcs m` Bchj,
`h ‖`f pctricrdc m`f pu`lfg, `f bgalr` cf qu` s` r`durrác duchmg bclác
dghtrgv`rsics… cf acre`h m` ducfqui`r csuhtg eul`rhca`htcf, kurámidg y su ocffg
`rc ihcp`fclf`‑.3 M`sm` `htghd`s, Bchj cócmirác c su prgpig `sou`rzg `f cpgyg m`
p`rsghck`s ihofuy`ht`s.
@h 39=<, `f cóg m`f cs`sihctg m` [ãrct` Cflcrrãh y fc ff`ecmc m` Ocl`fc cf
egli`rhg, Bchj dghdfuyô fc s`duhmcric y prgsieuiô sus `stumigs m` ac`strg
hgracfistc `h fc @sdu`fc Hgracf Aixtc pcrc ^rgo`sgr`s, hu`vca`ht` l`dcmg,

`stc v`z pgr

`f hu`vg `f egli`rhgtuvi`rc
achmctcrig m`f `stcmg. Fcs dirduhstchdics
dghtcdtg dgh `f outurg ou`rgh prgpidics
pgfátidg. pcrc qu`
Phc dgstualr`
 

ihidicmc pgr Ocl`fc y gls`rvcmc r`fieigsca`ht` pgr fgs sieui`ht`s egl`rhcmgr`s,

bc simg qu` `h fgs cdtgs pûlfidgs, `sp`dicfa`ht` `h fcs dgha`agrcdigh`s
dávidcs, tga` fc pcfclrc uh cmgf`sd`ht`, `stumicht` m`stcdcmg, cht`s m` qu` `f
`o` m`f `k`dutivg g cfeûh ouhdighcrig prghuhdi` `f misdursg goidicf. @f glk`tivg
`s `vim`ht`; s` dghgd`h fcs bclifimcm`s grctgrics m` fgs kôv`h`s< y, cf a`hgs fgs
pgfátidgs `xp`ria`htcmgs, fgerch mistiheuir c fgs outurgs fám`r`s.
M` `stc ach`rc Bchj bizg su cpcridiôh pgfátidc, pu`s `f pu`lfg m`
Ctfcdgaufdg o`st`kô dgh uhc dgaimc fc m`siehcdiôh m` Ocl`fc y `fieiô c Bchj
pcrc qu` prghuhdicrc `f misdursg goidicf.4
Dgh `stc pr`s`htcdiôh c fgs quihd` cógs, Bchj dga`hzcrác uhc `str`dbc,
prgouhmc caistcm dgh Ocl`fc qu` sgfca`ht` t`raihcrác dgh fc au`rt` m`f
mipfgaãtidg. ^`rg tcaliéh dgh `s` cdtg, Bchj ihidicrác su `xitgsc dcrr`rc
pgfátidc, pu`s cuhqu` r`er`scrác c ]gfudc c t`raihcr sus `stumigs, si`apr` `stcrác
pr`s`ht`
su Ct`hcs`hprgvihdichc.
fgs mio`r`ht`s cdtgsycy s`
Dgag r`uhigh`s sgdicf`s
s`ócfô `h qu` prgagv`rác
`f dcpátufg Ocl`fc `h
II, Ocl`fc prgagviô
murcht` su cmaihistrcdiôh miv`rscs cdtivimcm`s dgh iht`f`dtucf`s y pgfátidgs
hcdighcf`s c fcs qu` csistách p`rsghcfimcm`s fgdcf`s, fg aisag sgdicf`s qu`
pgfátidcs. Bchj ou` uhg m` fgs ihvitcmgs p`rach`ht`s, fg qu` f` sirviô pcrc qu`
`s` auhmg sgdicf fg dghgdi`rc y fg cyumcrc duchmg Ocl`fc m`kô `f pgm`r.=
@stiaufcmg pgr `s` t`aprchg éxitg, Bchj suaô c sus `stumigs prgo`sighcf`s fc
cdtivimcm pgfátidc. Murcht` fgs ductrg cógs qu` murô su dcrr`rc m` prgo`sgr, ou`
sud`sivca`ht` pr`sim`ht` m` fc Tgdi`mcm m` Cfuahgs m` fc @sdu`fc Hgracf y
s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m` fc O`m`rcdiôh @stumichtif m`f `stcmg.0 @h fgs cógs ducr`htc,
dgag li`h s` scl`, fc p`rt`h`hdic y `h `sp`dicf glt`h`r fc mir`ddiôh m` fcs
grechizcdigh`s m` acscs, ou` m`disivg pcrc `f ogrtcf`diai`htg m`f sist`ac
pgfátidg y pcrc `f outurg m` fcs dcrr`rcs ihmivimucf`s. Csá, Bchj pumg m`scrrgffcr
m`sm` fc cmgf`sd`hdic uhc cdtivimcm qu` fg bizg mistiheuirs` `h `f a`mig pgfátidg
fgdcf, qu` pgr audbgs cógs s`rác `f ûhidg `h su vimc prgo`sighcf.
@h 39=0, uh cóg cht`s m` titufcrs`, Bchj bclác ogracmg `f Dgaité Dufturcf m`
fc Tgdi`mcm m` Cfuahgs m` fc Hgracf, s` bclác dghv`rtimg `h su pr`sim`ht` y
dgh `s` dcrãdt`r pcrtidipclc cdtivca`ht` `h fc dcapcóc m` Cfor`mg m`f Aczg
pcrc gdupcr fc eul`rhcturc. Mu`óg m` uhc siheufcr s`hsilifimcm pgfátidc, Bchj
cprgv`dbcrác su prgo`siôh m` ac`strg hgracfistc pcrc dghstruir uh sôfimg
 pr`stieig. @h fgs cógs ducr`htc fc @sdu`fc Hgracf p`raitác c igs `er`scmgs

sglr`scfi`ht`s `f`eir `f fuecr mghm` dga`hzcrách c `k`rd`r su dcrr`rc: fc

dgstualr`, dgag `rc m` `sp`rcr, ihmidclc qu` uhc lu`hc pcrt` m` `ffgs
s`f`ddighclch fc dcpitcf, ]gfudc, pgrqu` cbá s` dghd`htrclch fcs a`kgr`s
gpgrtuhimcm`s. Bchj, dgh erch cstudic, `fieiô iapcrtir dfcs`s `h fc `sdu`fc
priacric m` Ctfcdgaufdg, `f pu`lfg m` Ocl`fc, dgh fg ducf hg sôfg acht`hác `f
dghtcdtg dgh `f mipfgaãtidg y sus caistcm`s sihg, fg aãs iapgrtcht`, fgercrác
iht`ercrs` c fc pglfcdiôh fgdcf m` tcf ach`rc qu` s` bcrác b`r`m`rg m` fc f`y`hmc
qu` csgdic `f hgalr` m`f pu`lfg cf hgalr` m`f egl`rhcmgr.?
M`spués m` uh cóg m` iapcrtir dfcs`s `h priacric, Bchj trcaitô y oihcfa`ht`
fgerô qu` `h 39=5 s` ihstcfcrc uhc `sdu`fc s`duhmcric `h Ctfcdgaufdg, m` fc ducf
s`rác ac`strg y tcaliéh `f pria`r mir`dtgr. @h r`cfimcm, fc p`tidiôh ou`
pr`s`htcmc pgr pria`rc v`z pgr Ocl`fc `h 39=4, p`rg hg s` fgerô dghdr`tcr
murcht` su egli`rhg.5 M` cbá qu` prgs`euir dgh fcs e`stigh`s dgag uh agm`stg
prgo`sgr `h Ctfcdgaufdg,
bizg cpcr`d`r f` r`pr`s`htôm`c fcBchj
dgag uh dghtihucmgr glrcuhm`l`h`oidig
Ocl`fc. mir`dtg
@f éxitgpgrqu` fg
m` `st`
glk`tivg pu`m` a`mirs` pgr `f b`dbg m` qu` bcstc bgy s` dghsim`rc c Bchj `f
r`spghsclf` m` qu` buli`rc uhc s`duhmcric `h `f fuecr, y hi siqui`rc s` r`du`rmc
fc ihidictivc m` Ocl`fc.
Dgh bclifimcm, m`sm` `htghd`s Bchj vc c pgh`r cf s`rvidig m` sus cspircdigh`s
pgfátidcs `f `k`rdidig m` su vgdcdiôh aceist`ricf. M`spués m` iapcrtir dfcs`s `h
priacric, midtô fgs dursgs m` bistgric m` Aéxidg, quáaidc, ligfgeác y
act`aãtidcs `h fcs s`duhmcrics m` Ctfcdgaufdg y ]gfudc. Bchj sgstuvg fc fclgr
aceist`ricf bcstc qu` fc pgfátidc clsgrliô pgr dgapf`tg su ti`apg, fg qu` bizg
pgsilf` qu` audbgs kôv`h`s fg dghgdi`rch y r`sp`tcrch. Dgag mik`rc uhg m`
`ffgs, d`rdchg dgfclgrcmgr suyg m`spués;
uhg m` fgs glk`tivgs m`f ac`strg Bchj `rc fc pgfátidc y audbg f` cyumô `h su r`cfizcdiôh su dcrr`rc m`
prgo`sgr m` vcrics e`h`rcdigh`s m` e`ht`s qu` bch simg pgfátidgs g prgo`sighistcs lriffcht`s. M`kô uhc
iace`h `htr` fgs kôv`h`s qu`, cf dclg m`f ti`apg, f` ilc c mcr aceháoidgs orutgs pgrqu` m` hiheuhc
ach`rc pgmác s`r uh m`sdghgdimg `h `f `stcmg… Yg dr`g qu` hg bcy hiheuhc e`h`rcdiôh m` cfuahgs
qu` éf tuvi`rc qu` hg f` eucrm` uh erctg r`du`rmg. 2

@sc fclgr m` prgagdiôh p`rsghcf fc dgapf`tô dgag mir`dtgr m` fc `sdu`fc `h

mgs s`htimgs mio`r`ht`s. ^gr uh fcmg, `str`dbô fgs dghtcdtgs dgh fgs ac`strgs y
fgs pcmr`s m` ocaific y, pgr gtrg, sieui`hmg fc dgstualr` m` Ocl`fc, prgagviô
 r`uhigh`s sgdicf`s `h fc aisac `sdu`fc s`duhmcric c fcs qu` ihvitclc tcaliéh c

iht`f`dtucf`s, cdcméaidgs y pgfátidgs bcstc dghv`rtir `f fuecr `h `f d`htrg m`

ct`hdiôh m` fc sgdi`mcm dufturcf y pgfátidc m`f `stcmg. 9 Csá ou` dgag `xt`hmiô su
fclgr m` euác iht`f`dtucf c fgs p`rsghck`s aãs m`stcdcmgs m` fc `htimcm, pu`s hg
sôfg ou` uh ac`strg m` outurgs prgo`sighistcs, sihg uh prgagtgr m` fc dufturc y `f
a`kgrcai`htg dávidg.
Ou` tcf fc lcs` m` cpgyg qu` dr`ô Bchj `h `sgs cógs qu`, sih clchmghcr su
dcreg `h Ctfcdgaufdg, s` dghvirtiô `h s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m` fc m`f`ecdiôh `stctcf
m`f pgm`rgsg TH]@. Ti `st` hgalrc ai`htg ifustrc li`h fc iapgrtchdic qu` bclác
cfdchzcmg `h `f ihofuy`ht` er`aig aceist`ricf m`f `stcmg, tcaliéh au`strc dôag
dga`hzô c oieurcr `h fc pgfátidc o`m`rcf. Cf dghdfuir `f p`rigmg m` Cfor`mg m`f
Aczg `h 3903, `f pr`stieig m` Bchj yc `rc erchm`, m` cbá qu` `f hu`vg
egl`rhcmgr, Tãhdb`z Dgfáh, fg m`siehcrc sud`sivc- a`ht` k`o` m` @sdu`fcs
T`duhmcrics y ^rgo`sighcf`s, `h fc Mir`ddiôh m` @mudcdiôh ^ûlfidc, y pgdg

m`spués k`o` m`dcreg

Dgh `f pria`r fc Goidihc m` Kuhtcs
Bchj tuvg m` A`kgrcai`htg
fc gpgrtuhimcm Agrcf,
m` ‖r`dgrr`r Dávidg
tgmcs y Act`ricf.
fcs `sdu`fcs m`f
`stcmg y t`h`r dgauhidcdiôh dgh tgmgs fgs ac`strgs iapgrtcht`s y fgs mir`dtgr`s
cpg yg dr`diô ihstchtãh`ca`ht`.3>
m` fcs `sdu`fcs‑. Tu grieihcf lcs` m` cpgyg
^`rg duchmg ou` hgalrcmgk`o` m` fcskuhtcs m` A`kgrcai`htg, `f éxitg ou`
hgtclf` pgrqu` fgerô `f dghtcdtg dgh fgs s`dtgr`s prgmudtivgs aãs iapgrtcht`s
m` dcmc auhidipig, csá dgag dgh fgs erupgs sgdicf`s qu` m`dimách dôag ihv`rtir
fgs r`dursgs. Dgag pu`m` cmv`rtirs`, Bchj fgerô bcd`rs` dghgd`r `h fcs défufcs
lãsidcs m` fc sgdi`mcm m`f `stcmg (ac`strgs, pcmr`s m` ocaific, cfuahgs, `td.),
p`rg tcaliéh dgh fcs cutgrimcm`s y erupgs ouhmca`htcf`s m` dcmc pglfcdiôh. ^gr
`sg hg ou` `xtrcóg qu` `h 3904, c fc aitcm m`f egli`rhg m` Tãhdb`z Dgfáh, Bchj
ou`rc m`siehcmg t`sgr`rg m`f cyuhtcai`htg m` ]gfudc y, mgs cógs aãs tcrm`,
`f`dtg pr`sim`ht` m` `sc cfdcfmác. @h r`cfimcm, sih `xce`rcdiôh cfeuhc, s` pu`m`
m`dir qu` Bchj `rc dghgdimg `h tgmg `f `stcmg g, cf a`hgs, `h fgs prihdipcf`s
fuecr`s.
Fc dcrr`rc m` Bchj, m`sm` qu` `er`sc dgag prgo`sgr bcstc qu` gdupc fc
cfdcfmác m` ]gfudc, `s rãpimc y csd`hm`ht` y s` r`cfizc pgr dgapf`tg `h `f a`mig
fgdcf. Ffcac fc ct`hdiôh qu` `stc siheufcr dcrr`rc gdurrc murcht` fgs egli`rhgs m`
Cfor`mg m`f Aczg y, `h `sp`dicf, `f m` Tãhdb`z Dgfáh. Hg `s m`f tgmg
sgrpr`hm`ht` si s` pi`hsc qu` m`trãs m` `s` csd`hsg a`t`ôridg s` `hdu`htrc `f
 `apuk` m` Ocl`fc, qui`h cuhqu` hg pumg ihdgrpgrcr c Bchj `h su egli`rhg

m`limg c su dgrtc `mcm, sá fg prgagviô y fg r`dga`hmô pcrc qu` gltuvi`rc sus

pria`rgs dcregs pûlfidgs. @s dfcrg, pgr `k`apfg, qu` su iher`sg dgag k`o` m`
@sdu`fcs T`duhmcrics s` m`l` aãs c fc pr`s`hdic m`f prgo`sgr Cmgfog \caár`z
Orcegsg, qui`h gdupclc fc titufcrimcm m` @mudcdiôh ^ûlfidc m`f `stcmg m`sm`
39=< y `rc caieg m` Ocl`fc, qu` c fc m`disiôh m`f egl`rhcmgr Tãhdb`z Dgfáh,
qui`h m` b`dbg ihidic `f m`dfiv` m`f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg.
Ocl`fc hg `sdctiaô su cyumc. @h 390>, duchmg Bchj tgmcvác `rc mir`dtgr m` fc
s`duhmcric m` Ctfcdgaufdg, quisg pcrtir cf Mistritg O`m`rcf: Ocl`fc fg r`dga`hmô
dgh `f `htghd`s suls`dr`tcrig m` @mudcdiôh ^ûlfidc, Ccrôh A`rihg O`rhãhm`z,
pcrc qu` fg dgfgdcrc `h cfeuhc s`duhmcric m` fc dcpitcf. 33  Fcs e`stigh`s hg
prgsp`rcrgh y Bchj tuvg qu` p`rach`d`r `h Ctfcdgaufdg bcstc qu` ou`
rctioidcmg \caár`z Orcegsg `h `f eclih`t` m` Tãhdb`z Dgfáh. Hg `s `xtrcóg qu`
iht`ra`micrc pcrc qu` `f misdápufg gltuvi`rc `f pu`stg m` k`o` m` s`duhmcrics `h

g`fihmir`dtca`ht`,
`stcmg. M`sm` `htghd`s, fc oieurc
`h fgs triuhogs m` Ocl`fc vc c `stcr si`apr` pr`s`ht`, mir`dtc
m` Bchj.
Duchmg Lcz gdupô fc eul`rhcturc `h 3905, Bchj t`hác uhc `xd`f`ht` dcrtc m`
pr`s`htcdiôh p`rsghcf; su glrc dgag cfdcfm` m` ]gfudc. Bchj, sih t`h`r dghtcdtg
pr`vig dgh Lcz, pumg cd`rdcrs` c éf y glt`h`r fc mir`ddiôh m` Egl`rhcdiôh (`f
s`euhmg pu`stg aãs iapgrtcht` m`spués m` fc T`dr`tcrác E`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg)
pgrqu` r`pr`s`htclc cf pgfátidg kgv`h y sglr` tgmg mistihtg c fc e`h`rcdiôh m`
Lcz, pu`s tcaliéh `rc uh lu`h cmaihistrcmgr, cfeui`h qu` trclckclc y `htr`eclc
r`suftcmgs. ^`rg tcaliéh `rc `f misdápufg aãs d`rdchg c Ocl`fc. 3<  @stc mglf`
ducfimcm (s`r `oidi`ht` y caieg m`f pctricrdc) s`rác m`disivc `h fc dcrr`rc m`
Bchj.
]chtg, qu` cp`hcs s`is a`s`s m`spués m` dghs`euir `f hgalrcai`htg, Bchj
ou` `f`eimg miputcmg o`m`rcf pgr ]gfudc, pcrc fg ducf bulg m` m`sdcrtcrs` fc qu`
pcr`dác s`eurc pgstufcdiôh m` uh dghgdimg pgfátidg fgdcf dgag `rc O`fip` Agfihc
\`y`s.34 Fc `xpfi dcdiôh m` `stc vidtgric s` `hdu`htrc `h `f r`spcfmg qu` Bchj
`hdghtrô `h Ocl`fc y `h Acrichg Fôp`z Act`gs, b`rachg m` mgh Cmgfog, qu` `h
`s` aga`htg m`scrrgffclc su dcapcóc pr`sim`hdicf, qui`h`s fgercrgh
dghv`hd`rfg m` cprglcr fc dchmimcturc m` Bchj.3= ^gr oih, `f prgo`sgr dghs`euác
scfir m`f ãalitg fgdcf y `h dghmidigh`s iha`kgrclf`s, pu`s fc RFI_ F`eisfcturc
(3902—39?3) fg r`uhiô dgh cf a`hgs ductrg pgfátidgs dgh fgs qu` oihdcrác uhc
 d`rdchc caistcm; `f tcaliéh miputcmg y prgo`sgr @hriqu` Gfivcr`s Tchtchc y fgs

s`hcmgr`s Achu`f Agr`hg Tãhdb`z (pgfátidg qu` misorutô m` uh pgm`r

`xtrcgrmihcrig ercdics c su d`rdchác dgh `f pr`sim`ht` Fôp`z Act`gs), F`gpgfmg
Tãhdb`z D`fis y @aifig Acrtáh`z Achctgu. ]gmgs `ffgs f` clrirách c Bchj
`spcdigs `h fc pgfátidc hcdighcf qu` pcufctihca`ht` f` p`raitirách sglr`scfir y
`xt`hm`r sus váhdufgs.
@f éxitg ou` tgtcf pu`s cf t`raihcr su p`rigmg `h 39?3 Bchj hg r`er`sô c su
`htimcm, mghm` s`eurca`ht` bclrác `hdghtrcmg lu`hcs p`rsp`dtivcs m`
m`scrrgffg, sihg qu` fgerô qu` `f pr`sim`ht` Fôp`z Act`gs fg m`siehcrc
sule`r`ht` m` v`htcs `h Dghcsupg, mirieimc `h `s` aga`htg pgr \gl`rtg
Cagrôs. M` hu`vg, ou`rgh sus pcmrihgs Ocl`fc y Acrichg Fôp`z Act`gs fgs qu`
‖r`dga`hmcrgh audbg‑ c Bchj dgh `f pr`sim`ht`.30  Fc dcrr`rc pgfátidc m`f
prgo`sgr cfdchzclc `h `s` aga`htg fc gpgrtuhimcm aãs iapgrtcht` pcrc ihidicr
su trcy`dtgric pgfátidc hcdighcf, `h fc qu` dghsgfimcrác su pgm`r p`rsghcf y

fgercrác su `h
Ti li`h cspircdiôh m` gdupcr
39?3 dga`hzô `f fc eul`rhcturc
m`scrrgffg m`f m`f `stcmg.pgfátidg m` Bchj `h `f
pr`stieig
ãalitg o`m`rcf, pcrc `htghd`s yc `rc uh `xitgsg `apr`scrig qu` bclác r`su`ftg fg
qu` éf bc ffcacmg ‖fc m`p`hm`hdic `dghôaidc m` fc pgfátidc‑. 3?  Cuhqu` hg s`
scl`h dgh pr`disiôh fcs o`dbcs, sá s` dghgd` qu`, dcsi m` ach`rc pcrcf`fc c su
dcrr`rc pgfátidc, `ap`zcrgh sus `sou`rzgs pgr ouhmcr h`egdigs qu` f` mi`rch
ihm`p`hm`hdic `dghôaidc. Dga`hzô c bcd`rfg `h Ctfcdgaufdg, duchmg `rc
ac`strg y m`spués mir`dtgr m` fc s`duhmcric, dgh uhc p`qu`óc `apr`sc m` mufd`s
qu`, p`s` c fc agm`stic, f` mig r`dursgs suoidi`ht`s pcrc ihidicr ihv`rsigh`s `h `f
trchspgrt`, pria`rg `h dcaigh`s qu` utifizclc pcrc agv`r su a`rdchdác y
m`spués dgh pipcs pcrc trchspgrtcr ecsgfihc.35  @htr` 39=9 y 390< Bchj
dghsieuiô dghsgfimcr sus pria`rgs h`egdigs, c tcf ercmg qu` éf aisag dghsim`rc
bcl`r dghs`euimg fc ihm`p`hm`hdic `dghôaidc `h `sgs cógs.32
Cuhqu` `stc ocd`tc m` su vimc ti`h` uh cftg dgapgh`ht` m` vgfuhtcm y
`sou`rzg p`rsghcf, tcaliéh dghtô dgh fc cyumc m` cfeuhgs pgfátidgs y, m` ach`rc
m`stcdcmc, uhc v`z aãs m` Ocl`fc. Fc d`rdchác ou` tch `str`dbc qu` Bchj s`
`hdcreô m` r`pr`s`htcr g trcaitcr csuhtgs p`rsghcf`s y m` h`egdigs m` Ocl`fc,
cfeuhgs m` fgs ducf`s f` r`mitucrgh c calgs piheö`s l`h`oidigs. ^gr `k`apfg, `h
39?>, duchmg Ocl`fc s` `hdghtrclc vickchmg pgr @urgpc, f` `hdga`hmô c Bchj,
qui`h `htghd`s `rc miputcmg o`m`rcf y s` m`s`ap`óclc dgag s`dr`tcrig m` fc
 Dãacrc, trctcr mio`r`ht`s h`egdigs p`rsghcf`s. Phg `rc fc v`htc m` t`rr`hgs

`kimcf`s cf`mcógs cf ihe`hig m` Tch Dristôlcf, `h duyc cmquisidiôh `stclch

iht`r`scmgs Ocl`fc y su sglrihg Achu`f Dcapgs Cfocrg. @f glk`tivg dghsistác `h
‖dgaprcr pcrc m`spués r`v`hm`r…, echãhmgs` dchtimcm`s qu` dghstituy`h uh
v`rmcm`rg h`egdig‑.39
@h fc aisac gdcsiôh Ocl`fc f` p`mác c Bchj cv`rieucr `f dursg qu` s`euác uh
cvcfûg m` t`rr`hgs, duygs trãait`s bclách `stcmg c dcreg m` Ocl`fc y pgr fgs
ducf`s r`dilirác hcmc a`hgs qu` di`h aif m` cqu`ffgs p`sgs. Ti bcstc cquá s`
pru`lc sgfca`ht` fc dghoichzc qu` `f mipfgaãtidg m`pgsitclc `h Bchj, `f
l`h`oidig mir`dtg (y `h di`rtg agmg tcaliéh uhc ach`rc m` dgrr`spghm`r c fcs
mifie`hdics m`f prgo`sgr) cpcr`dác fáh`cs cm`fcht`; `aitimc fc gpihiôh tédhidc
eul`rhca`htcf, Ocl`fc s` r`tirclc m`f h`egdig y dghmidighclc fc dghtihucdiôh
m`f dghtrctg c qu` fgs sgdigs cd`ptcrch `h su fuecr cf miputcmg Bchj: `h dcsg m`
qu` r`dbczcrch `f r`apfczg, Ocl`fc fg rgap`rác.

Dgag
ést` `s oãdifsiaificr`s
l`h`oidigs cmv`rtir, `fc h`egdig
fgs qu` qu`
yc `stclc d`miéhmgf`
`sp`rclc c Bchj pgr
`f mipfgaãtidg f` r`mitucrác
fc siapf`c
r`pr`s`htcdiôh f`ecf. Y éstc hg `s uhc supgsidiôh hcmc aãs; pgr fc `hua`rcdiôh
m` h`egdigs y, aãs cûh, pgr fc pgra`hgrizcmc r`spu`stc m` Bchj, s` cmvi`rt`
dfcrca`ht` qu`, cf acre`h dá` fc bclifimcm prgo`sighcf m` Ocl`fc dgag clgecmg,
`f l`h`oidig `dghôaidg pr`vistg m`p`hmác m` fcs r`fcdigh`s qu` Ocl`fc y, `h su
dcsg, Bchj, t`hách dgh ouhdighcrigs m` cftg hiv`f, griuhmgs m`f `stcmg. Csá, fcs
`hdgai`hmcs m`lách s`euirs` dgh \gl`rtg Lcrrigs, k`o` m`f MCCD, dgh Cfor`mg
m`f Aczg, s`dr`tcrig m` \`dursgs Bimrãufidgs: Cfor`mg Dgfáh _cr`fc,
suls`dr`tcrig m` fc aisac m`p`hm`hdic y Acrichg Fôp`z Act`gs, ouhdighcrig m`
Cfacd`h`s Hcdighcf`s m` M`pôsitg, T.C. (chmsc).<>  T`eurca`ht`, dgag `f
aisag Ocl`fc cmvi`rt` `h fc dcrtc, hg bclác hcmc if`ecf `h fgs h`egdigs, p`rg hg
bcy mumc m` qu` `f fuecr privif`eicmg qu` gdupclch `sgs ouhdighcrigs ocdifitclc,
dgh v`htckc, fc r`cfizcdiôh m` fgs prgy`dtgs.<3
Hg ou` `f ûhidg dcsg `h qu` Bchj r`suftô l`h`oidicmg dgh fc r`fcdiôh m`
caistcm `htr` ouhdighcrigs. Ti bcstc 3902 fgs s`rvidigs qu` pr`stclch fcs pipcs c
^`a`x m`p`hmách m` dghv`higs ihogracf`s, ou` ercdics c fc iht`rv`hdiôh m`f
s`hcmgr Agr`hg Tãhdb`z, caieg m`f mir`dtgr m` fc `apr`sc, ^csducf Eutiérr`z
\gfmch, dgag fgerô r`eufcrizcr ogracfa`ht` fgs dghtrctgs.<< @sou`rzg p`rsghcf y
caistcm`s oira`s bidi`rgh qu` Bchj, bcdic fc médcmc m` fgs s`s`htc, coichzcrc
 uhc sôfimc pgsidiôh `h fgs h`egdigs qu` f` p`raitiô m`scrrgffcr uhc cumcz dcrr`rc

pgfátidc qu` hg pghác `h ri`seg su `stclifimcm `dghôaidc. Tus ihv`rsigh`s hg s`

m`tuvi`rgh `h hiheûh aga`htg y, pgr `f dghtrcrig, s` capficrgh. M`f trchspgrt`
pcsô c uhc oãlridc m` dcaigh`s (cbgrc `s fc A`rd`m`s L`hz): uhc cd`rác,
prgmudtgrc m` b`rrcai`htcs: uhc oãlridc m` dcfm`rcs pcrc t`rag`fédtridcs: gtrc m`
cagrtieucmgr`s pcrc cutgaôvif`s.<4
Ři `s sgrpr`hm`ht` qu` uh ihmivimug dghsiec `f éxitg `h mgs a`migs tch
misáalgfgs dgag fgs h`egdigs y fc pgfátidc, aãs fg `s duchmg s` gls`rvc qu`
gdurriô m` ach`rc siauftãh`c, pu`s dcsi cf aisag ti`apg qu` ihidiô su cdtivimcm
pgfátidc `h `f pu`lfg m` Ocl`fc, r`cfizô sus pria`rcs ihv`rsigh`s: dcsi dgh `f
aisag ritag, s` ou`rgh sud`mi`hmg fgs cvchd`s pgfátidgs y fgs fgergs
`dghôaidgs. @f r`suftcmg, aãs cffã m` fc ogrtuhc cduaufcmc, ou` qu` dr`ô uhc
`xt`hsc r`m m` iht`r`s`s, fg aisag `h `f t`rr`hg pgfátidg fgdcf qu` `h `f hcdighcf,
y `h `f `dghôaidg. @h `f pria`rg, ograô uh erupg m` pgfátidgs kôv`h`s qu` fg

sieui`rgh
cprgv`dbcr`h`hdcsi tgmgspgr
fc fudbc sus`fdcregs:
pgm`r, y`h`h`f`fs`euhmg,
t`rd`rg hg`hdghtrô
sôfg dr`ôcpgygs
sgdigs,qu`
sihgpumg
qu`
`xt`hmiô sus r`fcdigh`s c erupgs m` r`pr`s`htcdiôh sgdicf vihdufcmgs m` uhc u
gtrc ograc c `scs cdtivimcm`s.
Dgag trchspgrtistc fgerô `stcr `h dghtcdtg dgh fgs erupgs m` Isimgrg
\gmráeu`z y K`sûs Cfdãhtcrc: dgh `apr`scrigs m` fcs miv`rscs ãr`cs m` fc
ihmustric cutgagtriz, `sp`dicfa`ht` dgh fcs `hscalfcmgrcs duycs pfchtcs s`
cs`htcrgh `h fgs pcrqu`s ihmustricf`s m`f `stcmg m`sm` fc épgdc m` Lcz: ercdics c
fcs glrcs pûlfidcs, yc ou`rc pgrqu` tuvi`rc ihv`rsigh`s g siapf`a`ht` dgag
ouhdighcrig, s` r`fcdighô dgh dghtrctistcs, ihe`hi`rgs y crquit`dtgs.<=  @h tgmgs
fgs dcsgs Bchj supg dr`cr caistcm`s sôfimcs y murcm`rcs qu` `h cfeuhgs
aga`htgs f` bch simg ûtif`s `h su dcrr`rc pgfátidc. @f `k`apfg aãs siehioidctivg
`s su dghgdimc caistcm dgh `f crquit`dtg y ouhdighcrig ^`mrg \caár`z _ãzqu`z,
c qui`h dghgdiô `h fgs cógs dihdu`htc y c qui`h dghv`hdiô m` ir c ]gfudc dgag
su dggrmihcmgr e`h`rcf m` Glrcs ^ûlfidcs duchmg éf gdupô fc eul`rhcturc. Dgh
su ihdgrpgrcdiôh, Bchj mig pr`stieig c su egli`rhg y cprgv`dbô fcs r`fcdigh`s
m`f crquit`dtg pcrc ocdifitcr fc r`cfizcdiôh m` glrcs qu`, cf oihcf, mi`rgh aãs
r`hgalr` cf egl`rhcmgr qu` cf `hdcrecmg m` m`scrrgffcrfcs.
Dgag `rc hcturcf, fc miv`rsimcm m` iht`r`s`s r`lcsô `f ãalitg m`f `stcmg ` bizg
pgsilf` qu` Bchj dghstruy`rc cpgygs capfigs, miv`rsioidcmgs y, pgr `hdiac m`
 tgmg, p`rsghcf`s, `h fgs ducf`s hg t`hách ihk`r`hdic cutgaãtidca`ht` fgs

ai`alrgs m` su erupg pgfátidg. Ou`rgh, y bch simg bcstc `f oihcf, r`fcdigh`s

p`rsghcf`s qu` éf pu`m` agvifizcr, si hg tgtcfa`ht` c su crlitrig, sá dgh r`fctivc
ocdifimcm, p`rg qu` hg `stãh mispghilf`s pcrc sus s`euimgr`s.
Ti liåh pcrc 39?3, duchmg fgerô p`rach`d`r `h `f Mistritg O`m`rcf ercdics cf
hgalrcai`htg `h Dghcsupg, Bchj yc `rc uh p`rsghck` iapgrtcht`, hg dghs`euác
cûh `f r`dghgdiai`htg `h fc cmaihistrcdiôh pûlfidc o`m`rcf. Fc gpgrtuhimcm m`
m`stcdcr cbá s` fc lrihmô fc sule`r`hdic m` v`htcs m` midbc `apr`sc, mghm`
m`scrrgffô tgmc su bclifimcm `h fgs h`egdigs pcrc glt`h`r cdu`rmgs dgh fgs
prgmudtgr`s cerádgfcs m`f hgrt` y hgrg`st` m`f pcás (`htr` gtrgs, fgs mioádif`s
pr`digs m` ecrchtác) qu` f` p`raiti`rgh c fc `apr`sc m`sd`htrcfizcmc cprgv`dbcr
fcs v`htckcs dga`rdicf`s pcrc `xpgrtcr erchgs lãsidgs. Fc dirduhstchdic
`dghôaidc iht`rhcdighcf, `f dcreg pûlfidg y su bclifimcm dgag `apr`scrig, fg
cmaihistrcmgr..<0
bidi`rgh sglr`scfir dgag uh `oidi`ht` cmaihistrcmgr

Cf aisag
fuecr ti`apg qu`
pcrc `xt`hm`r susr`hmác lu`hgs Fgs
r`fcdigh`s. r`suftcmgs `h su`hpu`stg,
téraihgs cprgv`dbô fcs
qu` r`cfizclc `f
trchscddigh`s dga`rdicf`s dgh `f `xt`rigr pcsclch glfiectgrica`ht` pgr fc
T`dr`tcrác m` Ihmustric y Dga`rdig (sid), dirduhstchdic qu` fg r`fcdighô dgh su
titufcr, \cûf Tcfihcs Fgzchg. ^`rg cm`aãs m`f dghtcdtg `stridtca`ht` goidicf qu`
m`rivclc m` fcs ouhdigh`s pûlfidcs m` calgs, Bchj tuvg agtivgs p`rsghcf`s pcrc
`stcr d`rdc m` Tcfihcs yc qu` `h cqu`ffgs cógs s` `xpimiô fc F`y m` Iht`ercdiôh
m` fc Ihmustric Cutgagtriz qu` co`dtclc mir`dtca`ht` sus h`egdigs, pu`s
`ap`zclc `h `sc épgdc c aghtcr fcs oãlridcs m` cutgagtgr`s. Mglf` rczôh pcrc
qu` Bchj duftivcrc uhc caistcm dgh Tcfihcs qu` bc p`rmurcmg c fg fcreg m`f
ti`apg.<?  Cqu`ffc r`spghsclifimcm tcaliéh bizg pgsilf` qu` dghgdi`rc c gtrgs
ouhdighcrigs m` fc aisac sid y m` ihstitudigh`s vihdufcmcs cf drémitg cerádgfc,
dgag Kgre` m` fc _`ec Mgaáheu`z y Dcrfgs ]grr`s Achzg, c qui`h`s ff`vcrác
aãs tcrm` c Dghcsupg dgag sus dgfclgrcmgr`s d`rdchgs duchmg ou`rc m`siehcmg
mir`dtgr e`h`rcf.
^u`m` t`h`rs` uhc im`c m` fc cdtivimcm m` Bchj `h cqu`ffc épgdc (y, pgr `hm`,
fc iapgrtchdic qu` r`pr`s`htclc `s` pu`stg pcrc su prgy`ddiôh pgfátidc) si s`
ti`h` pr`s`ht` qu` sih m`kcr su dcreg cmaihistrctivg `h Dghcsupg, ou` m`f`ecmg
m`f d`h m`f pri `h
]clcsdg (duchmg Dcrfgs Acmrczg `rc egl`rhcmgr y `hscyclc dgh fgs pu`stgs
 fgdcf`s su prgpu`stc m`agdrãtidc), Dbicpcs, Dcap`- db`, Yudctãh y Suihtchc

\gg. Fcs `hdgai`hmcs hg sôfg fg pghách `h dghtcdtg dgh pgfátidgs fgdcf`s m`

r`hgalr`, sihg qu` fg cd`rdclch cf pr`sim`ht` m`f ^\I, Cfoghsg Dgrghc m`f \gscf,
cdtivg prgagtgr m` fc dchmimcturc m`f caieg m` calgs, Eustcvg Mácz Grmcz. @f
`sou`rzg p`rsghcf m` Bchj s` vig dgap`hscmg `h 39?= duchmg `f pr`sim`ht` fg
m`siehô mir`dtgr e`h`rcf m` Dghcsupg. Dihdg cógs m`spués pcrtirác c ]gfudc
dgag egl`rhcmgr.
egl`rhcmgr.
Cht`s m` duapfir fgs ducr`htc cógs m` `mcm, Bchj yc `rc uh prga`t`mgr
pgfátidg capfica`ht` dghgdimg `h su `stcmg y `f ãalitg hcdighcf. ^crc sus
caiegs y d`rdchgs dgfclgrcmgr`s, fc eul`rhcturc yc hg `rc uh pcsg h`d`scrig
pgrqu`, c su kuidig, Bchj gdupcrác `h `f s`x`hig sieui`ht` uhc s`dr`tcrác m`
@stcmg: s`eûh `stc v`rsiôh, f`kgs m` siehioidcr `s` dcreg fgdcf uh cvchd` `h su
dcrr`rc, r`pr`s`htclc uh ri`segsg r`trgd`sg qu`, cm`aãs, fg cf`kcrác m` fc pgfátidc
hcdighcf.<5 @h r`cfimcm, `sc dghsim`rcdiôh m`kclc ou`rc fcs prgpics cspircdigh`s
m`
qu`Bchj y, sglr` `fiei`rc
`f prgo`sgr tgmg, hgcfr`dghgdác qu`pr`sim`hdicf.
prgsp`dtg fc `xp`dtctivc^crc
m`p`hmác m`fm`
cfeuhgs cdi`rtg dgh
sus aãs
d`rdchgs caiegs, hg `rc v`rmcm qu` Bchj yc hg cspircrc c egl`rhcr `f `stcmg:
`ffgs sclách qu` m`sm` `f ihidig m` su dcrr`rc Bchj s` bclác prgpu`stg dghs`euir
`s` dcreg.<2
@f aisag prgo`sgr dgho`scrác `h cfeûh aga`htg qu` pfch`clc s`r egl`rhcmgr
m`spués m` gdupcr sud`sivca`ht` fc cfdcfmác, fc miputcdiôh o`m`rcf y fc
s`hcmurác.<9 ]cf v`z `h 39?9, m`limg cf éxitg `h Dghcsupg y c su caistcm dgh `f
pr`sim`ht` Mácz Grmcz, fc p`rsp`dtivc buli`rc dcalicmg. C kuzecr pgr fgs
cdght`diai`htgs, Bchj hg m`sdcrtô fc eul`rhcturc, p`rg sá fc pgspusg `h vistc m`
fg qu` éf dr`yô `rc uh s`eurg triuhog m` su dchmimctg pr`sim`hdicf y, pgr `hm`, uh
tcaliéh s`eurg fuecr `h `f outurg eclih`t`. @f prgo`sgr, `ap`rg, pcrtidipô `h fc
dghti`hmc pgr `f sud`sgr m` Mácz Grmcz dgh `f p`rsghck` `quivgdcmg, fg qu`
dghvirtiô fc eul`rhcturc `h uhc gpgrtuhc y l`héoidc scfimc iha`mictc.
T`eûh cfeuhcs v`rsigh`s, Bchj bclác cpgycmg cdtivca`ht` cf s`dr`tcrig m` fc
pr`sim`hdic, @aifig Acrtáh`z Achctgu.4> @h `sc `apr`sc Bchj hg bclác simg `f
ûhidg dgaprga`timg, pu`s cm`aãs m` iht`f`dtucf`s r`hgalrcmgs vcrigs pgfátidgs
cpgycrgh cf tcacufip`dg. @htr` `ffgs s` dghtclch Fcurg Grt`ec, pria`rg
s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m`f pri y m`spués sud`sgr m` Acmrczg `h fc pr`sim`hdic duchmg
s` bidi`rgh orcdcscr sus iht`htgs m`agdrãtidgs, y Cfoghsg Acrtáh`z Mgaáheu`z,
 fám`r m` fc Dãacrc m` Miputcmgs m` 39?= c 39?5, y m`spués sud`sgr m` Grt`ec `h

`f ^\I. 43 Cuhqu` pgdg dghgdimc fc v`rsiôh, hg `s iap`hsclf`, pgrqu` Bchj y

Acrtáh`z Achctgu acht`hách d`rdchcs r`fcdigh`s m`sm` oih`s m` fgs cógs
dihdu`htc, y s`eurca`ht` s` `str`dbcrgh pgr fc iht`ra`micdiôh m` Mácz Grmcz,
caieg m` calgs. ^gr gtrg fcmg, `sc pr`o`r`hdic pgfátidc `xpfidcrác pcrdicfa`ht`
fc hgtclf` `h`aistcm qu` f` bc prgo`scmg Fuis @db`v`rrác.
Mioádif m` `ht`hm`r, ` ihdfusg m` o`dbcr, fg di`rtg `s qu` Fuis @db`v`rrác huhdc
pumg acht`h`r r`fcdigh`s dgrmicf`s dgh Bchj. Dgag fg r`du`rmch sus caiegs,
@db`v`rrác bizg duchtg pumg pgr mcócr cf egli`rhg m` Bchj, cutgrizchmg c su
s`dr`tcrig m` Egl`rhcdiôh, Acrig Agyc ^cf`hdic, c cprgv`dbcr ducfqui`r
aáhiac gpgrtuhimcm. Fcs r`fcdigh`s dgh `f egli`rhg o`m`rcf ff`ecrgh c s`r tch
m`fidcmcs qu` m`spués m` vcrigs prglf`acs fgdcf`s, qu` dufaihcrgh dgh `f
o`stivcf m` Cvãhmcrg `h 3953, `f s`hcmg m` fc r`pûlfidc tuvg `h su pgm`r `f t`xtg
goidicf m` fc m`scpcridiôh m` pgm`r`s, pr`pcrcmg pgr `f s`dr`tcrig Acrig Agyc
4<
^cf`hdic.  Fc bclifimcm
qu` sglr`vivi`rc y fgspu`s
su egli`rhg, caiegs m` Bchj ou`rgh
`f pr`sim`ht` fgs Dgaisiôh
m` fc Erch ûhidgs r`dursgs pcrc
m`f s`hcmg
`rc su vi`kg dghgdimg, @hriqu` Gfivcr`s Tchtchc, pgr duycs achgs t`hác qu`
pcscr fc ihidictivc f`ecf. Hg `s m`sdcl`ffcmg p`hscr qu` uh misdr`tg cvisg m`f
f`eisfcmgr f` p`raitiô c Bchj r`spghm`r fc achiglrc.
M` fc oira`zc m` s`htiai`htgs m` Fuis @db`v`rrác mc du`htc `f b`dbg m` qu`
cuh t`raihcmc su e`stiôh pr`sim`hdicf, hg m`kô m` achio`stcrf` c Bchj uh gmig
qu`kôs` Fôp`z ^grtiffg dghsim`rô qu` ff`eclc c ‖`xtr`ags cl`rrcht`s‑,44  pu`s
si`apr` dr`yô qu` m`trãs m` fg qu` @db`v`rrác dghsim`rclc dgag uhc pfch`cmc
dcapcóc pcrc m`spr`stieicrfg `h `f réeia`h m` Fôp`z ^grtiffg, `stclch K`sûs
\`y`s B`rgf`s y Bchj. Ph gmig tch prgouhmg dgag ést` li`h pumg bcl`rs`
cfia`htcmg dgh fc cdtivc aifitchdic m` Bchj c ocvgr m` Acrtáh`z Achctgu, `f
aãs d`rdchg dgap`timgr m` @db`v`rrác. M` cbá qu` fc m`disiôh m` Mácz Grmcz m`
`hvicrfg c ]gfudc dgag egl`rhcmgr bcyc lusdcmg duapfir uh mglf` prgpôsitg;
duimcr fc dcapcóc pr`sim`hdicf m` @db`v`rrác r`tirchmg c uh gpgsitgr m`
pr`stieig, dgh ou`rzc pgfátidc r`eighcf, y cf aisag ti`apg lrihmcrf` c Bchj
prgt`ddiôh f`ecf m`f `hdghg m`f outurg achmctcrig.4=
@stc ûftiac pr`dcudiôh hg `rc `xce`rcmc, pgrqu` cm`aãs m` fc pr`o`r`hdic
pgfátidc pgr su dghtrihdcht`, Bchj suaclc su caistcm dgh Mácz Grmcz. Fcs
scfimcs m` Cfoghsg Acrtáh`z Mgaáheu`z, r`e`ht` m`f Mistritg O`m`rcf, y m` Kufig
 Tãhdb`z _crecs, prgdurcmgr e`h`rcf m` fc r`pûlfidc m`spués m`f 3> m` kuhig m`

3953, pru`lch `f r`hdgr dgh qu` @db`v`rrác p`rsieuiô c fgs im`htioidcmgs dgh su
cht`d`sgr.. Mácz Grmcz s`eurca`ht` hg p`rmiô m` vistc qu` Bchj h`d`sitclc cfeûh
cht`d`sgr
lu`h r`oueig qu` r`sisti`rc cf pr`sim`ht`.
^`rg hg sgfca`ht` ou`rgh dirduhstchdics hcdighcf`s fcs qu` euicrgh cf
pr`sim`ht` Mácz Grmcz, tcaliéh vig `h Bchj `f a`mig pcrc r`sgfv`r `f ihusitcmg
dghofidtg pgfátidg qu` bclác m`sp`rtcmg fc sud`siôh m` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh `h `f
@stcmg m` Aéxidg, `h `f qu` `stclch dght`hmi`hmg vcrigs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s.
Dgag yc s` vig, fc dgap`t`hdic `rc `hdghcmc, sih uh fim`rczeg ûhidg y dgh
prgd`miai`htgs pgdg grtgmgxgs fg qu` bcdác pr`v`r qu` `f triuhocmgr hg
dghv`hd`rác hi c fgs m`aãs gpgh`ht`s hi a`hgs cûh c sus erupgs m` s`euimgr`s.
F`kgs m` p`hscrs` `h uhc trchsidiôh pcdáoidc, fg qu` s` pr`s`htclc `rc uh
pchgrcac m` m`sgrm`h y cdcsg m` ih`stclifimcm qu` `h 39?9, m`spués m`f
agviai`htg `stumichtif y su trãeidg oihcf, y fc mioádif fudbc pgr fc pr`sim`hdic, `rc

ihcmaisilf`
hu`vg, dgagybclác
a`hgs cûh `hm`sm`
gdurrimg fc `htimcm
39=<, `faãs prôxiacm`f
egl`rhcmgr cf @stcmg
Mistritgm`O`m`rcf. M`
Aéxidg ou`
s`f`ddighcmg ct`hmi`hmg c fcs dghmidigh`s iht`rhcs, c fc caistcm m` cfeûh
dchmimctg dgh `f pr`sim`ht`, p`rg tcaliéh c fc iapgrtchdic `strctéeidc m` fc
`htimcm.
Hg glstcht`, tcaliéh ihofuyô `f mistchdicai`htg `htr` `f k`o` m`f `k`dutivg
o`m`rcf y `f achmctcrig fgdcf scfi`ht`. Cuhqu` hg ff`eô c t`h`r fcs cerics
achio`stcdigh`s m` gtrgs dcsgs yc chcfizcmgs, Mácz Grmcz hg vig dgh lu`hgs
gkgs c O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh. Mgs sud`sgs ifustrch dgh hitim`z `s` m`scercmg.
Duchmg Cmgfog Fôp`z Act`gs iht`erclc su eclih`t`, m`dimiô qu` mgs caiegs
gdupcrch fc titufcrimcm m` Egl`rhcdiôh y fc suls`dr`tcrác m`f rcag, Mácz Grmcz y
O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh, r`sp`dtivca`ht`. T`eûh Orchdisdg Ecfihmg Gdbgc, caieg
m`f pglfchg y k`o` m` pr`hsc murcht` su cmaihistrcdiôh, cf `ht`rcrs` Mácz Grmcz
f` pimiô c Fôp`z Act`gs agmioidcr `f hgalrcai`htg: `f pr`sim`ht` `f`dtg `hviô
`htghd`s c @db`v`rrác dgag suls`dr`tcrig y c O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh c fc T`dr`tcrác
E`h`rcf m`f ^\I.40
^`rg `f m`scercmg m`f pglfchg hg t`raihô dgh fc `f`ddiôh m` O`rhãhm`z
Cflcrrãh dgag egl`rhcmgr m`f `stcmg. M` cdu`rmg dgh cfeuhgs t`stiaghigs, fc
T`dr`tcrác m` Egl`rhcdiôh vieifô m` d`rdc fcs grechizcdigh`s `stumichtif`s m` fc
`htimcm, qu` `h cqu`f `htghd`s `rch cdtivcs y auy drátidcs m`f m`s`ap`óg m`
 O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh. @h pria`rc ihstchdic, s` lusdô m`sdulrir fcs iht`hdigh`s m`

fgs `stumicht`s, y duchmg s` dghoiraô su iht`rés `h fc pgfátidc fgdcf (vcrigs m` sus

mirie`ht`s s`rách aãs tcrm` m`stcdcmgs ouhdighcrigs m`f `stcmg), Egl`rhcdiôh f`s
prgpusg ctcdcr sist`aãtidca`ht` cf achmctcrig dgh `f ûhidg oih m` prgvgdcrf`
prglf`acs.4?  Tôfg cqu`f prihdipig m` f`cftcm ihstitudighcf, yc chcfizcmg `h `f
dcpátufg I, iapimiô fc achiglrc. Dgh `stgs mctgs, `s oãdif `ht`hm`r qu` hg
cd`ptcrc dgag egl`rhcmgr c hiheuhg m` fgs dchmimctgs mir`dtc g ihmir`dtca`ht`
csgdicmgs c éf, dgag `rch Tuãr`z m`f Tgfcr g Acd`mg. A`hgs cûh duchmg uh
caieg dgag Bchj `stclc `h cpurgs.
Fc oieurc ihmisdutilf` m` Bchj tuvg `o`dtgs iha`mictgs `h `sc misputcmc
dghti`hmc: dgag r`du`rmch fgs pgfátidgs qu` vivi`rgh `f aga`htg, cf dghgd`rs`
fc pgstufcdiôh goidicf m` Bchj, tgmgs fgs dgap`timgr`s, `xd`ptg Acd`mg,
r`huhdicrgh.45  @rc dgapr`hsilf` pgrqu` hiheuhg m` fgs dchmimctgs dgh
trcy`dtgric fgdcf t`hác `f dgapf`a`htg hcdighcf m` Bchj, hi siqui`rc Acrig
Dgfáh, c qui`h s` dghsim`rclc dcsi uh ocaificr m` Ocl`fc: r`sp`dtg m` @h`mihg
Acd`mg y Chtghig L`rhcf, fgs ûhidgs qu` dghtclch dgh dcregs `h fc pgfátidc
o`m`rcf, hg t`hách fc prgy`ddiôh qu` Bchj bclác cfdchzcmg dgh su m`s`ap`óg `h
Dghcsupg. Ti, pgr uh fcmg, su dcrr`rc `rc aãs dgapf`tc (g siapf`a`ht` aãs
`xt`hsc), pgr gtrg, su bistgric y pr`stieig fgdcf, dghstruimg m`sm` fgs cógs
ducr`htc, f` p`raitách cefutihcr c `sc éfit` mispghilf`, cyuhc m` fim`rczeg.

@F E\P^G Y TP FÁM@\
Fc dghogracdiôh m`f eclih`t` m` Bchj y, `h uh s`htimg aãs capfig, `f cdd`sg c
fcs cdtivimcm`s pgfátidcs qu` éf cuspidiô, r`v`fch hg sôfg su ceum`zc sihg fcs
rczgh`s pgr fcs ducf`s s` dghvirtiô `h uh fám`r r`sp`tcmg pgr su csd`hm`hdic y
cutgrimcm, y hg ûhidca`ht`, uh egl`rhcmgr cf qu` s` s`rvác m` ach`rc
ihstitudighcf. Bchj duimô vcrigs csp`dtgs m` mioádif dgalihcdiôh; pgr uh fcmg,
r`dup`rô c vi`kgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s qu` bclác dghgdimg murcht` fgs cógs ducr`htc
y dihdu`htc: ffcaô c dght`apgrãh`gs suygs y `stiaufô fc pcrtidipcdiôh m`
ôv`h`s c qui`h`s bclác `hs`ócmg dgag prgo`sgr g qu` ihidiclch sus cdtivimcm`s
pgfátidcs. ^`rg, pgr gtrg fcmg, ff`vô c caiegs qu` bclác dghgdimg `h fc pgfátidc
 hcdighcf, r`dghgdimgs y dgap`t`ht`s, cuh duchmg hg ou`rch griuhmgs m` fc

`htimcm.
@sc p`duficr a`zdfc pgfátidc hg m`sduimô mgs ocdtgr`s `s`hdicf`s; fc dghoichzc
p`rsghcf y fc ecrchtác m` uh aáhiag m` `oidi`hdic tédhidc y cmaihistrctivc qu` f`
p`raiti`rc bcd`r uh lu`h egli`rhg. Fg iapgrtcht` m`f dcsg `s qu` si li`h fc
dghoichzc sgfca`ht` pgmác cs`eurcrfc dgh fgs caiegs, `sg hg iapimiô qu`
ihdgrpgrcrc c
 kôv`h`s ouhdighcrigs c qui`h`s hg dghgdác, p`rg duycs dcpcdimcm`s `rch
r`dghgdimcs pgr p`rsghcs d`rdchcs. @h ducfqui`rc m` fgs dcsgs, cf dghd`m`rf` c
tgmgs fc gpgrtuhimcm m` ihidicr g dghtihucr uhc dcrr`rc pgfátidc `h su egli`rhg,
Bchj e`h`rô f`cftcm`s hcturcf`s.42
Tu acre`h m` cutghgaác pu`m` cpr`dicrs` `h `f ducmrg =.3, mghm` oieurc fc
fistc m` ouhdighcrigs qu` dgfclgrcrgh dgh éf `h `f ãr`c cmaihistrctivc. M` fgs <3
ai`alrgs m` su eclih`t`, sgfca`ht` s`is bclách gdupcmg uh dcreg m`f aisag
hiv`f `h cfeûhfgsegli`rhg
pr`disca`ht` p`rigmgscht`rigr,
`h qu` `héf pcrtidufcr
m`s`ap`óôdghsusTãhdb`z Dgfáh
pria`rgs y Lcz,
dcregs m`
iapgrtchdic. M` fgs quihd` r`stcht`s, mgs bclách t`himg dcregs m` r`pr`s`htcdiôh
pgpufcr, y `f r`stg (tr`d`), hg sôfg cpcr`dách pgr pria`rc v`z, cm`aãs fg bcdách
dgag titufcr`s `h `f eclih`t`. Fgs <3 dghkueclch fgs mio`r`ht`s drit`rigs yc
`hua`rcmgs fáh`cs ctrãs. @f pria`rg `rc, sih mumc cfeuhc, su s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf
m` Egli`rhg, Kgre` Kiaéh`z Dchtû.
Dghgd`mgr m` fgs ritgs fgdcf`s, Bchj `hviô vcrics s`ócf`s dgh `sc m`siehcdiôh.
Kiaéh`z Dchtû `rc uh pgfátidg prglcmg, dghgd`mgr m`f `stcmg pgr bcl`r t`himg `f
aisag dcreg dgh `f mgdtgr Lcz: pgr `sc aisac rczôh, dgh Kiaéh`z Dchtû bcdác
uh r`dghgdiai`htg cf egl`rhcmgr qu` bclác rgtg dgh Ocl`fc p`rg qu` bclác
t`himg `f cdi`rtg m` iapufscr c pgfátidgs kôv`h`s, ihidicmgs pgr `f mipfgaãtidg,
dgag fg `rc `f aisag Bchj. ^`rg tcaliéh `rc uh hgalrcai`htg dcfdufcmg pcrc
fc situcdiôh pgfátidc hcdighcf; Kiaéh`z Dchtû `rc caieg m` @db`v`rrác m` qui`h,
dgag yc s` vig, Bchj hg pgmác `sp`rcr uh trctg caclf`. 49 @f prgpôsitg `rc qu`
Kiaéh`z Dchtû t`hmi`rc pu`ht`s m` `ht`hmiai`htg dgh fgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s y c fc
v`z dgh su `h`aieg, `f pr`sim`ht` m` fc r`pûlfidc. Fcs pr`visigh`s m` Bchj
ou`rgh dgrr`dtcs pgrqu` pgdg aãs m` uh cóg m`spués, Kiaéh`z Dchtû ou`
ihvitcmg pgr @db`v`rrác pcrc iht`ercr su eclih`t` dgag s`dr`tcrig m` Tcfulrimcm,
m`sm` mghm` f` cyumcrác c ct`hucr fgs ctcqu`s pr`sim`hdicf`s.
 

^`rg `f titufcr m` fc pgfátidc iht`rhc hg `rc ûhidca`ht`, dgag s` bc

iht`rpr`tcmg dgh or`du`hdic, uhc b`r`hdic m`f mgdtgr Lcz: Kiaéh`z Dchtû, `h
r`cfimcm, `rc caieg m` Bchj. Dgag s` r`dgrmcrã, Bchj ou` m`siehcmg pgr Lcz
mir`dtgr m` Egl`rhcdiôh, `f pu`stg iha`mictg iho`rigr m` fc T`dr`tcrác E`h`rcf, c
dcreg m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû: m` tcf su`rt` qu`, cuhqu` pgr dgrtg ti`apg, Bchj ou` `f
sulgrmihcmg m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû. @sc r`fcdiôh ogracf y fc qu` s` achtuvg `htr`
calgs duchmg Bchj s` dghvirtiô `h miputcmg o`m`rcf, ogrtcf`di`rgh fc caistcm.
Aãs tcrm` fgs téraihgs goidicf`s s` ihvirti`rgh. Duchmg dghdfuyô fc e`stiôh m`

Lcz `h 39?4,
ést` ou` Kiaéh`z
hgalrcmg Dchtû
mir`dtgr trclckô
e`h`rcf m``h csuhtgs pcrtidufcr`s
Dghcsupg, m` Bchj
fg m`siehô e`r`ht` m`yLgm`ecs
duchmg
\urcf`s, ãr`c `hdcrecmc m`f cfacd`hcai`htg m` erchgs.=>
Ou` Kiaéh`z Dchtû qui`h mis`aihô pgr tgmc fc r`pûlfidc fgs sifgs qu` ff`ecrách
c s`r r`pr`s`htctivgs m` Dghcsupg. ^gdg m`spués, duchmg Bchj ou` pgstufcmg
dchmimctg c fc eul`rhcturc, Kiaéh`z Dchtû ou` `f r`spghsclf` m`f erupg tédhidg
m` fc dcapcóc pgfátidc, duyc dggrmihcdiôh e`h`rcf ff`vclc Acrig Dgfáh. =3
Caistcm, dgfclgrcdiôh prgo`sighcf y dãfdufg pgfátidg dgihdimi`rgh `h fgs fczgs
qu` Bchj y Kiaéh`z Dchtû bch acht`himg bcstc `f pr`s`ht`.
@h `f s`euhmg dcreg aãs iapgrtcht`, fc Goidicfác Acygr, `f egl`rhcmgr
m`siehô c Crturg Acrtáh`z F`egrr`tc, uh kgv`h ouhdighcrig grieihcrig m`
 Ctfcdgaufdg, duyg pcmr` dghgdiô y trctô c Ocl`fc. Ti li`h Acrtáh`z F`egrr`tc hg

bclác t`himg cht`s m` 39?9 uh dcreg pgfátidg `h fgs egli`rhgs fgdcf`s, `rc uh
chtieug dgfclgrcmgr y caieg m` Bchj. @h di`rtg agmg, éf `s uhc pru`lc tcheilf`
m` fc glrc aceist`ricf y cf aisag ti`apg pgfátidc m` Bchj, pgrqu` ou` su
ac`strg `h fc @sdu`fc T`duhmcric hûa`rg 3 m` ]gfudc. Fc r`fcdiôh fgdcf y fc qu`
`stclf`di`rgh dgag misdápufg y ac`strg, ou`rgh fg suoidi`ht`a`ht` sôfimcs dgag
pcrc qu` cf t`raihcr Acrtáh`z F`egrr`tc sus `stumigs m` cmaihistrcdiôh pûlfidc
`h 39?< (pgr di`rtg, `h fc pria`rc e`h`rcdiôh m` `sc ocduftcm) Bchj fg ihvitcrc
dgag cs`sgr duchmg s` m`s`ap`óclc dgag söle`r`ht` m` v`htcs `h Dghcsupg, y
c pcrtir m` 39?= fg hgalrcrc, sud`sivca`h t`, sulk`o` y k`o` m`f M`pcrtca`htg m`
Dghtrgf y Mistriludiôh m` @xist`hdics, y pgdg m`spués e`r`ht` m` v`htcs `h `sc
`apr`sc.
@h fgs gtrgs pu`stgs Bchj ou` dgalihchmg `xp`ri`hdic dgh kuv`htum y
r`dghgdi`hmg vi`kcs caistcm`s cmquirimcs `h su dcrr`rc fgdcf. Dgag pria`r

prgdurcmgr
Dcacdbg, qu`e`h`rcf
bcstcm``htghd`s
Kustidic `rc
m`siehô c uhm`vi`kg
mir`dtgr dghgdimg,m`Aieu`f
fc Ocduftcm M`r`dbgEcfihmg
`h fc
uhiv`rsimcm `stctcf: cf r`huhdicr, pgdgs cógs m`spués, hgalrô c Euiff`rag Dgfáh
Tãhdb`z, cbikcmg m` Ocl`fc, qu` murcht` fc cmaihistrcdiôh m` Tãhdb`z Dgfáh s`
bclác m`s`ap`ócmg tcaliéh dgag prgdurcmgr, y c qui`h Bchj bclác m`siehcmg
cf dga`hzcr su egli`rhg, t`h`mgr m`f \`eistrg ^ûlfidg m` fc ^rgpi`mcm.=<
Dgag pria`r mir`dtgr m` Egl`rhcdiôh `fieiô c @hriqu` Dcrlckcf \glf`s, qui`h
bclác simg su sulmir`dtgr duchmg Bchj tuvg `sc mir`ddiôh `h `f p`rigmg m` Lcz y
qu` fg sustituyô duchmg gltuvg fc miputcdiôh o`m`rcf `h 3902. Dcrlckcf
p`rach`diô `h `s` pu`stg murcht` tgmg `f p`rigmg m` Lcz, pgr fg qu` `stclf`diô
uhc lu`hc r`fcdiôh dgh Kiaéh`z Dchtû: csá, Bchj r`dghgdác c uh dgfclgrcmgr
p`rg, sglr` tgmg, cs`eurclc fc dgauhidcdiôh `htr` fgs mgs ouhdighcrigs aãs
iapgrtcht`s m` su T`dr`tcrác E`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg.
Dgag k`o` m`f M`pcrtca`htg Dghsuftivg y m` F`eisfcdiôh y m`spués
pr`sim`ht` m`f ]riluhcf Tup`rigr m` Kustidic, m`siehô cf `x goidicf acygr m`
Tãhdb`z Dgfáh, Cf`kchmrg Dclcff`rg, ai`htrcs qu` dôag mir`dtgr m` ]rclckg
`hviô c Kgsé \caôh Crchc Prlihc, vi`kg pgfátidg fgdcf qu` tcaliéh `rc caieg m`
Tãhdb`z Dgfáh, dgh qui`h bclác trclckcmg tchtg `h fc dcapcóc m` Aieu`f
Cf`aãh dgag `h su egli`rhg dgag clgecmg dghsuftgr. Crchc, cm`aãs, bclác
simg prgdurcmgr m` fc M`o`hsc m`f ]rclckg murcht` fc cmaihistrcdiôh m` M`f
 Aczg. Dgag uhc dfcrc ct`hdiôh cf ocl`fisag, Bchj m`siehô c Acrig Dgfáh

r`pr`s`htcht` m` su egli`rhg `h `f Mistritg O`m`rcf, y c Ceripáh Ecrdác @strcmc

mir`dtgr m` @mudcdiôh ^ûlfidc, calgs pgfátidgs im`htioidcmgs pf`hca`ht` dgh `f
mipfgaãtidg.
@h tgmgs fgs dcsgs pu`m` cmv`rtirs` dôag Bchj r`dghgdiô caistcm`s dr`cmcs c
su pcsg pgr fc pgfátidc (y m` cbá fc ou`rt` pr`s`hdic m` `x ouhdighcrigs m`
Tãhdb`z Dgfáh y Lcz `h duygs p`rigmgs tuvg sus pria`rcs gpgrtuhimcm`s), p`rg
cf aisag ti`apg mclc r`pr`s`htcdiôh sialôfidc c fgs erupgs pgfátidgs aãs
iapgrtcht`s; Ocl`fc, Tãhdb`z Dgfáh y Lcz. Fgs r`dghgdiai`htgs ff`ecrgh ihdfusg
c sus váhdufgs hcdighcf`s; murcht` su egli`rhg Bchj dr`ô mgs dggrmihcdigh`s
e`h`rcf`s, fc m` Glrcs ^ûlfidcs y `f Dghs`kg m`f M`scrrgffg Cerádgfc y
Echcm`rg, calcs m`stihcmcs c pgh`r `h acrdbc prgercacs iapgrtcht`s pcrc `sc
cmaihistrcdiôh qu` cht`rigra`ht` dghtrgfcrgh fcs m`p`hm`hdics qu` yc `xistách
`h dcmc ãr`c. Ai`htrcs qu` `stcs m`p`hm`hdics fgdcf`s ou`rgh gp`rcmcs pgr

pgfátidgs m`f `stcmg,

pgfátidc hcdighcf; fcs dggrmihcdigh`s
^`mrg \caár`z _ãzqu`z e`h`rcf`s fcs dghoiô
y F`gpgfmg c mgs
Tãhdb`z caiegs
D`fis, m` m`
caieg fc
Eustcvg Mácz Grmcz y qui`h dgag egl`rhcmgr m` Tihcfgc tuvg uh pcp`f
r`f`vcht` pcrc prgvgdcr fc r`huhdic m` Dcrfgs Acmrczg `h `f ^\I. Bchj ff`vclc
`xp`ri`hdic c su egli`rhg p`rg sih gfvimcr sus r`fcdigh`s.
Tih `alcreg, hg m`sduimô `f dghtrgf m` fc pgfátidc y m` su egli`rhg, pcrc fg
ducf hgalrô `h fgs pu`stgs dfcv` c bgalr`s m` su pf`hc dghoichzc, dgag fg
ihmidch dgh dfcrimcm fgs hgalrcai`htgs m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû y Acrtáh`z F`egrr`tc.
@f prgpôsitg fg r`coiraô dgh gtrg tipg m` m`siehcdigh`s qu` cmidighcfa`ht`
pr`s`htch uhc m` sus ocd`tcs aãs r`dghgdimcs pgr fgs pgfátidgs m`f `stcmg; su
mispgsidiôh c ihdgrpgrcr ouhdighcrigs dgap`t`ht`s, p`rg qu` hg eucrmclch
hiheuhc r`fcdiôh p`rsghcf dgh éf. @htr` fcs aãs siehioidctivcs s` `hdu`htrch fcs
m` Iehcdig ^idbcrmg ^ceczc y Kgre` @mucrmg Fcris Dcsiffcs. M` calgs, p`rg
sglr` tgmg m`f pria`rg, s` bc midbg qu` sgh pgfátidgs b`dbgs pgr Bchj y qu`
r`pr`s`htch su b`r`hdic aãs cdclcmc p`rg, dgag bclrã gpgrtuhimcm m` v`r dgh
aãs m`tcff`, éstc `s uhc aãs m` fcs v`rsigh`s qu` iht`erch fc dr``hdic pgpufcr. Fg
aãs iapgrtcht` `s qu` calgs ouhdighcrigs, r`dghgdimgs pgr tgmgs dgag
`xp`rtgs `h sus act`rics, ti`h`h `h dgaûh bcl`r simg hgalrcmgs pgr Bchj `h
pu`stgs dfcv` m` su eclih`t` prãdtidca`ht` sih dghgd`rfgs.
^idbcrmg hcdiô `h ]gfudc `h 3940 y r`cfizô tgmgs sus `stumigs, m` fc priacric c
 fc fid`hdicturc, `h `f Mistritg O`m`rcf. @h 3905, m`spués m` ercmucrs` `h m`r`dbg

pgr fc PHCA, vickô c Ihefct`rrc y

@stcmgs Phimgs pcrc durscr `stumigs m` pgsercmg `h cmaihistrcdiôh y oihchzcs
pûlfidcs. ]cf v`z murcht` su `stchdic `h Fghmr`s bcyc dghgdimg cf `alckcmgr
Crturg Cra`hmãriz, dgh qui`h `stclf`d`rác uhc `str`dbc caistcm c tcf ercmg qu`
duchmg Cra`hmãriz s` dghvirti`rc `h mir`dtgr e`h`rcf m`f Lchdg m` Dga`rdig
@xt`rigr,, ihvitcrác cf kgv`h ^idbcrmg c trclckcr dgag mir`dtgr m` fc r`vistc qu` `sc
@xt`rigr
ihstitudiôh pulfidc bcstc bgy. @stgs mctgs r`v`fch qu` ^idbcrmg, dgag audbgs
gtrgs pgfátidgs m`f `stcmg, hg t`hác dghtcdtg mir`dtg dgh fc `htimcm, hi audbg
a`hgs bclác b`dbg su bcstc `htghd`s dgrtc dcrr`rc vihdufcmg c cfeuhg m` fgs
erupgs qu` bclách dghtrgfcmg fc pgfátidc.=4
Tu pria`r pu`stg pgfátidg y `f ûhidg vihdufcmg cf `stcmg, ou` fc miputcdiôh
o`m`rcf pgr ]gfudc qu` gltuvg `h 39?5. @f dcrãdt`r o`m`rcf m`f dcreg y `f mistritg
qu` r`pr`s`htclc, bclfch m`f iapgrtcht` cpgyg qu` `hdghtrô murcht` uhc
cmaihistrcdiôh dgag fc m` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh, qu` hg s` dcrcdt`rizô pgr mcr
dclimc c kôv`h`s. ^crc cfeuhgs, ^idbcrmg fg fgerô ercdics c sus váhdufgs `h `f
egli`rhg d`htrcf, pgrqu` `f egl`rhcmgr m`s`clc qu` fc duruf ou`rc gdupcmc pgr
uh dghgdimg p`rsghck` m` fc dcpitcf m`f `stcmg, `f mgdtgr Acrig _ifdbis. == ^crc
gtrgs, ou` `f aisag O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh qui`h fg r`spcfmô, hg tchtg pgrqu` fg
dghgdi`rc, sihg pgrqu` bclác dghgdimg c su pcmr`, Dcrfgs ^idbcrmg, miputcmg
dghstituy`ht` m`f `stcmg, caieg y dgfclgrcmgr m` Oifil`rtg Eôa`z y ai`alrg
m`stcdcmg m`f ^T], rczgh`s suoidi`ht`s pcrc qu` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh cdd`mi`rc c
` hv`recmurc.=0
mcrf` uh pu`stg m` `sc `hv`recmurc.

M` ducfqui`r
ct`hdiôh ograc,
m` Bchj. fc miputcdiôh
@h `sc f`eisfcturc o`m`rcf ou`ou`
^idbcrmg `f dcreg m`disivgm`pcrc
`f pr`sim`ht` ffcacr fc
fc Dgaisiôh
m` ^r`supu`stg y Du`htc ^ûlfidc, fg qu` f` p`raitiô m`scrrgffcr sus
dghgdiai`htgs `h fcs oihchzcs eul`rhca`htcf`s. Ti `h `sc cdtivimcm s` mig c
dghgd`r dgag uh tédhidg `sp`dicfizcmg, ou` Che`f Lghiocz @z`tc, dgapcó`rg m`
^idbcrmg `h fc Dãacrc, qui`h fg pusg `h dghtcdtg dgh `f egl`rhcmgr. Cht`s m`
`s` aga`htg Bchj y ^idbcrmg dcaihclch pgr rutcs pcrcf`fcs, tch mistcht`s qu`
hcmi` p`hsclc siqui`rc `h fc pgsilifimcm m` qu` oieurcrc `h `f eclih`t`. M` cbá
qu` duchmg ^idbcrmg cpcr`diô, hcmc a`hgs qu` dgag mir`dtgr m` Bcdi`hmc, ou`
uhc sgrpr`sc ihdfusg pcrc fgs caiegs m`f egl`rhcmgr. =?  Bchj m`pgsitô tchtc
dghoichzc `h ^idbcrmg qu` duchmg Kiaéh`z Dchtû r`huhdiô c fc T`dr`tcrác
 E`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg `f egl`rhcmgr fg m`siehô `h su fuecr.

M`sm` `htghd`s, dgag fg r`dghgd` uh t`stieg, ^idbcrmg ou` `f ouhdighcrig `h

qui`h Bchj dghoiô `f ach`kg cmaihistrctivg m`f egli`rhg pcrc qu` éf pumi`rc
m`midcrs` c fc pgfátidc; ‖^idbcrmg ou` si`apr` `f bgalr` `oidi`ht`, `f bgalr` m`
r`suftcmgs, `f bgalr` m` fgs misdursgs, m`f ihogra` m`f egl`rhcmgr, `f iht`f`dtucf
qu` Bchj si`apr` bc cpr`dicmg‑.=5  Hg bcy mumc m` qu` `htr` calgs s`
m`scrrgffô uhc prgouhmc caistcm qu`, si c Bchj f` r`mituô `f l`h`oidig iha`mictg
m` fc `oidi`hdic murcht` su cmaihistrcdiôh, c ^idbcrmg f` lrihmô uhc `hgra`
`xp`ri`hdic pgfátidc qu` c fcreg pfczg dcpitcfizcrác dgh dr`d`s.
^crc sustituir c ^idbcrmg `h Bcdi`hmc, Bchj ff`vô c @mucrmg Fcris Dcsiffcs, uh
gv`h `dghgaistc, tcaliéh `xp`rtg `h oihchzcs m`f s`dtgr pûlfidg, qu` yc bclác
dgfclgrcmg dgh éf `h Dghcsupg. Fc ach`rc `h qu` fg m`sdulriô ifustrc pgr sá
aisac `f `stifg m` Bchj; s`eûh cfeuhgs, ést` pimiô c fcs `alckcmcs m` Aéxidg `h
@urgpc f` ihogracrch fgs hgalr`s m` fgs `stumicht`s aãs cm`fchtcmgs `h
=2
`dghgaác. Cf pcr`d`r, Fcris ou` `f aãs r`dga`hmcmg.
Fgs dcsgs m` ^idbcrmg y Fcris `k`apfioidch uhg m` fgs prihdipigs qu`
mistiheu`h fc dghmudtc pgfátidc m` Bchj; ‖c éf hg f` iapgrtc quiéh r`su`fv` fgs
prglf`acs, sihg qu` s` r`su`fvch‑: `s fc `oidi`hdic y hg `f iht`rés act`ricf fg qu`
ff`vc c Bchj c ihdgrpgrcr c ouhdighcrigs m`sdghgdimgs, p`rg dgh cftcs
dcfioidcdigh`s tédhidcs.=9 Fc s`eurimcm m` Bchj `h `f `o`dtg qu` prgvgdclc `stc
cdtitum `h téraihgs m` f`cftcm, s` pu`m` dgapr`hm`r cf cmv`rtir qu` c `stgs
ouhdighcrigs f`s dghoiclc pu`stgs m` achmg m` duyg m`s`ap`óg m`p`hmách
csp`dtgs d`htrcf`s m` su egli`rhg.

Bchj tcaliéh
iapufscr c kôv`h`spusg `h prãdtidc
pgfátidgs. Ercdicsuhc `hs`óchzc
c `ffc tuvi`rgh cpr`hmimc m` Ocl`fc y Lcz;
gpgrtuhimcm`s p`rsghck`s dgag Kgsé Chtghig Auógz Tcacygc, qu` pgdgs
cógs cht`s bclác `er`scmg dgh fc pria`rc e`h`rcdiôh m` cmaihistrcdiôh pûlfidc
qu` pr`pcrclc fc uhiv`rsimcm m`f `stcmg. Murcht` fc dcapcóc pgr fc eul`rhcturc,
Auógz Tcacygc dgfclgrô dgh fgs `quipgs tédhidgs, y cf tgacr pgs`siôh Bchj f`
dghoiô fc Mir`ddiôh m` ^rgagdiôh Ihmustricf, Dga`rdicf y Crt`schcf, grechisag
dr`cmg `h `s` p`rigmg pcrc hgracr `f dr`diai`htg `dghôaidg m`f `stcmg. Gtrgs
ôv`h`s ou`rgh Eclri`f @z`tc (sulmir`dtgr m` Egl`rhcdiôh y pria`r pr`sim`ht`
auhidipcf m` Ducutitfãh Izdcffi), Bual`rtg L`hát`z ]r`vióg (mirie`ht` kuv`hif
m`f pcrtimg y m`spués ouhdighcrig m`f Ihstitutg m` Cddiôh Prlchc ` Iht`ercdiôh
 Tgdicf (Curis)), y @aifig Dbucyoo`t (m`f`ecmg m`f ^\I).0>

Fc m`disiôh m` clrir fc pgfátidc c cqu`ffgs qu` fg m`s`crch s` gls`rvc `h tgmgs

fgs ãalitgs m` fc pgfátidc. M` fgs 29 ouhdighcrigs qu` trclckcrgh `h `f egli`rhg
m` Bchj (ihdfuimgs fgs ai`alrgs m` su eclih`t`) sgfca`ht` <= bclách
dgfclgrcmg `h cfeûh p`rigmg cht`rigr y, m` ach`rc m`stcdcmc, `h fgs tr`s
iha`mictgs (vécs` `f ducmrg =.3). Fc aisac t`hm`hdic s` gls`rvc `h `f r`stg m`
fgs pu`stgs pgfátidgs; m` fgs 42 miputcmgs o`m`rcf`s, 0? fgdcf`s, 42 pr`sim`ht`s
auhidipcf`s y 4< mirie`ht`s m`f pcrtimg, sôfg dctgrd`, quihd`, mgd` y tr`d`,
r`sp`dtivca`ht`, bclách t`himg cfeûh dcreg cht`s (vécs` fgs ducmrgs =.< cf =.0).
Dgag pu`m` cpr`dicrs`, dcsi tgmgs s` dghd`htrch `h fgs p`rigmgs m` Lcz y
O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh (ihdfusg fgŚ pr`sim`ht`s auhidipcf`s m` Bchj, dcsi `h su
tgtcfimcm, tuvi`rgh su grie`h `h `st` egli`rhg `h pu`stgs m` `f`ddiôh) y, `h
a`hgr a`mimc, m` Tãhdb`z Dgfáh. Ph mctg qu` `xpfidc `stc pr`o`r`hdic `s qu`
cm`aãs m` s`r fcs cmaihistrcdigh`s `h qu` Bchj dgfclgrô,
dg fclgrô, tcaliéh dgrr`spghm`h

ccqu`ffgs
fc e`h`rcdiôh
pgfátidgsm`fdght`apgrãh`gs
prgo`sgr: `h dghs`du`hdic `rc m`
suygs aãs qu` hcturcf
fgs m`qu` `dbcrc
`mcm achg @f
cvchzcmc. m`
ûhidg sitig `h qu` Bchj dghtrgfô c fgs r`pr`s`htcht`s ou` `h `f s`hcmg, mghm`
pumg s`f`ddighcr c pgfátidgs sih cht`d`m`ht`s (ducmrg =.?).03
 

Dgh `stgs mctgs yc pu`m`h cmv`rtirs` cfeuhcs m` fcs dcrcdt`rástidcs mistihtivcs

m` Bchj qu` f` cyumcrgh c glt`h`r `f fim`rczeg qu` c oih`s m` fgs cógs s`s`htc
`stclc vcdág. @st` puhtg ti`h` mgs csp`dtgs qu` `s pr`disg mistiheuir; pgr uh fcmg,
`f b`dbg m` qu` hg bclác uh pgfátidg dcpcz m` `hdcl`zcr fc éfit` fgdcf y, pgr gtrg,
fgs ctrilutgs p`rsghcf`s m` Bchj. @h 39?9, duchmg Bchj s` bizg dcreg m`f
egli`rhg fgdcf, fc ihofu`hdic m` fgs cht`rigr`s achmctcrigs bclác dghdfuimg hg

sôfg pgr fccli`rtc

gpgsidiôh ihdcpcdimcm m` dcmc
m`f egli`rhg uhg pcrc
d`htrcf, sihg dr`cr
pgrqu`erupgs
bcláchmurcm`rgs
ff`ecmg gy `stclch
pgr fc
ff`echmg cf oihcf m` sus vimcs. Ocl`fc bclác au`rtg `h 39?=: O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh
y M`f Aczg agrirách, r`sp`dtivca`ht`, `h 395< y 3950: Tãhdb`z Dgfáh s` bclác
r`tircmg m` fc pgfátidc y Lcz, m` `mcm cvchzcmc, `rc aãs uh sáalgfg qu` uhc
r`cfimcm.
@rc hcturcf qu` Bchj, c fgs ducr`htc
d ucr`htc y mgs cógs, pumi`rc gdupcr `f fuecr m` sus
cht`d`sgr`s y, aãs cûh, gst`htcr f`eátiaca`ht` fc b`r`hdic pgfátidc m` dcmc
uhg.0<  Fc éfit` qu` pcrc `sc épgdc s` bclác m`scrrgffcmg y qu`, kustg `h fc
sud`siôh echcmc pgr Bchj, bclác mcmg au`strcs m` vitcfimcm, `rc dght`apgrãh`c
suyc y, fg aãs iapgrtcht`, hg dghtclc dgh hcmi` aãs m` siaifcr `stcturc pgfátidc.
M` b`dbg, Bchj `rc `f a`kgr r`pr`s`htcht` m` fc e`h`rcdiôh m` cmgf`sd`ht`s y
ôv`h`s qu` s` ihidicrgh dgh Ocl`fc g qu` s` `mudcrgh `h fc trcmidiôh ouhmcmc
pgr éf. @stc ducfimcm y su bclifimcm pcrc iht`ercr `h su egli`rhg c r`pr`s`htcht`s,
r`cf`s g supu`stgs, m` tgmgs fgs p`rigmgs cht`rigr`s, f` p`raitiô dghstituirs` `h
uh mirie`ht` m` erch ou`rzc.04
Fc csd`hm`hdic m` Bchj, sih `alcreg, s` ouhmca`htc `h gtrgs ocdtgr`s
p`rsghcf`s. Phg m` `ffgs `s `f cftg vcfgr qu` f` dghd`m` c fc caistcm y c fc
f`cftcm. Éf aisag bc m`dfcrcmg qu` fc caistcm `s dcsi uhc r`fieiôh qu` supgh`,
 pgr fg tchtg, uh prihdipig m` dgapgrtcai`htg y m` r`sp`tg `htr` sus pcrtidipcht`s
qu` iapfidc `f iht`rdcalig r`dáprgdg m` cyumc y, `h uh s`htimg aãs capfig, m`

prgt`ddiôh.0=
Fc caistcm `s tch vcfigsc pcrc Bchj qu` bc fgercmg `stclf`d`rfc dgh `h`aiegs
irr`dghdificlf`s. @s dghgdimc fc r`fcdiôh `str`dbc qu` fg uhiô c Achu`f Agr`hg
Tãhdb`z, c qui`h dghsim`rclc su v`dihg hg sôfg pgr vivir `h `f `stcmg, sihg pgr
pgs``r uh rchdbg, si`hmg cf aisag ti`apg caieg m` Eustcvg Mácz Grmcz, dgh
qui`h Agr`hg Tãhdb`z tuvg uh prgouhmg mistchdicai`htg. Aieu`f m` fc Acmrim
bc acht`himg, cf ieucf qu` Fuis @db`v`rrác, uhc ihgduftclf` pr`mispgsidiôh
dghtrc Bchj, c tcf ercmg qu` ihofuirác m`disivca`ht` pcrc qu` `h 3923 ff`ecrc cf
`stcmg uh dchmimctg qu` hg `rc m` fc pr`mif`ddiôh m` Bchj y Kiaéh`z Dchtû. M`
ach`rc siheufcr, Bchj `s caieg m` Acrig \caôh L`t`tc, dgh qui`h `f `x
pr`sim`ht` achti`h` d`rdchgs y `str`dbgs fczgs.00 M`f aisag agmg qu` cd`ptc c
cfeui`h qu` hg dghgd` p`rg qu` f` gor`d` `oidi`hdic, achti`h` `st` tipg m`
r`fcdigh`s `htr` caiegs. Cf oihcf, sôfg pu`m` bcd`rfg qui`h fgerc dgfgdcr fc
caistcm pgr `hdiac m` (g, tcf v`z, a`zdfãhmgfc dgh) fgs iht`r`s`s pgfátidgs.
Ph vcfgr csgdicmg c fc caistcm `s fc f`cftcm. Cf m`dir m` audbgs, `s aãs
cpr`dicmc pgr Bchj qu` fc iht`fie`hdic0? y `s dgapr`hsilf` qu` csá s`c si s` ti`h`
pr`s`ht` `f dghtcdtg m` Bchj dgh ouhdighcrigs y pgfátidgs qu` hg h`d`scrica`ht`
sgh sus caiegs, p`rg qu` sá f` sgh f`cf`s. Hg `s uh ku`eg m` pcfclrcs; cuhqu` fc
caistcm grieihc f`cftcm, hg `s fc ûhidc ou`ht` m` mghm` pu`m` sureir: `h r`cfimcm,
fcs gtrcs r`suftch aãs iapgrtcht`s pgrqu` hg m`p`hm`h m` fc r`fcdiôh p`rsghcf
dgh Bchj, sihg m` fc cutgrimcm qii` ést` ihspirc dgh sus cddigh`s.
Fc pria`rc `s su mispgsidiôh, yc chgtcmc, m` r`dghgd`r dcpcdimcm sih qu`

a`mi` hiheûh
qu` m`f`ec dghtcdtg pr`vig. `s
r`spghsclifimcm`s, @f m`dir,
cdi`rtgdghoác
m` Bchj `s qu`
`h qu` s` hg sôfgm`s`ap`ócr
pu`m` ihdgrpgrc sihg
uh
dcreg sih su p`rsghcf sup`rvisiôh.05 Sui`h`s bch `stcmg d`rdc m` éf coirach qu`
pcrc Bchj ‖si li`h hg tgmgs sirv`h pcrc tgmg, sá sirv`h pcrc cfeg‑, fg qu` f`
p`rait` `sdudbcr y cd`ptcr fgs prgy`dtgs qu` s` f` prgpghech.02
@h suac, Bchj s` au`strc r`d`ptivg, cyumc ` iapufsc c fgs dgfclgrcmgr`s. @h
`f oghmg, uhc cdtitum csá `stã agtivcmc pgr `f `stáaufg y hg pgr fc dgap`t`hdic
qu` iapim` fc acmurcdiôh m`f pgfátidg.
Fgs dgfclgrcmgr`s m` Bchj hg sgh hcmc aãs s`rvimgr`s qu` bcd`h pgsilf` qu`
`f k`o` sglr`scfec: sgh ouhdighcrigs qu` cuh duchmg hg s`ch caiegs suygs
 du`htch dgh su cpgyg pcrc m`s`ap`ócr uh dcreg. @h fc a`mimc `h qu` Bchj clr`
pu`rtcs y p`rait` qu` `f ihmivimug cmqui`rc `xp`ri`hdic y fger` m`scrrgffcrs`,

ést` hg fg v` dgag uh glstãdufg qu` m`lc `fiaihcr. Ti hg bcy dgap`t`hdic y sá

bcy iapufsg, hg bcy hcmc qu` r`prgdbcr: `f r`dghgdiai`htg hcturcf c `sc fclgr,
qu` c sus gkgs s` pr`s`htc m`siht`r`scmc, `s uhc f`cftcm qu` p`rmurc aãs cffã m`f
ti`apg `stridtg m` dgfclgrcdiôh goidicf.09
@stc `s fc ach`rc dgag Bchj dgap`hsc qu` sus s`euimgr`s hg dgapcrtch sus
r`fcdigh`s p`rsghcf`s. Dgag yc s` cpuhtô, fc r`m m` Bchj `s capfic y
miv`rsioidcmc ercdics c fc vcri`mcm m` iht`r`s`s qu` achti`h`, p`rg pgrqu` bch
simg dghstruimgs pgr éf pcrc glt`h`r uh l`h`oidig dghdr`tg, hg sgh cdd`silf`s cf
r`stg. Tih uh dgapgh`ht` m` f`cftcm capfic, uhc r`m csá hg pgmrác sglr`vivir
pgrqu` s`rác utifitcric. Bchj fgerc `s` erupg m` pgfátidgs f`cf`s pgrqu` cuhqu` hg
f`s b`r`mc sus dghtcdtgs, f`s p`rait` m`scrrgffcrs` clri`hmg `spcdigs pgfátidgs y
mãhmgf`s gpgrtuhimcm`s pcrc qu` m`stcqu`h (dgag fg mik`rc uh pgfátidg, pcrc qu`
s` prgau`vch pgr su du`htc). Ph fám`r qu` hg p`rait` `f dr`diai`htg m` sus
sulcft`rhgs, sôfg pu`m` dghtrgfcrfgs pgr iht`rés y, fg aãs iapgrtcht`, bcd` uh
erupg y uh fim`rczeg orãeif`s qu` hg p`rmurch.?>
C `stc siheufcr ach`rc m` r`fcdighcrs` s` m`l` qu` fc oieurc m` Bchj s`c tch
r`dghgdimc `h `f `stcmg pgr aãs qu`, dgag s` v`rã `hs`euimc, `f erupg hg bcyc
sglr`vivimg. Fgs s`euimgr`s m` Bchj, sih misputcr su fuecr dgag mirie`ht`,
fgercrgh m`scrrgffcr iht`r`s`s prgpigs y erupgs a`hgr`s qu` bch fudbcmg pgr `f
pgm`r. Cf oihcf Bchj, cf `stiaufcr fcs dcrr`rcs, p`rg hg m`t`raihcr aãs váhdufgs
qu` fgs m`rivcmgs m` fc f`cftcm (`s m`dir, m`f r`dghgdiai`htg m` su cutgrimcm),
fil`rô c fgs s`euimgr`s m` dgaprgaisgs y ctcmurcs p`rsghcf`s. Fc dgaprglcdiôh
s` `hdu`htrc `h `f outurg qu` tuvi`rgh sus pgfátidgs cf dghdfuir `f egli`rhg m`
Bchj.
M` fgs ?0 ouhdighcrigs qu` éf ff`vô c su cpcrctg cmaihistrctivg, sôfg
sglr`vivi`rgh <5, m` fgs ducf`s <4 fg bidi`rgh dgh
dg h Kiaéh`z Dchtû y tr`d` ff`ecrgh
cf réeia`h m` M`f Aczg (vécs` `f ducmrg =.3). @stc dghd`htrcdiôh `h `f p`rigmg
m` su sud`sgr s` r`pit` `h tgmgs fgs m`aãs pu`stgs pgfátidgs; m` fgs dctgrd`
miputcmgs o`m`rcf`s, 3? fgdcf`s, <= cfdcfm`s y mgd` ouhdighcrigs m`f ^\I  qu`
sglr`vivi`rgh c su cmaihistrcdiôh, mgd`, gdbg, 3? y mi`z, r`sp`dtivca`ht`, fg
bidi`rgh `h fc m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû: c pcrtir m`f egli`rhg m` M`f Aczg fc pr`s`hdic
`s dcmc v`z a`hgr bcstc m`scpcr`d`r `h fc m` @aifig Dbucyoo`t. ^crc acygr
 pru`lc lcstc v`r qu` `f ûhidg m` sus s`hcmgr`s qu` fgerô p`rach`d`r fg bizg dgh
Kiaéh`z Dchtû (vécs` fgs ducmrgs =.< cf =.?).

@stg qui`r` m`dir qu` 90% m` fgs pgfátidgs duycs dcrr`rcs dga`hzcrgh g
ou`rgh iapufscmcs pgr Bchj prgfghecrgh su mgaihig sôfg bcstc `f p`rigmg
iha`mictg pgst`rigr. Hcturcfa`ht` qu` fc ihofu`hdic p`rsghcf m` Bchj hg
m`dfihô, hi fc iapgrtchdic m` cfeuhgs m` fgs pgfátidgs im`htioidcmgs dgh éf s`
fiaitô c fc dchtimcm hi cf ãalitg `stridtca`ht` fgdcf, pu`s cfeuhgs m` `ffgs
cdgapcócrgh c Bchj `h `f M`pcrtca`htg m`f Mistritg O`m`rcf. @h r`cfimcm, fc
ihofu`hdic m` Bchj y m` su erupg (`s m`dir, m` fgs pgfátidgs aãs d`rdchgs c éf) s`
`xt`hmiô aãs cffã m` 3923. Cuh csá, hg ou` fc aisac qu` f` p`raitiô m`dimir c su
sud`sgr `h 3950 y prãdtidca`ht` dghtrgfcr `s` egli`rhg: gtrgs iht`r`s`s vch c
bcd`r qu` tchtg Bchj dgag Kiaéh`z Dchtû m`sduim`h cf erupg.
Cht`s m` r`viscr `stgs puhtgs, `s dghv`hi`ht` chcfizcr gtrgs mgs csp`dtgs m` fc
glrc m` Bchj qu` bch cyumcmg c ogrtcf`d`r su iace`h. @f pria`rg `s su p`rsghcf
`stifg m` prcdtidcr fc pgfátidc, qu` fg bc b`dbg uh r`pr`s`htcht` m` fc ffcacmc
épgdc trcmidighcf
dghtcdtg p`rsghcfm`f`rc
sist`ac a`xidchg.prcdtidclc
m`t`raihcht`, Bchj m`scrrgffô
eircs uhc pgfátidc `h
p`riômidcs `h fcfcsqu`qu`
`f
m`agstrclc dghgd`r c dcmc p`rsghck` prihdipcf m`f fuecr, c fgs qu` trctclc dgh tcf
ocaificrimcm qu` vgfvác caistgsc uhc siapf` vihdufcdiôh goidicf. M` `stc ach`rc,
Bchj dghgdác c fgs fám`r`s, durcs, mirie`ht`s m` dcmc sitig, fg qu` f` ocdifitclc
r`sgfv`r prglf`acs. Fc p`rsghcfizcdiôh m` fc pgfátidc y fc sgfudiôh m` fgs
dghofidtgs dgh `f trctg mir`dtg f` r`mituô qu` fc pglfcdiôh, y sglr` tgmg fc éfit`
pgfátidc, fg sihti`rc d`rdc, mispghilf`.?3  Dgag fg r`du`rmc uh ouhdighcrig qu`
`stuvg `h dghtcdtg dgh éf murcht` su egli`rhg, Bchj hg vcdifclc `h cd`rdcrs` c
uh gpgsitgr g siapf`a`ht` drátidg, bcdi`hmg c uh fcmg fc ogracfimcm
ihstitudighcf, pcrc r`sgfv`r uh prglf`ac `h uhc dgaimc g uhc d`hc.?<
Dgag `s oãdif `ht`hm`r, `stc prãdtidc hg sôfg m`p`hmác m`f dcrãdt`r m` Bchj,
sihg m` fc situcdiôh pgfátidc m` su épgdc, `h fc qu` hg mgaihclc fc acsioidcdiôh
hi fc sgdi`mcm `rc tch dgapf`kc. Ocdifitclc `f cd`rdcai`htg fc s`hdiff`z m` fcs
r`fcdigh`s, qu` m`scpcr`d`rác cf oihcfizcr su egli`rhg, m` fc aisac ach`rc qu`
`h `f r`stg m`f pcás. @h `st` s`htimg Bchj, y `h di`rtg agmg Kiaéh`z Dchtû,
r`pr`s`htcrgh `f oih m` uhc épgdc, dcrcdt`rizcmc pgr `f trctg mir`dtg y fc
h`egdicdiôh `htr` `f egl`rhcmgr y fgs ihvgfudrcmgs `h uh prglf`ac. @st` `stifg
p`rsghcf m` bcd`r pgfátidc ff`vô c Bchj c `stclf`d`r uh `squ`ac m` ct`hdiôh
 sgdicf y, pgr `hm`, m` dghtcdtg pgfátidg, hgv`mgsg y cftca`ht` ûtif pcrc su
egli`rhg; igs ducrt`f`s.

Fc im`c ou` m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû y s` fc prgpusg cf egl`rhcmgr Lcz duchmg s`

m`s`ap`óô dgag su s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg.?4  Lcz, sih `alcreg,
sgfca`ht` r`dgeiô uhc pcrt` m` fc prgpu`stc; fgs `kérditgs m`f trclckg. Ést` ou` uh
sist`ac m` dgfclgrcdiôh `h `f qu` `f egli`rhg `stctcf pghác fgs act`ricf`s
h`d`scrigs pcrc ihtrgmudir s`rvidigs c uhc pglfcdiôh y c dcalig fgs bclitcht`s
pr`stclch fc achg m` glrc vgfuhtcrica`ht`.?=  Fgs `kérditgs m`f trclckg ou`rgh
`xitgsgs `h su aga`htg, p`rg iha`mictca`ht` ou`rgh clchmghcmgs pgr fc
cmaihistrcdiôh m` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh. Duchmg Kiaéh`z Dchtû ou` hgalrcmg
pgr Bchj, vgfviô c prgpgh`r fc im`c, qu` `stc v`z sá ou` cpfidcmc.
Fgs ducrt`f`s ou`rgh zghcs m`fiaitcmcs m` fc `htimcm pcrc r`sgfv`r h`d`simcm`s
lãsidcs y sgfudighcr pgt`hdicf`s dghofidtgs sgdicf`s. Fc dcrcdt`rástidc aãs vcfigsc
m`f agm`fg dghsistác `h qu` `f ducrt`f `rc r`spghsclifimcm m` uh cftg ouhdighcrig
m`f eclih`t` qui`h, cm`aãs m` fcs tcr`cs prgpics m` su dcreg, bcdác fcs v`d`s m`
r`pr`s`htcht` p`rsghcf m`f egl`rhcmgr. @ffgs `stclch cutgrizcmgs pcrc cprglcr
prgy`dtgs ` ihdfusg r`dursgs, m` tcf ach`rc qu` s` ceifizclch fcs sgfudigh`s. ?0
Bchj mispusg fc dr`cdiôh m` mgs ducrt`f`s, uhg qu` dgapr`hmác fc zghc m`f vcsg
m` ]`xdgdg y `sp`dicfa`ht` Diumcm H`zcbucfdôygtf, duyg r`spghsclf` `rc `f
s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg (pria`rg Kiaéh`z Dchtû y m`spués Iehcdig
^idbcrmg), y gtrg `hdcrecmg m` fc r`eiôh sur m`f `stcmg, `h achgs m`f goidicf
acygr (pria`rg Acrtáh`z F`egrr`tc y, cf r`huhdicr, K`sûs Ecrmuóg
_iffcvid`hdig).
Ti fc im`c `rc dgapctilf` dgh `f `stifg m` Bchj, su `stclf`diai`htg y `h

pcrtidufcr
dghsim`rô fcs zghcs `h qu` s`
m`t`raihcht`s; `f cpfidô, r`spghmách
prihdipcf fuecr m`c fgscs`htcai`htgs
mgs prglf`acsirr`eufcr`s,
qu` Bchj
prgvgdcmgs pgr fc ihaiercdiôh cf Mistritg O`m`rcf, qu` bclách e`h`rcmg `hgra`s
prglf`acs m` m`fihdu`hdic y acreihcdiôh y qu`, cm`aãs, bclách simg
m`sct`hmimgs murcht` `f egli`rhg m` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh y fc zghc m`f sur, qu`
hg sôfg r`pr`s`htclc fc r`eiôh aãs ctrcscmc m`f `stcmg, sihg m` fc ducf `rc
grieihcrig @h`mihg Acd`mg, `f prihdipcf dghtrihdcht` m` Bchj. Ti `f ducrt`f m`
H`zcbucfdôygtf s` pr`s`htclc dgag uhc ou`ht` m` dghofidtgs sgdicf`s, `f m`f sur
siehioidclc uh p`rach`ht` m`scoág pgfátidg qu` m` hg r`sgfv`rs` f` iapimirác
egl`rhcr.??
 Dgh fgs ducrt`f`s, Bchj tuvg gámgs y achgs `h dghtcdtg p`rach`ht` dgh fcs
zghcs m` acygr ri`seg, fg qu` ocdifitô su ihdfihcdiôh hcturcf m` `stcr pr`s`ht` dgh

fgs bclitcht`s. ^`rg éf hg ou` `f ûhidg l`h`oidicmg: tgmgs fgs r`spghsclf`s m` fgs
ducrt`f`s tuvi`rgh `h su dggrmihcdiôh uhc gpgrtuhimcm ihvcfuclf` pcrc cmquirir
`xp`ri`hdic pgfátidc y bcd`rs` dghgd`r pgr fc pglfcdiôh. M` tgmgs, ou` ^idbcrmg
`f qu` a`kgr`s orutgs dgs`dbô m` fc `xp`ri`hdic, pgrqu` s`rác `h H`zcbucfdôygtf
mghm` glt`hmrác `f cpgyg pcrc su s`euhmc miputcdiôh o`m`rcf, y m` mghm`
`xtrc`rác `f `squ`ac m` ct`hdiôh qu` f` p`raitirác trchsogracr c Dbcfdg murcht`
su egli`r hg. Aãs cûh, fgs ducrt`f`s ou`rgh uhg m` fgs prihdipcf`s ihstrua`htgs
dgh fgs qu` dghsieuiô r`dup`rcr fc éfit` fgdcf m`spués m` fcs misputcs murcht` `f
p`rigmg m` L`t`tc.
@f gtrg csp`dtg qu` dghtriluyô c `herchm`d`r fc oieurc m` Bchj ou` su
iapgrtcht` glrc m` egli`rhg qu` fg dghoiraô dgag uh hgtclf` cmaihistrcmgr,
dgag `f bgalr` m` r`suftcmgs qu` tchtg bclác iapr`sighcmg c Lcz y qu` aãs
tcrm` ouhmca`htcrác su hgalrcai`htg dgag r`e`ht` m`f Mistritg O`m`rcf. Fc
glrc, sih `alcreg,
`h `f p`rigmg ou` ff`ecrc
m` Bchj r`suftcmg m`oih
c su qu``fdirduhstchdicfa`ht`
prgy`dtg grieihcf m`dgihdimiô dgh qu`
ihmustricfizcdiôh
pfch`cmg pgr Ocl`fc y dghtihucmg pgr tgmgs sus sud`sgr`s. @h r`cfimcm, Bchj
dgs`dbô fc glrc m`f pctricrdc. Ou` fc dufaihcdiôh m` uh fcreg prgd`sg `h `f qu`
s` cduaufcrgh r`dursgs qu` éf supg mistriluir sgdicf y pgfátidca`ht`.?5
Fc f`y m` prgt`ddiôh ihmustricf prgaufecmc pgr Ocl`fc, m`f aisag agmg qu`
fc mis`ócmc pgr Achu`f Ãvifc Dcacdbg, gor`dác `x`hdigh`s m` iapu`stgs,
vcriclf`s `h su aghtg y `h `f ti`apg, qu` pgmách cduaufcrs` (ihdfusg fc `stctcf
pr`v`ác qu` fgs l`h`oidigs pcrtidufcr`s s` cócmirách c fgs `stclf`dimgs pgr fc f`y
o`m`rcf) si s` duapfác dgh `f r`quisitg m` `stclf`d`rs` `h zghcs m`f `stcmg.
Cuhqu` c oih`s m` fc médcmc m` fgs s`s`htc fc f`y pgmác dghtihucr vie`ht`, ou` `f
cegtcai`htg m`f agm`fg `dghôaidg hcdighcf, lcscmg `h fc prgt`ddiôh m` fc
ihmustric, fg qu` glfieô c dghdfuir `f `squ`ac tchtg `h fc `htimcm dgag `h `f
pcás. @h téraihgs e`h`rcf`s, `f agm`fg m` sustitudiôh m` iapgrtcdigh`s, qu`
murcht` fgs cógs m` 3902 c 395> bclác mcmg fgs a`kgr`s r`suftcmgs `h duchtg c
dr`diai`htg `dghôaidg y dr`cdiôh m` uhc pfchtc ihmustricf hcdighcf, cegtô sus
prgpics pgsilifimcm`s m` m`scrrgffg.?2
@f dcsg m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg, pgr s`r `f aãs iapgrtcht` cs`htcai`htg
ihmustricf m`f pcás, `k`apfioidc fcs fiaitcdigh`s m` `sc pgfátidc prgt`ddighistc.
 M`sm` 39=< fc ihstcfcdiôh m` pfchtcs oclrif`s ou` dghstcht` y `ffg s` m`liô c fc
d`rdchác dgh `f Mistritg O`m`rcf, c fc ihorc`strudturc mispghilf` y cf dûaufg m`

`stáaufgs oisdcf`s qu` f` p`raiti`rgh c fcs `apr`scs dcpitcfizcrs` `h auy dgrtg

ti`apg. @st` éxitg mig pgr r`suftcmg qu` `f dr`diai`htg ihmustricf hg ou`rc
uhiogra` y qu` ihdfusg s` clri`rch zghcs m` cs`htcai`htgs qu` hg `stclch
ihdfuimcs `h fcs grieihcf`s pr`visigh`s m` fc f`y.?9 @h `sc épgdc `f micehôstidg
goidicf sulrcyclc vcrics dcr`hdics m`f cpcr`ht`a`ht` `xitgsg prgy`dtg ihmustricf;
hg bclác uh grechisag tédhidg-cmaihistrctivg qu` prgercacrc y prgagvi`rc `f
m`scrrgffg m` fc ihmustric, pgr fg tchtg, hg bclác `strct`eics `sp`dáoidcs: p`rg
tcapgdg `f hgtclf` dr`diai`htg oclrif s` bclác trcmudimg `h iher`sgs pcrc `f
egli`rhg `stctcf tgmc v`z qu` fcs `x`hdigh`s oisdcf`s, ` ihdfusg fgs sulsimigs `h
fcs tcriocs m` li`h`s y s`rvidigs pûlfidgs, hg `rch dgap`hscmcs y, pgr `f
dghtrcrig, ercvclch fcs oihchzcs eul`rhca`htcf`s.5>
Hg `xist` `f mctg pr`disg cd`rdc m` fgs iher`sgs qu` p`rmác `f `stcmg dgh fcs
`x`hdigh`s, p`rg si s` dghsim`rc `f hûa`rg m` `apr`scs, y sglr` tgmg `f vcfgr m`
fc prgmuddiôh m` fcs qu` `stclch capcrcmcs pgr fc f`y, s` pu`m` t`h`r uh
ihmidcmgr cprgxiacmg. Bcstc 39?9, duchmg dghdfuyô `f egli`rhg m` O`rhãhm`z
Cflcrrãh, bclác < <?> ihmustrics qu` hg egzclch m` fgs l`h`oidigs m` fc f`y, dgh
uh vcfgr m` su prgmuddiôh m` = 339 >>> >>> m` p`sgs. Or`ht` c `ffcs, `xistách 3
<<0 `apr`scs prgt`eimcs duyc prgmuddiôh cfdchzclc uh vcfgr m` 3< 4>? >>> >>>
m` p`sgs.53 @s pgsilf` m`mudir fc `hgra` scherác qu` `stg r`pr`s`htclc pcrc `f
egli`rhg `stctcf, siaifcr `h prgpgrdiôh cf qu` pcm`dác `f o`m`rcf. ^gr `ffg, cf
ieucf qu` Fuis @db`v`rrác, qu` m`rgeô fc F`y m` Ihmustrics Hu`vcs y H`d`scrics
y cfeuhgs gtrgs r`efca`htgs qu` prgt`eách c fc ihmustric, Bchj mig pgr t`raihcmc

fc f`y
Auyfgdcf
cf acre`h m` qu` `sc m`disiôh buli`rc a`kgrcmg `f dr`diai`htg
ihmustricf, fg v`rmcm`rca`ht` r`f`vcht` `s qu` Bchj gltuvg ou`rt`s iher`sgs
oisdcf`s. Yc `h `f quihtg ihogra` m` egli`rhg s`ócfclc qu` bcstc 39?9 fc
`x`hdiôh m` iapu`stgs bclác `quivcfimg c uhc pérmimc oisdcf m` <>> aiffgh`s m`
p`sgs y qu` cf m`rgecr `f privif`eig `h tch sôfg dihdg cógs bclác dcptcmg 2>
aiffgh`s m` p`sgs.5< Fc a`kgrác `h fcs oihchzcs pûlfidcs hg prgd`miô ûhidca`ht`
m` fc `fiaihcdiôh m` fc f`y ihmustricf, sihg qu` s` dgapf`a`htô dgh uhc prgouhmc
r`ograc oisdcf qu` cdtucfizô fc cpfidcmc pgr Ocl`fc. Dgh `ffc, Bchj cua`htô `f
hûa`rg m` dghtriluy`ht`s, pusg cf mác tcriocs y r`mukg fcs `vcsigh`s. Cf oihcf, su
 egli`rhg, qu` murcht` `f pria`r cóg r`dcumô uh tgtcf m` =40 >>> >>> m` p`sgs,
fgerô cua`htcr fgs aghtgs prger`sivca`ht` c 3 <?> >>> >>> c fc aitcm m`f

p`rigmg, y c = 0>> >>> >>> `h `f ûftiag cóg.54 Dgh `sgs r`dursgs, Bchj pusg `h
acrdbc calidigsgs prgy`dtgs m` m`scrrgffg sgdicf y m` dghstruddiôh m` glrcs
pûlfidcs.
@f prgercac ou` cdgapcócmg m` uhc r`ograc cmaihistrctivc, fc pria`rc `h
médcmcs, qu` rcdighcfizô y agm`rhizô fc `strudturc y fcs cddigh`s
eul`rhca`htcf`s, cf aisag ti`apg qu` bizg pgsilf` fc r`cfizcdiôh m` uh
prgercac `dghôaidg. M`htrg m` fc T`dr`tcrác E`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg dr`ô tr`s
mir`ddigh`s; fc m` ^rgagdiôh Ihmustricf, Dga`rdicf y Crt`schcf: fc m` T`eurimcm
^ûlfidc y ]rãhsitg, y fc m` ^r`hsc y \`fcdigh`s ^ûlfidcs. Ti fcs mgs ûftiacs `rch
uhc siapf` r`grm`hcdiôh m` goidihcs yc `xist`ht`s p`rg pgdg gp`rctivcs, fc
pria`rc `rc hu`vc y agstrclc hátimca`ht` fgs glk`tivgs m`f egli`rhg `h act`ric
`dghôaidc. @h fc Mir`ddiôh m` Bcdi`hmc s` `stclf`di`rgh fcs sulmir`ddigh`s m`
Iher`sgs y @er`sgs: cerupô fcs mir`ddigh`s fgdcf y o`m`rcf m` ceridufturc `h `f
Dghs`kg m` M`scrrg- fig Cerádgfc y Echcm`rg m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg ( MCE@A), y
dr`ô uhc
Dggrmihcdiôh E`h`rcf m` Glrcs ^ûlfidcs.
^crc duapfir dgh sus glk`tivgs `dghôaidgs (y auy c tghg dgh `f dr`diai`htg
m` grechisags m`sd`htrcfizcmgs y `apr`scs pcrc`stctcf`s qu` ihidiô `f réeia`h
m` @db`v`rrác) Bchj dr`ô fc ^rgt`dtgrc ` Ihmustricfizcmgrc m` Lgsqu`s
(^rgtihlgs): fc Dghstrudtgrc m`f @stcmg y `f Ihstitutg m` Cddiôh Prlchc `
Iht`ercdiôh Tgdicf (Curis).5= Bulg gtrcs agmioidcdigh`s a`hgs r`f`vcht`s, dgag
fc r`strudturcdiôh m` fc Goidicfác Acygr, mghm` s` dr`crgh ductrg m`pcrtca`htgs

(Dgaprcs, ^`rsghcf,
Dgaisiôh @stctcf Crdbivg
m` Ceuc y Dgrr`spghm`hdic):
y Tch`cai`htg, fc m`sihdgrpgrcdiôh
y `f `stclf`diai`htg m` fc
m` fc Dghtrcfgrác
E`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg, csá dgag vcrigs grechisags m`stihcmgs c glrcs g zghcs
`sp`dáoidcs.50
M` tgmcs fcs hu`vcs ihstitudigh`s, fcs aãs iapgrtcht`s pgr su glrc act`ricf
iha`mictc ou`rgh fc Mir`ddiôh m` ^rgagdiôh Ihmustricf y Curis. C fc pria`rc f`
dgrr`spghmiô mis`ócr fc hu`vc `strct`eic m` dr`diai`htg ihmustricf, dgrr`eir fcs
m`oidi`hdics y dr`cr hu`vgs `stáaufgs qu` ou`rch ctrcdtivgs `h fuecr m` fcs
`x`hdigh`s oisdcf`s. C Curis fc m`stihô pcrc pfch`cr fc dr`cdiôh m` hu`vgs
hûdf`gs urlchgs, `h `sp`dicf dgfghics glr`rcs qu` cd`rdcrch c fgs trclckcmgr`s c
 fgs d`htrgs oclrif`s, y r`e`h`rcr zghcs acreihcf`s. Curis d`htrô sus trclckgs `h `f
_csg m` ]`xdgdg, H`zcbucfdôygtf, y `h fg qu` dghstituyô fc glrc sgdicf aãs

pulfiditcmc m`f p`rigmg; fc dr`cdiôh m` fc uhimcm bclitcdighcf Diumcm Ducutitfãh

Izdcffi, qu` pcsô m` s`r uh cs`htcai`htg urlchg c uh auhidipig hu`vg. @f
egli`rhg m` Bchj ihvirtiô `h fgs s`is cógs, 3 0<0 >>> >>> m` p`sgs `h
Ducutitfãh-Izdcffi y 3 2?0 >>> >>> `h H`zcbucfdôygtf, pgr a`mig m` Curis.
Kuhtg c `st` prgy`dtg, qu` Bchj pr`s`htô dgag m`agstrcdiôh m` uh egli`rhg
pr`visgr, pusg `h acrdbc gtrg, capfica`ht` dghgdimg y sglr` tgmg dritidcmg,
dgag ou` `f ^rgercac @db`v`rrác m` \`agm`fcdiôh m` ^u`lfgs, dgh `f qu`
r`dghstruyô ` ihdfusg mgtô m` s`rvidigs lãsidgs (mr`hck`, ceuc pgtclf`,
pcvia`htcdiôh, `td.) c 33? dcl`d`rcs auhidipcf`s. @f prgercac hg pcsô
ihcmv`rtimg pgr qu` tuvg uhc achio`stcdiôh visilf` qu` tgmgs fgs bclitcht`s y
turistcs r`du`rmch bcstc `f mác m` bgy, y qu` dghsistiô `h pihtcr y r`dghstruir
ocdbcmcs. Cuhqu`, `h riegr, `f prgercac hg s` fiaitô c `ffg, hg bcy mumc m` qu`
Bchj `stclc tch s`eurg m` su `o`dtg ogracf qu` hg vcdifô `h lcutizcrfg dgh `f
cp`ffimg m`f pr`sim`ht`, su `h`aieg, dgh `f oih m` bcfcecrfg y ct`hucr su
pr`mispgsidiôh.
@f dghkuhtg m` ihhgvcdigh`s ihstitudighcf`s, cuhcmg c fc sgrpr`hm`ht` glrc
pûlfidc, ou`rgh uhc ihcpr`diclf` ou`ht` m` pr`stieig m` Bchj y uhc ach`rc m`
ogrtcf`d`r su pr`s`hdic `h tgmg `f `stcmg. Ti `f `o`dtg `htr` fc pglfcdiôh ou`
iapgrtcht`, `f qu` tuvg `h fc éfit` pgfátidc ou` acygr. ]chtg `f dghtrgf m` fgs
ducrt`f`s m` trclckg, dgag fgs tr`s prihdipcf`s pu`stgs m` su eclih`t` (fc
T`dr`tcrác E`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg, fc Goidicfác Acygr y fc Mir`ddiôh m` Bcdi`hmc),
csá dgag `f hu`vg grechisag `hdcrecmg m`f dr`diai`htg `dghôaidg, fgs dghoiô c
ôv`h`s pgfátidgs m`f `stcmg, m` tcf ach`rc qu` fgs bizg dgpcrtádip`s m` su prgpig
pr`stieig y, aãs cûh, f`s p`raitiô ou`rch dghgdimcs sus dcpcdimcm`s aãs cffã (g
dgh ihm`p`hm`hdic) m` fc r`fcdiôh p`rsghcf qu` achtuvi`rch dgh Bchj. Fc
aisac r`ograc cmaihistrctivc ou` mis`ócmc y pu`stc `h prãdtidc pgr Acrtáh`z
F`egrr`tc dgh `f cuxifig m` ^idbcrmg, fg qu` cócmiô cdi`rtgs c su prgpig
m`s`ap`óg dgag ouhdighcrigs. ^gr `sg ^idbcrmg, Acrtáh`z F`egrr`tc y Auógz
Tcacygc tuvi`rgh m`sm` `htghd`s trcy`dtgrics r`f`vcht`s `h fc pgfátidc hcdighcf
g `stctcf. Ou` csá dgag Bchj dgapcrtiô su prgpig éxitg y fgerô uhc f`cftcm
ihmumclf`.
 @H FC DIAC M@F ^GM@\

@f éxitg m` Bchj y m` su cmaihistrcdiôh, csá dgag fc ou`rzc m` su erupg, pu`m`h

cpr`dicrs` `h fcs dirduhstchdics qu` rgm`crgh su sud`siôh. C mio`r`hdic m` fc
misputcmc dchmimcturc m` 39?9, `h 3950 prãdtidca`ht` hg bulg dghofidtgs. Cf
ieucf qu` `h 39=0, duchmg dghdfuyô `f egli`rhg m` Ocl`fc y ést` hg tuvg
prglf`acs pcrc m`dimir quiéh fg r`f`vcrác, Bchj hg `hdghtrô gpgsidiôh cfeuhc
pcrc dghtihucr su glrc. Fg aãs pcrcmôkidg m` `stc dgyuhturc `s qu` fc ihofu`hdic
pr`sim`hdicf, dgag `h gtrgs dcsgs tgtcfa`ht` dghtrcric cf egl`rhcmgr scfi`ht`, hg
p`rkumidô sus p`rsp`dtivcs pgrqu` `f caieg m` @db`v`rrác `rc cf aisag ti`apg
caieg m` Bchj. @sc p`duficr ducfimcm m`f prgo`sgr m` `stclf`d`r r`fcdigh`s dgh
`h`aiegs, `h 3950 f` r`mituô uhc vidtgric hgtclf`.
Cuhqu` cpcr`di`rgh cfeuhgs hgalr`s m` cspircht`s cf dcreg, `h su acygrác
dghgdimgs `h `f a`mig fgdcf, fcs v`rmcm`rcs gpdigh`s `stclch r`pr`s`htcmcs pgr
^idbcrmg, s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg, y Kiaéh`z Dchtû, s`dr`tcrig m`
Tcfulrimcm m` @db`v`rrác. Kuhtg c `ffgs s` a`hdighô hu`vca`ht` c Chtghig
L`rhcf (`h `s` aga`htg mir`dtgr m` Dcaihgs y ^u`ht`s O`m`rcf`s), @hriqu`
]cpic Crchmc, @h`mihg Acd`mg y Acrig D. Gfiv`rc.5? ^`rg hiheuhg m` `ffgs `rc
d`rdchg c fgs ûhidgs pgfátidgs dgh dcpcdimcm pcrc m`dimir; Bchj y, sglr` tgmg,
Fuis @db`v`rrác. ^idbcrmg, cf m`dir m` cfeuhgs, hg sôfg cspirclc sihg qu` dghtclc
dgh `f r`spcfmg m` Bchj. Tih `alcreg, su trcy`dtgric `rc auy dgrtc, sih
r`f`vchdic o`m`rcf y m`p`hmác bcstc `s` aga`htg m` fc eul`rhcturc m` Bchj. Tu
`xtr`ac im`htioidcdiôh dgh éf, `f bcl`r simg murcht` dihdg cógs su s`dr`tcrig
e`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg y su dcrr`rc fgdcf, ou`rgh m`t`raihcht`s pcrc qu` @db`v`rrác
55
hg@h
fg cpgycrc
r`cfimcm,y `f aisag Bchj
tcapgdg hg s` dgaprga`ti`rc
fg h`d`sitclc dgh su dchmimcturc.
pgrqu` fcs pr`o`r`hdics m` @db`v`rrác
`stclch mirieimcs c uh caieg suyg, vi`kg dgfclgrcmgr y dgh uhc cli`rtc f`cftcm c
Bchj, dgag `rc Kiaéh`z Dchtû. Tu s`f`ddiôh m`agstrô qu` `rc ihmisp`hsclf` hg
sôfg t`h`r dcrr`rc o`m`rcf, sihg m`s`ap`ócr uh dcreg m` cftg hiv`f `h `f aga`htg
m` m`dimirs` fc sud`siôh. ^idbcrmg hg t`hác cûh `sc `stcturc, ai`htrcs qu`
Kiaéh`z Dchtû `stclc dgfgdcmg `h `f a`kgr sitig pgfátidg y, pgr supu`stg, dghtclc
dgh `f co`dtg y siapctác m`f pr`sim`ht` m` fc r`pûlfidc.52 Kiaéh`z Dchtû yc bclác
simg s`is cógs s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg dgh Lcz, y acs tcrm` fg bclác
r`p`timg dgh Bchj: pgr s`is cógs tcaliéh, bclác pcrtidipcmg m` fc a`kgr épgdc m`
 Dghcsupg miriei`hmg uhg m` fgs prgy`dtgs aãs `xitgsgs y, oihcfa`ht`, ograclc
pcrt` m`f eclih`t` pr`sim`hdicf. Cm`aãs m` su `xt`hsg durrádufua, Kiaéh`z

Dchtû t`hác fc siheufcrimcm m` r`pr`s`htcr c mgs m` fcs oieurcs pgfátidcs fgdcf`s

aãs iapgrtcht`s, dgag fg `rch Lcz y Bchj, c qui`h`s f`s m`lác lu`hc pcrt` m`
su dcrr`rc pgfátidc. M`acsicmcs v`htckcs pcrc qu` cfeûh dghtrihdcht` fcs pumi`rc
sup`rcr.
^`rg Kiaéh`z Dchtû hg sôfg t`hác c su ocvgr fc caistcm m` Lcz, Bchj y
@db`v`rrác, sihg qu` dghtclc dgh ou`rt` cpgyg fgdcf ercdics cf hua`rgsg erupg
m` caiegs qu` bclác ogracmg dgag s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg m`f dirukchg.
Fgs pgfátidgs m`f `stcmg hg mumch `h r`dghgd`r qu` ou` Kiaéh`z Dchtû qui`h
ff`vô fc pgfátidc iht`rhc y hg `f egl`rhcmgr Lcz qu`, dgag yc s` cpuhtô `h su
aga`htg, hg m`s`clc `f dcreg. Ti `stc dirduhstchdic ocdifitô qu` Kiaéh`z Dchtû
ou`rc dghgdimg, `f aisag Lcz fg cyumô c fgercrfg, pgrqu` uhc m` fcs prãdtidcs
m`f mgdtgr zcpctistc, b`r`hdic ihmumclf` m` su épgdc r`vgfudighcric, `rc fc m`
r`cfizcr or`du`ht`a`ht` eircs c dclcffg, `h fcs qu` si`apr` `stuvg cdgapcócmg
m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû. Ou` csá dgag `f ` f s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf, cf m`dir m` fgs pgfátidgs m`f
`stcmg, s` bizg dgapcmr` m` tgmgs fgs fám`r`s fgdcf`s.59 @stc prgy`ddiôh p`rsghcf
fc dgapf`a`htô Kiaéh`z Dchtû dgh fcs tcr`cs m` fgs `kérditgs m`f trclckg qu` éf
dggrmihô y `h fcs ducf`s `f egl`rhcmgr Lcz pusg `sp`dicf `ap`óg. Kiaéh`z
Dchtû hg `rc uh pgfátidg qu` m`sdghgdi`rc `f `stcmg y, a`hgs cûh, c qui`h hg
dghgdi`rch fgs fám`r`s y fgs prihdipcf`s s`dtgr`s fgdcf`s.
@sgs cht`d`m`ht`s f` p`raiti`rgh c Kiaéh`z Dchtû bcd`r uh egli`rhg qu`
m`sdchsô pf`hca`ht` `h sus caiegs y `h fgs caiegs m` Bchj. M` fgs <<
ai`alrgs m` su eclih`t` (vécs` `f ducmrg =.5), quihd` ouhdighcrigs bclách
t`himg cfeûh dcreg cht`s, m` fgs ducf`s tr`d` bclách dgfclgrcmg mir`dtca`ht` dgh
Bchj, dihdg dgag iht`ercht`s m` su eclih`t` y gdbg `h gtrgs pu`stgs pgfátidgs
(m` fgs mgs r`stcht`s, uhg bclác p`rt`h`dimg cf egli`rhg m` Lcz y `f gtrg `rc uhc
oieurc pgfátidc fgdcf). @h riegr, Kiaéh`z Dchtû sôfg hgalrô c si`t` ouhdighcrigs
sih r`fcdigh`s pr`vics y `h pu`stgs a`hgr`s. Phg m` fgs m`tcff`s aãs iapgrtcht`s
`s qu` éf acht`hác r`fcdigh`s p`rsghcf`s dgh fc acygrác m` fgs quihd` qu`
r`p`tách `h su eclih`t`, fg qu` r`v`fc aãs qu` m`p`hm`hdic m` uh fám`r cht`rigr,
dghtihuimcm m` uh erupg.
 

Dgag `rc usucf, `f s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg dghstituyô `f prihdipcf

ihmidcmgr y hg pgmác bcl`r `hghtrcmg uhc a`kgr pru`lc m` fc dghtihuimcm qu` fc
pr`s`hdic m` Kuch Aghrgy, pgfátidg ihh`eclf`a`ht` vihdufcmg c Bchj. @x
cfuahg m` Bchj dgag audbgs gtrgs, ff`eô c `stclf`d`r uhc `str`dbc caistcm dgh
`f prgo`sgr y dgh fgs pgfátidgs d`rdchgs c éf. 2> Cf ieucf qu` Acrtáh`z F`egrr`tc y
Kiaéh`z Dchtû, Aghrgy trclckô dgh Bchj `h Dghcsupg, mghm` ou` `f dghtrcfgr:
`h 395> s` dghvirtiô `h miputcmg fgdcf pgr Hcudcfpch y `h pru`lc m` su r`fcdiôh
dgh `f prgo`sgr, ou` pr`sim`ht` m`f Dgher`sg y cf aisag ti`apg s`dr`tcrig m`
grechizcdiôh pgfátidc m`f ^\I  `stctcf. @h 395<, cf dghdfuir fc f`eisfcturc, ou`
`f`eimg pr`sim`ht` auhidipcf m` Hcudcfpch, uhc m` fcs pfczcs pgfátidcs aãs
iapgrtcht`s m`f `stcmg y fc qu` acygr`s r`dursgs `dghôaidgs prgv`ác `h `s`
`htghd`s cf egli`rhg pgr sus cs`htcai`htgs oclrif`s. Ti, dgag `s glvig, Aghrgy
m`lác su dcrr`rc pgfátidc c Bchj, tcaliéh dgapcrtác su caistcm dgh Kiaéh`z
Dchtû, m` tcf ach`rc qu` su hgalrcai`htg, cf aisag ti`apg qu` siehioidclc uhc
pru`lc m` dghtihuimcm, agstrclc fc d`rdchác p`rsghcf m`f egl`rhcmgr.
egl`rhcmgr.
Fc pr`s`hdic gst`hsilf` m` Bchj pgmác cmv`rtirs` `h gtrgs du`stgs. @h fc
Goidicfác Acygr pria`rg m`siehô c Auógz Tcacygc,) rgagtgr ihmustricf m`
Bchj, y cf r`huhdicr ést` pcrc dghv`rtirs`: h cfdcfm` m` ]gfudc, hgalrô c
 @hriqu` Mácz Hcvc, griuhmg m` Ctfcdgaufdg, caieg m` Bchj y, ercdics c éf,
caieg m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû.)ácz Hcvc ou` miputcmg o`m`rcf y s`dr`tcrig m` cddiôh

pgpufcr `h ł  dgaité mir`dtivg m`f ^\I  `h `f s`x`hig m` Bchj, duchmg Aghrgy

pcrtidipclc `h `f aisag dgaité dgag s`dr`tcrig m` cddiôh pgfátidc: oihcfa`ht`
ou` s`dr`tcrig pcrtidufcr m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû bcstc 3952.23 Fc aisac pcutc sieuiô
dgh gtrgs ouhdighcrigs, dgag fg ou`rgh @hriqu` Dcrlckcf (mir`dtgr m`
Cmquisidigh`s), dghgdimg `h fc pgfátidc fgdcf, dgfclgrcmgr m` Bchj, p`rg tcaliéh
sulgrmihcmg m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû `h `f egli`rhg m` Lcz: Tixtg Hgeu`z @strcmc
(mir`dtgr m` @mudcdiôh ^ûlfidc), `x mirie`ht` m`f sht` y m`f pri `stctcf`s,
ouhdighcrig eul`rhca`htcf, s`hcmgr supf`ht` y miputcmg o`m`rcf, dcsi tgmg
murcht` `f p`rágmg m` Bchj: Bual`rtg
Dgrr`c Eghzãf`z (mir`dtgr m` Dgauhidcdigh`s), qu` bclác ogracmg pcrt` m`f
eclih`t` cht`rigr dgag mir`dtgr m` Glrcs ^ûlfidcs, y Oéfix B`rhãhm`z Kcia`s,
qui`h r`p`tirác dgag titufcr m` T`eurimcm ^ûlfidc.
Cuhqu` gtrgs dgfclgrcmgr`s tcaliéh `rch caiegs m` Bchj, `stclch aãs
d`rdchgs c Kiaéh`z Dchtû. @htr` `ffgs sglr`scfách Kgre` Gdcapg, c qui`h
hgalrô dggrmihcmgr m` Glrcs ^ûlfidcs: \gmgfog m` fc G, qu` bclác pcrtidipcmg
`h su dcapcóc pcrc fc eul`rhcturc dgag prgagtgr m`f vgtg, ou` m`siehcmg
mir`dtgr m` Egl`rhcdiôh: Kuch Achu`f A`hmgzc Dbãv`z, bclác simg
sulprgdurcmgr m` Kustidic dgh Bchj, pu`stg cf qu` r`huhdiô pcrc bcd`rs` dcreg
m` uhc mir`ddiôh `h fc T`dr`tcrác m` Tcfulrimcm duchmg Kiaéh`z Dchtû ou`
hgalrcmg titufcr m` `sc m`p`hm`hdic: murcht` su achmctg gdupô `f \`eistrg
^ûlfidg m` fc ^rgpi`mcm.2< @h `stc fistc m` caiegs m`f egl`rhcmgr m`l` ihdfuirs`
c qui`h r`p`tirác `f dcsg m` @h`mihg Acd`mg, `ap`óãhmgs` `h dghs`euir fc

eul`rhcturc
O`rrct Tgfã`h`rc
3923; \gaãh
y`rhg O`rrct Tgfã.
m`f dghgdimg e`h`rcf Acrd`fihg Ecrdác Lcrrceãh, qui`h
`rc caieg m`f mgdtgr Lcz m`sm` fgs cógs m` fc r`vgfudiôh, `h fc qu` calgs
bclách pcrtidipcmg. Fc caistcm tuvg uh p`rágmg m` cd`rdcai`htg acygr duchmg
Ecrdác Lcrrceãh ou` hgalrcmg dgachmcht` m` fc <<ã zghc aifitcr dgh csi`htg `h
`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg, m` 39?3 c 39?=, cógs d`htrcf`s m` fc cmaihistrcdiôh m`
Lcz. @rc dgapr`hsilf` qu` `h `sc r`fcdiôh goidicf tgacrc pcrt` `f s`dr`tcrig
e`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg, Kiaéh`z Dchtû y, pgr `s` a`mig, dghgdi`rc cf y`rhg m`f k`o`
aifitcr. C p`scr m` `sc r`fcdiôh ocvgrclf`, O`rrct Tgfã hg bizg dcrr`rc pgfátidc hi
`stclf`diô dghtcdtgs dgh fc éfit` fgdcf: ou` bcstc `f egli`rhg m` Bchj duchmg
 gltuvg uh pu`stg a`hgr dgag e`r`ht` m` fc Cs`eurcmgrc Cerádgfc y Echcm`rc y,
sgrpr`sivca`ht`, fc miputcdiôh o`m`rcf pgr Dbcfdg m` 395> c 3954, cpgycmg pgr

fc DHG^ hcdighcf.24
Hg s` scl` qué ou` m` O`rrct cf t`raihcr su achmctg f`eisfctivg, p`rg `h 3950
r`cpcr`diô dgag r`pr`s`htcht` m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû pcrc dggrmihcr fc trchsaisiôh
m`f pgm`r dgh Bchj.2= Ti `stg bclfc pgr sá aisag m` fc dghoichzc qu` f` t`hác
Kiaéh`z Dchtû, hg sgrpr`hm` qu` cf ogracr su eclih`t` f` `htr`ecrc fc Mir`ddiôh
E`h`rcf m` Bcdi`hmc. M` ducfqui`r ograc, `f cpgyg m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû y su
r`fcdiôh dgh Ecrdác Lcrrceãh cfia`htcrgh fcs cspircdigh`s m` O`rrct c tcf ercmg
qu` `h 3923 s` dghv`rtirác `h uhg m` fgs ocdtgr`s iapgrtcht`s pcrc ocvgr`d`r fc
dchmimcturc m` Cfor`mg m`f Aczg.
Kiaéh`z Dchtû, misdápufg cv`zcmg m` Lcz y Bchj, tcaliéh bizg m`siehcdigh`s
sialôfidcs. @h fc ^rgdurcmurác E`h`rcf m` Kustidic hgalrô c Dcrfgs Duri Csscm,
clgecmg m` fcrec dcrr`rc `h `sc ihstitudiôh y qu` bclác t`himg `f aisag pu`stg
`h `f egli`rhg m` Lcz. Cuhqu` Kiaéh`z Dchtû fg dghgdác pgr bcl`r dgapcrtimg
dgh éf `f eclih`t` m` `s` `htghd`s, hg acht`hác r`fcdigh`s m` caistcm, m` tcf
su`rt` qu` su hgalrcai`htg, cm`aãs m` cs`eurcr fc `xp`ri`hdic `h `f ãr`c, `rc
uh r`dghgdiai`htg c Lcz.20 Gtrg pu`stg dgh `sc dfcrc m`midctgric ou` `f m`f bikg
m` Lcz, aémidg m`f aisag hgalr`, dgag k`o` m` fgs T`rvidigs Dggrmihcmgs m`
Tcfum ^ûlfidc. C Acrig Dgfáh Tãhdb`z, `f r`pr`s`htcht` hcturcf m`f ocl`fisag, fg
m`siehô mir`dtgr m`f ^ctriaghig Dufturcf, y cf `x egl`rhcmgr Tãhdb`z Dgfáh fg
r`spghsclifizô m` fc mce`a, uhc m` fcs dr`cdigh`s m` Bchj.
Ph ûftiag hgalrcai`htg qu` r`v`fc `f dãfdufg m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû y `h `sp`dicf
su m`s`g m` `vitcr prglf`acs, ou` `f m` su s`euhmg mir`dtgr m` ^rgagdiôh
Ihmustricf, Kgsé qu`
p`rsghcf, p`rg \caôh
m`sm`Cflcrrãh Agrc,simg
39?4 bclác dghe`r`ht`
qui`h hg
m` t`hác
_`htcshiheuhc r`fcdiôh
m` fc `apr`sc
Cd`rgs ]`p`ycd y mirie`ht` m` fc Csgdicdiôh m` Ihmustricf`s m`f @stcmg m`
Aéxidg c pcrtir m` 3953. Dgh `f hgalrcai`htg m` uh `k`dutivg y fám`r
`apr`scricf dgag r`spghsclf` m`f m`scrrgffg `dghôaidg, Kiaéh`z Dchtû r`sgfviô
aãeidca`ht` fcs pgsilf`s miv`re`hdics `h uhc épgdc `h fc qu` hg sôfg su
egli`rhg bclác dcalicmg fgs cdu`rmgs dgh `f s`dtgr privcmg, sihg `h fcs qu` `f
`apr`scricmg hcdighcf s` `hor`htclc cli`rtca`ht` cf pr`sim`ht` @db`v`rrác.
Dgh `f r`stg m` pu`stgs pgfátidgs Kiaéh`z Dchtû hg dcaliô fc `strct`eic, pu`s
r`dup`rô p`rsghcs qu` yc bclách dgfclgrcmg `h gtrcs cmaihistrcdigh`s (si`apr`
 `h dcregs m` `f`ddiôh) y p`raitiô `f cdd`sg m` gtrgs. Ou` `h `st` ãalitg mghm`
Kiaéh`z Dchtû r`dgeiô c cfeuhgs pgfátidgs r`fcdighcmgs dgh `f egli`rhg m`

O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh, cf ûhidg qu` hg bclác r`dghgdimg `h su eclih`t`. M` fgs 9?

miputcmgs o`m`rcf`s y 95 fgdcf`s (vécs` fgs ducmrgs =.2 y =.9), Kiaéh`z Dchtû
cd`ptô fc r`cpcridiôh m` 4= y <0 pgfátidgs, r`sp`dtivca`ht`, dfcrca`ht`
prgv`hi`ht`s m` fcs cmaihistrcdigh`s m` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh y Bchj.
^`rg fc ihofu`hdic m`f prgo`sgr vgfviô c cpcr`d`r `h fcs pr`sim`hdics
auhidipcf`s (m` 4?, hu`v` gdupcrgh dcregs cht`s y m` `ffgs y si`t` fg bidi`rgh
dgh Bchj) y `h `f ^\I fgdcf (m` <>, ductrg bclách cdtucmg `h pgfátidc cht`s, tr`s
dgh Bchj) (vécs` fgs ducmrgs =.3> y =.33). @h `f s`hcmg, Kiaéh`z Dchtû bizg `f
acygr r`dghgdiai`htg c su ac`strg Eustcvg Lcz, cf dghd`m`rf` uhc m` fcs mgs
pfczcs titufcr`s (fc gtrc ou` m`stihcmc c \gmráeu`z Cfdcih`, fám`r `f`dtridistc)
(ducmrg =.3<). Fgs pu`stgs m` miputcmgs o`m`rcf`s ou`rgh fgs qu` Kiaéh`z Dchtû
`apf`ô pcrc prgagv`r fcs dcrr`rcs m` ouhdighcrigs fiecmgs c Bchj qu` hg
`hdghtrcrgh `spcdig `h su egli`rhg, p`rg qu` cspirclch c uhc dcrr`rc o`m`rcf.
@htr` fgs aãs m`stcdcmgs oieurcrgh @hriqu` Kcdgl (`x mir`dtgr m` Egli`rhg dgh
Bchj), ^idbcrmg, Acrtáh`z F`egrr`tc y Firc Agrc.
@f p`rigmg m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû `s fc aãs dfcrc au`strc m` fc dghtihucdiôh m`f
mgaihig m` uh erupg qu` s`euác t`hi`hmg `h Bchj c su fám`r. @f egl`rhcmgr,
dgag s` pu`m` v`r `h sus m`siehcdigh`s, hg pr`t`hmiô bcd`r uhc cmaihistrcdiôh
gpu`stc, hi siqui`rc mio`r`ht` c fc m` su cht`d`sgr. Ihdfusg dgh éf dghtihucrgh fgs
prgercacs aãs `xitgsgs m` Bchj, dgag `f m` fc vivi`hmc, `f `dghôaidg y `f
aisag `squ`ac m` fgs ducrt`f`s qu` éf ihidicrc. @sc ihdfihcdiôh c m`kcrs` ff`vcr
pgr fc glrc, `f pr`stieig y fgs bgalr`s m` Bchj tuvg s`rics dghs`du`hdics pcrc `f
egli`rhg m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû y pcrc `f outurg m`f erupg.
Fc p`rd`pdiôh qu` t`hách fgs pgfátidgs (y qu` bcstc bgy sulsist`) `s qu` su
réeia`h ou` cpcecmg, dgh pgdc dr`ctivimcm, m`limg c qu` fc acygr pcrt` m` fgs
prgercacs m` Bchj dghtihucrgh, ihdfusg mirieimgs pgr pgfátidgs vihdufcmgs c éf,
y fgs pgdgs ouhdighcrigs qu` Kiaéh`z Dchtû ff`vô `h uhc au`strc m` dghoichzc y
f`cftcm p`rsg- hcf`s, `rch ihmivimugs pgdg pr`pcrcmgs `h fc cmaihistrcdiôh y,
audbgs m` `ffgs, sih trcy`dtgric qu` cvcfcrc su pr`s`hdic. 2? @h e`h`rcf, Kiaéh`z
Dchtû bizg pgdg pgr cs`eurcr fc p`rach`hdic m`f erupg y, fg qu` ou` octcf, hg s`
pr`gdupô pgr pr`pcrcr c hu`vgs pgfátidgs qu` `h a`michg y dgrtg pfczg pumi`rch
sustituir c fgs fám`r`s. @stg s` cpr`dic dgh tgmc hitim`z cf dgapcrcr `f `f`vcmg
 hûa`rg m` pgfátidgs qu` ihtrgmukg y `f m`stihg qu` tuvi`rgh m`spués m` 3923. @h
`f ãr`c cmaihistrctivc, Kiaéh`z Dchtû dgfgdô c 04 ouhdighcrigs hu`vgs, p`rg m`

`ffgs cp`hcs gdbg dghsieui`rgh cfeuhc gpgrtuhimcm pgst`rigr: fc aisac

t`hm`hdic s` gls`rvc `h `f a`mig `f`dtgrcf; m` fgs ?< miputcmgs o`m`rcf`s, 5<
fgdcf`s, <5 cfdcfm`s y 3? mirie`ht`s m`f ^\I, cp`hcs sglr`vivi`rgh ghd`, hu`v`, 39
y hu`v`, r`sp`dtivca`ht` (vécs` fgs ducmrgs =.5 c =.33). Ou`rc m`f a`kgr outurg
m` fgs pr`sim`ht`s auhidipcf`s, s` cmvi`rt` qu` `f egl`rhcmgr hg s` gdupô m`
prgagv`r y clrir hu`vgs `spcdigs qu` bidi`rch dr`d`r cf erupg.
 

@stg vc c s`r m`disivg pcrc m`lifitcr c uh erupg qu`, pgr fcs dcrcdt`rásmdcs m`
su fám`r, pcr`dác `stcr m`stihcmg c mgaihcr pgr fcreg ti`apg. Tih `alcreg, `f
sud`sgr m` Bchj dghoiô `h qu` `f pr`stieig m`f mirie`ht` trclckcrác pgr sá sgfg. Ti
s` gls`rvch fcs tcscs m` pgfátidgs qu` dgfclgrcrgh `h fgs s`x`higs m` Bchj y
Kiaéh`z Dchtû qu` fgercrgh sglr`vivir (vécs` `f ducmrg =.34), `s sgrpr`hm`ht` fc
prghuhdicmc dcámc m` fgs fiecmgs c `st` ûftiag, fg qu` rĔv`fc su fiaitcmc ct`hdiôh
`h duchtg c pr`s`rvcr cf erupg, p`rg s` vu`fv` aãs ercv` si s` r`du`rmc qu` fgs
cftgs pgrd`htck`s m` sglr`vivi`ht`s m` Bchj s` `hdu`htrch `h `f egli`rhg m`
Kiaéh`z Dchtû, hg `h fgs sieui`ht`s. @f p`rigmg qu` cpcr`d` dgag `f m` acygr
dghtrgf m`f erupg m` Bchj `s cf aisag ti`apg su fáait`; su prgpic y p`rsghcf
ou`rzc pgfátidc hg ou` suoidi`ht` pcrc `xt`hm`rs` c gtrgs egli`rhgs, y `f m`
Kiaéh`z Dchtû, qu` r`suftc fc prihdipcf achio`stcdiôh m` su pgm`r, hg quisg g hg
pumg ogrtcf`d`r fc b`r`hdic.

Hcturcfa`ht` bcy gtrcs rczgh`s qu` `xpfidch `f cegtcai`htg m`f erupg. Phc
m` fcs aãs iapgrtcht`s `s `f dcalig `h fcs cspircdigh`s
c spircdigh`s pgfátidcs m` Bchj c pcrtir
m` 3950, `h qu` dgai`hzc c dglrcr du`rpg su pgspu`stg m`s`g m` cfdchzcr uh
dcreg `h `f eclih`t` pr`sim`hdicf. Hg `s oãdif `hdghtrcr `f grie`h m` fc `htrcóclf`
r`fcdiôh qu` `stclf`di`rgh Kgsé Fôp`z ^grtiffg y Bchj pu`s, si li`h hg ocftcrgh
gpgrtuhimcm`s pcrc dghgd`rs`, cf a`hgs hg bcy `vim`hdics m` qu` fc caistcm
`xisti`rc cht`s m` 395?. @f aisag Fôp`z ^grtiffg dghoi`sc qu` su pria`r dghtcdtg
dgh Bchj gdurriô cf dga`hzcr `f s`x`hig m` Mácz Grmcz, duchmg éf `rc k`o` m`f
M`pcrtca`htg Kurámidg m` fc T`dr`tcrác m` fc ^r`sim`hdic (m` duyg titufcr, @aifig
 Acrtáh`z Achctgu, `rc caieg) y dgh `s` dcrãdt`r tuvg qu` pr`pcrcr cf fcmg m`
Bchj fc dghv`rsiôh m` fc d`iasc `h Dghcsupg. 25  Duchmg Bchj yc `rc

egl`rhcmgr, Fôp`z ^grtiffg csistiô mgs v`d`s dgag `hvicmg pr`sim`hdicf c fcs
d`r`aghics m` su ihogra` chucf, fc pria`rc v`z `h 395> y, siehioidctivca`ht`, cf
ûftiag, `f 0 m` s`pti`alr` m` 3950, mgd` mács cht`s m` qu` ou`rc pgstufcmg
dchmimctg c fc pr`sim`hdic.22
Ti pcrc `htghd`s Fôp`z ^grtiffg dghgdác fc glrc m` Bchj y t`hác suoidi`ht`
dghgdiai`htg m` su prgpig outurg pgfátidg, hg pgr `ffg fg dghsim`rclc pcrt` m` su
`quipg, pu`s cf oihcfizcr hgvi`alr` m` 395?, `s m`dir, c uhgs mács m` tgacr
pgs`siôh, `f pr`sim`ht` `f`dtg hg bclác ihdfuimg c Bchj `h su eclih`t`.29 Fg aãs
s`eurg `s qu` sôfg buli`rc uhc ogracf y r`sp`tugsc d`rdchác pgfátidc, pu`s dgag
`f aisag Fôp`z ^grtiffg r`dghgd`, ihdgrpgrô c Bchj pgr s`r uh pgfátidg m`
dcrr`rc, dcpcz, r`sp`tcmg y cpgycmg pgr uh erupg ou`rt`.9>  T`c dgag ou`r`, fc
r`e`hdic dcpitcfihc ou` pcrc Bchj uh m`scoág qu` f` p`raitirác cdr`d`htcr su
oieurc c tcf ercmg qu` sá ff`eô c dghsim`rcr s`rica`ht` fc pgsilifimcm m`
dghv`rtirs` `h pr`sim`ht`, pcrc fg ducf prgagviô fc r`sp`dtivc agmioidcdiôh
dghstitudighcf.93  @h `scs dirduhstchdics, `rc dgapr`hsilf` qu` Bchj `stuvi`rc
aãs iht`r`scmg `h cdtivcr sus dghtcdtgs dgh fc éfit` pgfátidc hcdighcf, qu` `h
vgfv`r fgs gkgs c fc qu` `stclc `h ]gfudc, aãxia` duchmg cf or`ht` m` `s`
egli`rhg `stclc uh pgfátidg ihh`eclf`a`ht` dgaprga`timg dgh éf.
@f m`secst` qu` suoriô Bchj, hg sôfg cf gdupcrs` m` uhc r`agm`fcdiôh urlchc
`h `f Mistritg O`m`rcf suaca`ht` pgféaidc, sihg cf `apr`hm`r uhc tcr`c pfcecmc
m` dghtrcti`apgs dgag fg `rc su cspircdiôh pr`sim`hdicf, dghv`reiô dgh fc
m`lifimcm qu` yc agstrclc fc éfit` fgdcf cf hg pgm`r
pgm` r pr`s`htcr uh dchmimctg dgh fc
`stcturc h`d`scric pcrc dgap`tir pgr fc eul`rhcturc. Fgs ûhidgs pgfátidgs qu`
r`cfa`ht` pgmách pr`s`htcrs` dgag prgsp`dtgs `rch Kuch Aghrgy
Aghrgy,, m` ihmisdutilf`
oificdiôh dgh Bchj y Kiaéh`z Dchtû, m`limg c fg ducf s` dghsim`rclc `f a`mig
pcrc cs`eurcr fc dghtihucdiôh m`f erupg, y `f mgdtgr Acrig D. Gfiv`rc, qui`h yc
bclác simg a`hdighcmg `h cfeuhc gtrc sud`siôh y qu` r`pr`s`htclc aãs qu` c
Bchj, c uhc trcmidiôh aãs chtieuc, fc m` Ocl`fc y Fôp`z Act`gs. Gfiv`rc bclác
simg caieg d`rdchg m`f pcmr` m` Fôp`z Act`gs y m` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh, fg qu`
ou` m`disivg pcrc qu` `h 39?= s` dghvirti`rc `h s`hcmgr y m`sm` 395> `h mir`dtgr
m`f Ihstitutg m` T`eurimcm y T`rvidigs Aémidgs m`f `stcmg.9<
@h calgs dcsgs, cm`aãs m` fc dghtihuimcm, s` cer`eclc `f b`dbg m` qu`
 hiheuhg dghtclc dgh trcy`dtgric `h fc pgfátidc hcdighcf, uhc dghmidiôh
ihmisp`hsclf` m` dulrir. @f r`stg m` pgsilf`s dchmimctgs t`hác mgs dcrcdt`rástidcs;

s`r hgtclf`a`ht` ihacmurgs, dgh dcrr`rcs fiaitcmcs cf ãalitg fgdcf, dgag K`sûs
Ecrmuóg _iffcvid`hdig g Bual`rtg Firc Agrc, g dgh pu`stgs a`hgr`s `h `f
a`mig o`m`rcf, dgag Acrtáh`z F`egrr`tc, qu` bclác s`euimg c Bchj `h `f
M`pcrtca`htg m`f Mistritg O`m`rcf dgag mir`dtgr e`h`rcf m` T`rvidigs
Cmaihistrctivgs, g Iehcdig ^idbcrmg, qu` yc bclác simg suls`dr`tcrig m` Iher`sgs
`h fc T`dr`tcrác m` Bcdi`hmc y Drémitg ^ûlfidg (m` mghm` tuvg qu` scfir cf
r`huhdicr su caieg Agdt`zuac Dim) y qu` `h `f aga`htg m` fc sud`siôh `rc
miputcmg o`m`rcf.94  @h ducfqui`rc m` fgs dcsgs fc im`htioidcdiôh dgh Bchj, `h
a`hgr g acygr a`mimc, `rc ihmisdutilf`: midbg `h gtrcs pcfclrcs, bclác uhc dfcrc
iht`hdiôh m` prgfghecr `f mgaihig m` uh erupg qu` bclác dghtrgfcmg fc pgfátidc
`stctcf y duyg fám`r bclác cspircmg s`rica`ht` c fc pr`sim`hdic
p r`sim`hdic m`f pcás.
]cf v`z pgr `stc cus`hdic m` `stcturc m` fgs dchmimctgs m` Bchj, fc oieurc m`
O`rrct Tgfc dglrô iapgrtchdic. Tu d`rdchác dgh Kiaéh`z Dchtû y sglr` tgmg su
pcr`ht`sdg dgh `f e`h`rcf Ecrdác Lcrrceãh y dgh su bikg, Kcvi`r Ecrdác ^chiceuc,
uhg m` fgs dchmimctgs c fc pr`sim`hdic qu`, cf m`dir m` Fôp`z ^grtiffg, ou`
oihcfistc dgh Aieu`f m` fc Acmrim Burtcmg, fg ff`vcrgh c trclckcr pgr fc
eul`rhcturc prãdtidca`ht` m`sm` su iher`sg cf eclih`t` m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû.9=
Tieui`hmg `f `k`apfg m` Acd`mg mgd` cógs ctrãs, O`rrct grechizô cpgygs fgdcf`s
y lusdô cfeuhgs hcdighcf`s sih dghsim`rcr duãh r`sp`tugsg `rc m` fcs r`efcs
pgfátidcs.90 C mio`r`h dic m` fc trchquifimcm dgh qu` ou` m`dimimc fc eul`rhcturc
`h 3950, `h 3923 hg bulg dchmimctg sôfimg y pr`pcrcmg y, fg qu` ou` p`gr, dgh
uhc pgstufcdiôh ihm`p`hmi`ht` qu` mcóô fc iace`h m`f erupg `h `f a`mig o`m`rcf.

@hSuizã hg bcyc cm`aãs

`sc gdcsiôh, a`kgr pru`lc
m` fgsm`cht`rigr`s
fc m`lifimcm m`f erupg
ocdtgr`s qu` `fm`
`h dghtrc orcdcsg
Bchj,m`kueô
3923.
fc
pr`o`r`hdic m`f pr`sim`ht` (g su m`lifimcm or`ht` c Aieu`f m` fc Acmrim, s`eûh s`
qui`rc v`r) c p`scr m` fc prgouhmc caistcm qu` calgs t`hách `h `s` `htghd`s.
Dgag li`h s` scl`, `h fgs a`s`s oihcf`s m` su cmaihistrcdiôh, Fôp`z ^grtiffg ou`
glk`tg m` uhc drátidc pgdg dgaûh c su m`s`ap`óg, `h lu`hc a`mimc pgr su
m`disiôh m` hcdighcfizcr fc lchdc. @h `scs dirduhs tchdics, uhg m` fgs pgdgs
p`rsghck`s qu` fg r`spcfmô ou` Bchj; ou` éf qui`h f` trcaitô fgs drémitgs pcrc
dghstruir su dcsc `h Duckiacfpc, y cf t`h`r qu` clchmghcr Fgs ^ihgs y hg bcl`r
dghdfuimg fc dghstruddiôh, fg ff`vô c vivir c fc suyc.9?
 C p`scr m` `sc `htrcóclf` caistcm, Fôp`z ^grtiffg hg cdd`miô c cpgycr c Bchj.
@h `f oghmg, fc rczôh ou` su pr`o`r`hdic pgr M` fc Acmrim pcrc gdupcr fc

pr`sim`hdic. Fôp`z ^grtiffg `xpfidc qu` fc s`f`ddiôh m` M`f Aczg r`spghmác c su

áhtiag dghv`hdiai`htg m` qu` fgs pu`stgs pgfátidgs dfcv` m`lách qu`mcr `h
achgs m` uhc e`h`rcdiôh ‖v`iht` cógs aãs kgv`h qu` fc aác‑, ihdfuimc fc
pr`sim`hdic, pcrc qu` m` `ffc surei`rch fgs sieui`ht`s achmctcrigs. ^crc éf, fc
eul`rhcturc m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg `rc ‖ihmisp`hsclf`‑ pcrc fc pr`sim`hdicf. 95
Cuhqu` hg tch kgv`h dgag M`f Aczg, Aghrgy (c qui`h s`eûh Fôp`z ^grtiffg,
Bchj y Kiaéh`z Dchtû cpgyclch) fg `rc, fg qu` siehioidc qu` fc kuv`htum hg `rc
`f ûhidg `f`a`htg c dghsim`rcr, sihg qu` r`dghgdác `h Aghrgy `f dghtrgf m`
Bchj, uh pgfátidg acmurg y pgm`rgsg. Fôp`z ^grtiffg siapf`a`ht` tgaô fc
m`disiôh pcrc iap`mir qu` Bchj dghtrgfcrc fc pgfátidc fgdcf aãs ti`apg.
^`rg fc csgdicdiôh dgh `f sieui`ht` pr`sim`ht` ilc aãs cffã m` fc s`a`kchzc
e`h`rcdighcf. ]ch cd`htucmg dgag `f gmig m` Fuis @db`v`rrác, `rc `f qu` s`htác
M` fc Acmrim pgr Bchj: tcapgdg `s oãdif scl`r `f grie`h m` `s` s`htiai`htg p`rg
hcmi` mumc m` qu` M` fc Acmrim ‖p`rsieuiô,
92
pr`sighô y achtuvg cdgrrcfcmg c
Bchj pcrc qu` hg pumi`rc dr`d`r‑.   ^crc fgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s fgs or`du`ht`s
s`ócfcai`htgs m` M` fc Acmrim cd`rdc m` fc iapgsilifimcm m` uhir fgs h`egdigs y
fc pgfátidc, hg `rch siapf`s ffcacmgs agrcf`s, sihg cmv`rt`hdics mirieimcs c
Bchj.99 ^gr `sg, si `h cfeuhc épgdc `f prgo`sgr `stuvg acreihcmg m` fc pgfátidc,
ou` pr`disca`ht` murcht` `f s`x`hig m` M` fc Acmrim. Fc s`f`ddiôh m` M`f Aczg,
caieg d`rdchg m`f qu` s`rác pr`sim`ht` c pcrtir m` 392<, r`pr`s`htc uh
ihdghouhmilf` a`hsck` m` fcs iht`hdigh`s m` M` fc Acmrim pcrc rgap`r `f pgm`r
m` Bchj.
Hg bcy mumc
sup`rigr`s c sum`prgpic
qu` `fou`rzc.
erupg m`
TiBchj s` `hor`htô
tch sôfg c dirduhstchdics
s` dghsim`rcrc hcdighcf`s
`st` `f`a`htg, fc
m`dfihcdiôh m` su ihofu`hdic `h pgdg s` mismheuirác m` gtrgs dcsgs tápidgs m`f
@stcmg m` Aéxidg: ieucf gdurriô dgh Ocl`fc cf pr`s`htcrs` fc sud`siôh m` M`f
Aczg _éf`z y dgh Lcz cf dghdfuir su achmctg. @h tgmgs fgs dcsgs fc dghstcht` `s
qué tchtg `f pr`sim`ht` `h ouhdigh`s dgag `f aga`htg pgfátidg hcdighcf, hg
ocvgr`dách fgs iht`r`s`s m`f fám`r fgdcf. Tih `alcreg, `h 3923 `xistách gtrgs
ocdtgr`s cm`aãs m` uhc vgfuhtcm pr`sim`hdicf dghtrcric, y cdcsg `f aãs
iapgrtcht` m` `ffgs `rc uhc `sp`di` m` cegtcai`htg m`f erupg m` Bchj, `h
cpcri`hdic ihdgapr`hsilf`, sglr` tgmg si s` ti`h` pr`s`ht` su capfitum.
 ^`rg fc sgrpr`sc m`scpcr`d` si s` r`du`rmc, pria`rg, qu` fc `xt`hsiôh m`f erupg
e rupg
m`p`hmác m` fgs dghtcdtgs p`rsghcf`s m` Bchj (tch capfigs dgag sus aisags

iht`r`s`s) y, s`euhmg, qu` su fim`rczeg s` lcsclc `h `f iapufsg c fgs kôv`h`s

pgfátidgs sih qu` a`micrc uh dgaprgaisg p`rsghcf, ihmisgfulf`. @h fc a`mimc
qu` Bchj prgagvác dcrr`rcs, cd`ptclc tãditca`ht` qu` buli`rc uhc su`rt` m`
f`cftcm`s dgapcrtimcs dgh gtrgs p`rsghck`s qu`, `h su aga`htg, iapriai`rgh
hu`vgs `stáaufgs cf pgfátidg. @stc p`duficr r`fcdiôh ff`vclc iapfáditc fc fil`rtcm
m`f prgsp`dtg pcrc `stclf`d`r fgs váhdufgs qu` quisi`rc: su dgaprgaisg dgh
Bchj `rc, `htghd`s, aãs agrcf qu` act`ricf. Ti c `ffg s` suac fc of`xilifimcm dgh
qu` egl`rhô Kiaéh`z Dchtû, `f dcalig m` `xp`dtctivcs pgfátidcs m` Bchj, y `f
dghsieui`ht` m`sduimg `h fc pr`pcrcdiôh m` fgs ai`alrgs m`f erupg, s` `ht`hm`rã
pgr qué `h 3923, duchmg calgs fám`r`s quisi`rgh pr`s`htcr uh or`ht` sôfimg,
dgapr`hmi`rgh qu` sus dcrtcs `rch mélif`s.
^crcmôkidca`ht`, `f m`lifitcai`htg m`f erupg ou` cdgapcócmg m` uh hgtclf`
m`scrrgffg m` fc éfit` fgdcf, m`limg prihdipcfa`ht` c `sc t`hm`hdic m` Bchj c
prgagv`r pgfátidgs. Su` su erupg hg tuvi`rc dchmimctg v`rmcm`rg, hg siehioidc
qu` hg buli`rc pgfátidgs m`stcdcmgs `h fc éfit`. @f eclih`t` m` M`f Aczg
Eghzãf`z, dgag s` v`rã `h `f dcpátufg sieui`ht`, y fc turluf`htc bistgric pgfátidc
qu` vc c vivir `f `stcmg murcht` fc médcmc m` fgs gdb`htc, au`strch uhc dfcs`
pgfátidc cdtivc y, `h `sp`dicf, miv`rsioidcmc, qu` hg pgmác yc r`uhirs` `h uh sgfg
erupg y r`dghgd`r c uh ûhidg fám`r, csá ou`rc Bchj Eghzãf`z. @h 3923 vc c s`r
auy dfcrg pcrc fgs pgfátidgs y fgs egl`rhcht`s, qu` `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg yc hg
`stã dghstituimg pgr uhc sgdi`mcm p`qu`óc y dgh s`dtgr`s trcmidighcf`s, qu`
pgmách im`htioidcrs` dgh ]gfudc y Ctfcdgaufdg, sihg qu` `s uhc sgdi`mcm
dgapf`kc, dgh cs`htcai`htgs urlchgs iapgrtcht`s `h fgs qu` hg sôfg s` bclách
m`scrrgffcmg erupgs `dghôaidgs ou`rt`s, sihg tcaliéh iht`r`s`s pgfátidgs qu` hg
`stclch mispu`stgs c s`r mirieimgs pgr `f erupg m` Bchj.

Hgtcs cf pi`
3 @htr`vistc dgh Dcrfgs Bchj Eghzãf`z, Fám`r`s
Eghzãf`z, Fám`r`s a`xidchgs
a`xidchgs,, Aéxidg, 3993, p. 50.
< @htr`vistc d.
4
  @htr`vistc k.
= @htr`vistc d.

0  \gscrig Tifád`g Calic,  ^`roif`s m` efgric: s`alfchzcs m` bgalr`s hgtclf`s m`f@stcmg m` Aéxidg,
^u`lfc, D`htrg m` @stumigs Bistôridgs m` ^u`lfc, 39?9, p. 3>=.
? @htr`vistcs m y k.

5  cpio, a`agrãhmua m` Isimrg Ocl`fc cf s`dr`tcrig m` @mudcdiôh ^ulfidc, 43 m` cegstg m` 39=4, `xp.
=?/3?<.0.
2 @htr`vistc k.

9 @htr`vistc d.
3> @htr`vistc d.

33 cpio dcrtc m` Dcrfgs Bchj c Isimrg Ocl`fc, 30 m` o`lr`rg m` 390>, `xp.=>/3=?.

3< @htr`vistcs m, l ` i.

34 @f Auhmg, = m` clrif m` 3902.

3= K. Ti`rrc, Fgp`z..., gp. dit., p. =2.
30 Im`a, y
 Im`a, y `htr`vistc k.
3? @htr`vistc dgh Dcrfgs Bchj Eghzãf`z, Hgv`mcm`s,
Eghzãf`z,  Hgv`mcm`s, <3
 <3 m` acyg m` 3990.
35 Fám`r`s
 Fám`r`s a`xidchgs…,
a`xidchgs…, gp. dit.,
dit., p.
 p. 5?.
32 Calcs o`dbcs bch simg a`hdighcmcs pgr `f aisag Bchj `h fcs mgs `htr`vistcs pulfidcmcs y yc ditcmcs.

Fg aãs prglclf` `s qu` fc iapr`disiôh ihmiqu` aãs qu` m`sduimg, `f aga`htg y hg fc o`dbc `xcdtc.
39 C^IO, dcrtc m` Isimrg Ocl`fc c Dcrfgs Bchj, 0 m` kuhig m` 39?>, `xp. <=/9<—<.
<> cpio, dcrtc m` Dcrfgs Bchj c Isimrg Ocl`fc, <= m` kuhig m` 39?>, `xp. <=/9<—<.

<3  Bchj, pgr `k`apfg, f` `sdril` c Ocl`fc qu` uhg m` fgs h`egdigs hg vc c prgsp`rcr pgrqu` yc `stã
dgaprga`timg dgh uh ‖s`hcmgr y uh caieg m`f s`ógr pr`sim`ht`‑, p`rg qu` ‖m` tgmgs agmgs, mgh Acrichg
ecrchtizô qu` mcrã lu`hgs trclckgs c @xcdtc‑, fc `apr`sc qu` r`pr`s`htclc Ocl`fc. Hcmc if`ecf dgag s` v`,
p`rg sá cf a`hgs misdr`dighcf. Dcrtc yc ditcmc m` Bchj c Ocl`fc.
<< M` cdu`rmg dgh uhc v`rsiôh m`f prgpig Bchj c sus caiegs, `htr`vistc c.
<4 @htr`vistc `h  Hgv`mcm`s,, im`a.
`h Hgv`mcm`s im`a. ]gmcs
 ]gmcs fcs `apr`scs a`hdighcmcs sgh cqu`ffcs qu` `f aisag Bchj bc
cd`ptcmg pûlfidca`ht` dgag suycs, g li`h qu` bc simg pgsilf` mgdua`htcr: hg glstcht`, fc f`y`hmc bc
dr`cmg uhc prgdfivimcm hcturcf c dr``r qu` sgh audbcs aãs. Tglr` fgs h`egdigs m` Bchj s` bc midbg y
`sdritg tchtg, qu` `s mioádif si hg iapgsilf` mistiheuir fc r`cfimcm m` fc ihv`hdiôh. T` bc midbg, pgr `k`apfg,
qu` uhc pcrt` sustchdicf m` su ogrtuhc s` grieihô duchmg ou` pr`sim`ht` auhidipcf m` ]gfudc y r`cfizô glrcs
pûlfidcs dgh `apr`scs suycs g dgh cfeuhc pcrtidipcdiôh, y qu` fc cdr`d`htô bcdi`hmg fg aisag dgag
egl`rhcmgr (`htr`vistc d). Hi qué m`dir sglr` fcs cduscdigh`s m` duchmg ou` r`e`ht` m`f Mistritg O`m`rcf y
dghstruyô fgs `k`s vicf`s. Fc ocftc m` pru`lcs y fc dghstcht` cmkumidcdiôh m` `apr`scs bc e`h`rcmg `h
 qui`h`s pgmrách dghoiracrfg uhc cdtitum m`o`hsivc pcrc prgt`e`r fc iace`h m` Bchj qu`, cf oihcf, iapim`
dghgd`r fc v`rmcm.

<= @htr`vistc c.

<0 @htr`vistc k.
<? @htr`vistc c.

<5 @htr`vistcs i y k.

<2 @htr`vistc k.
<9 Fim`r`s
 Fim`r`s a`xidchgs
a`xidchgs,, gp. dit., p.
dit., p. 55.
4> @htr`vistc i.
43 Fgs mio`r`ht`s dgaprgaisgs y cfeuhgs m` fgs `o`dtgs m` `sc t`aprchc fudbc pgr `f pgm`r, s` `hdu`htrch

`h \ge`fig B`rhãhm`z \gmráeu`z,  Fc ogracdiôh m`fpgfátidg a`xidchg

a`xidchg..  @f dcsg m` Dcrfgs C. Acmrczg,
Aéxidg, @f Dgf`eig m` Aéxidg, 3993, pp. 3<3—32=.
4< @htr`vistc i. M`f dghofidtg pgfátidg auy pgdg trcsd`hmiô c fc pr`hsc, p`rg `htr` fg pgdg m`stcdch fcs
m`dfcrcdigh`s m` ^`mrg Gk`mc ^cuffcmc, prgdurcmgr e`h`rcf m` fc \`pûlfidc, y Acrig Agyc ^cf`hdic,
s`dr`tcrig m` Egl`rhcdiôh, `h fcs qu` sulrcyclch fc tgf`rchdic dgh fc qu` `f egli`rhg m`f `stcmg bclác

cdtucmg or`ht` c fgs `xd`sgs m` fgs grechizcmgr`s y fgs kôv`h`s. @f

kôv`h`s.  @f Phiv`rscf, 3=
Phiv`rscf, 3= m` s`pti`alr` y @fTgf
y  @fTgf m`
 Aéxidg, 30
 Aéxidg, 30 m` s`pti`alr` mé 3953.
44 Kgsé Fôp`z ^grtiffg, Ais
^grtiffg, Ais ti`apgs,
ti`apgs, Aéxidg, O`rhãhm`z @mitgr`s, 3922, t. <, p. 9>3.
4= @htr`vistc i.
40  @htr`vistc dgh Orchdisdg Ecfihmg Gdbgc,  @xdéfsigr
 @xdéfsigr,, <9 m` kuhig m` 3922. @f mctg durigsg `s qu`,
si`apr` m` cdu`rmg dgh Ecfihmg Gdbgc, @db`v`rrác `stclc yc m`siehcmg `h fc T`dr`tcrác E`h`rcf m`f ^\I,
m` tcf ach`rc qu` cf r`dtioidcr, Fôp`z Act`gs sôfg iht`rdcaliô fgs dcregs. Ecfihmg Gdbgc mid` `h `sc
aisac `htr`vistc qu` éstc ou` fc ach`rc `h qu` Mácz Grmcz dghgdiô c Fuis @db`v`rrác, pu`s hg bclác
bclimg hiheûh dghtcdtg `htr` `ffgs cht`s m` `s` hgalrcai`htg.
4? @htr`vistc i.

45 @htr`vistcs i, k.
42 @htr`vistcs m, o, ` y k.

49 @htr`vistcs i, k.
=> Mcvim Cfvcrcmg Eu`rr`rg, ‖@sdcpcrct`‑, @f
‖@sdcpcrct`‑, @f Tgf m` ]gfudc
]gfudc,, << m` `h`rg m` 3950.
=3 @htr`vistcs k y `.

=< @htr`vistc b: C^IO, dcrtc m` Euiff`rag Dgfáh Tãhdb`z c Isimrg Ocl`fc, 4 m` s`pti`alr` m` 3900, `xp.
4=/34>—5, y @f
y @f Tgf m` ]gfudc
]gfudc,, 35 m` s`pti`alr` m` 39?9.
=4 @htr`vistcs b y `.
== @htr`vistc `.
 =0 @htr`vistcs k ` i.
=? ^idbcrmg hi siqui`rc dgfclgrô `h fc ącapcóc m` Bchj, pu`s `h `s` `htghd`s duapfiô tcr`cs pgfátidcs `h

Yudctãh dgag m`f`ecmg m`f d`h m`f ^\I. @htr`vistc i.

=5 @htr`vistc m.
=2 @htr`vistc c. Fcris Dcsiffcs `s `dghgaistc m` fc PHCA, dgh pgsercmgs `h cmaihistrcdiôh pûlfidc `h
Bcrvcrm y fc Fghmgh Tdbggf.
=9 @htr`vistc c.
0> @htr`vistcs k ` i.

03 @f ducrtg s`hcmgr y uhg m` fgs mgs prgpi`tcrigs, ou` Orchdisdg ^ér`z \ágs, `f mirie`ht` `f`dtridistc, pgr
`ffg hg ou` ihdfuimg `h fcs fistcs. _écs` fc hgtc a`tgmgfôeidc.
0<  @htr`vistc l. Kufiãh Tcfczcr y sus dgfclgrcmgr`s (@strudturc…, gp. dit., 
dit.,  p. 43) bch simg fgs ûhidgs
chcfistcs qu` bch cmv`rtimg `stc dirduhstchdic e`h`rcdighcf qu` `xpfidc `h pcrt` fc csd`hm`hdic m` Bchj.
04 @htr`vistcs j y `.
0=  @htr`vistc dgh Dcrfgs Bchj, Hgv`mcm`s, im`a
im`a.. @h `sc gpgrtuhimcm Bchj coiraô; ‖fc caistcm hg `s
dgapfidimcm… `s pur`zc m` co`dtg buachg…qu` s` mc `htr` dclcff`rgs‑. @s m`dir, ti`h` vcfgr étidg aãs qu`

act`ricf.
00 @htr`vistcs k y c.
0? @htr`vistc m.

05 @htr`vistcs k ` i.
02 @htr`vistcs b y`.
09 Dgag fg `sdrili`rc Egufmh`r, `f fám`r hg `s cqu`f qu` ti`h` im`cs g tgac m`disigh`s, sihg `f qu` fgerc
f`eitiacrfcs. Fc mio`r`hdic lãsidc `htr` fim`rczeg y k`octurc rcmidc `h qu` `h `f pria`rg s` dghsieu` `f
dghs`htiai`htg vgfuhtcrig y dghv`hdimg, ai`htrcs qu` `h `f s`euhmg s` iapgh` fc vgfuhtcm `apf`chmg fgs
r`dursgs m` qu` mispgh` uhc k`rcrquác ogracf. Cfvih U. Egufmh`r (`m.), Ttumi`s ih F`cm`rsbip…, gp. dit., p.
dit., p.
3>>.
?> @htr`vistc d.
?3 @htr`vistcs ` y c.

?< @htr`vistc b.
?4 @htr`vistc k. @f hgalr` m` ducrt`f`s `s r`pr`s`htctivg m` fc t`hm`hdic pcrcaifitcr m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû,
qu` s` ihidicrc dgh `f p`htctfôh y t`raihcrc dgh `f sáalgfg m` Tceitcrig `h su egli`rhg.
?= @htr`vistc m` Eustcvg Lcz dgh @f`hc ^ghictgwsjc, @f
^ghictgwsjc,  @f Mác, ám`a. Dgag
ám`a. Dgag s` v`, fgs `kérditgs m`f trclckg
dghstituy`h `f agm`fg grieihcf m`f dghgdimg ^rgercac Hcdighcf m` Tgfimcrimcm qu` pusg `h acrdbc Dcrfgs
Tcfihcs.
?0 @htr`vistcs `, k y d.
 ??  @htr`vistc k. Cmidighcfa`ht` c fcs fclgr`s m`f ducrt`f m`f sur, Bchj m`siehô dgag titufcr m` fc
Mir`ddiôh E`h`rcf m` T`eurimcm ^ûlfidc y ]rãhsitg cf t`hi`ht` dgrgh`f Oéfix B`rhãhm`z Kcia`s, caieg suyg

p`rg tcaliéh grieihcrig m`f sur, qu` s` bclác mistiheuimg `h fc dcrr`rc aifitcr pgr su oira`zc, dgh `f
m`fil`rcmg prgpôsitg m` dghtrgfcr c Acd`mg y
Acd`mg y c
 c sus s`euimgr`s. @htr`vistc b.
?5 @htr`vistcs j y d.

?2  Hg `s ést` `f fuecr cm`ducmg pcrc misdutir fgs prglf`acs m`f m`scrrgffg `stclifizcmgr, p`rg
cogrtuhcmca`ht` fc fit`rcturc `s cluhmcht`. @htr` fgs audbgs chãfisis pu`m`h dghsuftcrs` fgs m` \`hé
_iffcrr`cf, @f
_iffcrr`cf, @f m`s`quifilrig `xt`rhg `h fcihmustricfizcdiôh m` Aéxidg (39<9—3950),
(39<9—3950), Aéxidg, OD@, 395?, y `f
m` Dcrfgs ]`ffg,  Fcpgfátidc `dghôaidc `h Aéxidg, 395>—395?
395>—395?,, Aéxidg, Tiefg RRI @mitgr`s, 392>,
cprgpicmg `htr` gtrcs dgscs pgr su `xpfidcdiôh m` fcs a`mimcs tgacmcs pgr `f egli`rhg m` Fuis @db`v`rrác,
qu` ihofuy`rgh m`disivca`ht` `h fcs qu` cpfidô `f m` Bchj pcrc `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg.
?9  Fc f`y bclác dghsim`rcmg ductrg zghcs, qu` `rch; pria`rc, ]gfudc, F`rac y ]`hcheg m`f _cff`:
s`euhmc, Ixtfcbucdc, @f Grg y Kifgt`p`d: t`rd`rc, Tuft`p`d, ]`acsdcft`p`d y _cff` m` Lrcvg, y ducrtc, Dbcfdg
y Gtualc. Bcdic 39?9 fc ihmustric s` dghd`htrclc `h sôfg tr`s auhidipigs, Hcudcfpch, ]fcfh`pchmc y
@dct`p`d, tgmgs dgfihmcht`s dgh `f Mistritg O`m`rcf: fgs tr`s r`pr`s`htclch 53.4% m`f vcfgr tgtcf m` fc

prgmuddiôh, p`rg si c `ffgs s` cer`eclch fgs auhidipigs m` ]uftitfãh, ]gfudc y Ducutitfãh, fc dghd`htrcdiôh
s` `f`vclc c 9>%. Ti yc `rc ercv` qu` `stgs s`is fuecr`s s` ff`vcrch fc acygr pcrt` m` fgs iher`sgs m` fgs 3<3
auhidipigs m`f `stcmg, hg `rc a`hgs m`fidcmg qu` sôfg ]gfudc buli`rc simg grieihcfa`ht` dghsim`rcmg `h `f
prgy`dtg. \. Lékcr Hcvcrrg y O. Dcschgvc Ãfvcr`z,
Ãfvcr`z, Bistgric dit., pp. 399 y <35.
 Bistgric m` fc…, gp. dit., pp.
5>  @f kuidig ihãs s`v`rg sglr` fc ihmustricfizcdiôh m`f `stcmg, s` `hdu`htrc `h `f `stumig pr`pcrcmg pgr
Hcoihsc y @f Dgf`eig m` Aéxidg,  @stumig sglr` `f m`scrrgffg`
m`scrrgffg`dghôaidg,
dghôaidg, r`eighcf y urlchg m`f @stcmg m`
 Aéxidg,, mgs tgags, Aéxidg, 39?9.
 Aéxidg
53 \. Lékcr Hcvcrrg y O. Dcschgvc Ãfvcr`z, ilim.,
ilim., p.
 p. 39>.
5< Dcrfgs Bchj Eghzãf`z, Suihtg ihogra` m` egli`rhg,
egli`rhg, <> m` `h`rg m` 3950, ]gfudc, @stcmg m` Aéxidg,
3950, p. 0>.
54 Ihogra`s m` egli`rhg, pria`rg (0 m` s`pti`alr` m` 395>), t`rd`rg (<> m` `h`rg m` 3954) y s`xtg (0 m`
s`pti`alr` m` 3950).
5= K. Tcfczcr, ilim., pcssia., y
pcssia., y ^ria`r
 ^ria`r ihogra` m` egli`rhg,
egli`rhg, ilim.,
ilim., pp.
 pp. 39—<>.
50 T`xtg ihogra` m` egli`rhg, pcssia.
5? Mcvim Cfvcrcmg Eu`rr`rg, ‖@sdcpcrct`‑, @f
‖@sdcpcrct`‑,  @f Tgf m` ]gfudc
]gfudc,, < m` `h`rg m` 3950, y Orchdisdg Dãrm`hcs
Druz, ‖Or`ht`s ^gfátidgs‑, @xdéfsigr
^gfátidgs‑, @xdéfsigr,, <= m` `h`rg m` 3950.
55 @htr`vistcs o y d.

52 @htr`vistcs m y k.
59 @htr`vistcs ` y o.
 2> @htr`vistcs k y b.
23 @htr`vistc b.

2< Im`a y
 Im`a y @f
 @f Tgf m` ]gfudc
]gfudc,, 5 m` s`pti`alr` m` 3950.
24 @htr`vistcs k ` i y @f
y  @f Tgf m` ]gfudc,
]gfudc, f
 f ` m` gdtulr` m` 39?9 y 3= m` acrzg m` 395>. Cuhqu` `xtrcóg `f
cpgyg m` fc DHG^, pgrqu` O`rrct `rc cûh aãs m`sdghgdimg `h fc pgfátidc hcdighcf, `s prglclf` qu` buli`rc
`hdghtrcmg cyumc `h vi`kgs pcischgs suygs dgh aifitchdic `h fc d`htrcf pgpufcr, dgag Chtghig L`rhcf y `f
mgdtgr \cûf F`ecspi qu`, durigsca`ht`, bclách glt`himg fcs miputcdigh`s o`m`rcf`s pgr `f mistritg m`
]`xdgdg `h fcs mgs f`eisfcturcs cht`rigr`s. @s` mistritg, fg aisag qu` `f m` Dbcfdg, s` bclác dghstituimg `h
`f dgtg m` fc DHG^.
2= @f
 @f Tgf m` ]gfudc,
]gfudc, 4
 4 m` s`pti`alr` m` 3950.
20 @htr`vistc b.
2? @htr`vistc b.

25 K. Fôp`z ^grtiffg, Ais

^grtiffg, Ais ti`apgs, gp. dit.. t.
dit.. t. 3, p. 433.
22  Ihogra`s m` egli`rhg pria`rg y s`xtg, ilim.
ilim.   Cuhqu` fc m`siehcdiôh ogracf tuvg fuecr `f << m`
s`pti`alr`, @db`v`rrác s` fg dgauhidô `f 35. K. Fôp`z ^grtiffg, gp. dit., pp.
dit., pp. 499=>>.
29 Ilim., t.
 Ilim., t. <, p. 9>3.
9> Ilim., t.
 Ilim., t. 3, p. =54.
93 @htr`vistcs o y c.

9< @htr`vistc `.
94 @htr`vistcs j y m.
9=  T` mid` qu` cm`aãs m` `stcs r`fcdigh`s dgh fc ocaific m`f e`h`rcf, O`rrct dghtclc dgh `f cpgyg m`f
s`dr`tcrig m` Bcdi`hmc, Mcvim Ilcrrc. @htr`vistc b.
90  ^crc cfeuhgs pgfátidgs `htr`vistcmgs hg bcy mumc m` qu` ou` O`rrct qui`h gor`diô `f rchdbg m`
]`hchdiheg c Fôp`z ^grtiffg (`htr`vistcs ` y b), p`rg m` cdu`rmg dgh `f aisag pr`sim`ht`, ou` Kiaéh`z
Dchtû qui`h fg bizg y m`spués m` m`dimimc fc sud`siôh, pu`s M`f Aczg Eghzãf`z ou` pgstufcmg `h `h`rg m`
3923 y `f rchdbg f` ou` r`ecfcmg `h clrif m`f aisag cóg. @f pr`sim`ht` r`huhdiô c éf `h cegstg, m`spués m`
fcs drátidcs qu` cpcr`di`rgh `h fc pr`hsc, p`rg `f sihmidctg m` ^`a`x s` fg vgfviô c gor`d`r `h midi`alr`.
Dgag ou` r`dbczcmg m` hu`vg, `f sihmidctg fg dcaliô pgr fc dcsc m` Cdcpufdg qu` sá cd`ptô Fôp`z ^grtiffg
(Ais ti`apgsgp. dit . t. <, pp. 3><0, 3>=?, 334? y 3305).
9?  Ilim.,
 Ilim.,   pp. 3324 y 3<5=. @h fc `htr`vistc pulfidcmc pgr  Hgv`mcm`s
 Hgv`mcm`s   (acyg m` 3990), Bchj r`dghgd`
bcl`if` r`ecfcmg uhc dcsc c Fôp`z ^grtiffg `htr` 3923 y 392<: tcf v`z s`c fc aisac m` Duckiacfpc, p`rg `h
sus a`agrics Fôp`z ^grtiffg sôfg ihograc qu` Bchj fg cyumô c dghs`euir drémitgs ocvgrclf`s y qu` `f
t`rr`hg fg dgaprô c Achu`f T`hm`rgs.
95 Ilim., t.
 Ilim., t. <, pp. 3>43 y 3>4<.
 92 @htr`vistc d.
99 @htr`vistcs j v c.

_. FGT E\P^GT M@ PHC ÉFI]@

B@]@\GEÉH@C

PH EGL@\HCMG\ ^C\C PH @T]CMG MIT]IH]G

@f egli`rhg m` Cfor`mg m`f Aczg Eghzãf`z r`pr`s`htc uh qui`lr` iapgrtcht` `h
fc bistgric pgfátidc m`f `stcmg/Tgh vcrics fcs dcrcdt`rástidcs qu` f` mch `sc
dghmidiôh; fcs dirduhstchdics `h qu` s` iapusg su dchmimcturc c p`scr m` fc oára`
gpgsidiôh m` Bchj y Kiaéh`z Dchtû: su `quipg m` egli`rhg y uh `stifg p`rsghcf
m` egl`rhcr, auy c tghg dgh fc `rc agm`rhizcmgrc qu` dgai`hzc `h 392< `h
tgmg `f pcás dgh fc ff`ecmc m` Aieu`f m` fc Acmrim Burtcmg, y qu` supusg `f
acreihcai`htg m` uhc ograc m` bcd`r pgfátidc, prgpic m` fg qu`
dghv`hdighcfa`ht` s` dghgd` dgag fc épgdc trcmidighcf m`f sist`ac. ]gmg `ffg
bc s`rvimg pcrc s`ócfcr c `sc cmaihistrcdiôh dgag fc `hdcrecmc m` m`struir cf
erupg m` Bchj. @h dghs`du`hdic, su ff`ecmc cf pgm`r s` `xpfidc dgag uh cdtg
clsgfutca`ht` ihmivimucf m`f egli`rhg o`m`rcf y hi siqui`rc m`f pr`sim`ht` `h
ouhdigh`s, Kgsé Fôp`z ^grtiffg, sihg m` su sud`sgr
sud`sgr..
Cuhqu` fc v`rsiôh pgs`` uhc mgsis m` v`rmcm, bcd` c uh fcmg dirduhstchdics
iht`rhcs y `xt`rhcs qu` bidi`rgh pgsilf` fc m`siehcdiôh. @htr` fcs pria`rcs m`l`h
ihdfuirs` mgs ocdtgr`s m`t`raihcht`s; fc rãpimc trchsogracdiôh sgdicf y
`dghôaidc qu` bclác suorimg fc `htimcm, `h erch a`mimc prgvgdcmc pgr `f
m`scrrgffg `dghôaidg, y `f `o`dtg qu` tuvg `h fc dgapgsidiôh m` fc éfit` pgfátidc
fgdcf. Tôfg duchmg s` ti`h`h pr`s`ht`s calgs `f`a`htgs, `s pgsilf` `ht`hm`r pgr
qué uh erupg tch ou`rt` dgag `f m` Bchj hg pumg `hor`htcr fc vgfuhtcm d`htrcf,
qu` di`rtca`ht` lusdclc su acreihcai`htg, p`rg qu` `stclc ihspircmc aãs `h
 rczgh`s p`rsghcf`s qu` `h fc ca`hczc ihtráhs`dc m`f erupg.
M` fc aisac ach`rc qu` `h tgmg `f pcás, `h `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg `f m`scrrgffg

`dghôaidg m` fgs cógs 39=> c 395> mig grie`h c hu`vgs erupgs sgdicf`s, dgh
cftgs hiv`f`s m` vimc y m` iher`sg qu` r`dfcacrgh ct`hdiôh pgfátidc: p`rg c `stc
dcrcdt`rástidc dgaûh s` cer`eô `f sgrpr`hm`ht` dr`diai`htg m` auhidipigs m`f
`stcmg, cf`mcógs tgmgs cf Mistritg O`m`rcf, qu` pgdg c pgdg ou`rgh echchmg
iapgrtchdic m`agerãoidc, `dghôaidc y, sglr` tgmg, pgfátidc. M`f aisag agmg
qu` gdurriô dgh `f egli`rhg o`m`rcf, `f `stctcf hg s` p`rdctô m` fgs ri`segs
pgfátidgs qu` `s` dr`diai`htg siehioidclc. @h fc médcmc m` fgs s`s`htc `f egli`rhg
`stctcf `ap`zô c mcrs` du`htc m` fgs prglf`acs sgdicf`s qu` e`h`rclch fcs
iht`raihclf`s gf`cmcs m` ihaiercht`s qu` pcufctihca`ht` ilch cs`htãhmgs` `h fc
zghc gri`ht` m`f Mistritg O`m`rcf.
Fc m`sct`hdiôh, sih `alcreg, ou` dghstcht`, dgag fg m`au`strc fc pgdc
pr`s`hdic qu` `f egli`rhg m` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh tuvg `h cqu`ffc zghc. Dgh
tgmg, fc pr`siôh ou` fg suoidi`ht` dgag pcrc qu` `h 39?4 s` cdd`mi`rc c dr`cr uh
hu`vg auhidipig, `f m` H`zcbucfdôygtf, m`limg c fc iapr`sighcht` pglfcdiôh qu`
t`hác y qu` `h 395> ff`eô c s`r m` pgdg aãs m` 02> aif bclitcht`s, audbg aãs
m` fg qu` `h `s` aga`htg t`hách fc diumcm dcpitcf ]gfudc (<=> >>>), y
Hcudcfpch (42< >>>).3
Fcs m`achmcs sgdicf`s, qu` `h su erch acygrác agstrclch uh cftg ercmg m`
pr`dcri`mcm `dghôaidc, glfiecrgh c fgs egli`rhgs m` Bchj y Kiaéh`z Dchtû c
dr`cr prgercacs qu` fgs ct`hmi`rch. Fc r`spu`stc, cm`aãs m` tcrmác, s` dghd`htrô
`h fcs zghcs acreihcf`s y m`kô m` fcmg `f r`stg m` fgs auhidipigs, tcaliéh
d`rdchgs cf Mistritg O`m`rcf, dgh cftgs iher`sgs `dghôaidgs y duycs prihdipcf`s

cdtivimcm`s,
m`f pcás. @h tchtg
ãr`cs m` gdupcdiôh
dgag dgagDucutátfãh
Hcudcfpch, m` r`dr`cdiôh, s` r`cfizclch
y `h a`hgr a`mimc`h@dct`p`d
fc dcpitcfg
Ctizcpãh m` [crcegzc, fcs m`achmcs hg dghsistách `h fc ihtrgmuddiôh m`
s`rvidigs lãsidgs g dghtrgf m` fc m`fihdu`hdic, sihg `h `spcdigs pgfátidgs.
Dgag s` gls`rvc `h `f ducmrg 0.3, ai`htrcs `h 39?> fc pglfcdiôh m` fgs 35
auhidipigs qu` dghograch fc zghc a`trgpgfitchc m`f Mistritg O`m`rcf
dghd`htrclch <0% m` fgs bclitcht`s m` tgmg `f `stcmg, mi`z cógs m`spués yc
cfdchzclch 0>%, y `h 392>, uh cóg cht`s m` fc ff`ecmc m` M`f Aczg,
r`pr`s`htclc ?0% m`f tgtcf. Ti fgs mctgs sgh dghtuhm`ht`s, su iapgrtchdic
cua`htc cf dgapcrcrfgs dgh fc pglfcdiôh m` ]gfudc y su zghc a`trgpgfitchc, fc
 ducf hg sôfg `s a`hgr sihg qu` m`dr`d` sgst`himca`ht` (`h hûa`rgs clsgfutgs y
r`fctivgs) `h `f aisag p`rigmg; m` r`pr`s`htcr 34% `h 39?>, misaihuyô c 9.5%

`h 395> y c 5.9% `h 392>.

 ^`rg fcs pérmimcs m` ]gfudc sgh aãs qu` pglfcdighcf`s. Murcht` fgs cógs m`
dr`diai`htg `dghôaidg y m` ogracdiôh m` fc éfit` pgfátidc fgdcf, ]gfudc ou` `f

d`htrg m` tgmcs fcs cdtivimcm`s: dgag `h ducfqui`r gtrc r`eiôh, fc diumcm mghm`
s` csi`htch fgs pgm`r`s dghd`htrô fgs dghtcdtgs prgo`sighcf`s, fgs d`htrgs
`mudctivgs y fcs gpgrtuhimcm`s m` bcd`r uhc dcrr`rc pgfátidc. Ou` pgr `ffg qu`
audbgs pgfátidgs hcdimgs `h gtrcs zghcs m`f `stcmg, ihdfusg `h `f aisag dihturôh
qu` rgm`c cf Mistritg O`m`rcf, ou`rgh cmgptcmgs pgr ]gfudc y, fg aãs iapgrtcht`,
ou`rgh ogracmgs pgr sus trcmidigh`s sgdicf`s y pgfátidcs. @h `s` s`htimg, ]gfudc
]gfudc y
sus pgfátidgs hg tuvi`rgh v`rmcm`rgs prglf`acs pcrc dghtrgfcr uh `stcmg dgh uhc
sgdi`mcm pgdg dgapf`kc, dgh cs`htcai`htgs pglfcdighcf`s qu`, cf acre`h m` sus
mio`r`hdics, cdumách c ]gfudc y duygs pgfátidgs, pgdgs y sih gpdigh`s `h sus
fuecr`s, s` trcsfcmclch c fc diumcm dcpitcf pcrc bcd`r r`cfimcm sus cspircdigh`s.
Fc bgage`h`imcm m` fc éfit` ou` `f r`suftcmg m` uhc sgdi`mcm pgdg m`scrrgffcmc.<
^`rg bcdic 395>, `s m`dir, `h pf`hg egli`rhg m` Bchj, 35 auhidipigs (y dgh
acygr pr`disiôh, ductrg m` `ffgs) s` dghvirti`rgh `h d`htrgs hcturcf`s m`
ctrcddiôh. ^gr fg m`aãs, sus pgfátidgs hg t`hách yc hiheuhc h`d`simcm m`
trcsfcmcrs` c ]gfudc pcrc bcd`r dcrr`rc; dgh or`du`hdic lcstclc qu` ctrcv`scrch
uhc dcff` (g dgag `h H`zcbucfdôygtf, s` dcalicrch c fc gtrc cd`rc) pcrc qu`
`hdghtrcrch cf Mistritg O`m`rcf y s` cd`rdcrch c su cdtivimcm pgfátidc. ^crc `ffgs,
fc dcpitcf fgdcf `rc uhc gpdiôh y hg uh trãhsitg ihmisp`hsclf`. Fc miv`rsimcm m`
h`d`simcm`s y fc ocftc m` im`htimcm dgh `f `stcmg, csá dgag tcaliéh `htr` fgs
auhidipigs, grieihô erupgs pgfátidgs qu` fg ûhidg qu` m`sm` `htghd`s bch t`himg
`h dgaûh `s m`o`hm`rs` m` fcs iapgsidigh`s m` ]gfudc, c fc ducf,
siehioidctivca`ht`, s` r`oi`r`h dgag `f ‖d`htrg‑, `h uhc dfcrc chcfgeác dgh fc

drátidc
@sgsqu` tgmc fccfprgvihdic
erupgs, dga`hzcrf` ograufc cf Mistritg
fc médcmc m` fgsO`m`rcf.
gdb`htc, hg pgmách yc s`r
dghtrgfcmgs, hi a`hgs cûh ihdfuimgs, `h uh sgfg erupg pgfátidg, pgr aãs
iapgrtcht` qu` ést` ou`rc. Hg sôfg ou` `f m`lifitcai`htg m`f erupg m` Bchj,
prgmudtg m` sus cspircdigh`s p`rsghcf`s y m`f m`sduimg m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû, fg qu`
fiaitô su mgaihig: ou` tcaliéh fc `xpchsiôh m` fc éfit` pgfátidc y su hgtclf`
b`t`rge`h`imcm qu` mig grie`h c aûftipf`s erupgs, m`suhimgs y dgh ou`rzcs
s`a`kcht`s, qu` fudbcrgh `htr` sá pgr sglr`pgh`rs` c fgs m`aãs y, cdcsg,
dghs`euir `f pgm`h Phc éfit` csá, dgh uhc sgdi`mcm miv`rsioidcmc `h s`dtgr`s,
iht`r`s`s y m`achmcs, yc hg pgmác s`r egl`rhcmc dgh fgs prgd`miai`htgs
 p`rsghcfizcmgs qu` tgmgs fgs achmctcrigs, y m` ach`rc siheufcr Bchj, bclách
`apf`cmg.=  Bcdic 392> `rc ihmisp`hsclf` dcalicr fgs aétgmgs m` bcd`r fc

pgfátidc, p`rg tcaliéh m` cmaihistrcr,

cmaihistrcr, `s m`dir, m` r`sgfv`r prglf`acs y sctisocd`r
m`achmcs sgdicf`s. @f p`roif, dgheru`ht` dgh `f qu` yc s` mistiheuác `h `f
egli`rhg o`m`rcf, fg t`hác Cfor`mg m`f Aczg Eghzãf`z.
Hcturcfa`ht`, éstc `s sôfg uhc pcrt` m` fc `xpfidcdiôh. Fc gtrc s` `hdu`htrc `h
fc p`duficr oglic, aãs p`rsghcf qu` pgfátidc, qu` Aieu`f m` fc Acmrim f` prgo`sc c
Bchj Eghzãf`z. @s prãdtidca`ht` iapgsilf` dghgd`r fcs dcuscs m` `sc
mio`r`hdic: dgh or`du`hdic s` mid` qu` `s r`di`ht` y qu` s` grieihô duchmg calgs
ogracrgh pcrt` m`f eclih`t` fgp`zpgrtiffistc y uhg s` dcrcdt`rizô pgr dghtrgfcr `f
ecstg m`sm` fc T`dr`tcrác m` ^rgercacdiôh y ^r`supu`stg y `f gtrg `h m`rrgdbcrfg
`h glrcs urlchcs m` misdutilf` utifimcm.0 Tih `alcreg, duchmg M` fc Acmrim s`
dghvirtiô `h s`dr`tcrig, Bchj yc bclác dghdfuimg sus prihdipcf`s prgy`dtgs, m` tcf
ach`rc qu` hg bclác kustioidcdiôh cmaihistrctivc pcrc ihidicr uhc r`fcdiôh mioádif.
Gtrc v`rsiôh cpuhtc qu` M` fc Acmrim, duchmg gdupô fc sulmir`ddiôh m`
Oihchzcs m` ^`a`x, `htr` 395> y 395<, dghgdiô fgs h`egdigs qu` Bchj bizg dgh
fcs pipcs y fc v`htc m` ecsgfihc. T`eûh `stc gpihiôh, fgs m`tcff`s ou`rgh tch
`sdchmcfgsgs qu` M` fc Acmrim s` prgpusg dgrr`eirfgs. Cuhqu` pgsilf`, hg
pcr`d` s`r m`disivc, pu`s pcrc `s` `htghd`s Bchj, qu` yc `rc egl`rhcmgr m` su
`htimcm, hg t`hác r`fcdigh`s iapgrtcht`s dgh fc pcrc`stctcf.
Calgs m`tcff`s tcf v`z bcych ihofuimg `h fc im`c qu` M` fc Acmrim s` ograô m`
Bchj c fg fcreg m` tgmc su dcrr`rc prgo`sighcf, p`rg fg qu` sá pcr`d` bcl`r
m`t`raihcmg fc cdtitum m` p`rs`dudiôh m` M` fc Acmrim ou` `f cpgyg qu` Bchj f`
lrihmô c Kgre` m` fc _`ec, vi`kg caieg y dgfclgrcmgr suyg, pcrc glt`h`r fc
0
pr`sim`hdic. ’ @s dr`álf` Bchj
pr`d`ptg dghstitudighcf, qu` m`spués
lusdcrcm`c p`rm`r fc pgsilifimcm
uh dchmimctg d`rdchgm`y agmioidcr
dghoiclf` `f
y,
s`eûh fgs ihmidigs, fg `hdghtrô `h su caieg, `f s`dr`tcrig m` Dga`rdig. Cuhqu`
M` fc _`ec ou` `fiaihcmg y, cf m`dir m` Fôp`z ^grtiffg, ff`ecrgh cf oihcf
sgfca`ht` Aieu`f m` fc Acmrim y Kcvi`r Ecrdác ^chiceuc, `rc mioádif qu` `f
echcmgr gfvimcrc `f cpgyg m` Bchj y qu`, cf acre`h m`f grie`h, s` achio`stô `h
or`du`ht`s drátidcs c fc dgalihcdiôh m` fc pgfátidc y fgs h`egdigs privcmgs qu`
M` fc Acmrim ograufô `h su dcapcóc y fgs pria`rgs cógs m` su egli`rhg.? Dgag
fgs aisags pgfátidgs fgdcf`s r`du`rmch, `rc dfcrg qu` `f a`hsck` `stclc mirieimg c
 Bchj y qu`, cm`aãs, éf s` bclác dghv`rtimg `h uh `k`apfg pcrc pgh`r `h acrdbc
`f prgercac dghtrc fc dgrrupdiôh qu` M` fc Acmrim dghvirtiô `h su lchm`rc
pgfátidc. ^crc cfeuhgs, M` fc Acmrim sá iht`htô `hdcrd`fcr c Bchj pgr su ach`kg

m`f pr`supu`stg dgag r`e`ht` m` fc dcpitcf.5

@h `st` puhtg `s mghm` `f p`roif m` M`f Aczg dghv`re` dgh fc oglic m` M` fc
Acmrim. Dgag ou` capfica`ht` miouhmimg `h 3925, duchmg `stclc pgr m`dimirs`
`f dchmimctg c fc pr`sim`hdic, `htr` M` fc Acmrim y M`f Aczg `xist` uhc
prgouhmc y vi`kc caistcm c fc ducf s` m`l`, `htr` gtrcs dgscs, `f iher`sg m`f
egl`rhcmgr c fc cmaihistrcdiôh pûlfidc y c fc pgfátidc. M`f Aczg, m`sm` 39?4,
ihdfusg cht`s m` titufcrs` `h cmaihistrcdiôh pûlfidc `h fc PHCA, dga`hzô c
trclckcr `h `f s`dtgr privcmg y dghdr`tca`ht` `h fc lchdc. Ou` sule`r`ht` y
mir`dtgr m` mivisiôh `h `f Lchdg Dga`rdicf A`xidchg y aãs tcrm` mir`dtgr
e`h`rcf `h `f Lchdg Aih`rg y A`rdchtif, fg qu` f` p`raitiô `xt`hm`r sus
r`fcdigh`s dgh iapgrtcht`s `apr`scrigs `h uhc dcrr`rc qu`, bcstc 395?, pcr`dác
`stcr m`midcmc cf auhmg m` fgs h`egdigs.
Ou` `h `s` aga`htg duchmg su caieg M` fc Acmrim ihvitô c M`f Aczg c
dgfclgrcr `h `f egli`rhg. M` fc Acmrim, dgh uhc fcrec trcy`dtgric `h `f s`dtgr
oihchdi`rg eul`rhca`htcf (y, pgr `hm`, fiecmg c fc lchdc privcmc), s`
m`s`ap`óclc `h `s` aga`htg dgag suls`dr`tcrig m` Iher`sgs. M` 395? c 3959,
ai`htrcs M` fc Acmrim s` achtuvg `h fc T`dr`tcrác m` Bcdi`hmc y Drémitg
^ûlfidg, M`f Aczg ou`, sud`sivca`ht`, vid`pr`sim`ht` m` fc Dgaisiôh Hcdighcf
Lchdcric, mir`dtgr m` M`umc ^ûlfidc y pgr ûftiag mir`dtgr m` fc Lchdc Hcdighcf,
dcregs m`p`hmi`ht`s greãhidca`ht` m`f pu`stg m` M` fc Acmrim. Fgs mgs cógs
pr`vigs c su pgstufcdiôh c fc eul`rhcturc, M`f Aczg ou` `f mir`dtgr m`f Lchdg
Glr`rg, ihstitudiôh `h fc ducf `f fám`r m` fc D]A, Oim`f _`fãzqu`z, t`hác uhc
ihofu`hdic m`t`raihcht`.
@s `vim`ht` qu` M`f Aczg dcr`dác pgr dgapf`tg m` `xp`ri`hdic pgfátidc g, cf
a`hgs, `h fc cmaihistrcdiôh pûlfidc, y qu` su iher`sg ou` prgagvimg ` ihdfusg
prgt`eimg pgr su caieg M` fc Acmrim. C p`scr m` fc ih`xp`ri`hdic, c fgs gkgs m`f
outurg pr`sim`ht`, M`f Aczg r`uhác gtrcs ducfimcm`s iapgrtcht`s pcrc dght`h`r `f
cvchd` m` Bchj y, dgag ou` uh b`dbg, hg m`sp`rtcr uh clsgfutg r`dbczg fgdcf.
Bikg m` uh `x egl`rhcmgr hcdimg `h Ctfcdgaufdg y fiecmg pgfátidc y
ocaificra`ht` c Ocl`fc, M`f Aczg Eghzãf`z `rc griuhmg m` ]gfudc, mghm`
r`cfizô sus pria`rgs `stumigs. Fc fid`hdicturc, sih `alcreg, fc dursô `h fc uhca y
aãs tcrm` bizg pgsercmgs `h cmaihistrcdiôh y oihchzcs `h Fghmr`s y Hu`vc
 aãs tcrm` bizg pgsercmgs `h cmaihistrcdiôh y oihchzcs `h Fghmr`s y Hu`vc
Ygrj.
@f cf`kcai`htg, dgh tgmg, hg ou` clsgfutg. M`f Aczg dghs`rvô fcs caistcm`s

qu` su pcmr` bclác dr`cmg y tcaliéh cqu`ffcs qu` hcturcfa`ht` s` ou`rgh

ograchmg, m`limg c qu` M`f Aczg `rc cbikcmg m` Isimrg Ocl`fc, `f pctricrdc
pgfátidg m`f `stcmg. M`f Aczg `rc uh ouhdighcrig qu`, si li`h hg bclác b`dbg
dcrr`rc fgdcf, sá `rc dghgdimg `h miv`rsgs erupgs sgdicf`s y pgfátidgs ercdics c su
ihmisdutilf` váhdufg dgh `f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg.2  Cm`aãs, cf dghtcr dgh uhc
trcy`dtgric prgo`sighcf m`sfiecmc m`f `stcmg, dcr`dác pgr dgapf`tg m`
dgaprgaisgs dgh cfeûh erupg `sp`dáoidg, fg qu` f` mclc uh `hvimiclf` dcrãdt`r
m` ãrlitrg, kustg duchmg fc éfit` `rc aãs b`t`rgeéh`c y misp`rsc. Oihcfa`ht`, `h
`sp`dicf pcrc M` fc Acmrim, M`f Aczg pgs`ác uhc pr`pcrcdiôh cdcméaidc sôfimc,
ihspircmc `h prihdipigs m` rcdighcfimcm cmaihistrctivc qu`, pgr m`oihidiôh, `rch
ihdgapctilf`s dgh `sc prãdtidc ihtuitivc m` fc pgfátidc qu` bclác m`scrrgffcmg
Bchj: midbg `h gtrcs pcfclrcs, M`f Aczg ecrchtizclc fc agm`rhizcdiôh m`f
`stcmg y,
y, pgr `hm`, uh prgouhmg dcalig m` fc pgfátidc qu` s`rác dgheru`ht` dgh `f
qu` yc pr`pcrclc M` fc Acmrim pcrc `f pcás.
T`eûh fgs ihmidigs mispghilf`s, M` fc Acmrim pusg uh `sp`dicf `ap`óg `h
echcr fc eul`rhcturc m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg, tcf v`z pgr dghsim`rcrfc uh cvchd` m`
su prgpic pgstufcdiôh.9 ^crc fgercrfg dghtô dgh mgs cpgygs ouhmca`htcf`s; `f m`
Eustcvg Dcrlckcf, `h `s` `htghd`s pr`sim`ht` m`f Dgaité @k`dutivg Hcdighcf m`f
pri, y m`
_`fãzqu`z, `f fám`r m` fc prihdipcf dgrpgrcdiôh m`f pcás.3>
Oim`f _`fãzqu`z,
Dgag pgdcs v`d`s bc sud`mimg, `f pr`sim`ht` m`f ^\I `apf`ô tgmc su ihofu`hdic
pcrc v`hd`r fc gpgsidiôh m` Bchj y m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû qui`h`s, dgag yc s` chgtô,
lusdclch fc cprglcdiôh m` Kuch Aghrgy g Acrig D. Gfiv`rc. Cf m`dir m` Fôp`z
^grtiffg, uhc m` fcs prihdipcf`s qu`kcs m`f r`e`ht` y m`f egl`rhcmgr `rc `f trclckg
pgdg fiapig m` Dcrlckcf pcrc iapgh`r c M`f Aczg: `f aisag Fôp`z ^grtiffg
dcfioidô m` ihsimigsc fc cdtitum m` Dcrlckcf qu` hg r`sp`tô c Bchj hi fcs r`efcs
pgfátidcs. ]ch cli`rtg ou` su cpgyg c M`f Aczg y c M` fc Acmrim, qu` m`spués m`
m`dimirs` fc sud`siôh fgdcf tuvg qu` s`r r`agvimg m` fc pr`sim`hdic m`f ^\I.33
^crc fgs pgfátidgs m` fc `htimcm fcs achiglrcs m` Dcrlckcf hg buli`rch
prgsp`rcmg sih fc ihofu`hdic m` Oim`f _`fãzqu`z, ercdics c qui`h M`f Aczg bclác
dghs`euimg fc mir`ddiôh m`f Lchdg Glr`rg y dgh `f ducf m`sm` `htghd`s bclác
 3<
duftivcmg uhc d`rdchc
]ch erchm` caistcm. `h `f prgd`sg qu` M`f Aczg, cf dghv`rtirs` `h
ou` su iht`rv`hdiôh
egl`rhcmgr, prgagviô cht` vcrigs pr`sim`ht`s au hidipcf`s, `h `sp`dicf `h

]gfudc, qu` miv`rscs glrcs pûlfidcs ff`vcrch `f hgalr` m`f fám`r d`t`aistc.34
^gdcs v`d`s `h fcs m`siehcdigh`s m` dchmimctgs c fc eul`rhcturc m`f `stcmg `f
triuhocmgr bc dghtcmg dgh tchtgs cpgygs o`m`rcf`s dgag fgs tuvg M`f Aczg
Eghzãf`z.3=  Aãs cûh, `s `f ûhidg dcsg m`sm` 39=< `h qu` `f egl`rhcmgr bc
egzcmg m` fc siapctác m`f pr`sim`ht` `h ouhdigh`s cf ieucf qu` fc m`f sud`sgr. @h
lu`hc a`mimc, c `ffg s` m`l` qu` M`f Aczg bcyc simg dghsim`rcmg uh cri`t` `h
dghtrc m`f mgaihig m` Bchj y qu` audbgs m` sus cdtgs s` acehioiqu`h pcrc
m`agstrcr `sc supu`stc acfc vgfuhtcm. Hg glstcht`, `h `scs cduscdigh`s bcy aãs
fuecr`s dgauh`s qu` v`rmcm, `h uhc `sp`di` m` kustioidcdiôh m` cercvigs qu`
`xpfiqu`h fc pcufctihc dcámc m` uh pgm`rgsg erupg. Fc aãs ercv` cduscdiôh qu`
s` f` ograufc c M`f Aczg, pgr `k`apfg, `s bcl`r egl`rhcmg dgh uh eclih`t` m`
`xtrcógs cf `stcmg qu`, cm`aãs, `rch sus caiegs: uhc m`t`himc aircmc, `ap`rg,
`dbc pgr ti`rrc `f creua`htg.

PH DPIMCMG ECLIH@]@
@s iht`r`scht` gls`rvcr qu` m` fgs quihd` ai`alrgs m`f eclih`t` m` M`f Aczg,
a`hgs m` fc aitcm dcr`dách m` cht`d`m`ht`s pgfátidgs `h `f `stcmg (vécs` `f
ducmrg 0.<). Aãs iht`r`scht` `s qu` ductrg m` Fgs quihd` buli`rch t`himg uh
dcreg m` eclih`t` `h cfeuhc cmaihistrcdiôh pr`vic, `h `sp`dicf `h fcs m`
O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh, Bchj y Kiaéh`z Dchtû. Lcstcrác `st` mctg pcrc m`agstrcr
qu` si li`h s` rgm`ô m` cfeuhgs ouhdighcrigs vihdufcmgs c éf, hg fg bizg ``hh acygr
a`mimc qu` ducfqui`r gtrg: p`rg fg hgtclf` `h r`cfimcm, ou` `f duimcmg dgh qu`
s`f`ddighô c fgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s, m` tcf su`rt` qu` cf aisag ti`apg qu`
sirvi`rgh dgag pu`ht`s m` dgauhidcdiôh, `h `sp`dicf dgh Bchj, ou`rgh caiegs
suygs, dgh fg ducf s` cs`eurô f`cftcm.
Fc dgapgsidiôh m`f eclih`t` r`v`fc mgs dcrcdt`rástidcs `s`hdicf`s; uh erupg m`
pgfátidgs fgdcf`s, capfica`ht` dghgdimgs pgr sus trcy`dtgrics y dgh uh aáhiag
m` `xp`ri`hdic ecrchtizcmc, cfeuhgs m` fgs ducf`s r`pr`s`htclch fgs iht`r`s`s m`
Bchj g m` gtrg erupg r`f`vcht`, y gtrg aãs r`mudimg `h hûa`rg, p`rg dgfgdcmg
 `h ihstitudigh`s `strctéeidcs pcrc su prgercac m` egli`rhg, qu` dghtclch dgh `f
aisag p`roif qu` éf, c fgs ducf`s bclác dghgdimg `h su dcrr`rc o`m`rcf y qu`, pgr

ûftiag, dgapcrtách sus cspircdigh`s pgfátidcs. Calgs tipgs m` hgalrcai`htgs

au`strch dgh tgmc dfcrimcm qu` M`f Aczg hg sôfg `stclc dghsdi`ht` m` su
cf`kcai`htg m`f `stcmg, sihg m` fc h`d`simcm m` bcd`r uh eclih`t` m` dghdificdiôh
sih `f ducf f` buli`rc simg si hg iapgsilf`, cf a`hgs sá auy mioádif m`scrrgffcr su
egli`rhg.
Dgag fg bclách m`agstrcmg fgs cht`rigr`s egl`rhcmgr`s, `f pu`stg m`
s`dr`tcrig m` Egli`rhg (m`sm` `htghd`s s` `fiaihô `f téraihg ‖e`h`rcf‑ pcrc
ieucfcrfg cf r`stg m` m`p`hm`hdics) `rc `f prihdipcf ihmidcmgr m`f dgapgrtcai`htg
m`f hu`vg achmctcrig r`sp`dtg m` fgs erupgs y fc pgfátidc fgdcf, y M`f Aczg fg
dgapr`hmiô li`h: pgr `sg m`siehô c F`gpgfmg _`fcsdg, uh pgfátidg m` capfic
dcrr`rc fgdcf, dghgdimg y r`sp`tcmg pgr tgmgs, qu` bclác hcdimg `h Ctfcdgaufdg
y `rc im`htioidcmg aãs qu` dgh Bchj (`h duyg eclih`t` hg oieurô), dgh fgs vi`kgs
pgfátidgs m` Ocl`fc. Yc s` vig `h `f dcpátufg III dôag _`fcsdg ou` hgalrcmg pgr
O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh prgdurcmgr e`h`rcf m` Kustidic pr`disca`ht` pgr `sc
vihdufcdiôh y hg pgrqu` `f egl`rhcmgr fg dr`y`rc dghoiclf` p`rsghcfa`ht`.
_`fcsdg, cf dga`hzcr `f p`rigmg m` Bchj, gdupô uh dcreg dgag aceistrcmg `h `f
]riluhcf Tup`rigr m` Kustidic `h `f qu` s` achtuvg mgd` cógs. C sus ihmumclf`s
pr`hmcs pgfátidcs _`fcsdg suaclc uhc rczôh cmidighcf pcrc `stcr d`rdc m` M`f
Aczg; su `spgsc `s fc tác m`f egl`rhcmgr y pgr `s` agtivg egzclc m` uhc
`sp`dicf csd`hm`hdic sglr` M`f Aczg.30
F`gpgfmg _`fcsdg dghtô dgh fc clsgfutc dghoichzc m`f egl`rhcmgr pcrc
`hdcrecrs` m` fgs csuhtgs pgfátidgs m`f `stcmg. Fg iapgrtcht` `s qu` _`fcsdg,
ercdics c su dghgdiai`htg
qu` s` ou`rgh pr`s`htchmg ym`m`fc`sc
`htimcm y fcfil`rô
ach`rc éfit`, cpumg m`scdtivcr
M`f Aczg m` fcfgs prglf`acs
pr`gdupcdiôh
m` uh `hor`htcai`htg dgh igs prihdipcf`s fám`r`s fgdcf`s, vcrigs m` fgs ducf`s s`
bclách gpu`stg c su m`siehcdiôh. Csá, M`f Aczg m`kô `h achgs m` uh
ouhdighcrig dghgdimg y dghoiclf` pcrc tgmgs, fc pgfátidc m` su egli`rhg.3?
@st` mglf` drit`rig m` lusdcr pgfátidgs dgh trcy`dtgric y cf aisag ti`apg
vihdufcmgs dgh éf, fg sieuiô dgh gtrgs hgalrcai`htgs. Dgag prgdurcmgr m`
Kustidic m`siehô c Bual`rtg Firc Agrc: dgag s`dr`tcrig m`f ]rclckg, c Kgsé
A`rihg Acóôh, y dgag sustitutg m` Acrig Dgfáh `h fc T`dr`tcrác m` @mudcdiôh,
 c @aifig Dbucyoo`t. Fgs tr`s, y `h `sp`dicf Firc Agrc y A`rihg Acóôh, t`hách
dcrr`rcs fgdcf`s capfics, `sp`dicfizcmcs `h csuhtgs pgfátidgs y oihchdi`rgs y,
cuhqu` bclách dgfclgrcmg `h gtrcs cmaihistrcdigh`s (ihdfusg `h fc m` Bchj), fg

bclách b`dbg `h pu`stgs m` s`euhmg hiv`f y hg dgag titufcr`s, m` tcf ach`rc

qu`, `h riegr, hg pgmách s`r ihdfuimgs `h cfeûh erupg `h pcrtidufcr. ^gr fg tchtg,
bclách simg `f`eimgs pgr s`r pgfátidgs `xp`ria`htcmgs aãs qu` pgr s`r
r`pr`s`htcht`s m` erupgs, y pgr `ffg aisag ihglk`tclf`s pgr fc éfit` fgdcf.35 ^`rg
cf ieucf qu` _`fcsdg, fgs tr`s t`hách uhc vihdufcdiôh p`rsghcf dgh M`f Aczg
pu`s, cuhqu` `h mistihtg ercmg, tgmgs `rch vi`kgs dghgdimgs g caiegs suygs
ercdics c qu` p`rt`h`dách c fc aisac e`h`rcdiôh. Ai`htrcs Firc Agrc y A`rihg
Acóôh t`hách dcrr`rcs sih dghtcdtg prgo`sighcf dgh M`f Aczg, Dbucyoo`t bclác
dgfclgrcmg `h su dcapcóc pr`pcrãhmgf` y cs`sgrãhmgfg pcrc im`htioidcr quiéh`s
`rch fgs fám`r`s pgfátidgs iapgrtcht`s `h `f `stcmg.32
Dgh tgmgs `ffgs t`hmác pu`ht`s ihmir`dtgs dgh `f erupg m` Bchj, p`rg M`f
Aczg bizg cm`aãs mgs hgalrcai`htgs m` ihmumclf` ocdturc bchquistc `h
pu`stgs m` siheufcr r`f`vchdic; dgag s`dr`tcrig m` M`scrrgffg @dghôaidg, `s
m`dir, dgag r`spghsclf` m` su prgercac ihmustricf, m`siehô c Kgsé Chtghig
Auógz Tcacygc, qui`h bclác iher`scmg c fc pgfátidc pr`disca`ht` `h `f egli`rhg
m` Bchj, y dgag pr`sim`ht` m`f ^\I `stctcf, `f s`euhmg pu`stg `hdcrecmg m` fc
pgfátidc iht`rhc m`spués m` fc T`dr`tcrác m` Egli`rhg, dgfgdô c Crturg Acrtáh`z
F`egrr`tc, ouhdighcrig m` capfic trcy`dtgric p`rg tcaliéh uhg m` fgs bgalr`s m`
acygr dghoichzc m` Bchj.39 Ti `f pria`rg cdclclc m` dghdfuir su achmctg dgag
pr`sim`ht` auhidipcf m` ]gfudc (fg ducf, m` pcsg, fg vihdufclc tcaliéh c fc
cmaihistrcdiôh m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû), `f s`euhmg, qu` yc bclác simg cfdcfm` m`
]gfudc y miputcmg o`m`rcf, `h `s` aga`htg s` m`s`ap`óclc dgag mir`dtgr
e`h`rcf m` T`rvidigs Cmaihistrctivgs m`f M`pcrtca`htg m`f Mistritg O`m`rcf, cf
fcmg m`f r`e`ht` Bchj Eghzãf`z. Fc im`htioidcdiôh m` calgs ouhdighcrigs dgh `f
`x egl`rhcmgr `stã ou`rc m` mumc, p`rg bclrác qu` cócmir qu` cf a`hgs `f
hgalrcai`htg m` Acrtáh`z F`egrr`tc ou` mir`dtca`ht` dghsuftcmg pgr M`f Aczg
dgh Bchj `h uhc pru`lc ihmisdutilf` m` dgaprgaisg pgfátidg.<>
M`f Aczg tcaliéh mig dclimc c gtrgs p`rsghck`s qu` r`pr`s`htclch cfeûh
erupg iapgrtcht` `h `f `stcmg. Dgag su pria`r s`dr`tcrig m` @mudcdiôh m`siehô
c Acrig Dgfáh, tgmc uhc ihstitudiôh fgdcf, qu` bclác simg s`dr`tcrig pcrtidufcr m`
Cfor`mg m`f Aczg pcmr`, ouhdighcrig `h tgmcs fcs cmaihistrcdigh`s cht`rigr`s y
 <3
qu` pgrk`o`
dgag sá aisag pcr`dác sialgfizcr
m` fgs T`rvidigs c Ocl`fc.
Dggrmihcmgs  Y rctioidô
m` Tcfum. Csá ou` cdgag
Eustcvg Lcz cbikg
iht`erô su
eclih`t` prãdtidca`ht` c tgmgs fgs erupgs fgdcf`s. F`kgs m` fc gpihiôh

e`h`rcfizcmc, M`f Aczg bizg uh egli`rhg m` dghdificdiôh `h `f qu` m`kô fc

pgfátidc `h achgs m`f prihdipcf erupg fgdcf: `h lu`hc a`mimc, c `ffg s` m`liô qu`
su cmaihistrcdiôh hg s` vi`rc `hvu`ftc `h dghofidtgs iht`rhgs dgag fgs qu`
m`rrualcrgh cf egli`rhg m` su sud`sgr, L`t`tc. @h r`cfimcm, M`f Aczg `stuvg
aãs dghsdi`ht` m` fc mioádif situcdiôh iht`rhc m` fg qu` sus drátidgs `stcrách
mispu`stgs c r`dghgd`r y pgr `ffg aisag pusg `sp`dicf duimcmg `h s`f`ddighcr c
fgs pgfátidgs qu` r`pr`s`htcrách erupgs g, cf a`hgs, qu` m`agstrcrách `f r`sp`tg
m`f egl`rhcmgr pgr fc éfit` fgdcf.
Hcturcfa`ht`, M`f Aczg s` r`s`rvô uhc pgrdiôh m`f eclih`t` pcrc sus caiegs,
cqu`ffgs qu` bclác dghgdimg murcht` su dgrtc dcrr`rc o`m`rcf y qu` f` cs`eurclch
tchtg uh cftg hiv`f tédhidg, dgag im`htioidcdiôh p`rsghcf. M` `htr` fgs s`is
titufcr`s qu` p`rt`h`d`h c `stc dct`egrác m`stcdc Dcrfgs Cfacmc, su s`dr`tcrig m`
Cmaihistrcdiôh y prihdipcf r`spghsclf` m`f prgercac m` agm`rhizcdiôh
eul`rhca`htcf qu` dcrcdt`rizô `f p`rigmg m` M`f Aczg. Cfacmc, hcdimg `h
Tihcfgc, bizg `h su `stcmg sus `stumigs bcstc fc fid`hdicturc (`h cmaihistrcdiôh,
`f ãr`c `h fc qu` bc dghd`htrcmg su trcy`dtgric): cf t`raihcrfc, dgfclgrô `h `f
cyuhtcai`htg m` Duficdãh, pria`rg dgag mir`dtgr m` ^rgagdiôh y
Dgauhidcdiôh Tgdicf y m`spués dgag s`dr`tcrig m`f cyuhtcai`htg, fg qu` f`
p`raitiô vihdufcrs` c Cf`kchmrg Dcrriffg Dcstrg, caieg m` M`f Aczg. @sc
r`fcdiôh r`hmirác erchm`s orutgs pgrqu` Dcrriffg mig uh cpgyg ouhmca`htcf c
Cfacmc pcrc qu` dghtihucrc sus `stumigs m` pgsercmg `h Orchdic, dgfgdcrfg c su
r`er`sg `h `f Ihstitutg Hcdighcf m` Cmaihistrcdiôh ^ûlfidc y, ercdics c `ffg, cbá

pgh`rfg `h dghtcdtg
]ch prgouhmc dghiapr`siôh
ou` fc M`f Aczg, `hdcusô
qu` `s` `htghd`s
Cfacmcyc`houhdighcrig m` Bcdi`hmc.
M`f Aczg, qu` cf s`r ést`
m`siehcmg mir`dtgr m`f Lchdg Glr`rg fg hgalrô mir`dtgr cmkuhtg y, m` b`dbg,
`hdcrecmg mir`dtg m` fc cmaihistrcdiôh m`f lchdg. <<  M`sm` cbá Cfacmc s`
`hdcrecrác m` pr`pcrcr `f prgercac m` egli`rhg m` M`f Aczg, c trczcr fg qu`
s`rác `f dcalig cmaihistrctivg y c iht`ercr uh `quipg m` cs`sgr`s m` cftc dcfimcm
pcrc `f outurg egl`rhcmgr. Yc `h fc dcapcóc, Cfacmc ou` `f r`spghsclf` m` fgs
csp`dtgs tédhidg-cmaihistrctivgs y m` fgs dghtcdtgs pgfátidgs o`m`rcf`s, ai`htrcs
qu` m` fgs csuhtgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s `stuvi`rgh `hdcrecmgs Dbucyoo`t y Acrig
<4
 \uiz m` Dbãv`z.
Fc iapgrtchdic m` Cfacmc `h `f eclih`t` y `h `f m`s`ap`óg aisag m`f
egli`rhg m` M`f Aczg, s` act`ricfizô `h uhc prgouhmc trchsogracdiôh m` fc

`strudturc cmaihistrctivc m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg, fc s`euhmc m`spués m` fc ff`vcmc

c dclg pgr Bchj, qu` dghsistiô `h fc dr`cdiôh m` s`dr`tcrács dgh `f aisag rcheg
m` cutgri mcm (`h dghtrc m` fc `xist`ht` bcstc `htghd`s, dgh fc T`dr`tcrác E`h`rcf
m` Egli`rhg y fc Goidicfác Acygr dgag dcl`zcs cmaihistrctivcs y uh dghkuhtg m`
mir`ddigh`s sulgrmihcmcs), y `h `f `stclf`diai`htg m` hu`vcs m`p`hm`hdics,
dgag Oihchzcs y ^fch`cdiôh (cm`aãs m` `f`vcr fc Mir`ddiôh m` ^rgagdiôh
Ihmustricf dr`cmc pgr Bchj c T`dr`tcrác m` M`scrrgffg @dghôaidg) qu` cf aisag
ti`apg qu` rcdighcfizclch `f ouhdighcai`htg eul`rhca`htcf, cdtucfizclch su
`strudturc tgachmg dgag agm`fg c fc cmaihistrcdiôh o`m`rcf. Cfacmc, `h fgs
b`dbgs, s` m`s`ap`óô dgag k`o` m` egli`rhg, r`spghsclf` m` su acrdbc
dgtimichc.<=
Dgag titufcr m` fc T`dr`tcrác m` Oihchzcs (bcstc `htghd`s Mir`ddiôh E`h`rcf
m` Bcdi`hmc) m`siehô c gtrg caieg, Cfor`mg Lcrchmc, hcdimg `h `f Mistritg
O`m`rcf, `sp`dicfizcmg `h csuhtgs oihchdi`rgs y dgh uhc fcrec trcy`dtgric pûlfidc
o`m`rcf tchtg `h fc T`dr`tcrác m` Bcdi`hmc dgag `h `f Lchdg m` Aéxidg. @h
r`cfimcm, fc r`fcdiôh dgh M`f Aczg bclác m`rivcmg m` fc vi`kc caistcm qu`
Lcrchmc bclác duftivcmg dgh Aieu`f m` fc Acmrim m`limg tchtg c fc d`rdchác
prgo`sighcf dgag cf b`dbg m` qu` Lcrchmc `stclc dcscmg dgh fc bikc m` Kgsé
Tã`hz Crrgyg, ac`strg m` M` fc Acmrim y m`sm` cqu`ffc épgdc caieg suyg, c
qui`h m`siehô murcht` su réeia`h mir`dtgr e`h`rcf m` Csuhtgs Kurámidgs m` fc
^r`sim`hdic.<0
Dgag fg cmvi`rt`h fgs pgfátidgs, `f hgalrcai`htg m` Lcrchmc ou` r`suftcmg m`
fc ihofu`hdic m`f pr`sim`ht` y hg m`f clsgfutg dghv`hdiai`htg m`f egl`rhcmgr: m`
cbá qu` M`f Aczg dr`crc fc T`dr`tcrác m` ^fch`cdiôh y `h `ffc m`siehcrc c uh
caieg m` su pf`hc dghoichzc, Kgsé Fuis Cd`v`mg, dgh `f prgpôsitg m`
dghtrcrr`stcr `f pgm`r m` Lcrchmc.<? Cd`v`mg tcapgdg `s griuhmg m`f @stcmg m`
Aéxidg, sihg m` Tghgrc: `dghgaistc m` ogracdiôh, trclckô dgh M`f Aczg tchtg
`h fc lchdc privcmc dgag
dg ag `h fc T`dr`tcrác m` Bcdi`hmc. Fc d`rdchác prgo`sighcf y
`f fcreg dghtcdtg dr`crgh uhc sôfimc caistcm y uhc hgtclf` dghoichzc pcrc qu` `f
egl`rhcmgr fg dgfgdcrc dgag miqu` s`eurg pcrcpc rc dght`h`r c Lcrchmc.
@h fcs s`dr`tcrács m` M`scrrgffg Prlchg y m` M`scrrgffg Cergp`ducrig, M`f
 Aczg dgfgdô c @ue`hig Fcris Cfchás y c @mucrmg Czucrc Tcfcs, mgs ihe`hi`rgs
m` capfic dcrr`rc tédhidc `h m`p`hm- `hdács o`m`rcf`s y, fg aãs iapgrtcht`,
caiegs y dgfclgrcmgr`s m` su pcmr`. Caistcm, r`fcdiôh m` pcr`ht`sdg pgr su

pcmr`, p`rg tcaliéh uhc ecrchtác m` `oidi`hdic y dghgdiai`htg `h fc act`ric. ^gr

ûftiag, M`f Aczg hgalrô c O`m`ridg Acrisdcf, chtieug dgfclgrcmgr suyg `h fc
lchdc privcmc y dgh audbgs dghtcdtgs dgh `f s`dtgr `apr`scricf, dgag mir`dtgr
m` ^rgagdiôh Ihmustricf, m`p`hmi`ht` m` Auógz Tcacygc, p`rg m` fc dghoichzc
m`f egl`rhcmgr.<5
Fcs m`siehcdigh`s m` M`f Aczg lusdcrgh vcrigs glk`tivgs; dghoichzc p`rsghcf
y pgr `hm` f`cftcm, `oidi`hdic cmaihistrctivc y dghdificdiôh pgfátidc dgh fgs
erupgs fgdcf`s. Fg sgrpr`hm`ht` hg sgh fgs glk`tivgs sihg qu` uh ouhdighcrig
dgag M`f Aczg, cf`kcmg m`f `stcmg y m` fc pgfátidc, fgs dghsieui`rc. @h r`cfimcm,
fgs hgalrcai`htgs r`v`fch fc capfitum m` fc r`m m`f egl`rhcmgr, si hg tch capfic
dgag fc m` Bchj, sá auy siaifcr `h duchtg c su miv`rsioidcdiôh. Ti M`f Aczg
pumg s`f`ddighcr c pgfátidgs fgdcf`s, d`rdchgs c éf p`rg mistiheuimgs `htr` fc éfit`,
ou` siapf`a`ht` pgrqu` fc dghgdác y pgrqu` t`hác dghtcdtgs dgh `ffc, m` caistcm
g e`h`rcdighcf`s. Tu erupg d`rdchg, sih `alcreg, hg `rc m` fc `htimcm sihg m`
miv`rsg grie`h r`eighcf, y `stclc iht`ercmg pgr p`rsghcs c qui`h`s bclác
`hdghtrcmg `h `f ãalitg o`m`rcf, qu` `rc mghm` éf aisag bclác m`scrrgffcmg su
dcrr`rc; c ouhdighcrigs m` Tihcfgc (Cfacmc), Tghgrc (Cd`v`mg), Aidbgcdãh
(Fcris) y `f Mistritg O`m`rcf (Lcrchmc, Czucrc y Acrisdcf) sôfg pumg bcl`rfgs
dghgdimg ou`rc m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg, `h fc pgfátidc hcdighcf.<2
Acs si `ffgs `rch `h qui`h`s dghoiclc M`f Aczg, hg pgr `sg dga`tiô `f `rrgr
(`h `f qu` sá dc`rác L`t`tc) m` `htr`ecrf`s pgr dgapf`tg `f eclih`t` y `f egli`rhg.
^gr `f dghtrcrig, tuvg `f cdi`rtg m` dgalihcrfgs dgh bgalr`s m` fc `htimcm y, aãs
cûh, m`kcrf`s c `ffgs `f ach`kg m` fc pgfátidc fgdcf. @h s`htimg `stridtg, M`f Aczg
s` r`s`rvô fcs ãr`cs tédhidc, oihchdi`rc y cmaihistrctivc, `h fcs ducf`s bclác
m`pgsitcmg fgs prihdipcf`s glk`tivgs m` su egli`rhg. Dgh uh ihstihtg pgfátidg qu`
hg m`kc m` sgrpr`hm`r, M`f Aczg r`sgfviô fc pgsilf` ou`ht` m` prglf`acs m` uhc
ach`rc s`hdiffc; dgfgdchmg dgag titufcr`s c qui`h`s sclách bcd`r pgfátidc y `rch
dghgdimgs pgr fc éfit`.<9

PH @T]IFG TIHEPFC\
 Ti hg `s v`rmcm qu` M`f Aczg `xdfuyô c fgs pgfátidgs m`f `stcmg, hi tcapgdg qu`

cer`miô c Bchj y su erupg, `s h`d`scrig lusdcr `f grie`h m` fc drátidc qu`, `h

e`h`rcf, f` bcd` fc éfit` `h gtrgs ocdtgr`s. @f aãs iapgrtcht` m`rivc m` su
p`rsghcf `stifg pgfátidg qu` s` achio`stô `h mgs v`rti`ht`s; su oira` vgfuhtcm m`
agm`rhizcr fc cmaihistrcdiôh, qu` m`rivô `h uh dbgqu` dgh fc pgfátidc
p`rsghcfizcmc m` sus cht`d`sgr`s, y su dgapgrtcai`htg sgdicf. Fc r`ograc
cmaihistrctivc qu` pusg `h acrdbc, si li`h fc bizg dgheru`ht` dgh fc qu` gp`rclc
`h `f egli`rhg o`m`rcf, siehioidô uhc sûlitc cdtucfizcdiôh m` fgs prihdipigs dgh
qu` bclác gp`rcmg bcstc `htghd`s. Aãs cffã m`f `stclf`diai`htg m` s`dr`tcrács `h
fuecr m` mir`ddigh`s, fc r`ograc ff`vô dghsieg `f prihdipig m`f dghtrgf
pr`supu`stcf dgag hgrac lãsidc m`f egli`rhg y fc rcdighcfimcm `ht`hmimc dgag
fc r`fcdiôh `oidi`ht` m` fgs a`migs dgh fgs oih`s.
@h kustidic, bclrác qu` r`dghgd`r qu` hg ou` uh dcpridbg m` M`f Aczg g uhc
im`c m` Cfacmc, sihg fc achio`stcdiôh m` cfeg qu` yc bclác gdurrimg `h `f
aisag egli`rhg o`m`rcf m`sm` `f p`rigmg m` Fôp`z ^grtiffg. @f prglf`ac `s qu`,
cf ieucf qu` cffã, `stg `quivcfác c m`st`rrcr uhc ograc trcmidighcf m` bcd`r
pgfátidc, qu` si `h `f a`mig hcdighcf dghmukg c uh `hor`htcai`htg m`fidcmg `htr`
fc éfit`, `h `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg siehioidclc bcd`r uh egli`rhg `h dghtrc m`f
`stifg, fc dgstualr` y fc im`htimcm m` uh erupg, `f aãs pgm`rgsg m` fc `htimcm y
dghdr`tca`ht` m` su fám`r,
fám`r, Bchj Eghzãf`z.
Egag cfeuhgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s r`dghgd`h, M`f Aczg hg t`hác agtivgs
p`rsghcf`s pcrc ctcdcr c Bchj: `h tgmg dcsg, `rc uh dghofidtg m`f pr`sim`ht` m` fc
r`pûlfidc y hg suyg. Y cuhqu` ést` `rc su caieg y f` m`lác prãdtidca`ht` su

dcrr`rc,
m` Bchj,M`f
m` Aczg
cbá qu`sclác
ou`rcqu` hg bclrác pgmimg
ihmisp`hsclf` egl`rhcr
glt`h`r `h dghtrc m` fcFgvgfuhtcm
su dghm`sd`hm`hdic. qu` hg
pumg `vitcr ou` m`scrrgffcr uh egli`rhg qu`, pgr m`oihidiôh, `stclc dghtrc `f
pgpufisag y fc of`xilifimcm m`f ecstg pûlfidg.4>  ^`rg tcapgdg tuvg fc
`xp`ri`hdic h`d`scric pcrc pr`v`r fgs prglf`acs qu` uhc rcdighcfimcm tédhidc,
cpfidcmc ihmisdriaihcmca`ht`, e`h`- rcrác `h uhc sgdi`mcm cdgstualrcmc cf trctg
p`rsghcf, d`rdchg m`f egl`rhcmgr. @s uh csuhtg, `htghd`s, m` ihacmur`z pgfátidc
qu` ff`vô c M`f Aczg c iht`htcr fc sgfudiôh m` prglf`acs sih dghsim`rcr fcs
dghs`du`hdics; si bclác qu` r`tircr c uh fám`r fgdcf pcrc qu` `f egli`rhg pumi`rc
 r`cfizcr uhc glrc pûlfidc, g `rch or`du`ht`s fcs cduscdigh`s m` dgrrupdiôh, M`f
Aczg prgd`mác `h dghtrc m`f fám`r g m`f ouhdighcrig cuh duchmg dgh `ffg
`fiaihcrc c fgs iht`rfgdutgr`s trcmidighcf`s.43  @sg ou` fg qu` gdurriô `h

Gdgygcdcd, duchmg m`dr`tô fc `xprgpicdiôh m`f `kimg pcrc dghstruir uhc diumcm
cmaihistrctivc mghm` s` cs`htcrch fgs pgm`r`s m`f `stcmg, sih a`mir fc r`cddiôh
m` fgs dcap`sihgs qu`, cf oihcf, fg glfiecrgh c r`dtioidcr dgh `hgra`s dgstgs
pgfátidgs.4<
@sc cdtitum fg ff`vô c iht`htcr fc `fiaihcdiôh m` prãdtidcs ritucf`s m` fc pgfátidc
y, duchmg hg fg dghs`euác, `vitclc fgs aátih`s, pgspghác fcs eircs m` trclckg y, `h
e`h`rcf, r`dbczclc `f dghtcdtg mir`dtg dgh fc e`ht`. Ti hg gduftclc, dgag m`dác
uh pgfátidg, qu` f` m`scercmclc `f dgho`ti m` fgs m`soif`s, a`hgs cdd`mác c dga`r
`h fc dcsc m` uh bclitcht` m`f `stcmg.44  @f dcalig ou` tch dghtrcstcht` dgh `f
`stifg m` fgs cht`rigr`s achmctcrigs, qu` uh pgfátidg m`oihiô c M`f Aczg dgag
‖uh práhdip` qu` visitclc sus mgaihigs y hg dgag `f s`rvimgr pûlfidg qu`
r`dgrr` fgs fuecr`s qu` egli`rhc‑.4=
@h dfcrc dghsghchdic dgh `st` dgapgrtcai`htg
dg apgrtcai`htg pgfátidg, M`f Aczg rgapiô dgh
fcs r`efcs m` dghviv`hdic sgdicf, tch dcrcs c fc trcmidighcf y dghs`rvcmgrc
sgdi`mcm m`f `stcmg. Hg csistác c oi`stcs grechizcmcs pgr fgs `apr`scrigs, ff`eclc
tcrm` c fcs lgmcs, sih su `spgsc, dgh dbcacrrcs m` pi`f, pchtcfgh`s m` a`zdfiffc y
lgtcs `h fuecr m`f glfiecmg trck`, pgrqu` bclác `stcmg dgrri`hmg `h su
agtgdidf`tc. Hg `rc `xtrcóg tcapgdg qu` `h uhc eirc m` trclckg s` fc quitcrc c uh
ai`alrg m` fc `sdgftc pcrc dghmudirfc éf aisag bcstc `f fuecr m`f cdtg. 40  Ti
cfeuhgs v`ách `h `st` dgapgrtcai`htg fgs `o`dtgs m` su kuv`htum, gtrgs fg
dghsim`rclch au`strc m` orivgfimcm y, sglr` tgmg, m` hg tgacr `h s`rig fc
eul`rhcturc pgr cspircr c fc pr`sim`hdic.4? @h ducfqui`r dcsg, fc dghs`du`hdic ou`
uhc s`v`rc dghm`hc pgr ihacmur`z qu` mcóô su iace`h y `hsgalr`diô fgs
cdi`rtgs m` su egli`rhg.
@f pgdg duimcmg dgh `f qu` s` dghmukg tuvg gtrcs achio`stcdigh`s
iht`rpr`tcmcs dgag egfp`s cf erupg m` Bchj. @h pcrt` pgr su dghv`hdiai`htg `h
fc rcdighcfimcm cmaihistrctivc, p`rg tcaliéh pgr uhc r`vchdbc p`rsghcf, M`f
Aczg prgd`miô `h dghtrc m` sáalgfgs m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû; uhg m` sus pria`rgs
m`dr`tgs, qu` r`of`kclc hg sôfg fc drátidc m` fc pglfcdiôh sihg m` audbgs pgfátidgs
fgdcf`s, ou` r`stituir `f `sdumg grieihcf qu` Kiaéh`z Dchtû bclác agmioidcmg `h
dfcrc cfusiôh c fgs erupgs pcrcaifitcr`s m`f ^`htctfôh: aãs tcrm` `fiaihô fgs
 `kérditgs m`f m`achmcs
ct`hmimg fcs trclckg y sgdicf`s.
fgs ducrt`f`s
45  Hg a`micht`
bcy mumc fgs ducf`s
m` qu`, su tgmg
sglr` cht`d`sgr bclác
fcs ûftiacs
cddigh`s, `rch dghs`du`ht`s dgh `f ach`kg dghtrgfcmg m`f pr`supu`stg y, aãs

cûh, qu` cfeuhcs dghtclch dgh r`dghgdiai`htg sgdicf, p`rg pcrc fgs pgfátidgs
tcaliéh r`of`kclch agtivgs p`rsghcf`s, tgtcfa`ht` ck`hgs c fc rcdighcfimcm
cmaihistrctivc.
Cuhqu` hg s` scl` si M`f Aczg cspirô c fc eul`rhcturc, sá sgh dghgdimgs sus
iht`htgs m` iher`scr c fc pgfátidc fgdcf murcht` `f egli`rhg m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû. M`f
Aczg m`s`clc cfdchzcr uhc pr`sim`hdic auhidipcf, siehioidctivca`ht` hg fc m`
]gfudc, sihg cfeuhc m`f _cff` m` Aéxidg, y dgh `s` prgpôsitg s` cd`rdô c fgs
cdtgs pûlfidgs. Cf pcr`d`r, M`f Aczg si`apr` gltuvg, duchmg hg `f r`dbczg
cli`rtg, fc aãs clsgfutc ihmio`r`hdic.42  Fgs cercvigs cua`htcrgh duchmg M`f
Aczg echô fc dchmimcturc hg sôfg dghtrc fc vgfuhtcm m` Bchj y Kiaéh`z Dchtû,
sihg tcaliéh cf ihm`p`hmi`ht` O`rrct Tgfã. Cf pr`pcrcr `f dcalig m`
cmaihistrcdiôh, `f `quipg m` M`f Aczg sgfiditô ihogra`s y mctgs m` fgs csuhtgs
m`f egli`rhg y m` fc ûhidc ãr`c mghm` hg fgs gltuvg ou` `h fc m` `dghgaác y
oihchzcs, y cuhqu` `stclc dfcrg qu` `f r`spghsclf` `rc O`rrct, M`f Aczg hg m`kô
m` v`r `h `ffg `f miseustg `hduli`rtg m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû.49
@f puhtg dufaihcht` m` `stc chiacmv`rsiôh c Kiaéh`z Dchtû tuvg fuecr `h
3920, duchmg su dghtrihdcht` O`rrct Tgfã iht`htô vgfv`r c fc pgfátidc a`micht`
uhc miputcdiôh o`m`rcf. M`f Aczg vig `h `ffg uh cvchd` pcrc lusdcr fc
eul`rhcturc y, pcrc `vitcrfg, `hdcrd`fô pgr orcum` c @mifl`rtg ^`ócfgzc y Dcdbg
Acdács, dghtrcfgr m`f egli`rhg y mir`dtgr m` fc Dghstrudtgrc m`f @stcmg m`
Aéxidg, r`sp`dtivca`ht`, `h fc cmaihistrcdiôh m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû y d`rdchgs
dgfclgrcmgr`s m` O`rrct. Su` hg ou` uhc siapf` dgihdim`hdic fg m`agstrô `f fám`r
m`f Dgher`sg fgdcf, ^`mrg Crachmg Eôa`z, qui`h pûlfidca`ht` m`dfcrô qu`
m`lác dghtihucr `f prgd`sg bcstc `hdcrd`fcr c O`rrct y, m` s`r pgsilf`, cf aisag
Kiaéh`z Dchtû.=>
Fcs a`mimcs, cf oihcf, ou`rgh iht`rpr`tcmcs hg sôfg dgag `xd`sgs dghtrc su
cht`d`sgr sihg dgag cercvigs c fc éfit` fgdcf. ^`rg cf acre`h m`f v`rmcm`rg
m`stihctcrig ` ihdfusg m` fgs agtivgs, fc cdtitum s` dghstituyô `h uhc pru`lc m` fc
ihacmur`z pgfátidc m`f egl`rhcmgr, qu` `apf`clc `f pgm`r m`f dcreg pcrc
v`hechzcs p`rsghcf`s sih t`h`r `h du`htc fcs dghs`du`hdics pgfátidcs.=3
@h `f oghmg, fc drátidc sulrcyc `f pgdg duimcmg dgh `f qu` aimiô fgs `o`dtgs
 pgfátidgs. ^gr `k`apfg,
Aczg `hor`htô c p`scr m`aitcm
`h fc s`euhmc tgmgsm`
fgssuhgalrcai`htgs `h su prglf`acs
egli`rhg cfeuhgs eclih`t`, M`f
m`
dghsim`rcdiôh. @h 3920, cf r`hgvcrs` fcs pr`sim`hdics auhidipcf`s, erupgs m`

priástcs m`sdght`htgs tgacrgh fgs `mioidigs `h prgt`stc pgr fgs dchmimctgs. M`

hu`vg, `stcs cddigh`s ou`rgh iht`rpr`tcmcs dgag pru`lcs m`f acreihcai`htg m`
fgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s, p`rg uh chãfisis aãs m`t`himg au`strc `f dghofidtg m`
erupgs, dcmc v`z aãs `hdghcmg. Ph `f`a`htg iapgrtcht` `h `stc cft`rcdiôh m` fc
`stclifimcm, s` `hdu`htrc `h fc scfimc m` Acrtáh`z F`egrr`tc m` fc pr`sim`hdic m`f
^\I  y fc ff`ecmc m` Acrig \uiz m` Dbãv`z, pgfátidg m` Hcudcfpch qu`,
hcturcfa`ht`, cf`htô c fgs erupgs m`f _cff` m` Aéxidg. _istg dgh glk`tivimcm,
M`f Aczg hg r`suftc dufpclf` m` bcd`r c uh fcmg fc éfit` fgdcf, sihg m` hg t`h`r fc
cutgrimcm h`d`scric pcrc dghtrgfcr fc fudbc `htr` fgs erupgs.
Bcy uh ûftiag csp`dtg qu` hg s` p`rmghc c M`f Aczg y qu`, c mio`r`hdic m` su
`stifg p`rsghcf, `s ihkustioidcmg; `f hgalrcai`htg m` Lcrchmc dgag su sud`sgr
duchmg éf ou` ffcacmg pgr M` fc Acmrim c fc T`dr`tcrác m` @h`reác, Aihcs `
Ihmustric ^crc`stctcf `h 392?. ^crc uhc éfit` qu` achti`h` dgag hgrac m`
dghmudtc pr`s`rvcr `f egli`rhg pcrc fgs hcdimgs `h `f `stcmg, hg sôfg pgrqu` fg
dghsim`rch uh m`r`dbg, sihg uhc ecrchtác m` s`eurimcm `stctcf, fc ff`ecmc m` uh
grieihcrig m` fc dcpitcf m`f pcás, sih hiheuhc trcy`dtgric fgdcf, s` dghvirtiô `h uh
cercvig iap`rmghclf` qu` s` bc dcrecmg c fc du`htc m` M`f Aczg. =< @f b`dbg, sih
`alcreg, `s qu` Lcrchmc hg ou` s`f`ddighcmg pgr M`f Aczg sihg pgr M` fc
Acmrim, duyc caistcm s` bclác coiracmg ercdics c qu` `f su`erg m` Lcrchmc
trclckclc cf fcmg m`f pr`sim`ht`.=4
Cuhqu` pu`m` v`rs` `h fc m`siehcdiôh uhc achiglrc m` M`f Aczg pcrc cpgycr
sus cspircdigh`s, `s aãs dr`álf` qu` M` fc Acmrim quisi`rc iapufscr c uh caieg
y, cf aisag ti`apg, cfia`htcr fc im`c m` qu` M`f Aczg t`hác v`rmcm`rcs
pgsilifimcm`s m` sud`m`rfg. @h r`cfimcm, `f hgalrcai`htg m` Lcrchmc t`hác aãs
s`htimg `h fc `strct`eic m` M` fc Acmrim pcrc gduftcr sus pr`o`r`hdics pgr Ecrfgs
Tcfihcs, qu` pgr `f iht`rés m`f prgpig M`f Aczg `h b`r`mcr c uh caieg hg tch
d`rdchg cf ducf, pgr si ou`rc pgdg, bclác acht`himg dghtrgfcmg.
Yc ou`rc pgrqu` M`f Aczg hg pr`t`hmiô fc eul`rhcturc, g pgrqu` cf `stcr `h
`ffc auy prghtg s` dghv`hdiô m` qu` pgmrác cfdchzcr fc pr`sim`hdic m` fc
r`pûlfidc, fg di`rtg `s qu` hg bizg iht`htgs m` dr`cr uh erupg pgfátidg fgdcf.== Fcs
diorcs m` ouhdighcrigs ihdgrpgrcmgs pgr éf c su cmaihistrcdiôh y, `h pcrtidufcr
pcrtidufcr,, fcs
 m`
fgs sglr`vivi`ht`s,
?9 ihmivimugs au`strc dfcrca`ht`
qu` ogracrgh pcrt`qu`
m` `st` csuhtg hg
su cpcrctg gdupô su ct`hdiôh.
eul`rhca`htcf (vécs`M`
`f
ducmrg 0.<), <5 prgd`mách m` gtrgs p`rigmgs y fc acygrác m` `ffgs (<>) m` fgs m`

Bchj y Kiaéh`z Dchtû. @stc dghd`htrcdiôh m` `x dgfclgrcmgr`s m`f prihdipcf

erupg pgfátidg dghoirac qu` M`f Aczg lusdclc r`dghdificrs`, p`rg tcaliéh
cs`eurcr fc dghtihuimcm cmaihistrctivc, m` tcf ach`rc qu` r`muk`rc cf aáhiag fgs
pgsilf`s prglf`acs.
@sg, sih `alcreg, hg f` iapimiô mcr dclimc c hu`vgs ouhdighcrigs; dgag fgs
m`aãs egl`rhcmgr`s, M`f Aczg ihdfuyô uh `f`vcmg hûa`rg m` p`rsghcs `h su
cmaihistrcdiôh (=<) qu` `h e`h`rcf dghs`rvc `f aisag pgrd`htck` m` sus
cht`d`sgr`s. Fg iht`r`scht` `s qu` m` `s` tgtcf, sgfca`ht` ductrg p`rsghcs
fgercrgh p`rach`d`r `h cfeûh gtrg p`rigmg, fg qu` r`pr`s`htc fc diorc aãs lckc m`
tgmgs fgs egli`rhgs. Hg bcy pgsilifimcm cfeuhc m` `hdghtrcr uh erupg m` M`f
Aczg. Fc aisac pcutc s` `hdu`htrc `h `f r`stg m` pu`stgs pgfátidgs (v`cs` fgs
ducmrgs 0.4 cf 0.5). M` fgs ?5 miputcmgs o`m`rcf`s, <0 t`hách cht`d`m`ht`s
pgfátidgs, <3 m` `ffgs dgh Bchj y Kiaéh`z Dchtû, `h su acygrác `h pu`stgs m`
`f`ddiôh. M` fgs =< qu` gltuvi`rgh pgr pria`rc v`z `f dcreg, sôfg ductrg
vgfv`rách c t`h`rfg cf dghdfuir su p`rigmg. M` fgs 2? miputcmgs fgdcf`s qu`
gdupcrgh fcs f`eisfcturcs `h `s` s`x`hig, <= bclách yc pcrtidipcmg `h pgfátidc,
quihd` dgh Kiaéh`z Dchtû y dihdg dgh Bchj. Cuhqu` fc diorc m` hu`vgs pgfátidgs
`h `stc ãr`c `s `f`vcmc (?<), fc m` cqu`ffgs qu` dghsieui`rgh uh pu`stg `h gtrc
gdcsiôh `s hgtclf`a`ht` lckc; si`t`.
Dgh fgs pr`sim`ht`s auhidipcf`s hg bulg a`kgr su`rt`. M` fgs 40 qu` oieurch
`h su p`rigmg, <3 t`hách `xp`ri`hdic y mgd` fc bclách cmquirimg dgh Kiaéh`z
Dchtû. M` fgs dctgrd` qu` M`f Aczg ihdgrpgrô, sgfca`ht` dihdg fgercrgh
p`rach`d`r.
`stcmg cht`s, M`
`h fgs <> ouhdighcrigs
su acygrác qu`ymiriei`rgh
dgh Bchj, `f ^\I
m` fgs ductrg m`  `stctcf, 3? ycpumi`rgh
M`f Aczg, bclách
sglr`vivir ûhidca`ht` mgs. @f pctrôh m` dgapgrtcai`htg s` cpr`dic dgh acygr
dfcrimcm `h `f s`hcmg; m` fgs ductrg r`pr`s`htcht`s, mgs bclách yc pcrtidipcmg dgh
Bchj y gtrg dgh Kiaéh`z Dchtû: `f ûhidg qu` M`f Aczg ff`vô, t`raihô dgh éf su
dcrr`rc.
@s `vim`ht` qu` M`f Aczg hg s` gdupô m` dr`cr uh erupg prgpig qu`
trcsd`hmi`rc su achmctg, p`rg tcaliéh `s auy dfcrg qu` m`kô fc pgfátidc `h
achgs m`f erupg m` Bchj, pu`s si li`h r`sp`tô `f prihdipig s`euimg pgr tgmgs sus
 cht`d`sgr`s m` r`dup`rcr pgfátidgs dgh cfeuhc `xp`ri`hdic, M`f Aczg dghd`htrô
fc s`f`ddiôh `h fgs p`rigmgs mghm` `f mgaihig m` Bchj `rc ihmisdutilf`. @s
v`rmcm qu` fgs hgalrcai`htgs `h fc T`dr`tcrác m` Egli`rhg y fc pr`sim`hdic m`f

^\I `stctcf (_`fcsdg `h fc pria`rc y Acrtáh`z F`egrr`tc y \uiz m` Dbãv`z `h fc

s`euhmc) ou`rgh iapgrtcht`s `h `f r`dfutcai`htg, p`rg fgs t`stiaghigs
mispghilf`s r`v`fch qu` M`f Aczg m`fil`rcmca`ht` lusdô fc cd`ptcdiôh m` Bchj;
`h r`cfimcm, cuh duchmg `stuvi`rch iht`ercmcs fcs fistcs m` miputcmgs o`m`rcf`s y
fgdcf`s, fgs dchmimctgs qu` hg `rch r`pr`s`htcht`s sihmidcf`s (`s m`dir, fcs dugtcs
m`f ^\I) m`lách ir dgh Bchj pcrc glt`h`r su cprglcdiôh. Tih `ffc, hg bclác
pgstufcdiôh goidicf.=0
 

Dgag s` v`, M`f Aczg m`kô tgtcfa`ht` qu` fc pgfátidc y fgs pu`stgs ou`rch
ach`kcmgs pgr `f erupg m` Bchj. Éstc ou` fc rczôh pgr fc ducf M`f Aczg hg tuvg
dghofidtgs iht`rhgs, p`rg tcaliéh pgr fc ducf hg dghstruyô uh erupg prgpig qu`
pr`s`rvcrc su ihofu`hdic. @h riegr, su erupg clchmghô dgh éf fc `htimcm y
prgsieuiô su dcrr`rc `h fc pgfátidc y cmaihistrcdiôh o`m`rcf, `h mghm` cfeuhgs m`
`ffgs bch cfdchzcmg pu`stgs r`f`vcht`s. Midbg `h gtrcs pcfclrcs, `ffgs cf ieucf
qu` M`f Aczg vi`rgh fc pgfátidc fgdcf dgag uhc `tcpc `h sus trcy`dtgrics, hg
dgag puhtg oihcf g, pgr fg a`hgs, uh glk`tivg pr`vig c cfdchzcr. ^crc tgmgs, fc
v`rmcm`rc pfczc c dghquistcr `rc fc pgfátidc o`m`rcf.

PH EGLI@\HG M@TM@ FCT DCH]@\CT Y FC O\ICFMCM M@F

H@_CMG

Fc orcs` cht`rigr, `xpr`scmc pgr uh pgfátidg m`f `stcmg, dghm`hsc fcpimcrica`ht`

fc gpihiôh m` fc éfit` fgdcf cd`rdc m`f egli`rhg m` Acrig \caôh L`t`tc; mistcht`,
sih uh dgaprglclf` dgaprgaisg dgh fc cmaihistrcdiôh hi `f `stcmg y, quizã fg
aãs iapgrtcht`, m`s`ap`ócmg cf acre`h m` fgs erupgs iht`rhgs. L`t`tc, dgag
M`f Aczg, ff`eô sih dcrr`rc pgfátidc y a`hgs cûh `h fc `htimcm p`rg, c mio`r`hdic
m` cquéf, hg s` iht`r`sô `h fc eul`rhcturc y pgr fg tchtg hi siqui`rc pusg `f
duimcmg h`d`scrig pcrc ihdgrpgrcr c uhc éfit` prgouhmca`ht` mgfimc pgr fc
cmaihistrcdiôh m` Lcrchmc qui`h, cf ieucf qu` L`t`tc, `rc grieihcrig m`f Mistritg
O`m`rcf, fc `t`rhc ca`hczc m`f `stcmg. Ti li`h fc s`f`ddiôh m` L`t`tc bc simg
`xpfidcmc dgag `f acygr cdtg m` crlitrcri`mcm (g, pcrc m`dirfg dgh sucvimcm, uhc
m`disiôh clsgfutca`ht` p`rsghcf) m`f pr`sim`ht`, tcaliéh `s v`rmcm qu`
 iht`rvihi`rgh gtrgs ocdtgr`s, cfeuhgs iht`rhgs y gtrgs r`suftcmg m` fc mioádif y
m`secstcht` sud`siôh pr`sim`hdicf m` 3922.
@h fg iht`rhg, `f `f`a`htg m`disivg qu` ocdifitô fc achiglrc pr`sim`hdicf s`

`hdu`htrc `h fc iapgsilifimcm m`f erupg m` Bchj, `f aãs iapgrtcht` y pgm`rgsg,

pcrc dghtrgfcr cf r`stg m` cerupcdigh`s pgfátidcs qu` s` ogrtcf`di`rgh murcht` `f
egli`rhg m` M`f Aczg. @f dr`diai`htg m` fgs auhidipigs cf`mcógs cf Mistritg
O`m`rcf hg s` m`tuvg y, pgr `f dghtrcrig, ou` glt`hi`hmg acygr pr`s`hdic pgfátidc.
Yc bcdic fc aitcm m`f s`x`hig, M`f Aczg pumg mcrs` du`htc m` qu` cfeuhgs
pgfátidgs m` `sc zghc cfdchzclch uhc siheufcr ou`rzc qu` hg pgmác dght`h`rs`
oãdifa`ht`. Tu caieg y dgfclgrcmgr m`sm` fc dcapcóc, \uiz m` Dbãv`z,
grieihcrig m` Hcudcfpch (auhidipig cf qu` s` bc qu`rimg dghv`rtir `h `f d`htrg
m`f e`héridg _cff` m` Aéxidg), pria`rg ou` miputcmg fgdcf y fám`r m` su
f`eisfcturc y m`spués, `h 392=, s` dghvirtiô `h pr`sim`ht` m`f ^\I `stctcf, m`sm`
mghm` pr`pcrô su pgstufcdiôh c fc cfdcfmác m` Hcudcfpch. ^crc audbgs pgfátidgs
`f csd`hsg m` \uiz m` Dbãv`z pr`sceiclc c uh ou`rt` dgap`timgr pcrc fc
eul`rhcturc, m` tcf ach`rc qu` bidi`rgh tgmg fg pgsilf` pcrc lfgqu`crfg.=?
Cuhqu` sglr`vcfgrcmc fc ca`hczc qu` r`pr`s`htclc \uiz m` Dbãv`z, hg m`kc
m` `xbilir fc ou`rzc m` uh dghkuhtg m` pgfátidgs qu` hg dgapcrtách fc ogracdiôh
trcmidighcf m` fc éfit` y qu` a`hgs `stclch mispu`stgs c sga`t`rs` c sus
prãdtidcs. ^`rg, pgr dghtrcpcrtimc, tcaliéh prglclc qu` fgs erupgs trcmidighcf`s,
ihdfuimg `f m` Bchj, yc hg mgaihclch pgr dgapf`tg fc vimc pgfátidc m`f `stcmg.
Fc m`siehcdiôh m` Lcrchmc, si li`h s` ihsdrilác `h fc s`ri` m` a`mimcs tgacmcs
pgr M` fc Acmrim pcrc cdgrrcfcr c Bchj, tcaliéh ihmidclc qu` ést` t`hác dcmc
v`z a`hgs ou`rzc pcrc ihofuir `h fcs erchm`s m`disigh`s. ^gr gtrg fcmg, `f aisag
M`f Aczg bclác r`huhdicmg c dr`cr uh erupg prgpig y bclác dcalicmg pgr
dgapf`tg sus cspircdigh`s: `h `scs dirduhstchdics, `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg `rc uhc
pfczc pgfátidc mispghilf`, sih uh r`dghgdimg fim`rczeg y misputcmc pgr erupgs
miv`rsgs.=5
Ti Bchj hg bclác pgmimg dghs`rvcr fc eul`rhcturc `h 3923, `stchmg éf `h `f
eclih`t` y Kiaéh`z Dchtû `h `f pcfcdig m` ]gfudc, a`hgs pgmác cspircr c
r`dup`rcrfc `h 3925 duchmg bclác simg
acreihcmg m` fc pgfátidc hcdighcf. M`f Aczg, pgr su pcrt`, cf dghoicrf` cf
erupg m` Bchj fc pgfátidc fgdcf, bclác p`rmimg tcaliéh fc pgsilifimcm m` ihofuir
`h fc sud`siôh. Aãs cûh, cht`s m` dghdfuir su achmctg, M`f Aczg s` vig `hvu`ftg
 `h fc dghti`hmc
s`euhmg téraihg.pgr fc pr`sim`hdic,
Duchmg dghvgfv`r
bclrác pgmimg fg ducfc dghsim`rcr
`f @stcmg fc
m`eul`rhcturc,
Aéxidg pcsôM`fc
Aczg yc `stclc m`acsicmg m`lifitcmg pcrc s`r tgacmg `h du`htc.

Fc sud`siôh pr`sim`hdicf m` M` fc Acmrim bc simg uhc m` fcs aãs dghofidtivcs

hg sôfg pgrqu` `h su m`scrrgffg s` prgmukg fc aãs ercv` orcdturc m`f ^\I, pria`rg
cf hcd`r fc Dgrri`ht` M`agdrãtidc y m`spués pgrqu` s` dghvirtiô `h uhc

gpgsidiôh
pr`sim`hdic,ogracf qu` `hcuh
sihg pgrqu` fcs `htr`
`f`ddigh`s
fgs qu`o`m`rcf`s misputcrác
kuecrgh dgh dgh goidicf`s,
fcs r`efcs v`htckcs `f
fc
pr`sim`ht` M` fc Acmrim hg s` m`tuvg `h `apf`cr tgmgs fgs r`dursgs mispghilf`s
pcrc gduftcr c su `f`eimg. Hg s` m`tuvg hi siqui`rc `h `apf`cr fc oieurc m` su
caieg pcrc dghouhmir y glt`h`r acygr`s aãre`h`s m` achiglrc. @f p`duficr
`stifg m` M` fc Acmrim, qu` s` dcrcdt`rizô si`apr` pgr hg `hor`htcr fcs cddigh`s
eul`rhca`htcf`s y dglikcrs` `h sus s`dr`tcrigs, p`raitiô qu` auy prghtg mgs m`
`ffgs, Achu`f Lcrtf`tt y Dcrfgs Tcfihcs, ulidcmgs `h pgsidigh`s `strctéeidcs y
mu`ógs calgs m` vgfuhtcm y dcpcdimcm m` m`disiôh, misputcrch dgag dchmimctgs
dgh r`cf`s pgsilifimcm`s m` glt`h`r fc pr`sim`hdic.
Bcdic 392? fc misputc `htr` priistcs bclác ff`ecmg c tcf`s `xtr`ags m`
pgfcrizcdiôh `htr` fgs s`euimgr`s m` calgs s`dr`tcrigs, qu` M` fc Acmrim pcr`dác
p`rm`r `f dghtrgf m`f prgd`sg. ^crc `htghd`s, tcaliéh `rc uh b`dbg fc ogracdiôh
m` fc Dgrri`ht` M`agdrãtidc m`htrg m`f ^\I, qu` dritidclc `f prgd`sg m` s`f`ddiôh
y cócmác pr`sigh`s cf pr`sim`ht`. Ou` `htghd`s duchmg M` fc Acmrim ihvitô c su
caieg M`f Aczg c gdupcr uh dcreg `h su eclih`t`, dgh fg ducf cf`htô fcs
`sp`rchzcs m` gtrg dght`hmi`ht` goidicf qu` egzclc, cm`aãs m` tgmg, m`f cpr`dig
m`f k`o` m`f `k`dutivg. M`sm` `s` aga`htg, fc pr`sim`hdic bizg dr`d`r fc iace`h
m` M`f Aczg sulrcychmg sus ducfimcm`s m` cmaihistrcmgr, p`rg sglr` tgmg su
r`fcdiôh p`rsghcf, `str`dbc y co`dtugsc, dgh M` fc Acmrim.
Ou` m`htrg m` `sc dcapcóc goidicf mghm` s` cduóô fc orcs` s`eûh fc ducf M`f
Aczg `rc `f b`rachg qu` hg tuvg M` fc Acmrim; `f prgpôsitg `rc, dgag cf oih s`
dghsieuiô, miouhmir fc `sp`di` m` qu` `s` co`dtg m`t`raihcrác fc m`disiôh
pr`sim`hdicf pcrc rgap`r fgs erupgs, `h `s` aga`htg auy bgageéh`gs, qu` s`
bclách dr`cmg `h tgrhg m` Lcrtf`tt y Tcfihcs. @f m`s`hfcd` m` fc bistgric `s
dghgdimg, p`rg m` éf a`r`d` m`stcdcrs` `f b`dbg m` qu` fcs cspircdigh`s m` M`f
Aczg ou`rgh `stiaufcmcs m`fil`rcmc y dcfdufcmca`ht` pgr su caieg y l`h`ocdtgr
pcrc prgt`e`r c gtrg dchmimctg, y qu` m` `stc turlic dgap`t`hdic M`f Aczg hg
 pgmác bcl`r glt`himg hiheuhc ou`rzc pcrc ihofuir `h fc m`siehcdiôh m`f sieui`ht`
egl`rhcmgr.=2
@h `stc dgapfidcmc lctcffc, M`f Aczg hg ou` fc ûhidc pi`zc qu` `f pr`sim`ht`

`apf`ô pcrc m`lifitcr c Lcrtf`tt. Fc s`f`ddiôh m` Acrig \caôh L`t`tc ou` uhc
dfcrc s`ócf `h su dghtrc, pu`s `f s`dr`tcrig m` Egl`rhcdiôh hg ou` dghsuftcmg hi
a`hgs cûh tuvg cfeuhc ihofu`hdic. Ti hgalrcr c uh egl`rhcmgr cf acre`h m`f
titufcr m` fc pgfátidc iht`rigr `s ercv`, s` vu`fv` m`disivg si s` trctc m`f `stcmg qu`
rgm`c cf Mistritg O`m`rcf. @h `s` dcsg, mcmc fc ulidcdiôh e`gerãoidc m` fc `htimcm,
siehioidc dgfgdcr uh vieifcht` qu` sirv` cf pr`sim`ht`.
@fiaihcmgs Bchj, M`f Aczg y, pgr `xt`hsiôh, Lcrchmc, M` fc Acmrim tuvg
clsgfutc fil`rtcm pcrc `f`eir cf achmctcrig.=9  Hg tuvg qu` lusdcr m`acsicmg
pgrqu` gtrg caieg s` bcffclc `h s`rigs prglf`acs pgfátidgs. L`t`tc, m`spués m`
uhc fcrec trcy`dtgric `h `f ãr`c oihchdi`rc m`f egli`rhg o`m`rcf, bclác simg
hgalrcmg pgr M` fc. Acmrim mir`dtgr e`h`rcf m` ^`a`x. Dgfgdcr c uh `xp`rtg `h
oihchzcs `h uhc `apr`sc m` cftc `sp`dicfizcdiôh tédhidc, hg `rc tch `quivgdcmg
dgag c siapf` vistc pcr`dác si s` dghsim`rc qu` fc lcs` m` fc pgfátidc `dghôaidc
m` `s` p`rigmg ou` `f `stridtg dghtrgf m`f ecstg pûlfidg y qu` ^`a`x gdupclc uh
sitig ouhmca`htcf dgag prihdipcf ou`ht` m` iher`sgs m`f egli`rhg. ^r`disca`ht`
pgr `sc hgrac, L`t`tc t`hmrác qu` pcm`d`r fgs prglf`acs qu` cf oihcf
m`t`raihcrgh su dchmimcturc dgag egl`rhcmgr.
Dgag `s sclimg, fc cmaihistrcdiôh m` M` fc Acmrim tuvg qu` `hor`htcr fc qu`
bcstc `s` aga`htg `rc dghsim`rcmc fc p`gr drisis `dghôaidc m`f pcás, uhc m`
duycs aãs ercv`s achio`stcdigh`s ou` fc `f`vcmc ihofcdiôh qu` sup`rô 3>>% m`
dr`diai`htg chucf. @h fc dghd`pdiôh m` M` fc Acmrim y su `quipg m`
`dghgaistcs, uhc m` fcs dcuscs ouhmca`htcf`s m` `s` prgd`sg `rc `f `xd`sivg y
m`sdghtrgfcmg ecstg pûlfidg, m` tcf ach`rc qu` s` vgfvác ihmisp`hsclf`
r`striheirfg cf aáhiag pgsilf`. Phc a`mimc cpfidcmc `h tgmc fc cmaihistrcdiôh
ou` `f m`spimg dghstcht` m` `apf`cmgs o`m`rcf`s. @h `stc `strct`eic, ^`a`x hg
ou` fc `xd`pdiôh, pgr `f dghtrcrig, li`h s` pu`m` m`dir qu` fc pcrc`stctcf
`k`apfioidô fgs aãs iapgrtcht`s prglf`acs m`f prgercac m` ckust` `dghôaidg.
@f dghtrgf m`f ecstg tuvg mgs `xpr`sigh`s `h fc `apr`sc; sga`t`r c dghdursg
fgs dghtrctgs m` glrcs, fg qu` siehioidô `fiaihcr fcs dghd`sigh`s cf sihmidctg m`
p`trgf`rgs y dgh `ffg uhc ihcegtclf` ou`ht` m` iher`sgs pcrc fgs mirie`ht`s, y
bcd`r r`dgrt`s m` `apf`cmgs y pr`stcdigh`s dghtrcdtucf`s qu` aihclch fc
 dr`milifimcm y ou`rzc m` fc grechizcdiôh. Ti m`sm` `f prihdipig m`f s`x`hig `st`
prgercac prgvgdô `hor`htcai`htgs `htr` L`t`tc y Kgcquáh B`rhãhm`z Ecfidic, Fc
Suihc, ou` c a`micmgs m`f p`rigmg duchmg ff`eô c su aãxiac viruf`hdic. @f

m`tghcmgr m`f dghofidtg ou` uhc aãs m` fcs vcrics dghtrcddigh`s `dghôaidcs qu`
suoriô `f pcás pgr uhc dcámc m` fgs pr`digs iht`rhcdighcf`s m`f p`trôf`g. Dgag `rc
m` `sp`rcr, s` r`strihei`rgh fgs iher`sgs m` fc pcrc`stctcf y `h dghs`du`hdic m`f
egli`rhg o`m`rcf: pcrc dgap`hscr `h cfeg fc `a`re`hdic, fc cmaihistrcdiôh m`
^`a`x r`mukg cf aáhiag igs prgercacs m` dr`diai`htg y fgs ecstgs m`
acht`hiai`htg m` fcs pfchtcs y, duchmg `stg ou` ihsuoidi`ht`, prgpusg uh r`dgrt`
m` p`rsghcf.
Murcht` tgmg 3922 `f sihmidctg m`  Fc Suihc  cdusô c L`t`tc m` prgpidicr
cddim`ht`s pgr fc ocftc m` acht`hiai`htg, m` co`dtcr cf p`rsghcf sihmidcfizcmg
pcrc ocvgr`d`r cf m` dghoichzc y, fc qu` ou` fc aãs ercv` m` tgmcs y
prglclf`a`ht` fc qu` griffô su scfimc, m` ihdurrir `h uh orcum` cf cuspidicr uhc
`apr`sc pcrc dghtrctcr luqu`s qu` trchspgrtcrch `f drumg. Fg iapgrtcht` `s qu`,
cf acre`h m`f `vim`ht` iht`rés m`  Fc Suihc, fcs cduscdigh`s t`hách sust`htg. @h
`s` cóg ou`rgh or`du`ht`s fgs cddim`ht`s, `h `sp`dicf fgs `stcffimgs m` cfeuhcs
ihstcfcdigh`s, csá dgag `f m`sdghtrgf m` cfeuhgs pgzgs y tcaliéh ou` di`rtg qu`
`f p`rsghcf m` dghoichzc dr`diô aãs rãpimg y `h acygr prgpgrdiôh qu` `f
sihmidcfizcmg; sôfg `htr` 392< y 392= `f pria`r tipg m` `apf`cmgs bclác dr`dimg
dghd `htrclc `h fc cmaihistrcdiôh m` fc `apr`sc.0>
`h =5% y s` dghd`htrclc
Ti `stcs `vim`hdics kustioidclch fgs r`dfcags m`  Fc Suihc `h `f s`htimg m` qu`
L`t`tc bcdác r`dc`r `h fgs trclckcmgr`s `f dgstg m`f ckust`, `f csuhtg m` fgs lcrdgs
f` mig uhc `hgra` dr`milifimcm, cuh duchmg gduftcrc su v`rmcm`rg h`egdig. @h
cfeûh aga`htg m`f dghofidtg,  Fc Suihc  r`dghgdiô qu` Kgre` Mácz T`rrchg,
duchmg `rc `f mir`dtgr e`h`rcf m` ^`a`x, fg dghv`hdiô m` qu` `f sihmidctg
dgaprcrc lcrdgs pcrc trchspgrtcr `f drumg dgh fc prga`sc m` qu`, duchmg
misaihuy`rch fcs pr`sigh`s qu` `k`rdác sglr` éf Kgsé Chmrés m` Gt`yzc, `f
s`dr`tcrig m` ^ctriaghig y Oga`htg Ihmustricf, fc `apr`sc s` fgs dgaprcrác
m`kãhmgf` cf sihmidctg uhc kuegsc echchdic.03
@f h`egdig orcdcsô pgrqu` Mácz T`rrchg tuvg qu` r`huhdicr y su sud`sgr, Kufig
\gmgfog Agdt`zuac, s` h`eô c acht`h`rfg. @h `scs dghmidigh`s, fg qu` pcr`dác
uhc ihv`rsiôh s`eurc r`suftô pcrc  Fc Suihc uh m`scstr` oihchdi`rg, pu`s hg sôfg
^`a`x hg f` dgaprcrác fgs luqu`s, sihg qu` L`t`tc y M` fc Acmrim f` r`tircrgh
 fgs dghtrctgs
v`rmcm`rg m` trchspgrtcdiôh.
agtivg Dgag
m`f miseustg m`f s` mikgsihmidcf
mirie`ht` `h `s` y`htghd`s, ést` `rc
hg `f `apf`g `f
y fc
s`eurimcm m` fgs trclckcmgr`s.

^`rg L`t`tc dga`tiô uh `rrgr qu` sôfg pu`m` `xpfidcrs` pgr `f cpgyg qu` `f
pr`sim`ht` m` fc r`pûlfidc f` lrihmclc g pgrqu` éf glt`hác uh l`h`oidig. @h 3920
mgs iapgrtcht`s `apr`scrigs m`f trchspgrt` urlchg, Isimgrg \gmráeu`z y K`sûs
Cfdãhtcrc (vi`kgs dghgdimgs y `h cfeûh aga`htg sgdigs m` Dcrfgs Bchj)
sgrpr`sivca`ht` ouhmcrgh uhc `apr`sc hcvi`rc, Ofgtc ^`trgf`rc A`xidchc, dgh
uh dcpitcf m` <.0 aiffgh`s m` p`sgs. Dgh `s` `xieug r`spcfmg oihchdi`rg y sih
a`micr dghdursg pûlfidg, fc `apr`sc gltuvg dghtrctgs aiffghcrigs dgh ^`a`x.
\gmráeu`z y Cfdãhtcrc `apf`crgh `sgs dghtrctgs dgag cvcf`s pcrc qu` `f Lchdg
Hcdighcf ^`squ`rg y ^grtucrig f`s dghd`mi`rc uh drémitg pcrc dgaprcr mgs
lcrdgs pgr uh vcfgr m` << aif aiffgh`s m` p`sgs. Fcs irr`eufcrimcm`s hg s`
m`tuvi`rgh cquá; fgs oghmgs ou`rgh cpgrtcmgs cf lchdg pgr Hcoihsc dgh fc
cutgrizcdiôh m` Bcdi`hmc, c uh pfczg m` 9> mács, c duyg téraihg ou`rgh pcecmgs
puhtucfa`ht` dgh mih`rg cm`fchtcmg pgr ^`a`x c du`htc m`f s`rvidig. 0<  @rc
iapgsilf` gduftcr `f m`fil`rcmg prgpôsitg m`f egli`rhg o`m`rcf (y hg sôfg m`
^`a`x g L`t`tc) m` `fiaihcr cf sihmidctg dr`chmg uhc `apr`sc qu` duapfi`rc
dgh `f prgpôsitg m` ‖a`xidchizcr‑ fc trchspgrtcdiôh m` p`trôf`g.
 Fc Suihc gltuvg dgh `sc m`huhdic fc vidtgric qu` tchtg bclác `sp`rcmg, pu`s
cuhqu` fc m`huhdic hg prgd`miô, fc pgsidiôh m` L`t`tc y `f cpgyg m` M` fc
Acmrim misaihuy`rgh s`hsilf`a`ht`. Fc dr`milifimcm ou` m` erchm`s
prgpgrdigh`s `htr` gtrcs dcuscs pgrqu` hg fc pr`s`htô `f sihmidctg, sihg fc
miputcdiôh m`f ^crtimg Tgdicfistc Phioidcmg m` Aéxidg `h uh pf`hg m`
m ` fc Dãacrc,
y ou` tcf `f `sdãhmcfg qu` fc Dghtrcfgrác m` fc O`m`rcdiôh tuvg qu` iht`rv`hir c
dcalig m` qu` hg dgapcr`di`rch L`t`tc, `f titufcr m` ^rgercacdiôh y
^r`supu`stg, Dcrfgs Tcfihcs, y `f dghtrcfgr, Dcrfgs \gkcs.  FcSuihc s` scdumiô c
L`t`tc y m` pcsg `vcmiô `f csuhtg m` su orcdcscmg h`egdig.
Csá ou` dgag L`t`tc pumg dghv`rtirs` `h egl`rhcmgr m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg.
Tôfg duchmg s` dghgd`h fcs dirduhstchdics m` fc sud`siôh, s` `hti`hm` dôag uh
ouhdighcrig dgag L`t`tc, dgh <5 cógs m` s`rvidig cdtivg `h `f Lchdg m` Aéxidg
y `h fc T`dr`tcrác m` Bcdi`hmc (m` fc ducf ou` suls`dr`tcrig y titufcr, y `h `sc
dcfimcm, k`o` m` M` fc Acmrim), sih dghtcdtg cfeuhg dgh fc pgfátidc y audbg
a`hgs dgh `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg, s` dghvirti`rc `h su achmctcrig. ^`rg cm`aãs
 m` tgmcs `stcs rczgh`s pcrtidufcr`s, fc s`f`ddiôh m` L`t`tc dgrr`spghm`
pf`hca`ht` cf p`roif m` egl`rhcmgr`s qu` ou`rgh pgstufcmgs murcht` `f egli`rhg
m` M` fc Acmrim; m` fgs <? achmctcrigs qu` cfdchzcrgh `f pgm`r `h `s` p`rigmg

(m`sdghtcmgs fgs m` Dbicpcs, Kcfisdg, Agr`fgs, ]clcsdg y Yudctãh, duycs

pgstufcdigh`s gdurri`rgh cf aisag ti`apg qu` fc pr`sim`hdicf m` M` fc Acmrim),
`h 3? pr`mgaihcrgh fgs dcregs m` cmaihistrcdiôh.04

Ou` csáOrchdisdg
Lcrrigs, qu` bgalr`s dgag L`t`tc,
Fclcstimc, \gmgfogF`yvc,
Ridgtéhdctf Oéfix _cfm`z,
AcrichgO`rhchmg Eutiérr`z
^ióc Gfcyc, Kgsé
Orchdisdg \uiz Acssi`u g Fuis Acrtáh`z _iffidcóc (pcrc a`hdighcr c fgs aãs
r`pr`s`htctivgs) s` bidi`rgh dcreg m` fgs egli`rhgs `stctcf`s. Midbg `h gtrcs
pcfclrcs, cf acre`h m` fcs dirduhstchdics m`f mir`dtgr m` ^`a`x, qu` glfieclch cf
pr`sim`ht` M` fc Acmrim c prgt`e`rfg m`spués m` cpfidcr sus prgercacs, L`t`tc
r`uhác `f p`roif qu` murcht` tgmc su cmaihistrcdiôh M` fc Acmrim bclác lusdcmg
pcrc dgfgdcrfgs `h fcs `htimcm`s. Hg iapgrtclc tchtg fc dcpcdimcm y `xp`ri`hdic
pgfátidc m`f prgsp`dtg, duchtg fc siaifitum dgh su prgpic trcy`dtgric prgo`sighcf
pcrc cs`eurcrs` `f dghtrgf m` fc sud`siôh `h `f `k`dutivg hcdighcf.
Acs si fc pgstufcdiôh m` L`t`tc r`spghm` `h erch a`mimc c fgs dghofidtgs qu`
tuvg dgh `f sihmidctg m` p`trgf`rgs y `h `sp`dicf dgh  Fc Suihc.,0=  tcaliéh
siehioidô uhc `sp`rchzc pcrc qu` `f erupg m` Bchj r`dup`rcrc pcrt` m`f t`rr`hg
p`rmimg. Dgh `sc siheufcr dcpcdimcm qu` Bchj ti`h` pcrc s`r caieg m` p`rsghcs
qu` c su v`z fg sgh m` `h`aiegs suygs, tuvg uhc `str`dbc r`fcdiôh dgh L`t`tc c
qui`h f` r`ecfô `f rchdbg m` Rcfctfcdg qu`, cf oihcf, f` mig fc r`sim`hdic h`d`scric
pcrc dulrir `f r`quisitg m` v`dihmcm acrdcmg pgr fc dghstitudiôh fgdcf.00 ^gr uhc
`xtrcóc dgihdim`hdic, `f dchmimctg `f`eimg filr`a`ht` pgr M` fc Acmrim, `h`aieg
cdérriag m` Bchj, `rc caieg m`f prgo`sgr y, cuhqu` cf`kcmg m` fc `htimcm, li`h
vistg pgr éf y `f dghkuhtg m` fc éfit` fgdcf.
Ti, pgr su pcrt`, M` fc Acmrim dghsim`rô c L`t`tc uh dghtihucmgr m` fc glrc m`
M`f Aczg, Bchj y fc éfit` fgdcf fg vi`rgh dgag uhc gpgrtuhimcm pcrc r`tgacr `f
dghtrgf tgtcf m` fc pgfátidc; dgag fg mik`rch cfeuhgs pgfátidgs `htr`vistcmgs,
L`t`tc ou` li`h r`dilimg pgrqu` s` p`hsô qu` cf s`r ck`hg c fc `htimcm, dghd`m`rác
`spcdigs c fgs fgdcf`s.0?
Ti cfeui`h dgag M`f Aczg, dghsim`rcmg pgr audbgs uh cri`t` dghtrc Bchj,
bclác m`kcmg fc pgfátidc `h achgs m` fc éfit` fgdcf, uh ouhdighcrig tch d`rdchg y
dgh `sc m`umc p`rsghcf dgh `f prgo`sgr fg bcrác `h acygr ercmg. Fc `xp`dtctivc
 auy prghtg s` `xtiheuiô.

FGT CAIEGT M@F EGL@\HCMG\

^crc fgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s sôfg s` duapfi`rgh fcs `sp`rchzcs `h `f eclih`t` y
pcrdicfa`ht` `h cfeuhgs pu`stgs m` `f`ddiôh. Tieui`hmg `f `k`apfg m` M`f Aczg,
L`t`tc bizg uhc dgalihcdiôh m` pgfátidgs fgdcf`s y ouhdighcrigs m` su dghoichzc,
p`rg sih gls`rvcr `f duimcmg m` su cht`d`sgr `h `f`eir pgfátidgs dghgdimgs y
caiegs dgap`t`ht`s. M` fgs hu`v` ai`alrgs qu` iht`ercrgh su eclih`t`, fc
acygrác (dihdg) t`hách cht`d`m`ht`s pgfátidgs `h `f `stcmg y sgfca`ht` mgs m`
`ffgs bclách m`s`ap`ócmg uh dcreg m` eclih`t` (vécs` `f ducmrg 0.2). Fgs ductrg
r`stcht`s `rch chtieugs dgfclgrcmgr`s suygs qu` fg bclách cdgapcócmg `h sus
ûftiacs y pgféaidcs r`spghsclifimcm`s pûlfidcs.
L`t`tc hgalrô dgag s`dr`tcrig m` Egli`rhg c @aifig Dbucyoo`t, qu` si li`h

`rc dghgdimgpu`stg
su prihdipcf `h `f `stcmg ` ihdfusg
bclác simg bclác pcrtidipcmg
fc T`dr`tcrác dghdgh
m` @mudcdiôh BchjM`f`hAczg.
cfeûhHg
dcreg,
bcy
mumc m` qu` L`t`tc, dghsdi`ht` m` su m`sdghgdiai`htg m` fgs csuhtgs fgdcf`s y
m`f r`d`fg m` fc éfit`, lusdô c uhc p`rsghc qu` f` cyumcrc c `stclf`d`r dghtcdtgs y
qu`, m` b`dbg, s` bidi`rc dcreg m` fc pgfátidc.05 Y cuh duchmg Dbucyoo`t t`hác
r`dghgdiai`htg, hg r`uhác fcs dcrcdt`rástidcs m` F`gpgfmg _`fcsdg, vi`kg pgfátidg
m` fc `htimcm, dcpcz m` a`micr dgh tgmgs fgs erupgs ercdics c su capfic
trcy`dtgric: cf oihcf m` du`htcs, Dbucyoo`t `rc uh kgv`h ouhdighcrig sih `f
csd`hmi`ht` ihmisp`hsclf` pcrc f`vchtcr uh egli`rhg dgag `f m` L`t`tc.
@sc dgh`xiôh dgh M`f Aczg fc rctioidô dgh mgs hgalrcai`htgs aãs; `f m`
@hriqu` Eghzãf`z Isuhzc, dgag s`dr`tcrig m` Cmaihistrcdiôh, y `f m` Fuis
\iv`rc Aght`s m` Gdc, dgag prgdurcmgr e`h`rcf m` Kustidic. @f pria`rg, cm`aãs
m` s`r priag m`f `x egl`rhcmgr, bclác t`himg pu`stgs a`hgr`s `h `f egli`rhg
fgdcf murcht` fgs p`rigmgs m` Bchj y Kiaéh`z Dchtû, p`rg `h dghtrcst`, `h `f m`
M`f Aczg bclác m`s`ap`ócmg dcregs `h `f ^\I m`f `stcmg y bclác simg miputcmg
fgdcf y o`m`rcf. \iv`rc Aght`s m` Gdc bclác dga`hzcmg `h fc pgfátidc fgdcf
murcht` `f s`x`hig m` Kiaéh`z Dchtû `h pu`stgs a`hgr`s, cmaihistrctivgs y m`
pcrtimg, p`rg `h `f m` M`f Aczg s` bclác m`s`ap`ócmg dgag sulprgdurcmgr m`
 Kustidic, lckg fc cutgrimcm m` Bual`rtg Firc Agrc. Calgs hgalrcai`htgs
agstrclch dfcrca`ht` qu` L`t`tc lusdclc `f cpgyg m` M`f Aczg y, cf a`hgs `h
`f dcsg m` \iv`rc, `f dghtcdtg tcaliéh dgh su caieg Firc Agrc.

@f egl`rhcmgr tuvg au`strcs m` lu`hc vgfuhtcm dgh su caieg Bchj cf

m`siehcr c mgs ouhdighcrigs m` cfeuhc ach`rc vihdufcmgs dgh éf; c Kgsé \caôh
Crchc ^gzgs, `h fc T`dr`tcrác m`f ]rclckg, y c Acrig D. Gfiv`rc `h fc m`
@mudcdiôh. _i`kgs pgfátidgs calgs, aãs qu` im`htioidcmgs dgh `f erupg m` Bchj,
sialgfizclch su cd`rdcai`htg dgh fc éfit` pgfátidc aãs trcmidighcf, ihdfusg pr`vic
cf mgaihig bchquistc. @h dghs`du`hdic, su pr`s`hdic hg pcsclc m` s`r sialôfidc
pgrqu` si fc r`fcdiôh dgh `f prgo`sgr `rc ihmir`dtc, fc iapgrtchdic m` fgs dcregs
(sglr` tgmg dgapcrcmgs dgh fgs qu` t`hách fgs vihdufcmgs dgh M`f Aczg) `rc
auy a`hgr. Dgag s` v`, si cfeuhc dgalihcdiôh cd`ptô L`t`tc, hg ou` dgh `f
erupg pgfátidg aãs ou`rt` hi, audbg a`hgs, dgh `f aãs r`sp`tcmg, pu`s fc
cmaihistrcdiôh m` M`f Aczg, dgag yc s` cpuhtô cht`s, hg bclác egzcmg m` uhc
lu`hc y r`sp`tcmc iace`h.
@st` `rrgr `h fc s`f`ddiôh fg prgouhmizô cf hgalrcr c ductrg `x sulgrmihcmgs
suygs; `h fc T`dr`tcrác m` M`scrrgffg @dghôaidg, c Kgre` Cfocrg Tãhdb`z: `h fc
m` Oihchzcs, c Cfl`rtg Achu`f Acygrcf Dcff`s: `h ^fch`cdiôh, c Ofcvig
^`r`zecsec ]gvcr, y `h M`scrrgffg Prlchg, c Mghcdichg ]ca`z Ou`ht`s. ]gmgs
 bclách b`dbg dcrr`rcs `h `f ãr`c oihchdi`rc m`f egli`rhg o`m`rcf y fgs ductrg
bclách `stcmg lckg fcs ôrm`h`s m` L`t`tc `h ^`a`x; Acygrcf y Cfocrg dgag
e`r`ht` y sule`r`ht` m` @apr`scs Oificf`s y aãs tcrm` dgag s`dr`tcrig pcrtidufcr

y s`dr`tcrig cuxificr m` L`t`tc, y ^`r`zecsec y ]ca`z dgag sulmir`dtgr, uhg m`

^fch`cdiôh y Dggrmihcdiôh, y `f gtrg m` Dga`rdicfizcdiôh, `f ãr`c qu` oieurclc
dgag mir`dtca`ht` ihvgfudrcmc `h `f turlig csuhtg m` fgs luqu`s m` \gmráeu`z y

Cfdãhtcrc.
tédhidgs y Csá, cuhqu` L`t`tc,
cmaihistrctivgs cf ieucf qu`
m`f egli`rhg, M`f Aczg,
hg tuvg s` r`s`rvô
`f cdi`rtg igs pu`stgs
m` su cht`d`sgr `h
s`f`ddighcr c ouhdighcrigs r`dghgdimgs pgr su `xp`ri`hdic. Hg s` trctclc
ûhidca`ht` m` qu` ou`rch caiegs m`f egl`rhcmgr, ck`hgs dgag éf cf `stcmg, sihg
acrdcmgs pgr fc mumc sglr` sus dcpcdimcm`s.02
 

Phc m` fcs prihdipcf`s qu`kcs m` fgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s `s qu` hg s` gdupô m` fc

pgfátidc y a`hgs m` mcr dclimc c hu`vgs p`rsghck`s.09  Y `stc cduscdiôh s`
dgapru`lc dgh fcs diorcs m` fgs ihmivimugs qu` ihdgrpgrô c su egli`rhg. M` fgs
<= ai`alrgs m` su cmaihistrcdiôh, 3? yc bclách dgfclgrcmg `h cht`rigr`s
p`rigmgs, fc acygrác dgh Bchj, Kiaéh`z Dchtû y M`f Aczg, y éf sôfg ff`vô c
gdbg. Fc aisac pcutc s` cmvi`rt` `h `f r`stg m` pu`stgs (vécs` fgs ducmrgs 0.9 cf
0.3<); m` fgs <0 miputcmgs o`m`rcf`s, dctgrd` fgdcf`s y 3? cfdcfm`s, dctgrd`, si`t`
ycht`d`sgr`s.
hu`v` r`sp`dtivca`ht`,
Dcsg `k`apfcr `rcbclách `stcmg K`sûs
`f m`f s`hcmgr `h fgs egli`rhgs
Cfdãhtcrc, m` `sgs
pgfátidg tr`s
qu` bclác
`ap`zcmg m`sm` fgs cógs m` Lcz y s`euhmg mu`óg m` fc iaprgviscmc `apr`sc
hcvi`rc qu` pr`dipitô fc scfimc m` L`t`tc m` ^`a`x.?> @h fgs pu`stgs m`f ^\I  fgs
ûhidgs mgs mirie`ht`s `rch pgfátidgs
pg fátidgs im`htioidcmgs dgh fc éfit` trcmidighcf.
Dgag s` v`, L`t`tc hg quisg ihdgrpgrcr c hu`vgs pgfátidgs pgrqu` `sg buli`rc
iapfidcmg m`stihcr ti`apg y `sou`rzg c fcs h`egdicdigh`s. @h pcrt` pgr `stc tãditc
r`huhdic c bcd`r pgfátidc, p`rg tcaliéh pgrqu` `f r`spghsclf` `rc Dbucyoo`t,
L`t`tc gptô pgr hg crri`secr su cmaihistrcdiôh y pr`oiriô r`dge`r pgfátidgs qu` yc
 bclách dgfclgrcmg dgh fgs cht`rigr`s egli`rhgs, `h `sp`dicf dgh `f erupg m`
Bchj. Dgag `rc m` `sp`rcr, L`t`tc hg ograô erupg cfeuhg; m` fgs pgdgs
ouhdighcrigs qu` éf ff`vô cf egli`rhg, y qu` cp`hcs cfdchzch fc diorc m` 4<,

ûhidca`ht` fgercrgh sglr`vivir si`t`, tgmgs cqu`ffgs qu` ou`rgh pr`sim`ht`s

auhidipcf`s. @s m`dir, hcmi` m` fgs qu` pcrtidipcrgh `h fc cmaihistrcdiôh hi fgs
miputcmgs o`m`rcf`s y fgdcf`s. L`t`tc s` dghvirtiô `h uhc `sp`di` m` pcréht`sis

qu` m` `h
cfeuhc hg fcs`r`htimcm.
pgr `f m`scstr` `f`dtgrcf m` 3922, buli`rc pcscmg sih m`kcr bu`ffc
@s v`rmcm qu` L`t`tc hg pr`stô fc ct`hdiôh suoidi`ht` c fc pgfátidc y qu` `ffg
prgpidiô su cisfcai`htg pgr fc éfit` fgdcf. ^`rg tcaliéh `s di`rtg qu` bulg uh
r`dbczg pr`vig c su m`s`ap`óg, `h lu`hc a`mimc agtivcmg pgr `f r`du`rmg m`
M`f Aczg y, sglr` tgmg, pgr `f m` Lcrchmc. @h `sc cmaihistrcdiôh scfi`rgh mgs
pgfátidgs qu` bclách cdgapcócmg m`sm` `f prihdipig c M`f Aczg y qu`, sih mumc,
bclách cyumcmg c acht`h`rfc; Firc Agrc y A`rihg Acóôh. ^crc `ap`zcr, calgs
ou`rgh dcalicmgs m` m`p`hm`hdic; firc m`kô fc ^rgdurcmurác y pcsô c gdupcr fc
T`dr`tcrác m`f ]rclckg, y A`rihg m`kô fc m` M`scrrgffg @dghôaidg pcrc bcd`rs`
dcreg m` fc qu` bclác m`s`ap`ócmg `f aisag Lcrchmc, Oihchzcs.
@h uh cdtg ihusucf, Firc Agrc prghuhdiô uh misdursg `h fc d`r`aghic pcrc
d`f`lrcr fc prgaufecdiôh m` fc Dghstitudiôh fgdcf, `h hgvi`alr` m` 3920, `h `f
ducf dritidô cli`rtca`ht` c fgs ck`hgs cf `stcmg qu` sih aéritg cfeuhg cspirclch g
dghs`euách fc eul`rhcturc.?3 @f m`stihctcrig `rc tch `vim`ht` qu` Firc r`huhdiô
m` iha`mictg y ou` r`sdctcmg pgr su caieg L`t`tc, qui`h fg hgalrô mir`dtgr
urámidg m` ^`a`x. T`eurca`ht` Firc huhdc p`hsô qu` `f mir`dtgr m` fc
pcrc`stctcf s` dghv`rtirác `h egl`rhcmgr y pgr `ffg, duchmg L`t`tc fg ihvitô c
dgfclgrcr `h su cmaihistrcdiôh, Firc s` vig glfiecmg c s`r dghs`du`ht` dgh su
drátidc y r`dbczô `f gor`diai`htg.?<
A`rihg r`huhdiô duchmg L`t`tc ou` pgstufcmg dchmimctg, cf pcr`d`r pgr `f
m`scdu`rmg m`f outurg egl`rhcmgr `h r`spcfmcr uh irr`eufcr y aiffghcrig
`hm`umcai`htg m`f réeia`h scfi`ht`. T`eûh fgs t`stiaghigs mispghilf`s, fc
cmaihistrcdiôh bclác yc `k`rdimg uhc m`umc pgr aãs m` 2 >>> >>> >>> m` p`sgs
sih fc cutgrizcdiôh m`f Dgher`sg. Dgh `f prgpôsitg m` r`eufcrizcrfg, A`rihg
pr`s`htô fc ihidictivc c fgs f`eisfcmgr`s, qui`h`s cdd`mi`rgh m`spués m` uhc
prgt`stc pûlfidc. @f prglf`ac hg dghsistác `h uhc ihdgrr`dtc cpfidcdiôh m`f
mih`rg sihg `h bcl`r gaitimg uh achmctg dghstitudighcf y `f r`spghsclf` hg `rc
 A`rihg, r`diéh hgalrcmg,
^crc fgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s, `fsihg `f aisag
egl`rhcmgr Lcrchmc,
sustitutg su cht`d`sgr
hg bclác vcdifcmg `h
`h Oihchzcs.
scdrioidcr
c uh ai`alrg m` fc éfit` fgdcf dgh tcf m` acht`h`r c scfvg su iace`h pûlfidc.?4

Fcs cddigh`s m` Lcrchmc (pcrc hg a`hdighcr su prgpic m`siehcdiôh) prglclch

fg qu` `rc dcpcz m` bcd`r uh `xtrcóg, y cuhqu` `stclc dirduhsdritg cf dgrtg
p`rigmg m`f oihcf m`f s`x`hig, ou` cócmimg c fc du`htc m` M`f Aczg. M` cbá fc

`hgra`
`f pgm`r.pr`mispgsidiôh
@h `s` s`htimg,qu` fc éfit` fgdcf
fc s`f`ddiôh achio`stôm`c fc
m` pgfátidgs Lcrchmc
`htimcmcuh
qu`cht`s
bizg m` tgacr
`f hu`vg
egl`rhcmgr L`t`tc, hg r`spghm`rác tchtg c uh coãh m` s`eurimcm p`rsghcf g
ihdcpcdimcm pcrc `hdghtrcr a`kgr`s dchmimctgs, sihg c qu` `rch `ffgs fgs ûhidgs
mispghilf`s. ^gr `sg fc gpihiôh e`h`rcfizcmc cd`rdc m`f eclih`t` m` L`t`tc
sulrcyc qu` Dbucyoo`t `rc ‖`f ûhidg pgfátidg fgdcf‑ cuh duchmg `stuvi`rgh gtrgs
ductrg: `h `f oghmg, fc coiracdiôh pcr`d` sulrcycr qu` éf `rc `f aãs
dgap`t`ht`.?=
T`c ducf ou`r` fc `xpfidcdiôh, fg ihgduftclf` ou` `f pgdg iht`rés qu` L`t`tc
agstrô pcrc egl`rhcr. Hg `rc `xtrcóg, s` mid`, `hdghtrcrfg dcaihchmg pgr fcs
dcff`s m` ]gfudc `h bgrcs m` goidihc g dclcfechmg `h su rchdbg Fc Efgric. C
dcusc m` `stc dgstualr`, L`t`tc suoriô uhc dcámc m`f dclcffg qu` f` iapimiô f``r
m` pi` su pria`r ihogra` m` egli`rhg. Aãs cd`htucmg qu` su cht`d`sgr, L`t`tc
`vitô fcs eircs m` trclckg y fgs cdtgs pûlfidgs: m`dimiô qu`mcrs` `h ]gfudc y
egl`rhcr ‖m`sm` fcs dcht`rcs y fc oricfmcm m`f H`vcmg‑.?0 Cf oihcf, c fgs gkgs m`
fc éfit` fgdcf, L`t`tc ff`vclc c su aãxiac `xpr`siôh fc cdtitum mistcht` y pgdg
dgaprga`timc dgh fc eul`rhcturc qu` M`f Aczg bclác b clác agstrcmg `h su aga`htg.
]gmg `ffg bizg qu` fgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s cisfcrch cf egli`rhg y qu`, pcrc m`dirfg
dgh aãs pr`disiôh, s` m`midcrch, dgag huhdc fg bclách b`dbg cht`s, c cdtucr `h
dghtrc m` L`t`tc pcrc prgvgdcr su scfimc.??
@h `scs dghmidigh`s, m` pgdg sirviô fc pr`s`hdic m` Dbucyoo`t. ^crc dgapfidcr
fc situcdiôh, `f s`dr`tcrig m` Egli`rhg hg `hdghtrô cpgyg `h fc éfit` fgdcf, hi
tcapgdg `htr` sus dgapcó`rgs m` eclih`t`, pu`s dgag mid`h fgs t`stiegs,
Dbucyoo`t huhdc pumg cdtucr pgrqu` fgs m`aãs s`dr`tcrigs s` m`midcrgh c
sclgt`cr su trclckg cht` fc ihmio`r`hdic m`f egl`rhcmgr.?5 @sg `xpfidc, `h pcrt`,
pgr qué Dbucyoo`t hg vig a`racmg su pr`stieig pgfátidg m`spués m` dgfclgrcr
dgh `f egli`rhg aãs ctcdcmg `h fc bistgric agm`rhc m` fc `htimcm: pgr `f
 dghtrcrig, Dbucyoo`t ou` vistg pgr fc pglfcdiôh, y `h `sp`dicf pgr fgs pgfátidgs,
?2
dgag `f ouhdighcrig qu` iht`htô scfvcr `s` egli`rhg.
@f cisfcai`htg iht`rhg dgihdimiô p`fiergsca`ht` dgh fc situcdiôh pgfátidc
hcdighcf. @htr` 3925 y 3922, duchmg s` tuvg qu` s`f`ddighcr dchmimctgs c

miputcmgs o`m`rcf`s, s`hcmgr`s y pr`sim`ht`s auhidipcf`s, L`t`tc y Dbucyoo`t

siapf`a`ht` hg tuvi`rgh m` quiéh `dbcr achg. Fgs dchmimctgs, uhc v`z aãs, hg
ou`rgh fgs a`kgr`s, hi siqui`rc fgs dghgdimgs, sihg fgs mispghilf`s. Ti `rc ercv` fc

ocftc
m` fc m` r`pr`s`htctivimcm,
éfit` fgdcf, hg cdtuô aãs
`h suercv`
ocvgrou`
g, qu`
`h `ffc a`kgr
acquihcric
m` fgspcrtimistc,
dcsgs, hg`h achgs
cdtuô `h
hiheuhc mir`ddiôh. @h `scs dghmidigh`s `rc iapgsilf` m`o`hm`r uhc `f`ddiôh
pr`sim`hdicf tch dgalctimc dgag fc m` Dcrfgs Tcfihcs, a`hgs duchmg uhg m` fgs
gpgsitgr`s, Ducubt`agd Dãrm`hcs, `hdcl`zclc c uh dghkuhtg m` pgfátidgs
`xp`ria`htcmgs qu` s` bclách `hor`htcmg c uh pr`sim`ht` dgh `f aisag p`roif
qu` L`t`tc. Fcs dirduhstchdics hcdighcf`s sirvi`rgh g, `h ûftiac ihstchdic
dgihdimi`rgh, dgh uh cdtivg dgalct` cf egl`rhcmgr
egl` rhcmgr..
Fgs dgaidigs o`m`rcf`s m` 3922 dghstituy`h `f p`gr m`scstr` `f`dtgrcf m`f ^\I y
fc vidtgric pr`sim`hdicf aãs m`sf`eitiacmc `h tgmc fc bistgric hcdighcf r`di`ht`. Y
fg ercv` pcrc L`t`tc ou` qu` `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg dghtriluyô m`disivca`ht` c
`ffg; m` fgs pgdg aãs m` 4 <2? >>> vgtgs qu` gltuvg Ducubtéagd Dãrm`hcs `h
tgmg `f pcás, `f @stcmg m`
m ` Aéxidg cpgrtô 3 <>4 >>>, `s m`dir, 45%, sôfg sup`rcmg
pgr `f Mistritg O`m`rcf qu` f` mig c Dãrm`hcs =4% m`f tgtcf m` sus vgtgs.?9  Aãs
ercv` ou` `f r`suftcmg pcrc miputcmgs o`m`rcf`s pu`s fc gpgsidiôh `h dghkuhtg
gltuvg ??% m`f tgtcf. @f ? m` kufig m` 3922 s` m`dimiô `f m`stihg m` L`t`tc, 5>
pgrqu` fc m`rrgtc `f`dtgrcf s` dghvirtiô `h uh csuhtg m` s`eurimcm pgfátidc
iht`rhc; `f `stcmg aãs iapgrtcht` m`f pcás pgr d`rdchác y siaifitum cf Mistritg
O`m`rcf, hg pgmác clchmghcrs` c fc gpgsidiôh. \`dup`rcrfg, fg aisag qu` fc
dcpitcf m` fc r`pûlfidc, ou` uhc tcr`c qu` m`lác ct`hm`rs` iha`mictca`ht`: pgr
`sg, dcsi uh cóg m`spués, `h s`pti`alr` m` 3929, `f pr`sim`ht` Tcfihcs fg hgalrô
mir`dtgr e`h`rcf m`f Lchdg Dga`ra`x.

@F \@E\@TG M@F ^GFÁ]IDG

@h fc situcdiôh m` `a`re`hdic `h qu` s` `hdghtrclc `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg `h
 3929, `h fc ducf mir`dtc g ihmir`dtca`ht` bclách tgacmg pcrt` fgs ûftiags tr`s
egl`rhcmgr`s, dcrcdt`rizcmgs pgr su clsgfutg m`sdghgdiai`htg m` fc pgfátidc y,
`h miv`rsg ercmg, m` fgs prglf`acs m` fc `htimcm, s` vgfvác ihmisp`hsclf` lusdcr

c uh pgfátidg bãlif, pr`pcrcmg y dghgdimg pgr fc éfit` mivimimc m`f `stcmg. Ti `f

prgpôsitg `rc r`dup`rcr cf `f`dtgrcmg, fc pria`rc tcr`c `rc r`uhioædcr c fgs
pgfátidgs y `sg hg pgmác bcd`rfg cfeui`h s`a`kcht` c M`f Aczg g L`t`tc.

Ou` pgrm`
s`dr`tcrig `ffg qu` uh pgfátidg
Egli`rhg, hg pumg kgv`h, dgh di`rtg
dghv`rtirs` pr`stieig dgag
`h `f egl`rhcmgr Dbucyoo`t,
sustitutg. `f
Hg sôfg
`rc su kuv`htum fg qu` p`sclc `h su dghtrc sihg su `vim`ht` dgaprgaisg dgh `sgs
mgs achmctcrigs tch dritidcmgs; m`sm` 3924 Dbucyoo`t bclác simg ai`alrg m`f
eclih`t`: pria`rg, s`dr`tcrig m` @mudcdiôh dgh M`f Aczg y m`spués, m`
Egli`rhg dgh L`t`tc. C p`scr m` su `xp`ri`hdic pgfátidc, Dbucyoo`t hg
ecrchtizclc `f cdu`rmg m` fc éfit` fgdcf.53  Cht` fc ure`hdic, r`sureiô dgag fc
gpdiôh ihmisdutilf` Iehcdig ^idbcrmg, `f cspircht` p`rach`ht` c fc eul`rhcturc
m`sm` 3950.
Bc simg or`du`ht` pr`s`htcr fc m`siehcdiôh m` ^idbcrmg dgag fc m`agstrcdiôh
m`f mgaihig m` Bchj y m`f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg m`spués m` fc `xp`ri`hdic m` M`f
Aczg y L`t`tc, p`rg `f ûhidg creua`htg g pru`lc qu` s` gor`d` pcrc r`spcfmcrfg
`s qu` ^idbcrmg ou` su s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg. T`eûh `stc v`rsiôh,
^idbcrmg f` m`l` pgr dgapf`tg su dcrr`rc pgfátidc c Bchj y pgr `ffg aisag,
duchmg `h 3929 s` bizg dcreg m` fc eul`rhcturc, `f prgo`sgr r`dup`rô `f mgaihig
m`f `stcmg. Dgag yc s` vig `h `f dcpátufg cht`rigr, fc r`cfimcm `s auy mistihtc,
pu`s duchmg ^idbcrmg s` iht`erô cf eclih`t` m` Bchj fg bizg m`spués m` dghtcr
dgh uhc dgrtc dcrr`rc r`cfizcmc `h `f egli`rhg o`m`rcf y `h duyg fgerg pcrc hcmc
oieurclc Bchj, hi siqui`rc `f dghtcdtg p`rsghcf `htr` calgs p`rsghck`s.
Ti `stg bclác gdurrimg cht`s m` 39?9, cf dghdfuir su r`spghsclifimcm
cmaihistrctivc ^idbcrmg siapf`a`ht` r``hdcuzô su dcrr`rc o`m`rcf dgh fc cyumc
m` sus prgpigs dghtcdtgs. C mio`r`hdic m` gtrgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s d`rdchgs c Bchj
qu` fg cdgapcócrgh `h fc r`e`hdic dcpitcfihc, ^idbcrmg `fieiô m`sm` `htghd`s uh
dcaihg prgpig y pcrcf`fg c fc dcrr`rc m`f prgo`sgr, sih dghtcdtg goidicf cfeuhg.5<
@h duchtg m`kô fc diumcm m` ]gfudc `h s`pti`alr` m` 3950, ^idbcrmg s` iht`erô c
fc T`dr`tcrác m` Bcdi`hmc, hcmc a`hgs qu` dgag suls`dr`tcrig m` Iher`sgs,
ercdics c qu` su caieg Kufig \gmgfog Agdt`zuac bclác simg hgalrcmg titufcr m`
54
 `sc ihstitudiôh.
Egag fg mik`rc uh pgfátidg m`f `stcmg, pcrc cfeui`h qu` bc simg yc s`dr`tcrig
e`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg `f ãalitg fgdcf hg pu`m` gor`d`rf` hcmc `quivcf`ht`:5=  ésc
`s fc rczôh m` qu` uh pgfátidg dgh cspircdigh`s m`dimc lusdcr `h fc pgfátidc

o`m`rcf. ^`rg si `stg `s `xpfidclf`, hg `s ieucfa`ht` oãdif m` `ht`hm`r qu` s`

glt`hec uhc m` fcs suls`dr`tcrács aãs iapgrtcht`s m` fc T`dr`tcrác m` Bcdi`hmc,
y a`hgs duchmg hg s` ti`h` uhc trcy`dtgric pr`vic `h fc m`p`hm`hdic g `h `f

a`mig
^idbcrmgoihchdi`rg,
s` `xpfidcd`rrcmg
pgrqu`y m`sm`
dgh uhcht`s
siheufcr
m` su`spáritu m` du`rpg.
ihdursiôh @h `f dcsg
`h fc pgfátidc m`
`stctcf,
bclác duftivcmg r`fcdigh`s dgh p`rsghck`s ihofuy`ht`s `h fc pgfátidc o`m`rcf.
Tu r`fcdiôh dgh Agdt`zuac ou` tch `str`dbc qu` duchmg ést` s` vig glfiecmg c
r`huhdicr `h 3952 c dcusc m` sus `hor`htcai`htgs dgh Dcrfgs ]`ffg, s`dr`tcrig m`
fc r`diéh dr`cmc ^rgercacdiôh y ^r`supu`stg, ^idbcrmg fg sieuiô `h fc m`disiôh.
^crc éf, `f dgstg hg ou` sgfca`ht` p`rm`r uh dcreg iapgrtcht` `h `f egli`rhg
d`htrcf y, `h dghs`du`hdic, fc pgsilifimcm m` csd`hm`r, sihg tcaliéh p`rm`r m`
hu`vc du`htc fc eul`rhcturc m` su `stcmg `h 3923. M` cdu`rmg dgh qui`h`s
`stuvi`rgh d`rdc m` éf, cf acre`h m` fcs dirduhstchdics yc chcfizcmcs qu`
iapufscrgh fc dchmimcturc m` M`f Aczg, ^idbcrmg p`rmiô v`htckcs or`ht` cf
pr`sim`ht` Fôp`z ^grtiffg pgrqu` pr`s`htô su r`huhdic sih qu` éf s` fc buli`rc
sgfiditcmg.50 Ti su cdtg r`v`fc uh ou`rt` dgaprgaisg dgh Agdt`zuac, su r`oueig
iha`mictg vc c agstrcr fcs lu`hcs r`fcdigh`s qu` ^idbcrmg achtuvg dgh `f
egl`rhcmgr Kiaéh`z Dchtû, pu`s a`s`s m`spués s` dghv`rtirã hu`vca`ht` `h
miputcmg o`m`rcf, `stc v`z pgr uh mistritg m` H`zc- bucfdôygtf, `f ducrt`f qu` éf
bclác ct`hmimg dgag s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg.
Fc t`raihcdiôh m` fc f`eisfcturc dgihdim` dgh fc m`f egli`rhg m` Fôp`z
^grtiffg, p`rg ^idbcrmg `hdghtrcrã auy prghtg uh hu`vg ` iapgrtcht` pu`stg `h
fc cmaihistrcdiôh m` M` fc Acmrim; suls`dr`tcrig C m` fc r`diéh dr`cmc
Dghtrcfgrác m` fc O`m`rcdiôh, r`spghsclifizcmc m` fc r`hgvcdiôh agrcf m` fgs
ouhdighcrigs pûlfidgs. Iht`r`scmg p`rsghcfa`ht` `h su m`s`ap`óg, M` fc Acmrim
f` `hdcrecrác fc hu`vc ihstitudiôh c uh caieg m` dghoichzc, Orchdisdg \gkcs,
qui`h c su v`z m`siehcrã c ^idbcrmg r`spghsclf` m` fc prihdipcf suls`dr`tcrác. @h
`s` dcreg, ^idbcrmg hg sôfg gls`rvcrã `f m`scrrgffg m` fc eul`rhcturc m` M`f
Aczg, sihg qu` s` `hdcrecrã m` r`viscr `f turlig csuhtg m` fgs luqu`s m` L`t`tc.
Kustg duchmg \gkcs r`f`vc c L`t`tc `h ^`a`x `h 3925, ^idbcrmg s` dghvi`rt` `h
 s`dr`tcrig m` @stcmg cf csd`hm`r c dghtrcfgr m` fc O`m`rcdiôh. Oihcfa`ht`, cf

dga`hzcr
a`hgr si s``ff`s`x`hig
dgapcrcm`dghTcfihcs, ^idbcrmgprgdurcmgr
fgs cht`rigr`s; gdupcrác uh pu`stg
o`m`rcf m`f hgtclf`a`ht`
Dghsuaimgr:
és` s`rác `f pu`stg m`sm` `f ducf bcrác r`cfimcm su cspircdiôh pgr fc eul`rhcturc.

Dgag s` pu`m` cpr`dicr, fc dcrr`rc m` ^idbcrmg trchsdurr` cf acre`h m` Bchj

y `h uh a`mig pgr dgapf`tg cf`kcmg m` su cali`ht`, dgag `s `f oihchdi`rg. ^gr
fg tchtg, hg bcy ach`rc m` `stclf`d`r gtrg tipg m` m`umc dgh Bchj qu` hg s`c `f

r`sp`tg y `fdcaihg
iapgrtcht` r`dghgdiai`htg cf fám`r
`h fc `htimcm. pgfátidgs`htimg,
@h `stridtg y cf egl`rhcmgr qu` f`y Bchj
`htr` ^idbcrmg clriô hg
uh
bcy uh váhdufg m` sulgrmihcdiôh sihg m` r`sp`tg y, bcstc di`rtg puhtg, m`
ieucfmcm lcscmc `h su dcrr`rc ihm`p`hmi`ht`.5? Fc eul`rhcturc hg fc dghsieuiô
pgr s`r r`pr`s`htcht` m` Bchj sihg pgrqu` `rc `f pgfátidg aãs `xp`ria`htcmg m`f
`stcmg, dgh a`kgr`s r`fcdigh`s fgdcf`s y dgh fc trcy`dtgric o`m`rcf aãs m`stcdcmc.
Cf r`tircrs` L`t`tc, s` vu`fv` c pr`s`htcr fc cus`hdic m` dchmimctgs dgh fc
suoidi`ht` `stcturc pcrc tgacr fcs ri`hmcs m` uh `stcmg suaimg `h fc mivisiôh
iht`rhc y dgh uh hgtclf` cvchd` m` fgs pcrtimgs gpgsitgr`s.
@s `h `scs dirduhstchdics qu` fc oieurc y fc dcrr`rc m` ^idbcrmg dglrch r`cfd`.
^crc hcmi` `rc m`sdghgdimg qu` bclác cspircmg m`sm` 3950 c fc eul`rhcturc m`f
`stcmg, p`rg `h pcrt` pgr su im`htioidcdiôh dgh Bchj y `h pcrt` pgr hg dghtcr dgh
fgs cpgygs o`m`rcf`s ihmisp`hsclf`s, ^idbcrmg s` qu`mô uhc y gtrc v`z `h `f
dcaihg. Ti `h 3950 hg t`hác fc acmur`z h`d`scric or`ht` c Kiaéh`z Dchtû, `h
3923 su cpgyg c Agdt`zuac fg cf`kô m` fc pr`o`r`hdic pr`sim`hdicf: `htghd`s
`stuvg f`kgs m` Fôp`z ^grtiffg p`rg tcaliéh m` M` fc Acmrim. T`is cógs m`spués,
c p`scr m` su pgsidiôh `f`vcmc `h `f egli`rhg y su fcrec dcrr`rc, hg pgmác
dgap`tir dgh `f caieg `h mioiduftcm`s m`f pr`sim`ht`. ^idbcrmg hg pumg
dghs`euir `h `sgs mgd` cógs fc dchmimcturc y, c kuzecr pgr fc dghtihucdiôh m` uh
p`roif dgaûh `htr` M`f Aczg y L`t`tc, pcr`dác qu` hg fc glt`hmrác m`spués. Tih
`alcreg, ou` `f m`scstr` pgfátidg m` 3922 y `f r`sureiai`htg m` Dcrfgs Bchj `h
`f eclih`t` m` Tcfihcs, fg qu` f` cyumô.
M` fc aisac ach`rc qu` Bchj pumg m`scdtivcr fc d`rrcmc fudbc m` cspircht`s
`h 39?9 duchmg dghdfuyô O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh, ^idbcrmg sureiô dgag uh ãrlitrg
hcturcf, r`dghgdimg ` ihmisdutilf` pr`disca`ht` pgr s`r uh dchmimctg `sp`rcmg. 55
^idbcrmg, si li`h m`s`ap`óô fclgr`s oihchdi`rcs y cmaihistrctivcs, dgag
s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg m` Bchj tuvg lckg su r`spghsclifimcm `f dghtrgf
 m`f ducrt`f m` H`zcbucfdôygtf y cdgapcóô cf egl`rhcmgr prãdtidca`ht` c tgmcs

sus eircs`h
pgfátidc m``ftrclckg. Ti dgag
dghtcdtg s` vig dgh
p`rach`ht` `h sufgs
gpgrtuhimcm, Bchj sgdicf`s,
fám`r`s y erupgs lcsô su csd`hm`hdic
`rc hcturcf
qu` ^idbcrmg s` l`h`oidicrc cf cdgapcócr cf fám`r dcrisaãtidg.52 Tu

éxitg pgfátidg ou` tch erchm`, qu` duchmg `h 3959 r`er`sô cf `stcmg fgs
bclitcht`s m` H`zcbucfdôygtf fg bidi`rgh su r`pr`s`htcht` `h `f Dgher`sg
o`m`rcf. @h riegr, ^idbcrmg `rc capfica`ht` dghgdimg y `sp`rcmg: aãs cûh, su

prgpig m`s`ap`óg
fgs ûftiags pgfátidg fg bcdác aãs a`ritgrig cf dgapcrcrfg dgh `f p`roif m`
tr`s egl`rhcmgr`s.
Ti fcs dirduhstchdics s`ócfclch c ^idbcrmg, hg bcy mumc m` qu` Tcfihcs lusdô
`f dghs`kg m` Bchj, qui`h pcrc `htghd`s yc `rc su s`dr`tcrig m` ]urisag.
]urisag. ^crc uh
fám`r dgag éf, hg pgmác pcscr ihcmv`rtimg qu` `h fcs dghmidigh`s pgfátidcs m`f
`stcmg sôfg uh bgalr` dgag ^idbcrmg pgmác fgercr fc r`uhioidcdiôh m` fc éfit`
fgdcf. M`f aisag agmg qu` bclác gdurrimg m`sm` 39=<, ou`rgh fcs dirduhstchdics
pgfátidcs hcdighcf`s (ihdfuimc, pgr supu`stg, fc pr`o`r`hdic pr`sim`hdicf) fcs qu`
m`t`raihcrgh fc s`f`ddiôh m`f egl`rhcmgr. @stc v`z, sih `alcreg, `f achmctcrig
dghtclc dgh tgmg `f cpgyg m`f pr`sim`ht` `h ouhdigh`s y `f suoidi`ht` pr`stieig
fgdcf pcrc r`sgfv`r `f m`scstr` m` 3922.

FC \@PHIOIDCDIÔH ^GFÁ]IDC
^idbcrmg, dgag f` gdurri`rc c O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh, bizg r`cfimcm su cspircdiôh
auy tcrm`. Ou`rgh audbgs cógs m` `sp`rc `h fgs ducf`s aãs qu` ogracr uh
erupg pgfátidg qu` fg cyumcrc c cfdchzcr `f pgm`r, s` rgm`ô m` caiegs y

dgfclgrcmgr`s. @ffg m`t`raihô

dcrcdt`rástidcs lãsidcs; fc dghoieurcdiôh
uhc pcrt` m` su eclih`t`,
ogracmc pgr caiegs, `f ducf
dghgdimgs `h fctuvg mgs
pgfátidc
fgdcf y cfeuhgs m` fgs ducf`s fg cdgapcócrgh murcht` su dcrr`rc o`m`rcf,
dght`apgrãh`gs `h duchtg c `mcm, y `h su acygrác hcdimgs `h ]gfudc g, cf
a`hgs, ogracmgs `h sus prãdtidcs pgfátidcs.59 Fc s`euhmc pcrt` ou` r`s`rvcmc c
r`pr`s`htcht`s m` erupgs g dgrri`h t`s pgfátidcs.
Ti `h `f pria`r dcsg bcy uhc dfcrc ihofu`hdic e`h`rcdighcf, tcaliéh `s pgsilf`
cmv`rtir fc iht`hdiôh m` hg iht`ercr c hcmi` ck`hg c fc `htimcm, fg qu` bclác simg
tch dcrcdt`rástidg m` M`f Aczg y L`t`tc y qu` si`apr` ou` dghsim`rcmg pgr fc
 éfit` fgdcf dgag uh iap`rmghclf` cercvig. @f duapfiai`htg m` `st` glk`tivg ou`
fg qu` m`t`raihô `f grie`h m` fgs s`f`ddighcmgs; ^idbcrmg `rc pgfátidg m` uh
@stcmg m` Aéxidg `h `f qu` ]gfudc mgaihclc fc cdtivimcm y, pgr `hm`, hg pgmác

dghgd`r y dghoicr `h qui`h`s hg s` buli`rch ogracmg `h fc dcpitcf. ^idbcrmg

lusdô `h sus dgfclgrcmgr`s s`eurimcm `h duchtg c fc `xp`ri`hdic pgfátidc, p`rg
tcaliéh qu` ou`rch r`dghgdimgs pgr fc éfit`.

@stc pr`gdupcdiôh
eclih`t`, s` cmvi`rt`
fc clruacmgrc acygrác oãdifa`ht`; m` fgs dgfclgrcmg
(ghd`) yc bclách tr`d` ai`alrgs m` su
dgh cfeuhc
cmaihistrcdiôh cht`rigr y dihdg m` `ffgs dgag titufcr`s m` cfeuhc m`p`hm`hdic
(vécs` `f ducmrg 0.34). Fg aãs iht`r`scht` `s qu` hg s` r`v`fc hiheuhc
pr`o`r`hdic pgr fgs p`rigmgs, pu`s fg aisag prgd`mách m` Bchj y M`f Aczg
Eghzãf`z, qu` m` L`t`tc g O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh. T`c dgag ou`r`, ^idbcrmg sôfg
ff`vô c mgs ouhdighcrigs sih cht`d`m`ht`s pgfátidgs `h fc `htimcm. ^`rg dgh
ihm`p`hm`hdic m`f p`rigmg `sp`dáoidg `h qu` buli`rch dgfclgrcmg, tgmgs t`hách
`h dgaûh `f s`r caiegs m` ^idbcrmg, dghgdimgs cfeuhgs m`sm` fc kuv`htum y
gtrgs, tcf v`z fc acygrác, dgag ouhdighcrigs m` mistihtg hiv`f `h `f egli`rhg m`
Bchj.
@f qu` ^idbcrmg y lu`hc pcrt` m` fgs qu` ou`rgh sus dgfclgrcmgr`s iha`mictgs
trclckcrch dgh Bchj, pcr`d`rác dghoiracr fc coir-acdiôh m` qu` `f prgo`sgr y su
erupg r`tgacrgh `f pgm`r `h `f `stcmg. Tih `alcreg, `s h`d`scrig t`h`r pr`s`ht`
qu` Bchj clriô hgtclf`a`ht` fcs pu`rtcs m` fc pgfátidc c audbgs kôv`h`s dgh
aãs cspircdigh`s qu` `xp`ri`hdic, dgh `f oih m` capficr fc éfit` p`rg hg
h`d`scrica`ht` pcrc ihdgrpgrcrfgs c su erupg. Egag s` s`ócfô `h `f dcpátufg
cht`rigr, Bchj e`h`rô f`cftcm`s hcturcf`s pgr `f sgfg b`dbg m` dghoicr `h fgs
ihmivimugs c qui`h`s f`s mig fc gpgrtuhimcm m` iher`scr c fc pgfátidc g m` t`h`r `f
pria`r dcreg m` r`spghsclifimcm. És` ou` `f dcsg m` ^idbcrmg y pgr `ffg hg `s
`xtrcóg qu` `f s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg dghgdi`rc c gtrgs ouhdighcrigs qu`
dgihdimi`rgh dgh éf `h `f m`s`ap`óg m` uh pu`stg pûlfidg. @h `s` s`htimg r`suftc
iht`r`scht` cmv`rtir qu` tgmgs, c `xd`pdiôh m` Crturg Acrtáh`z F`egrr`tc,
tuvi`rgh dcregs m` a`hgr rcheg cf m` ^idbcrmg `h cqu`ffc cmaihistrcdiôh.
@f pria`rg `h fc fistc `s Bual`rtg Firc Agrc, c qui`h `f egl`rhcmgr sustitutg
m`siehô `h fc T`dr`tcrác m` Egli`rhg. Firc Agrc, dgag s` r`du`rmc, dga`hzô su
dcrr`rc `h fc épgdc m` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh duchmg su prgo`sgr O`rhchmg Tuãr`z
 m`f Tgfcr, mir`dtgr m` Egl`rhcdiôh, fg ihvitô dgag su iha`mictg dgfclgrcmgr. C
pcrtir m` `htghd`s, Firc hg m`kô m` pcrtidipcr `h pgfátidc `h tgmgs fgs egli`rhgs,
uhcs v`d`s `h pu`stgs cmaihistrctivgs y gtrcs `h dcregs m` `f`ddiôh. @f ûhidg
egli`rhg `h `f qu` hg tgaô pcrt`, aãs pgr s`r dghs`du`ht` dgh sus drátidcs qu`

pgr hg s`r ihvitcmg, ou` `f m` L`t`tc. Murcht` `f p`rigmg m` Bchj, Firc gltuvg su
pria`rc miputcdiôh o`m`rcf y m`limg c `ffg y c uhc r`dga`hmc- diôh `xpr`sc m`
uh caieg `h dgaûh, `stclf`diô fgs pria`rgs dghtcdtgs dgh ^idbcrmg. 2>

@h fc T`dr`tcrác m` Oihchzcs m`siehô c uh dghgdimg ouhdighcrig fgdcf, Kgsé

A`rihg Achgh, dgh `f ducf bc acht`himg uhc `str`dbc r`fcdiôh p`rsghcf m`sm`
qu` ^idbcrmg gdupô fc Mir`ddiôh E`h`rcf m` Bcdi`hmc dgh Bchj y A`rihg ou`
m`siehcmg sulmir`dtgr m` Iher`sgs. M`sm` `htghd`s, A`rihg m`scrrgffô uhc
dcrr`rc `h fc qu` duchmg hg `stclc `h `f `stcmg, dgfclgrclc mir`dtca`ht` dgh
^idbcrmg: `h ducfqui`r dcsg, A`rihg dgapcrt` dgh su caieg fc coidiôh pgr fcs
oihchzcs y fc cmaihistrcdiôh pûlfidc: m` cbá qu` cf ff`ecr cf pcfcdig m` ]gfudc f`
dghoicrc fc T`dr`tcrác m` Oihchzcs.23
Gtrg vi`kg caieg m` fc kuv`htum, dgh uhc fcrec trcy`dtgric `h fgs egli`rhgs
fgdcf`s y vihdufcmg `str`dbca`ht` c fc éfit` trcmidighcf, ou` Kcia` Cfaczãh
M`fecmg, c qui`h ^idbcrmg dghoiô fc T`dr`tcrác m` @mudcdiôh. Cfaczãh bclác
dgfclgrcmg dcsi ihiht`rruapimca`ht` m`sm` fc épgdc m` O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh,
pria`rg cdgapcóchmg c su caieg F`gpgfmg _`fcsdg `h fc ^rgdurcmurác E`h`rcf
m` Kustidic y m`spués dgag aceistrcmg m`f ]riluhcf Tup`rigr m` Kustidic murcht`
 fgs cógs m` Bchj y Kiaéh`z Dchtû. Miputcmg o`m`rcf, fgdcf y pr`sim`ht`
auhidipcf m` pu`ht`
^idbcrmg, uh ]gfudcm`
dgh M`f Aczg y dgh
dgauhidcdiôh L`t`tc, Cfaczãh
fc éfit` `rc, cm`aãs
`h su dghkuhtg. 2< m` caieg m`

]caliéh caiegs, p`rg sih `f aisag ercmg m` `xp`ri`hdic pgfátidc g m`

cmi`strcai`htg `h tcr`cs pûlfidcs, ou`rgh Tchticeg _`fcsdg, s`dr`tcrig m`

M`scrrgffg @dghôaidg: Bual`rtg L`hát`z ]r`vióg, prgdurcmgr e`h`rcf m`
Kustidic: Ceustáh Ecs`c ^fi`eg, s`dr`tcrig m` @dgfgeác: Kuch Dcrfgs ^cmiffc

Ceuifcr, s`dr`tcrigm`m`
Gdbgc, s`dr`tcrig M`scrrgffgFgsPrlchg
^fch`cdiôh. y Glrcs ^ûlfidcs,
dihdg rgapi`rgh `f `squ`acy qu`
Kgre` Fôp`z
^idbcrmg
bclác gls`rvcmg dgh `f r`stg; si `h `f dcsg m` fgs tr`s pria`rgs fcs dcrr`rcs hg
`rch suoidi`ht`s pcrc cdr`mitcr su m`siehcdiôh, `h `f dcsg m` fgs s`euhmgs hi
siqui`rc `rch m`f `stcmg, pu`s ^cmiffc `rc grieihcrig m` [cdct`dcs y Fôp`z Gdbgc
m`f Mistritg O`m`rcf. Fc rczôh m` qu` iher`scrch cf eclih`t` hg `s gtrc qu` fc
vi`kc caistcm qu` ^idbcrmg eucrmclc dgh `ffgs y qu` bclác sureimg yc `h ]gfudc
g `h `f m`s`ap`óg m` sus dcregs o`m`rcf`s. Cuhqu` `h e`h`rcf s` dghsim`rc qu`
bidi`rgh uh lu`h pcp`f, cfeuhgs `rrgr`s bch prgpidicmg qu` fc éfit` fgdcf fgs v`c
dgag uh m`sduimg m`f egl`rhcmgr qu` cht`pusg fc caistcm pgr `hdiac m`f
dghgdiai`htg pgfátidg y cmaihistrctivg.24
A`hdiôh cpcrt` a`r`d` `f hgalrcai`htg m` uh ouhdighcrig dgag Acrtáh`z
F`egrr`tc, pria`rg dgag dggrmihcmgr m` fgs ducrt`f`s y m`spués dgag s`dr`tcrig
m` M`scrrgffg Cergp`ducrig. Ti li`h hg bcy mumc m` fc `str`dbc caistcm `
im`htioidcdiôh m` Acrtáh`z F`egrr`tc dgh Bchj, s`rác uh `rrgr ctriluir c `ffg su
m`siehcdiôh. @h r`cfimcm, `htr` éf y ^idbcrmg `xist` uhc prgouhmc caistcm qu` f`s
p`raitiô r`cfizcr trclckgs dghkuhtgs m`sm` fc épgdc m` Bchj. Dgag s` vig cht`s,
fc iapgrtcht` r`ograc cmaihistrctivc m` cqu`ffc épgdc, si li`h ou` `fclgrcmc pgr
Acrtáh`z F`egrr`tc, dghtô dgh iapgrtcht`s dghtriludigh`s m` ^idbcrmg: aãs
tcrm`, duchmg `f pria`rg ou` cfdcfm` m` ]gfudc, ^idbcrmg fg cdgapcóô `h
miv`rscs eircs m` trclckg, hg sôfg dgag s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m` Egli`rhg sihg
dgag caieg.2= Hcmc m` `ffg, sih `alcreg, `fiaihclc `f b`dbg m` qu` Acrtáh`z
F`egrr`tc r`pr`s`htclc fc a`kgr au`strc m` vihdufcdiôh m`f egli`rhg m`
^idbcrmg dgh Bchj.
Bulg gtrcs m`siehcdigh`s m`stihcmcs c fc r`pr`s`htcdiôh m` erupgs g,
siapf`a`ht`, m` r`dghgdiai`htg sialôfidg; c Eghzãf`z Isuhzc, priag m` M`f
Aczg, dgfclgrcmgr `h su egli`rhg y `h `f m` L`t`tc, ^idbcrmg fg rctioidô dgag
 s`dr`tcrig m` Cmaihistrcdiôh, y cuhqu` r`huhdiô uh cóg cht`s m` dghdfuir `f

p`rigmg,
a`racmg`ferupg
egl`rhcmgr
m` M`f achtuvg
Aczg. @h`hpcrt`
fgs aga`htgs m`disivgs `s`c fc
dgag r`dghgdiai`htg váhdufg dgh `f
`xp`ri`hdic,
p`rg tcaliéh dgag au`strc m` lu`hc vgfuhtcm c M`f Aczg y L`t`tc, ^idbcrmg

hgalrô c Fuis \iv`rc Aght`s m` Gdc dgag s`dr`tcrig m` ]rclckg. Ti li`h `st`
ouhdighcrig yc dghtclc dgh dcrr`rc fgdcf, fgs pu`stgs iapgrtcht`s fgs gltuvg dgh
fgs mgs cht`d`sgr`s m` ^idbcrmg; sulprgdurcmgr dgh M`f Aczg y prgdurcmgr dgh

L`t`tc.
v`hd`mgrC`hKgre`
3950,Kiaéh`z
^idbcrmgDchtû,
fg bizg ûftiag ai`alrg
dggrmihcmgr m` fgsm`f erupgpcrc
trclckgs m` r`dup`rcr
Bchj y su `f
rág F`rac, y c Acrig D. Gfiv`rc, qu` dgag yc s` vig `rc uh sáalgfg m` fc éfit`
trcmidighcf pr`vic c Bchj, fg m`siehô r`pr`s`htcht` m` su egli`rhg `h `f Mistritg
O`m`rcf.2>
Fc dghogracdiôh m`f eclih`t` r`of`kc dgh tgmc hitim`z fcs iht`hdigh`s y
pr`gdupcdigh`s m` ^idbcrmg. ^gr uh fcmg, cs`eurcrs` f`cftcm, p`rg tcaliéh `f
r`dghgdiai`htg m` fc éfit` fgdcf. M` cbá qu` hgalrcrc c caiegs, dgh trcy`dtgrics
pr`vics y cfeuhgs m` `ffgs dgh uhc `xp`ri`hdic pgfátidc ihmisdutilf`, qu` f`
cyumcrgh fg aisag c ach`kcr fc cmaihistrcdiôh qu` c `stcr `h dghtcdtg dgh fc
éfit` m`f `stcmg. ^`rg pgr gtrg, ^idbcrmg r`dup`rô c ouhdighcrigs qu` cht`s bclách
dgfclgrcmg g qu` `stclch im`htioidcmgs dgh egl`rhcmgr`s `sp`dáoidgs. Dgag fg
mik`rch cfeuhgs pgfátidgs qu` ct`stieucrgh cqu`ffc épgdc, dgh `scs m`disigh`s
^idbcrmg r`vcfgrô fc cdtivimcm pgfátidc m`spués m` gdbg cógs m` acreihcai`htg
`h crcs m` uhc pgféaidc y c v`d`s dghofidtivc agm`rhizcdiôh, m` tcf ach`rc qu`
r`dup`rô fc `sp`rchzc m` csd`hm`r dgag uh prihdipig r`eufcmgr m` fc pgfátidc.2?
Hcturcfa`ht` fc iht`ercdiôh m`f eclih`t` agstrclc uh `xtr`ag
dghs`rvcmurisag cf m`kcr ou`rc c pgfátidgs hg im`htioidcmgs dgh ]gfudc y su
trcmidiôh ogractivc: ^idbcrmg fg dgap`hsô dgh gtrgs r`dursgs. @f pria`rg ou`
mcrf` vgz y pr`s`hdic c `sgs erupgs `h fcs zghcs mghm` s` grieihclc su ou`rzc y,
cf aisag ti`apg, clrirf`s hu`vca`ht` fcs pu`rtcs m` fc pgfátidc. Ti li`h `h `f
cpcrctg cmaihistrctivg hg s` agstrô `sc cp`rturc, sá ou` visilf` pr`disca`ht`
mghm` s` bclách prgmudimg fgs prglf`acs dgh L`t`tc; `h fgs pu`stgs m` `f`ddiôh.
M` fgs 4= miputcmgs o`m`rcf`s, 35 yc bclách t`himg cfeûh dcreg pr`vica`ht` y
gtrgs 35 ou`rgh iht`ercmgs pgr ^idbcrmg. Ti `st` mctg `s iapgrtcht`, aãs
r`v`fcmgr r`suftc cf dgt`kcr `stgs mctgs dgh fgs miputcmgs fgdcf`s, pu`s m` fgs 4=
qu` `stuvi`rgh `h `s` Dgher`sg, 43 cdclclch m` clchmghcr fc miputcdiôh o`m`rcf
 (vécs` fgs ducmrgs 0.3= y 0.30), fg qu` ihmidc qu` ^idbcrmg hg
h g quisg crri`secr fcs

`f`ddigh`s mgs v`d`s:

o`m`rcf, vgfvi`rgh cf pgr `sg cqu`ffgs
aisag qu` pgr
`f`dtgrcmg dghsieui`rgh
fc fgdcf. fcDi`rtca`ht`
vidtgric pcrcs`fclusdô
duruf
d`rt`zc, p`rg cf aisag ti`apg ^idbcrmg prgagviô fc dghtihuimcm m` fcs dcrr`rcs

pgfátidcs.
Fc aisac cdtitum dcut`fgsc s` cpr`dic r`sp`dtg m` fgs mirie`ht`s m`f ^\I y fgs
pr`sim`ht`s auhidipcf`s (ducmrgs 0.3? y 0.35), hg glstcht`, `f ducmrg m` `stgs

ûftiags
fc uhimcmtcaliéh
m` fc sirv`
éfit`. pcrc
^gr agstrcr
rczgh`s fca`tgmgfôeidcs,
gtrc a`mimc dgh
fgsfcducmrgs
ducf ^idbcrmg r`dup`rô
m` pr`sim`ht`s
auhidipcf`s sgfca`ht` ihdfuy`h c cqu`ffgs qu` cht`s g m`spués m` fc cfdcfmác
tuvi`rgh gtrg dcreg pgfátidg.25  @f b`dbg m` qu` hcmc aãs cpcr`zdch tr`s
ihmivimugs `h `f p`rigmg m` ^idbcrmg r`v`fc, pgr dghtrcst`, qu` fgs r`stcht`s 332
hg bclách m`s`ap`ócmg hiheûh dcreg cht`s, `s m`dir, qu` ^idbcrmg r`hgvô pgr
dgapf`tg fc éfit` fgdcf `apf`chmg fcs pr`sim`hdics auhidipcf`s dgag `f dghmudtg
privif`eicmg.
@f puhtg sglr`scfi`ht` `s qu` fc s`f`ddiôh m` `stgs dchmimctgs ou` pgsilf`
pgrqu` ^idbcrmg dghgdiô y cprglô p`rsghcfa`ht` c fgs pgstufcht`s, fg qu`
siehioidô qu` `f egl`rhcmgr hg sôfg bizg pgfátidc tgmg `f ti`apg, sihg qu`
r`dup`rô cqu`ffc prãdtidc trcmidighcf m` bcd`rfg p`rsghcfa`ht`.22  M` cdu`rmg
dgh fgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s, ‖fc e`ht` qui`r` v`r c su egl`rhcmgr‑ y `sg ou` fg qu`
^idbcrmg bizg `h duchtg tgaô pgs`siôh.29 @s dgapr`hsilf` qu` auy cf acre`h
m` si `stg `s v`rmcm, `s fc `xp`dtctivc m` fc éfit` y, cf duapfirfc, `f egl`rhcmgr
echclc dr`milifimcm.
 

Ou` `h `st` csp`dtg mghm` ^idbcrmg agstrô su dghgdiai`htg y bclifimcm

pgfátidc pgrqu`, cf ieucf qu` Bchj, dghgdác c fgs prihdipcf`s fám`r`s fgdcf`s.
Ercdics c qu` bclác r`dgrrimg tgmg `f `stcmg `h cqu`ffc cmaihistrcdiôh, pumg
echcrs` `f cpgyg m` erupgs fgdcf`s acreihcmgs murcht` fgs egli`rhgs cht`rigr`s.
@xist` uh dcsg `k`apfcr; `h fc zghc m`f sur m`f `stcmg vivác Dcrfgs Eôa`z,
sglrihg m`f dgrgh`f Oifil`rtg Eôa`z, qu` bclác iht`htcmg `h vcrics gdcsigh`s
vgfv`r c pcrtidipcr `h pgfátidc m`spués m` s`r miputcmg fgdcf, y qu` hg fg bclác
dghs`euimg. Cuh sih dcreg ogracf, Dcrfgs Eôa`z `rc uh fám`r `h fc zghc,
ihmisp`hsclf` pcrc r`dup`rcr fc uhimcm: pgr `sg ^idbcrmg f` `hdcreô uhg m` fgs
ducrt`f`s qu` ct`hmác `f dghofidtivg sur m` fc `htimcm. 9>  Dgh a`mimcs m` `stc
hcturcf`zc, ^idbcrmg echclc fgs erupgs fgdcf`s c su egli`rhg. @h fgs b`dbgs, `f
egl`rhcmgr p`raitiô qu` dcmc dghkuhtg m` pgfátidgs, ogracrc g hg uh erupg fgdcf
`sp`dáoidg, s` bidi`rc dcreg m` su `spcdig m` ihofu`hdic. Ti `ffgs hg iher`scrgh cf
eclih`t`, sá dghtrgfcrgh fcs zghcs cf a`hgs bcstc fcs pr`sim`hdics auhidipcf`s:
ou` csá dgag ^idbcrmg bizg qu` tgmgs, vi`kgs y hu`vgs pgfátidgs, trcmidighcf`s g
_cff` m` Aéxidg, tuvi`rch pcrtidipcdiôh cdtivc `h fc pgfátidc.93
fiecmgs cf _cff`
@h `sc `strct`eic m` r`dup`rcr `f vi`kg `stifg m` bcd`r pgfátidc, ^idbcrmg
r`ihstcfô `f `xitgsg agm`fg m` fgs ducrt`f`s qu` tch li`h bclác ouhdighcmg dgh
Bchj y Kiaéh`z Dchtû. @stc v`z, `ap`rg, `xt`hmiô `f hûa`rg c mgd` y m`siehô c
uh dggrmihcmgr e`h`rcf (qu` `h prihdipig ou` su caieg Acrtáh`z F`egrr`tc, dgh
sôfimc `xp`ri`hdic `h `f ach`kg m`f prgercac pgrqu` bclác sup`rviscmg `f m`f
sur `h ti`apgs m` Bchj) y c uh k`o` `h dcmc uhg, qu` `rch fgs titufcr`s m`f
eclih`t`. Ti fgs ducrt`f`s ou`rgh ‖fgs gkgs y gámgs‑ m` ^idbcrmg, ou`rgh tcaliéh
`f r`dursg aãs `oidcz pcrc qu` m`scrrgffcrc glrcs pûlfidcs y m` ct`hdiôh sgdicf.9<
 Phc m` `ffcs f` vcfiô `f r`dghgdiai`htg iht`rhg y `f tgtcf cpgyg m`f pr`sim`ht`
Dcrfgs Tcfihcs; `f prgercac m` Dbcfdg, duhc m`f
m` f prgy`dtg sgdicf y pgfátidg m` `s`
s`x`hig qu` ou` Tgfimcrimcm.
Dbcfdg r`uhiô vcrics dcrcdt`rástidcs iapgrtcht`s pcrc `f egli`rhg m` ^idbcrmg.

@f pria`rg `rc fc ct`hdiôh qu` `f aisag

Tcfihcs f` bclác dghd`mimg cf fuecr m`sm` su dcapcóc pgfátidc, pu`s ou` cbá
mghm` pr`s`htô su dgaprgaisg sgdicf y mghm` chuhdiô fg qu` s`rác aãs tcrm` `f

^rghcsgf.
zghc aãs ^crc ^idbcrmg,
ctrcscmc Dbcf`gy `rc
`dghôaidc `f H`zcbucfdôygtf
sgdicfa`ht`, m` fgs
pglfcmc pgr cógs gdb`htc,
ihaiercht`s qu` fc
`f
Mistritg O`m`rcf bclác `xpufscmg y dgh cftgs ercmgs m` acreihcdiôh, `s m`dir, fgs
aisags prglf`acs qu` éf bclác ct`hmimg duchmg ou` r`spghsclf` m`f ducrt`f m`
H`zcbucfdôygtf y fcs ãr`cs cf`mcócs `h `f egli`rhg m` Bchj. ^`rg tcaliéh
r`pr`s`htô pcrc ^idbcrmg fc gpgrtuhimcm m` m`agstrcr qu` éf hg `rc uh ‖práhdip`
qu` visitc sus mgaihigs‑, sihg uh pgfátidg mispu`stg c a`zdfcrs` dgh fc e`ht`.
@f pria`r cdtg pgfátidg m` ^idbcrmg m`spués m` tgacr pgs`siôh, ou` visitcr
Dbcfdg y trchsitcr pgr sus dcff`s fgmgscs, sih pcvia`htg hi mr`hck`, y a`hgs sih
ceuc pgtclf` y `f`dtridimcm. @f iapcdtg qu` tuvg fc visitc y fc m`disiôh m`
^idbcrmg m` clchmghcr ]gfudc, ou` iha`mictg pgrqu` rgapiô dgh fc iace`h m`
cisfcai`htg qu` bclách m`scrrgffcmg M`f Aczg y L`t`tc.94  Dbcfdg ou` pcrc
^idbcrmg fc pru`lc m` dôag s` bcdác fc pgfátidc (`s` `stifg m` bcd`r pgfátidc,
iapfchtcmg pgr Bchj y s`euimg pgr éf) y, cf aisag ti`apg, m` dôag s` vgfvác c
uhir `f `stcmg c fgs prgy`dtgs m`f egli`rhg o`m`rcf. @st` r`er`sg m` fc pgfátidc
`stuvg cdgapcócmg m` gtrcs cddigh`s a`hgs bghgrclf`s, p`rg auy `oidcd`s, `h
`sp`dicf cqu`ffcs csgdicmcs c fc r`ihstcfcdiôh m` fgs ducrt`f`s.
Cuh duchmg `f r`spghsclf` m` dcmc ducrt`f `rc uh s`dr`tcrig m`f egli`rhg, hg
`rc `f ûhidg qu` tgaclc pcrt` `h fgs trclckgs y pcrtidufcra`ht` `h `f m`scrrgffg
m` glrcs pûlfidcs. ]chtg fgs pr`sim`ht`s auhidipcf`s dgag fgs miputcmgs
o`m`rcf`s y fgdcf`s dgfclgrclch cdtivca`ht` `h fgs prgercacs pgrqu`, `h ûftiac
ihstchdic, `ffg siehioidclc glt`h`r vgtgs pcrc `f ^\I. 9= Phc a`mimc, qu` cf
pcr`d`r ouhdighô m`sm` fc épgdc m` Bchj, ou` qu` fgs miputcmgs tuvi`rch cdd`sg
c miv`rsgs act`ricf`s m` dghstruddiôh dgh `f oih m` ceifizcr trãait`s y ocdifitcr fcs
glrcs pûlfidcs. Fc cutgrizcdiôh ou` dchd`fcmc pgr M`f Aczg, qui`h fc dghsim`rô
hg sôfg uhc ou`ht` m` dgrrupdiôh, sihg uh m`rrgdb` pr`supu`stcf: cf r`ihstcfcr fgs
ducrt`f`s, ^idbcrmg r`viviô `f prgd`miai`htg y, si li`h s` bizg glrc act`ricf
 ihmisp`hsclf`, fgs bclitcht`s hg ou`rgh fgs ûhidgs l`h`oidicrigs.90
Cuhqu` `st` m`f
dgapgrtcai`htg tipg`f`dtgrcmg,
m` cddigh`s r`mituôy sus
^idbcrmg di`rtc s`eurimcmdgfclgrcmgr`s
prihdipcf`s `h duchtg `h
cf
pgfátidc hg m`kcrgh hcmc cf czcr; `ffgs `fclgrcrgh uh prgercac, ffcacmg m`

Dgaprgaisg ^gfátidg, qu` dghsistiô `h im`htioidcr c fgs aifitcht`s y

siapctizcht`s priistcs y bcd`rf`s uh s`euiai`htg qu` ecrchtizcrc su vgtg `h ocvgr
m`f pri `h fgs dgaidigs.9? @s `vim`ht` qu` tchtg `st` aétgmg dgag `f filr` cdd`sg
cdghsim`rcmgs
fgs act`ricf`s,
dgag mig pi` hcturcf`s
`o`dtgs c miv`rscs ogracs
m` uh m` dgrrupdiôh,
calidigsg p`rgure`ht`)
(y sglr` tgmg ou`rgh
prgercac pgfátidg qu` lusdclc r`uhioidcr c fc éfit` fgdcf y r`dup`rcr cf
`f`dtgrcmg. @h `scs dghmidigh`s, fc `strct`eic supusg dgstgs, m` miv`rsc
hcturcf`zc, qu` m`lách pcecrs` c dcalig m` fc `stclifimcm pgfátidc. Y `f éxitg ou`
`sp`dtcdufcr; `h 3993, `h fcs `f`ddigh`s pcrc r`hgvcr `f Dgher`sg o`m`rcf, `f prm
(`f pcrtimg `h qu` s` dghvirtiô `f omh m` 3922) prãdtidca`ht` ou` lgrrcmg m`f
acpc `f`dtgrcf, y `h 3994, cf `f`eirs` `f egl`rhcmgr, `f triuhog m` @aifig
Dbucyoo`t ou` ihmisdutilf`.
]chtg `f r`suftcmg dgag fgs prgd`miai`htgs `apf`cmgs pcr`d`h dghoiracr,
ckuidig m` audbgs gls`rvcmgr`s, qu` `f egli`rhg m` ^idbcrmg `s uhc
prgfghecdiôh hcturcf m`f erupg g fc ihofu`hdic m` Bchj. Dgag fg s`ócfcrc dgh
ceum`zc uh pgfátidg `htr`vistcmg, ^idbcrmg r`pr`s`htc uhc trchsidiôh `htr` `f
vi`kg `stifg m` fc éfit`, cdgstualrcmc c fcs prãdtidcs bchquistcs, y uhc hu`vc
ograc m` bcd`r pgfátidc qu` yc s` bclác cpfidcmg `h `f `stcmg y qu` mgaihclc
pf`hca`ht` `h `f ãalitg o`m`rcf dgh Dcrfgs Tcfihcs `h fc pr`sim`hdic m` fc
r`pûlfidc.95 ^idbcrmg, pgr ogracdiôh prgo`sighcf, `stã aãs d`rdc m` Cfor`mg m`f
Aczg, p`rg su `xp`ri`hdic pgfátidc `s siaifcr c fc m` Bchj. ]cf v`z `stg ûftiag
bcyc simg fg m`disivg pcrc mcrs` du`htc m` fg prgouhmca`ht` trcmidighcf qu` `s fc
éfit` m`f `stcmg y, c mio`r`hdic m` fc hcdighcf, qu` hg pumg dght`h`r fgs hu`vgs
ducmrgs r`pr`s`htcmgs pgr fgs egli`rhgs m` Aieu`f m` fc Acmrim y Dcrfgs
Tcfihcs, r`sistiô c sus v`rsigh`s fgdcf`s. @stg r`v`fc uhc siehioidctivc dgb`siôh m`
fc éfit`, sup`rigr sih mumc cfeuhc, c fc qu`
qu ` bc pgmimg t`h`r fc hcdighcf.
@h `stcs dghmidigh`s, Bchj ou` sgfca`ht` uh r`o`r`ht` m` ^idbcrmg, uh
sáalgfg duyc utifizcdiôh ou` r`mituclf` c su egli`rhg. ^idbcrmg, cf m`dir m`
cfeuhgs m` sus prihdipcf`s dgfclgrcmgr`s, hg tuvg dgh Bchj hiheûh dghtcdtg qu`
hg ou`rc `v`htucf, m` dgrt`sác, grieihcmg `h o`dbcs siehioidctivcs (fc tgac m`
 pgs`siôh, igs ritucf`s duapf`cógs m`f prgo`sgr, `td.), p`rg hg fc dghsuftc m`
92
prglf`acs g m`disigh`s. Hg bulg prgy`dtg dgaûh, cdcsg, dgihdim`ht`.   Y fg
aãs s`eurg `s qu`, dgag pgfátidg ogracmg `h cqu`ffc trcmidiôh, ^idbcrmg hg
iht`htcrc hiheuhc ihhgvcdiôh si, dgag `rc `f prgpôsitg, s` trctclc m` r`dup`rcr `f

`stcmg. Ti és` `rc `f glk`tivg, s` m`lác chmcr pgr dcaihgs dghgdimgs mghm` s`
crri`secrc fg a`hgs pgsilf`.
^`rg `f `hscyg hg pgmác s`r m` fcrec murcdiôh m`limg c fc `a`re`hdic pgfátidc

ys`ccmvi`rt`
fgs r`dursgs trcmidighcf`s
`h fcs cddigh`s m`qu` s` `apf`crgh.
^idbcrmg @f hgtclf`dghmidighcht`
ou` su prihdipcf dghs`rvcmurisag
pcrcqu`
hg
bcd`rfg murcm`rg; `h r`cfimcm, ^idbcrmg hg dghstruyô uh erupg prgpig, sihg qu`
s` cpgyô `h cqu`ffgs pgfátidgs qu` éf dghgdác, dgh qui`h`s s` bclác ogracmg y,
pgr supu`stg, `h qui`h`s pgmác dghoicr. ^`rg pcscmc fc `a`re`hdic, fc dgapf`kc
r`cfimcm pgfátidc m` fc `htimcm s` iapusg c fc trcmidiôh; erupgs pgfátidgs miv`rsgs,
`hdfcvcmgs `h uhc mistihtc e`gercoác sgdicf y `dghôaidc ihdcpcz m` s`r
dghmudimc pgr ]gfudc (g dgag mid`h fgs aisags pgfátidgs, `f aátidg
Ctfcdgaufdg), y uhc dr`di`ht` dgap`t`hdic `htr` pcrtimgs bch b`dbg qu` Bchj,
fg aisag qu` ^idbcrmg, s` dghvi`rtch `h r`pr`s`htcht`s m` uhc `sp`di` `h
`xtihdiôh. Fgs erupgs, `h dghtrcst`, hg bch m`scpcr`dimg, sihg qu` s` bch h`ecmg
c sga`t`rs` c uhg pgm`rgsg. M` `stc ach`rc, `f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg y `f erupg
m` Bchj s` bch dghv`rtimg `h pcrt` m` fc bistgric `stctcf y hcdighcf.

Hgtcs cf pi`
3 Dghcpg,
 Dghcpg, Fc
 Fc pglfcdiôh m` fgs auhidipigs
auhidipigs m` Aéxidg, 390>—399>,, Aéxidg, 399=, ducmrg 30, pp. <2—4>.
390>—399>
< @htr`vistcs d y l.
4 @htr`vistc j.

= @htr`vistcs m y e.
0 @htr`vistc c.

0’ M` cdu`rmg dgh Kgy Fchestgh (‖Tglr`vivir y prgsp`rcr; uhc lûsqu`mc m` fcs dcuscs m` fcs ocddigh`s
pgfátidcs ihtrcrréeia`h `h Aéxidg‑, `h ^gfátidc
`h  ^gfátidc y Egli`rhg,
Egli`rhg, vgf.
 vgf. II, hua. <, s`euhmg s`a`str` m` 3990, p.
<5>), Bchj ff`eô c ogracr uh erupg m` egl`rhcmgr`s `h cpgyg m` M` fc _`ec.
?  Bcy qui`h`s pi`hsch qu` `h fc cdtitum m` M` fc Acmrim ihofuyô `f m`scercmg qu` \`y`s B`rgf`s, su
ac`strg y quizã `f ûhidg pgfátidg c qui`h `f pr`sim`ht` r`dghgdác cutgrimcm, tcaliéh s`htác pgr Bchj. Dgag
 pru`lcs m` fc acfqu`r`hdic a`hdighch qu` `f v`rcdruzchg ou` mir`dtgr m` ^`a`x `h ti`apgs m` Mácz Grmcz
y qu` cbá dghgdiô fgs h`egdigs m` Bchj, `h `s` aga`htg `h dursg. Fc gtrc dghsist` `h su m`scprglcdiôh,
cli`rtc y pûlfidc, c qu` s` agmioidcrc `f crtádufg 2< m` fc Dghstitudiôh `h `f s`x`hig m` Fôp`z ^grtiffg.

Cuhqu` pgsilf`, `s mioádif m` dr``r fc acfc r`fcdiôh m` Bchj y \`y`s B`rgf`s. ^gr uh fcmg, s` `hdu`htrc `f
b`dbg m` qu` calgs tuvi`rgh dcrr`rcs auy s`a`kcht`s, c tcf ercmg qu` s` bch dghv`rtimg `h `k`apfgs m`f
pgfátidg trcmidighcf. ^gr gtrg, `xist`h t`stiaghigs qu` `vim`hdich uhc r`fcdiôh auy d`rdchc. \coc`f T`egvic,

caieg m` \`y`s B`rgf`s, du`htc qu` sôfg `sdudbô m` éf cfclchzcs m` Bchj y qu`, ihdfusg duchmg Fôp`z
^grtiffg fg d`sô `h Egl`rhcdiôh, Bchj f` gor`diô cyumc `dghôaidc qu` \`y`s B`rgf`s r`dbczô. Dgh `st`
tipg m` m`agstrcdigh`s m` dghoichzc `s iapgsilf` `hdghtrcr chiacmv`rsiôh.
5 @htr`vistcs j, 3 y c.

2 @htr`vistcs d y k.
9 @htr`vistc 3.

3> @htr`vistc `.
33 K. Fôp`z ^grtiffg, gp. dit  t.
 t. <, pp. 3>43—3>44 y 3>=4.
3< @htr`vistcs ` y j.

34 @htr`vistc b.

3= @htr`vistc d.
30 @htr`vistcs b y k.

3? @htr`vistcs d y I.
35 @htr`vistcs m, ` y j.
32 @htr`vistcs b y e. Fc prãdtidc fc sieuiô ihdfusg duchmg tuvg qu` sustituir c cfeûh ouhdighcrig. Duchmg
Acrig Dgfáh r`huhdiô c fc T`dr`tcrác m` @mudcdiôh `h 3924, M`f Aczg hgalrô c Dbucyoo`t, qu` `h `s`
`htghd`s `rc pr`sim`ht` auhidipcf m` ]gfudc. ^crc sustituirfg `h fc cfdcfmác, M`f Aczg `fieiô ckcia`
Cfaczãh M`fecmg, gtrg pgfátidg dghgdimg, caieg m` _`fcsdg (bclác simg su sulprgdurcmgr `h ti`apgs m`
O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh y tcaliéh aceistrcmg `h `f ]riluhcf Tup`rigr m` Kustidic) y m`f aisag M`f Aczg.
39 @htr`vistcs d y k.
<> @htr`vistcs k y j.
<3  Hg glstcht`, fc r`fcdiôh `htr` Dgfáh y M`f Aczg hg ou` lu`hc. M` cdu`rmg dgh fgs t`stiaghigs
mispghilf`s, Dgfáh r`huhdiô m`spués m` uhc r`uhiôh m` eclih`t` `h fc qu` `f egl`rhcmgr fg r`ecóô. Dgfáh hg
fg cd`ptô y `h fc aisac gpgrtuhimcm ffcaô c M`f Aczg ‖audbcdbitg pr`pgt`ht`‑ ( ^rgd`sg,
 ^rgd`sg, hûa. 04>, << m`
midi`alr` m` 392?). Tcfiô m`f `stcmg y rcmidô `h Du`rhcvcdc mghm` c fgs pgdgs mács auriô cs`sihcmg `h
dirduhstchdics qu` bcstc `f mác m` bgy hg bch simg cdfcrcmcs. ^ria`rg s` cdusô c su `spgsc y m`spués c fgs
bikcstrgs pcrc t`raihcr dufpchmg c uh fcmrôh dgaûh. Hg ocftô qui`h vi`rc `h `f bgaidimig uh aôvif pgfátidg
 r`fcdighcmg dgh `f `hor`htcai`htg qu` agtivô fc r`huhdic m` Dgfáh.
<< @htr`vistcs d y 3.
<4 @htr`vistcs d y e.

<= @htr`vistcs b y I y K. Tcfczcr, ilim., p.

ilim.,  p. 3=.

<0 @htr`vistcs d, i y 3.
<? @htr`vistc d.
<5 @htr`vistcs `, k y 3.

<2
<9 @htr`vistcs o, b y j.
 @htr`vistcs l, k y c.
4> @htr`vistcs m, `, d, b, 3 y c.
43 @htr`vistc c.

4< @h r`cfimcm, ou` Lcrchmc qui`h pceô fcs dghs`du`hdics, pu`s oti` murcht` su achmctg, dghdr`tca`ht` `f

<> m` `h`rg m` 3925, duchmg r`hmác su ihogra` m` egli`rhg, duchmg fgs `kimctcrigs d`rrcrgh fc dcrr`t`rc
Aéxidg-]gfudc pcrc glt`h`r fc dchd`fcdiôh m`f m`dr`tg `xprgpictgrig qu` bclác `xp`mimg M`f Aczg.
44 @htr`vistc l.
4= @htr`vistc c.

40 @htr`vistcs d y b.

4? @htr`vistcs m, e y d.
45 @htr`vistc b.

42 @htr`vistcs l ` i.
49 @htr`vistc b.
=> ^rgd`sg,
 ^rgd`sg, hûa. 04>, <9 m` midi`alr` m` 392?.
=3 @htr`vistc e.
=< @htr`vistcs ` ` i.

=4 @htr`vistcs d, 3 y e.
== @htr`vistc m.

=0 @htr`vistc b.
=? _écs` fc pr`hsc fgdcf m` cegstg y s`pti`alr` m` 392=.
=5 @htr`vistc m.

=2 @h cqu`ffgs mács cfeuhgs chcfistcs vi`rgh `h fc supu`stc `quivgdcdiôh m` M`f Aczg, qu` ff`vô c vcrigs
pgfátidgs c o`fiditcr c T`reig Ecrdác \caár`z dgag `f `f`eimg, aãs qu` uh `rrgr, uhc v`hechzc (pgr fg
m`aãs, uhc m`agstrcdiôh m`f t`ap`rca`htg dgh qu` egl`rhô `f `stcmg) pgr bcd`rfg clriecr ocfscs
`sp`rchzcs.
=9 @htr`vistcs o, 3 y c.
 0>  Fgs mctgs prgd`m`h m`f `stumig  ^rglf`acs m` r`htclifimcm y prgmuddiô
prgmuddiôhh m` fcihmustric p`trgf`rc
a`xidchc, 395>—392=,
395>—392=, pr`pcrcmg pgr fc aisac `apr`sc, cfeuhcs m` duycs pcrt`s ou`rgh pulfidcmcs pgr
 ^rgd`sg,, hûa. 0<?, 3 m` midi`alr` m` 392?. Cuhqu` huhdc s` dgaprglcrgh, si`apr` s` sgsp`dbô qu`
 ^rgd`sg
vcrigs cddim`ht`s bclách simg prgvgdcmgs pgr e`ht` m` Fc
m`  Fc Suihc.

03 ^rgd`sg,
 ^rgd`sg, hua. 0>?, 3= m` kufig m` 392?.
0< ^rgd`sg,
 ^rgd`sg, hûa. 0>2, <2 m` kufig m` 392?.
04  \. B`rhãhm`z \gmráeu`z, ‖Fc mivisiôh m` fc éfit` pgfátidc a`xidchc‑, `h Tgf`mcm Fgc`zc `t cf.

(dgaps.),
(dgaps.), Aéxidg;
 Aéxidg; cue`,
0= Ľ @htr`vistcs cue`, drisis y ckust` Aéxidg,
ckust` Aéxidg, OD@, 3.3,399<, p. <09.
m, j y b.
00 @htr`vistcs m, k y c. @f rchdbg Fc Efgric, prgpi`mcm m` L`t`tc, `stã ulidcmg `h `f fáait` dgh Tchticeg
]icheuist`hdg, auy d`rdc m`f qu` pgs`` `f prgo`sgr Bchj `h `s` fuecr.
0? @htr`vistcs m, o, i y e.
05 @htr`vistcs m y d.

02 @htr`vistcs j y l.
09 @htr`vistc o.
?> @f gtrg s`hcmgr `rc F`ghcrmg \gmráeu`z Cfdcih`, fám`r `f`dtridistc y cf acre`h m` fc pgfátidc fgdcf.

?3 ^rgd`sg, höa.
 ^rgd`sg, höa. 04>, <9 m` midi`alr` m` 392?.
?< @htr`vistc b.
?4 @htr`vistcs m ` i y ^rgd`sg
y  ^rgd`sg,, hûa. 04?, 9 m` o`lr`rg m` 3925.
?= @htr`vistc k.
?0 @htr`vistc j.
?? @htr`vistc d.

?5 @htr`vistcs e y b.
?2 @htr`vistc d.

?9 @xd`fsigr,
 @xd`fsigr, <3 m` kufig m` 3922. Dcrfgs
D crfgs Tcfihcs gltuvg goidicfa`ht` 5 <29 >>> vgtgs, p`rg `h hiheuhc m`
fcs `htimcm`s mghm` echô, fc diorc ff`eô cf aiffôh: mghm` aãs vgtgs dghsieuiô áu` `h _`rcdruz, mghm`

r`eistrô 9=9 >>>. @h `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg gltuvg pgdg aãs m` ?9= >>>.
5> @htr`vistcs o y 3.
53 @htr`vistcs e y j.

5< @htr`vistcs b y k.
54 @htr`vistc `.

5= @htr`vistc l.
50 @htr`vistc m.

5? @htr`vistcs ` y l.
 55 @htr`vistcs d ` i.

52 @htr`vistc k.
59 @htr`vistcs e, d y `.

2> @htr`vistc i.

23 @htr`vistc k. Hg pcsô ihcmv`rtimg qu` `f hgalrcai`htg `rc tcaliéh uh cdtg m` m`scercvig pgr fc cddiôh

qu` agtivô su r`huhdic `h `f egli`rhg m` Lcrchmc.

2< @htr`vistcs b y k.

24
  @htr`vistcs m y k. Cfeuhgs m` `ffgs, pgr `k`apfg, e`h`rcrgh p`rach`ht`s drátidcs, cfeuhcs
v`rmcm`rca`ht` ercv`s, dgag fc m` ach`kgs pgdg dfcrgs `h fc T`dr`tcrác m` Glrcs ^ûlfidcs qu` ou`rgh
tgf`rcmgs pgr ^cmiffc m`limg c qu`, s` mid`, `rc sgdig m` ^idbcrmg `h cfeuhgs h`egdigs privcmgs. G `f
`sdãhmcfg qu` prgvgdô `f `hdcrd`fcai`htg m` Ecs`c ^fi`eg `h @stcmgs Phimgs cf iht`htcr trcsfcmcr uh egrifc
cf zggfôeidg m` [cdcheg `h `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg. @sc `sp`di` s` `hdu`htrc `h p`fierg m` `xtihdiôh y `f
egli`rhg `stcmuhim`hs` bc prgbilimg su dcpturc: Ecs`c, dgh pf`hg dghgdiai`htg, sglgrhô c vcrics
cutgrimcm`s bcstc qu` `h `f c`rgpu`rtg ce`ht`s m`f OLI fg cpr`b`hmi`rgh.
2= @htr`vistc k.
20 @htr`vistcs m y k.

2? @htr`vistcs j, e y b.

25 _écs` `f cpcrtcmg a`tgmgfôeidg sglr` fgs drit`rigs pcrc prgd`scr fc ihogracdiôh m` fgs ouhdighcrigs, cf
oihcf m`f `stumig.
22 @htr`vistcs m y `.
29 @htr`vistc j. Fc iapgrtchdic m`f dghtcdtg p`rsghcf m`f pgfátidg dgh fgs bclitcht`s, ou` m`sdritc m` fc
sieui`ht` ach`rc pgr uhg m` `ffgs; ‖duchmg uh pgfátidg ff`ec c uh fuecr y `api`zc c im`htioidcr c fc e`ht`
pgr su hgalr`, `sg ti`h` uh vcfgr auy iapgrtcht` pcrc fc e`ht` m`f fuecr; qui`r` m`dir qu` `f pgfátidg f`s
`stã r`dghgdi`hmg su `spcdig c fgs diumcmchgs dgauh`s y dgrri`ht`s. Su` ff`eu` uh egl`rhcmgr cf
auhidipig m` Cmcdgaufdg y scfum` c Kuchitc ^ér`z, qu` `h fc dgauhimcm `s mu`óc m` uhc ti`hmc y qu`
cm`aãs ti`h` di`rtc ihofu`hdic, pu`s `f pgfátidg yc echô puhtgs. ^idbcrmg ou` auy cpr`dicmg pr`disca`ht`

pgrqu` dghgdác c fcs Kuchitcs ^ér`z m` dcmc fuecr, qu` `rch fcs iht`rfgdutgrcs m` fc dgauhimcm‑. @htr`vistc
m.
9> @htr`vistc `. Dcrfgs Eôa`z auriô `h uh cddim`ht` m` b`fidôpt`rg duchmg r`dgrrác su zghc m` trclckg.

93 @htr`vistcs o, l y d.
9< @htr`vistcs `, k y d.

94 @htr`vistcs ` y d.
9= @htr`vistc k.

90 @htr`vistc c. Dgag `s `vim`ht`, hg `s oãdif dgaprglcr fgs dcsgs m` dgrrupdiôh, p`rg cm`aãs m` qu` fgs
 aisags pgfátidgs fgdcf`s s`ócfch su `xist`hdic, fcs cddigh`s kumidicf`s `apr`hmimcs pgr `f egl`rhcmgr
@aifig Dbucyoo`t `h dghtrc m` ouhdighcrigs a`hgr`s r`fcdighcmgs dgh fcs glrcs pûlfidcs, r`v`fc qu` bcy
cfeg m` di`rtg `h tgmg `ffg. @htr`vistc d.
9? @htr`vistc m.

95 @htr`vistc 3.
92 @htr`vistc m.
 

_I. @^ÁFGEG; FC MIHCT]ÁC M@

@AIFIG DBPCYOO@]
DBPCYOO@]

E\P^GT Y ÉFI]@ FGDCF

@f chãfisis m` fgs dihdu`htc y uh cógs qu` vch m` 39=< c 3994 r`v`fc fc
p`rach`ht` sud`siôh m` erupgs dghstituimgs `h tgrhg m` uh p`rsghck` pgfátidg
qu` dcsi si`apr` `s `f egl`rhcmgr. Cfeuhgs m` `sgs erupgs bch t`himg ou`rzc hg
sôfg pcrc ff`ecr cf pgm`r sihg pcrc dghs`rvcrfg, dgag ou`rgh fgs m` Ocl`fc (`f
grieihcf Ctfcdgaufdg) y `f m` Bchj, p`rg cuh `h `sgs dcsgs, su pr`mgaihig hg
r`lcsô fgs mgd` cógs m` vie`hdic; `h `f dcsg m` Ocl`fc, `f dghtrgf m` su erupg
dga`hzô c `xtiheuirs` dgh `f aisag M`f Aczg _éf`z y dghdfuyô dgh `f
egli`rhg m` Tãhdb`z Dgfáh. @f m` Bchj t`raihô dgh fc s`f`ddiôh pr`sim`hdicf m`
M`f Aczg Eghzãf`z, c p`scr m` fc pûlfidc y cdtivc gpgsidiôh m` Bchj y Kiaéh`z
Dchtû. Ti calgs erupgs, qu` bch simg fgs aãs ou`rt`s `h fc bistgric fgdcf, hg
pumi`rgh sgst`h`r su pgm`r, `f r`stg cp`hcs bc t`himg vie`hdic s`x`hcf; Lcz,
O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh, M`f Aczg y ^idbcrmg, fgercrgh dghtrgfcr fc pgfátidc fgdcf
p`rg hg aãs cffã m` su p`rigmg f`ecf.
Fgs erupgs bch simg uhc dghstcht` `h fc bistgric m`f `stcmg, p`rg sih qu` `ffg
bcyc siehioidcmg chufcr fc uhimcm m` fc éfit`. @sc dgb`siôh iht`rhc, qu` bc simg
ihspircmc `h cqu`f prihdipig yc chcfizcmg m` fc prgt`ddiôh fgdcf or`ht` cf
egli`rhg o`m`rcf, s` bc acht`himg pgr fc gls`rvchdic m` vcrics dcrcdt`rástidcs; fc
pria`rc `s fc p`rach`ht` cp`rturc c hu`vgs pgfátidgs qu` tgmgs fgs egl`rhcmgr`s
 bch acht`himg cuh duchmg s`ch `vim`ht`s fcs misdr`pchdics `htr` `ffgs. @sc
mispgsidiôh bc ecrchtizcmg fc r`hgvcdiôh m` fc éfit`.
é fit`.
Fc s`euhmc dcrcdt`rástidc `s qu` fcs m`siehcdigh`s `h pu`stgs d`rdchgs
r`spghm`h c mgs drit`rigs ouhmca`htcf`s; qu` `f egl`rhcmgr s` cs`eur` `f dghtrgf

pgfátidg dgh caiegs dghgdimgs c fg fcreg m` tgmc su dcrr`rc, f`cf`s y dghoiclf`s,

qu` dghstituych, cf oihcf m` du`htcs, su erupg pgfátidg y mcr dclimc c
r`pr`s`htcht`s m` gtrgs erupgs g dgrri`ht`s. Fgs ducmrgs chcfizcmgs `h dcmc
dcpátufg au`strch
pr`disca`ht` `h `fqu` fgs pgrd`htck`s
ãalitg aãs lckgs
m`f egli`rhg, m` cbá
pu`s `s hu`vgs pgfátidgs
mghm` s` r`eistrch
`f egl`rhcmgr s`
cs`eurc `f dghtrgf y mghm` `s aãs `vim`ht` fc r`pr`s`htcdiôh erupcf. ^gr `f
dghtrcrig, fcs ãr`cs m`stihcmcs cf iapufsg c hu`vgs ouhdighcrigs (m` b`dbg, c fc
r`hgvcdiôh pgfátidc) sgh fcs miputcdigh`s fgdcf`s y fcs cfdcfmács.
Phc t`rd`rc dcrcdt`rástidc, auy fiecmc c fc pr`s`hdic m` fgs erupgs, `s `f b`dbg
m` qu` fgs pgfátidgs m` cftg hiv`f, dgh aãs pr`disiôh, cqu`ffgs qu` gdupch dcregs
m` eclih`t`, hg si`apr` ti`h`h trcy`dtgrics `h fcs qu` s`ch visilf`s s`du`hdics
dfcrcs `h duchtg c pu`stgs, ãr`cs g `sp`dicfizcdiôh. Midbg `h gtrcs pcfclrcs, `f
pgfátidg hg bcd` `xdfusivca`ht` uhc dcrr`rc cmaihistrctivc, `f`dtgrcf g
pcrtimcric, sihg qu` fc dgalihc, y dghsieu` uh dcreg ercdics c su `xp`ri`hdic
pgfátidc cduaufcmc, aãs qu` pgr fc `sp`dicfizcdiôh qu` pgmrác cmquirir `h uh
ãr`c cmaihistrctivc g `h uh ãalitg ogractivg. @st` dgapgrtcai`htg r`of`kc fcs
h`d`simcm`s m` fgs erupgs qu` dgfgdch c sus ai`alrgs mghm` `s ihmisp`hsclf` g
mghm` `xist` fc gpgrtuhimcm, dgh `f oih m` s`euir pr`s`ht`s `h fc pgfátidc cdtivc.
@sc m`fil`rcmc mispgsidiôh c capficr fc éfit` fgdcf y fc prgfio`rcdiôh m` erupgs
bc iap`mimg qu` uhg sgfg, pgr aãs ou`rt` qu` s`c, dghsiec mgaihcr `f dghkuhtg.
^`rg hg sgh éstcs fcs ûhidcs rczgh`s qu` fg `xpfidch. Dgag s` vig cf ihidig m`f
dcpátufg cht`rigr, `f dr`diai`htg m`agerãoidg m` fgs auhidipigs cf`mcógs cf
Mistritg O`m`rcf bc p`raitimg fc dr`cdiôh m` erupgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s qu` lusdch
uh sitig `h fc cdtivimcm m`f `stcmg. Ti `h `f dcsg m` fgs erupgs m`f _cff`
_cff` m` ]gfudc
`s `f hûa`rg fg qu` iapim` c cfeuhg `f dghtrgf, `h `f dcsg m` fgs qu` bch
cpcr`dimg `h `f _cff` m` Aéxidg s` trctc m` fc cus`hdic m` im`htimcm dgh ]gfudc
y, pgr `xt`hsiôh, dgh `f `stcmg. @f p`fierg qu` r`pr`s`htch `stgs erupgs pcrc `f
pgfátidg trcmidighcf m` fc `htimcm, s` r`sua` `h
` h cfeuhcs m` sus dc
dcrcdt`rástidcs;
rcdt`rástidcs; sgh
auhidipigs dgh audbc pglfcdiôh: qu` bch ff`ecmg c dghd`htrcr `f acygr hûa`rg
m` vgtgs, m` tcf ach`rc qu` pu`m`h m`dimir hg sôfg `f triuhog m`f egl`rhcmgr sihg
 m`t`raihcr fc pcrtidipcdiôh o`m`rcf m`f `stcmg: qu` hg ti`h`h im`htimcm `htr` sá,

cuhqu` tcapgdg
hg prgmud`h dgh ]gfudc,
pgfátidgs y qu` m`limg
`xp`ria`htcmgs, c qu`yfgs
acmurgs cs`htcai`htgs
pr`pcrcmgs. 3 sgh r`di`ht`s
@sc misp`rsiôh m` iht`r`s`s bc dga`hzcmg c co`dtcr fc aisac im`htimcm

pgfátidc fgdcf, uhg m` fgs ocdtgr`s aãs iapgrtcht`s qu` bclách acht`himg fc
dgb`siôh m` fc éfit` `stctcf. ^crc fgs erupgs m`f _cff` m` Aéxidg, `f Mistritg
O`m`rcf yc hg ti`h` fc trcmidighcf iace`h h`ectivc qu` tuvg murcht` cógs y qu`
cûh pr`vcf`d`
m` fgs `h `f _cff`
aãs iapgrtcht`s m` ]gfudc.
auhidipigs dgh^gr `f dghtrcrig,
`f Mistritg fc `str`dbc
O`m`rcf dghvi`rt`dgauhidcdiôh
c `stc diumcm
`h uh prihdipig r`eufcmgr duchmg hg `h uh `k`apfg pgfátidg. ^crc fgs hu`vgs
erupgs fgdcf`s fgs váhdufgs dgh fc dcpitcf m`f pcás s` vu`fv`h audbg aãs ûtif`s
`h su dgap`t`hdic iht`rhc, `sp`dicfa`ht` pcrc `hor`htcr c fgs m` ]gfudc.
^crc `f pgfátidg aãs trcmidighcf `f p`fierg `s qu` uh egl`rhcmgr sureimg m`
`stgs auhidipigs s` dgapgrtcrác dgag ‖uh r`e`ht` m`f Mistritg O`m`rcf, sih
im`htimcm, uh cmaihistrcmgr qu` mioádifa`ht` ach`kcrác fc dfcs` pgfátidc pgrqu`
hg bcy hcmc qu` fg crrcieu` `h `f `stcmg‑. < @h `f oghmg, `xist` fc pr`gdupcdiôh
bistôridc m` uh hu`vg m`sa`alrcai`htg prgagvimg pgr `f egli`rhg o`m`rcf y
cpgycmg pgr fgs pgfátidgs m`f _cff` m` Aéxidg, qu` s`pcrcrác fgs auhidipigs
cf`mcógs pcrc iht`ercrfgs c fc dcpitcf m` fc r`pûlfidc `h uhc hu`vc `htimcm
o`m`rcf. Ti bcy uhc pr`gdupcdiôh pgr fc sgl`rchác `stctcf, tcaliéh `xist`, y cdcsg
aãs m`t`raihcht`, uhc pr`gdupcdiôh `dghôaidc y pgfátidc; `h fgs auhidipigs m`f
_cff` m` Aéxidg s` `hdu`htrc fc ou`rzc `dghôaidc sih fc ducf `f `stcmg hg
sglr`vivirác.4
Cf acre`h m` fc pgsilf` `xce`rcdiôh qu` s` cmvi`rt` `h `f t`agr, fc ca`hczc
m` qu` fcs éfit`s pgfátidcs m`f _cff` m` Aéxidg fger`h crr`lctcrf` `f pgm`r c fcs
trcmidighcf`s `s r`cf y dr`di`ht`. Dgag fg gls`rvcrc uh pgfátidg, és` dghstituy` `f
tcfôh m` Cquif`s m` fc `htimcm `h `f a`michg pfczg.= Fc a`kgr au`strc m` `ffg `s
qu` `h fcs miputcdigh`s o`m`rcf`s dcmc v`z iht`rvi`h` a`hgs `f egl`rhcmgr pu`s
s` bch dghv`rtimg `h pfczcs m`f _cff` m` Aéxidg, si hg pgr dgapf`tg, sá `h su
erch acygrác.0 @f pgfátidg m` ]gfudc bc r`su`ftg `f mif`ac m` mcrf` c fgs m`f _cff`
m` Aéxidg aãs pr`s`hdic dghd`miéhmgf`s dcregs m` `f`ddiôh, p`rg d`rrãhmgf`s
fgs pu`stgs `h `f egli`rhg fgdcf y, hcturcfa`ht`, iapimiéhmgf`s `f cdd`sg c fc
eul`rhcturc.? ^crc fgs pgfátidgs aãs ceumgs, m` dghtihucr `f `hor`htcai`htg `h
`stgs téraihgs `f r`suftcmg vc c s`r `f m`lifitcai`htg m` fc r`dghgdimc uhimcm y
 dgb`siôh m` fc éfit` fgdcf. Fc ûhidc cft`rhctivc s`hsctc `s fc m` cd`ptcr qu`
bcy mgs dufturcs, qu` `f prgy`dtg m` ogracr uhc sgfc yc hg s` fgerô y qu` dcmc dufturc r`qui`r` uh
trctcai`htg mistihtg, y qu` dgag uhc vc dr`di`hmg y `s aãs pgm`rgsc dcmc mác qu` fc gtrc, bcy qu` mcrf`
sus aisacs dgap`hscdigh`s. Dcmc qui`h dgh su dufturc, dcmc qui`h dgh sus ihstitudigh`s. 5

@f r`sp`tg pgr dcmc dufturc (pcrc s`euir dgh fgs téraihgs pfcht`cmgs) bcrác
pgsilf` fc dghviv`hdic y `f ogrtcf`diai`htg m` fc éfit` pcrc qu`, ff`ecmg `f
aga`htg, hg ou`rc uhc trce`mic fc ff`ecmc m` uh pgfátidg m`f _cff` m` Aéxidg c
fc eul`rhcturc.
dgag uh ãrlitrg^`rg
qu` `sg iapfidcrác
a`mic dga`hzcr
`htr` dufturcs c v`r m`sm`
y erupgs, qu` hgcbgrc cf achmctcrig
iht`htc iapgh`rs`
sglr` cfeuhc, pcrc qu` duchmg `f dcalig s` prgmuzdc, `f egl`rhcmgr m`
Hcudcfpch g m` ]fcfh`pchtfc bcec fg aisag; r`sp`tcr c fgs erupgs m`f _cff` m`
]gfudc.2
^`rg `s cquá mghm` fcs dgscs pcr`d`h dgapfidcrs`. Hg sôfg `f r`sp`tg pgr dcmc
dufturc hg s` mc, sihg qu` dgh fc ff`ecmc m` @aifig Dbucyoo`t c fc eul`rhcturc `h
3994, pcr`d`h cercvcrs` fgs dghofidtgs. Dbucyoo`t bc simg uh orutg siheufcr m` fc
t`hsiôh qu` s` bc cmv`rtimg m`sm` fgs cógs s`s`htc `htr` uh pgfátidg trcmidighcf,
vihdufcmg c fc pglfcdiôh dgag Bchj, y uh hu`vg `stifg, rcdighcf y agm`aizcmgr
agm`aizcmgr,,
qu` bcd` m`sdchscr fc pgfátidc `h fc `oidi`hdic cmaihistrctivc, `k`apfioidcmg pgr
M`f Aczg Eghzãf`z. Phc t`hsiôh qu` hg s` r`mud`, dgag s` bc vistg, cf `stifg
p`rsghcf, sihg qu` bc ihvgfudrcmg `f `hor`htcai`htg m` erupgs fgdcf`s.
^crc fgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s, Dbucyoo`t r`pr`s`htclc fc pgsilifimcm m` uh
egl`rhcmgr qu` crlitrcrc fc visilf` mivisiôh `htr` erupgs, ercdics c qu` su dcrr`rc
s` m`scrrgffô `htr` `scs mgs e`h`rcdigh`s y `stifgs pgfátidgs. Tih `alcreg, `stcs
`xp`dtctivcs hg s` duapfi`rgh pgrqu` Dbucyoo`t `stclf`diô sus prgpigs glk`tivgs
y dr`ô uh erupg qu`, pgr uh fcmg, s` `hor`htc c fgs m`aãs y, pgr gtrg, `h `f qu`
hg `xist` uh fim`rczeg (`h `f s`htimg m` cutgrimcm r`dghgdimc) qu` c fcreg pfczg
s` sglr`pusi`rc cf dghkuhtg m` erupgs, sihg uhc `sp`di` m` siapf` k`octurc. Fc
trcy`dtgric m` Dbucyoo`t ti`h` csp`dtgs qu` sust`htch `scs gpihigh`s.

@F K@O@ ^GFÁ]IDG
Dbucyoo`t s` dghvirtiô `h egl`rhcmgr c fgs ducr`htc y mgs cógs m` `mcm fg qu`,
 cm`aãs m` su kuv`htum, au`strc uhc dcrr`rc cd`f`rcmc y si`apr` `h csd`hsg `h fc
ducf supg cpgycrs` `h vcrics p`rsghcfimcm`s pgfátidcs. Hcdimg `h ]gfudc, `h `f
s`hg m` uhc ocaific filch`sc li`h dghgdimc `h su dgauhimcm y `f `stcmg,
Dbucyoo`t `stumiô fc fid`hdicturc `h m`r`dbg `h fc PHCA. Cf dghdfuirfc `h 395=,

s` dghvirtiô `h `f s`dr`tcrig cuxificr m` Crturg Ffôr`ht`, `h `s` `htghd`s

suls`dr`tcrig m`f ]rclckg y d`rdchg caieg m` K`sûs \`y`s B`rgf`s, dgh qui`h
Dbucyoo`t, ercdics c fc iht`ra`micdiôh m` Ffôr`ht`, ff`ecrác c t`h`r dghtcdtg. 9 @h
395?, cf ihidicrs` `f p`rigmg pr`sim`hdicf m` Fôp`z ^grtiffg, Ffôr`ht` s`rác
m`siehcmg m`f`ecmg `h L`hitg Kuãr`z, uhc m` fcs prihdipcf`s m`f`ecdigh`s m`f
Mistritg O`m`rcf, `h `s` aga`htg `hdcl`zcmg pgr Dcrfgs Bchj. Ercdics c
Ffôr`ht`, Dbucyoo`t s`rác hgalrcmg sulm`f`ecmg, fg qu` f` p`raitiô cfia`htcr `f
dghtcdtg dgh Bchj, c qui`h yc bclác dghgdimg dgag egl`rhcmgr. M` fc bclifimcm
m` Dbucyoo`t mc du`htc `f qu` bcyc fgercmg s`r caieg m` mgs oieurcs ihofuy`ht`s
m` fc pgfátidc hcdighcf.
Dbucyoo`t, sih clchmghcr `f M`pcrtca`htg m`f Mistritg O`m`rcf, sieuiô `h
dghtcdtg dgh fc pgfátidc fgdcf c tcf ercmg qu` `h 395? ou` m`siehcmg pr`sim`ht`
m`f dgaité auhidipcf m` ]gfudc, fg qu` f` ocdifitô fgs dghtcdtgs dgh fgs pgfátidgs
fgdcf`s y `h `sp`dicf dgh `f cpcrctg m`f pcrtimg. @h 3959 Dbucyoo`t prgagviô su
dchmimcturc c uhc miputcdiôh o`m`rcf, p`rg cuh duchmg pr`s`htô ogracfa`ht` su
r`eistrg, hg fc dghsieuiô.3>  Dgh tgmg, su pr`s`hdic `h `f dgaité auhidipcf f`
rihmiô pgdg m`spués hgtclf`s l`h`oidigs, pu`s `h 3923 fgerô qu` `f ^\I `stctcf fg
pgstufcrc dchmimctg c fc cfdcfmác m` ]gfudc.33 Fg aãs ffcactivg m`f dcsg `s qu`
tcaliéh `h 3923 Dbucyoo`t yc s` bclác dghv`rtimg `h titufcr m` fc m`f`ecdiôh
L`hitg Kuãr`z pu`s Ffôr`ht`, su tutgr pgfátidg, bclác r`huhdicmg.
Dbucyoo`t hg clchmghô hiheûh dcreg pcrc m`midcrs` pgr dgapf`tg c fc pgfátidc
fgdcf g hcdighcf, quizã pgrqu` `stclc p`rsucmimg m` qu`, `h `s` aga`htg, fgs
dcregs fgdcf`s hg r`pr`s`htclch uhc ecrchtác m` dghtihuimcm. @s` pi` pu`stg `h
]gfudc f` p`raitiô cprgv`dbcr fcs gpgrtuhimcm`s qu` s` ou`rgh pr`s`htchmg. Ou`
csá dgag dghsieuiô filrcr `f d`rrcmg dghofidtg qu` `hvgfviô fc sud`siôh m`
Kiaéh`z Dchtû y qu` oihcfa`ht` s` r`sgfviô `h ocvgr m` M`f Aczg. @f b`dbg m`
qu` Dbucyoo`t dgfclgrcrc `str`dbca`ht` `h fc dcapcóc m` M`f Aczg y aãs tcrm`
gdupcrc uh dcreg `h su eclih`t`, bcd` p`hscr c siapf` vistc qu` Dbucyoo`t
si`apr` `stuvg dgaprga`timg dgh éf. Fc bistgric `s mistihtc y au`strc dgh tgmc
dfcrimcm `f duimcmg y fc pr`disiôh dgh qu` Dbucyoo`t bc dghmudimg su dcrr`rc
 pgfátidc.
M` cdu`rmg dgh fgs t`stiaghigs mispghilf`s, cf cd`rdcrs` `f oih m`f egli`rhg m`
Kiaéh`z Dchtû, Dbucyoo`t dr`yô qu` `f sud`sgr s`rác ^idbcrmg. Dgag hg fg
dghgdác, Dbucyoo`t pimiô c uh caieg `h dgaûh s` fg pr`s`htcrc, dgh `f prgpôsitg

hg dgho`scmg m` qu`, `h dcsg m` dghv`rtirs` ^idbcrmg `h `f sieui`ht` egl`rhcmgr,

f` clri`rc fcs pu`rtcs m` fc pgfátidc fgdcf.3< Dgag s` v`, Dbucyoo`t `xt`hmiô sus
váhdufgs c tgmcs fcs p`rsghcs y erupgs qu` dghsim`rô ihofuy`ht`s, sih iapgrtcr
duãhtcs mio`r`hdics buli`rc `htr` `ffgs; dgh Bchj y \`y`s B`rgf`s, dgh ^idbcrmg
y dgh M`f Aczg.
^gdg cht`s m` dghdfuir su p`rigmg cf or`ht` m` fc pr`sim`hdic auhidipcf,
Dbucyoo`t pgr oih dghsieuiô `f dcreg m` s`dr`tcrig m` @mudcdiôh qu` Acrig Dgfáh
m`kcrc vcdcht`. Ést` vc c s`r `f pu`stg qu` f` p`raitirã c Dbucyoo`t dr`cr uhc
capfic lcs` m` cpgyg `htr` fgs ac`strgs, `f s`dtgr prgo`sighcf aãs iapgrtcht` m`
fc `htimcm. Dgag Bchj, Dbucyoo`t ‖s` m`midô tgmgs fgs cógs qu` ou` s`dr`tcrig
m` @mudcdiôh c r`dgrr`r `sdu`fc pgr `sdu`fc, c `xcaihcr hiógs p`rsghcfa`ht` `h
fgs scfgh`s, c bcd`rs` caieg m` tgmgs fgs ac`strgs y m` tgmgs fgs mir`dtgr`s‑.34

Duchmg ou` pgstufcmg

su dcapcóc y `h fcs dchmimctg
urhcs ou` c`fegl`rhcmgr,
aceist`rig fc`stctcf
prihdipcf
@sc ou`ht` m` r`spcfmg
lcs` s`rác `h
capficmc
murcht` fgs mgs cógs qu` Dbucyoo`t s` m`s`ap`óô dgag s`dr`tcrig m` Egli`rhg
dgh L`t`tc, hg sôfg pgrqu` yc dghtclc dgh dghtcdtgs sgdicf`s iapgrtcht`s, sihg
pgrqu` ou` éf qui`h c hgalr` m`f egl`rhcmgr (r`cdig c fcs dghd`htrcdigh`s
pgpufcr`s) r`cfizô fc acygrác m` fcs eircs m` trclckg. 3=  Ti dgag s`dr`tcrig m`
@mudcdiôh Dbucyoo`t `stclf`diô lu`hcs r`fcdigh`s dgh `f aceist`rig, dgag
s`dr`tcrig m` Egli`rhg r`dgrriô fgs auhidipigs y s` vihdufô c fgs fám`r`s m` dcmc
r`eiôh. Dbucyoo`t, `h 3929, `rc uh pgfátidg fgdcf m` capfig cpgyg y
r`dghgdiai`htg.
Cuhqu` hg ou` `f ûhidg pgfátidg fgdcf qu` cd`ptô dgfclgrcr dgh L`t`tc,
Dbucyoo`t sá ou` `f aãs dghgdimg m` `ffgs, fg qu` siehioidô kuecr dcsi tgmg su
dcpitcf pgfátidg c uhc dcrtc pcrtidufcra`ht` ri`segsc. M`limg c `sc ihmisdutilf`
csgdicdiôh dgh M`f Aczg y L`t`tc, Dbucyoo`t `stuvg c puhtg m` s`r acreihcmg
m` fc pgfátidc hcdighcf y, cdcsg `h a`hgr a`mimc, `stctcf. Ou` fc cyumc m`f
prgo`sgr Bchj fg qu` f` p`raitiô scfvcr fc situcdiôh, pu`s ou` éf qui`h clgeô pgr
Dbucyoo`t cht` `f pr`sim`ht` Dcrfgs Tcfihcs, c qui`h s` fg pr`s`htô dgag `f
30
 pgfátidg fgdcf qu` bizg a`hgs m`scstrgsc fc e`stiôh m` L`t`tc.   Aãs pgr fc
ihofu`hdic m` Bchj qu` pgr `f dghv`hdiai`htg pr`sim`hdicf, Dbucyoo`t ou`
hgalrcmg prgdurcmgr o`m`rcf m`f Dghsuaimgr. @sc dgyuhturc ou` m`disivc pcrc
Dbucyoo`t pgrqu` f` mig fc gpgrtuhimcm m` scfir m` ]gfudc, fiapicr su iace`h m`
dgaprgaisg dgh fc eul`rhcturc aãs dritidcmc m`f `stcmg, y dghtihucr su dcrr`rc

o`m`rcf. ^`s` c tgmg, dgag fg gls`rvc dgh ceum`zc uh pgfátidg, fc dcámc m` L`t`tc
ou` l`héoidc pcrc Dbucyoo`t.3?
Dgh `f r`spcfmg m` Bchj, Dbucyoo`t s` cd`rdô cf pr`sim`ht` Tcfihcs, m`stcdô `h
fcs r`uhigh`s goidicf`s y lusdô `f cpgyg y `f dghs`kg m` uh bgalr` d`rdchg cf
achmctcrig, Kgsé Orchdisdg \uiz Acssi`u, c qui`h f` dghoiô, dgag yc fg bclác
b`dbg m`sm` sus ti`apgs m` cfdcfm`, qu` m`s`clc s`r egl`rhcmgr.35  Ti Bchj y
\uiz Acssi`u f` cffchcrgh `f dcaihg bcdic `f pr`sim`ht`, su cdtivimcm pgfátidc fg
bizg sglr`scfir dgag uh ouhdighcrig dcpcz y f`cf. Ou` csá qu` cf dr`crs` `f
Ihstitutg O`m`rcf @f`dtgrcf, `f grechisag r`eufcmgr m` fcs `f`ddigh`s `h Aéxidg,
Dbucyoo`t s` dghvirtiô `h su pria`r mir`dtgr e`h`rcf. M`limg c qu` fgs dgaidigs
s` dghvirti`rgh `h fc prihdipcf pr`gdupcdiôh pgfátidc m` Tcfihcs, Dbucyoo`t tuvg
fc gpgrtuhimcm m` m`agstrcr qu` `rc uh pgfátidg dcpcz y hg sôfg uh lu`h

cmaihistrcmgr.
Cf dghdfuir `f egli`rhg m` ^idbcrmg `h 3994, Dbucyoo`t oieurô dgag `f a`kgr
dchmimctg c sud`m`rfg; bclác dgfclgrcmg dgh Bchj, dgh M`f Aczg y dgh L`t`tc,
t`hác dcrr`rc fgdcf y uhc `xitgsc (y `h `s` aga`htg auy visilf`) dcrr`rc o`m`rcf.
^r`disca`ht` pgr dgfclgrcr dgh tgmgs `ffgs, Dbucyoo`t hg `stclc im`htioidcmg dgh
hiheuhg: pgr `f dghtrcrig, ‖uhác e`h`rcdigh`s, prgy`dtgs, cacrrclc erupgs‑.32
Tus dgap`timgr`s hg bclách cfdchzcmg fc tcffc pgfátidc r`qu`rimc pcrc gdupcr fc
eul`rhcturc, a`hgs duchmg s` t`hác cûh auy or`sdc fc `xp`ri`hdic m` L`t`tc y `f
`sou`rzg m` ^idbcrmg. Tus prihdipcf`s dght`hmi`ht`s, Bual`rtg Firc Agrc y
Acuridig _cfm`s, cuh duchmg pgs`ách trcy`dtgrics iapgrtcht`s, agstrclch tr`s
m`o`dtgs m`disivgs; sus dcrr`rcs `rch pgr dgapf`tg fgdcf`s, `stclch mir`dtc g
ihmir`dtca`ht` im`htioidcmgs dgh `f erupg m` Bchj y, sglr` tgmg, dgh `f m`
^idbcrmg (Firc Agrc `rc su s`dr`tcrig m` Egli`rhg y _cfmés `f fám`r m`f ^\I
`stctcf), y calgs p`rt`h`dách cf e`héridg _cff` m` Aéxidg.39 Dbucyoo`t, ogracmg
`h fc trcmidiôh m` ]gfudc y vihdufcmg c tgmgs fgs r`di`ht`s `x achmctcrigs, `rc fc
ecrchtác m` dghtihuimcm `h fc dgb`siôh m` fc éfit` fgdcf.
Dbucyoo`t, dgag pgdgs pgfátidgs, bc b`dbg uhc dcrr`rc cd`f`rcmc, `h dghtcdtg
 dgh miv`rsgs ouhdighcrigs, fg qu` ff`vô c p`hscr c audbgs `h uh prgy`dtg
m`fil`rcmg pcrc cfdchzcr fc eul`rhcturc. Ph mctg s` sulrcyc `h su dcrr`rc; p`s` c
fgs aûftipf`s dghtcdtgs, éf hg `stclf`diô dgaprgaisgs ihmisgfulf`s. ‖Dbucyoo`t,
mid` uh pgfátidg d`rdchg c éf, hg `s m` hcmi`, Dbucyoo`t `stã ouhmchmg uhc hu`vc
mihcstác pgfátidc. Éf `stã dghv`hdimg m` qu` hcdiô pcrc egl`rhcr y `sg f` bc mcmg

uhc `hgra` ou`rzc pcrc bcd`r uhc dcrr`rc auy sôfimc, si`apr` `h csd`hsg y sih
m`p`hm`r m` hcmi`‑.<> Sui`r` dghstruir uh erupg qu` trcsdi`hmc su téraihg f`ecf
y qu` f` cyum` c s`euir egl`rhchmg, si `s pgsilf`, aãs qu` su `stcmg.<3 ^`rg si
`stc calidiôh hg f` `s privctivc, sá fg mistiheu` fc ach`rc m` bcd`rfg; tgmgs fgs
egl`rhcht`s cht`rigr`s ff`ecrgh dgh uh erupg m` caiegs, dcsi si`apr`
dgap`t`ht`s pgfátidgs, qu` fgs cyumcrgh c m`scrrgffcr uhc lu`hc cmaihistrcdiôh.
Fgs cht`rigr`s achmctcrigs hg lcscrgh su cutgrimcm `h `f cpgyg m` erupgs
d`rrcmgs, iap`h`trclf`s: pgr `f dghtrcrig, dgag fg `k`apfioidô `f dcsg m` Bchj,
fc cutgrimcm s` dia`htô `h `f iapufsg c hu`vgs pgfátidgs. Dbucyoo`t, `h dcalig,
‖hg dghoác `h hcmi`‑, s` bc rgm`cmg m` dgfclgrcmgr`s kôv`h`s, ih`xp`rtgs qu` f`
cs`eurch su csd`hm`hdic p`rsghcf, su dghtrgf.<<
@f eclih`t` (vécs` `f ducmrg ?.3) au`strc dgh dfcrimcm `f duimcmg qu`

Dbucyoo`t
`h pusg(hcturcfa`ht`,
`f `stcmg `h dulrir r`quisitgs ogracf`s;m`
sgh griuhmgs tgmgs
éf),ti`h`h
p`rg cht`d`m`ht`s pgfátidgs
sus trcy`dtgrics sgh
fiaitcmcs y, pgr `hm`, dgh pgdc `xp`ri`hdic; m` fgs ghd` titufcr`s sgfca`ht` tr`s
bclách t`himg cht`s uhc r`spghsclifimcm siaifcr. ]gmgs, `h dghtrcst`, ti`h`h
r`fcdigh`s p`rsghcf`s dgh Dbucyoo`t m`sm` fgs cógs `h qu` ou` s`dr`tcrig m`
@mudcdiôh dgh M`f Aczg y cfeuhgs, dgag su s`dr`tcrig m` Egli`rhg, Dcacdbg
Suirgz, su sulcft`rhg dgh L`t`tc.<4  Fc ih`xp`ri`hdic y fc r`fcdiôh p`rsghcf f`
ecrchtizclch qu` egl`rhcrác dgh cyumcht`s, hg dgh dgfclgrcmgr`s: `h r`cfimcm,
dgag fg bc cpuhtcmg uh gls`rvcmgr, Dbucyoo`t hg m`siehô s`dr`tcrigs, sihg
suls`dr`tcrigs c fgs qu` ihmidclc qué bcd`r, dôag y duãhmg.<=
Dghtrgfcr `s fc pcfclrc aãs cm`ducmc pcrc dcfioidcr fc cdtucdiôh m` Dbucyoo`t:
fc vieifchdic qu` `k`rdiô `h `f hgalrcai`htg m` fgs s`dr`tcrigs fc `xt`hmiô c
pu`stgs a`hgr`s ` ihdfusg ogracfa`ht` ck`hgs (fc cfdcfmác m` ]gfudc, pgr
`k`apfg) mghm` fcs m`siehcdigh`s dghtcrgh dgh su vistg lu`hg. <0
 

@stc t`hm`hdic c dghtrgfcr bc simg gst`hsilf`. Murcht` su pria`r cóg dgag

egl`rhcmgr, Dbucyoo`t prgagviô `f dcalig prgouhmg m` fc Dghstitudiôh fgdcf,
qu` iapfidô hg sôfg r`stituirf` su dcrãdt`r hgractivg sihg tcaliéh fc
agmioidcdiôh m` cfeuhcs mispgsidigh`s `s`hdicf`s.<? Fc aãs iapgrtcht` m` `ffcs
ou` glfiecr cf Dgher`sg fgdcf c hgalrcr cf s`dr`tcrig m` Egli`rhg dgag
egl`rhcmgr sustitutg `h dcsg m` cus`hdic m`f `f`dtg. Bcstc cht`s m` 399=, fc
Dghstitudiôh dghd`mác c fgs f`eisfcmgr`s fc ocduftcm m` m`siehcr c qui`h
dghsim`rcrch cm`ducmg: pgr `sg c M`f Aczg fg r`apfczô Lcrchmc, `f s`dr`tcrig
m` Oihchzcs, y c L`t`tc, ^idbcrmg, `f prgdurcmgr o`m`rcf m`f Dghsuaimgr.
Dgh fc r`ograc dghstitudighcf, `f Dgher`sg hg ti`h` ctriludigh`s pcrc `f`eir,
sihg qu` `stã glfiecmg c acht`h`r fc dghtihuimcm m`f egl`rhcmgr. ^gr `sg,
duchmg `f pr`sim`ht` @rh`stg [`miffg m`siehô c Dbucyoo`t s`dr`tcrig m`
Egl`rhcdiôh `h 3990, ou` Déscr Dcacdbg su sustitutg y hg uh pgfátidg dgh
acygr `xp`ri`hdic hi audbg a`hgs cfeuhg m` sus dghtrihdcht`s `h fc lûsqu`mc
 m` fc eul`rhcturc, dgag Firc Agrc, qu` cf aga`htg m` gdurrir `f dcalig `rc
suls`dr`tcrig m` ^rgt`ddiôh Divif y \`cmcptcdiôh Tgdicf `h Egl`rhcdiôh, g
Acuridig _cfmés, s`hcmgr m` fc r`pûlfidc, g c cfeui`h aãs mistcht`, dgag Ôsdcr
@spihgsc _iffcrr`cf, r`e`ht` m`f Mistritg O`m`rcf. @s mioádif hg cmv`rtir uh

prgouhmg m`s`g m` dghtrgfcr fc pgfátidc fgdcf cuh duchmg éf yc hg s` `hdu`htr` `h

`f pcfcdig m` ]gfudc. Fc agmioidcdiôh dghstitudighcf bc simg fc acygr pru`lc m`
qu` Dbucyoo`t qui`r` uh erupg p`rsghcf qu` mgaih` cf `stcmg.<5
Bcstc 3994 fc sud`siôh pgfátidc m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg bclác simg `f r`suftcmg
m` uhc dgap`t`hdic m` erupgs mirieimgs pgr p`rsghcfimcm`s miv`rscs. @h `sc
dgap`t`hdic uh vcfgr `ht`hmimg y r`sp`tcmg `rc r`dghgd`r qu` bclác mio`r`hdics,
si hg m` oghmg, sá m` `stifg, p`rg qu` si`apr` s` acht`hác fc `sp`rchzc m` vgfv`r
c dghtrgfcr fc pgfátidc y pgr fg tchtg m` bcd`r pr`vcf`d`r `f erupg prgpig. Fc
dgap`t`hdic, dgag `ffgs aisags r`dghgdách, ff`vclc iapfáditc fc cft`rhchdic. @h
tgmg dcsg, fc sglr`viv`hdic m` uh erupg m`p`hmác m`f pr`stieig, fc cddiôh y fc
cutgrimcm m` fgs fám`r`s qu` hg fiaitc- lch hi fc ihdgrpgrcdiôh m` hu`vgs
pgfátidgs hi su m`scrrgffg. Fc oi`f gls`rvchdic m` `st` prihdipig cs`eurô fc
dgb`siôh m` fc éfit` pgrqu` fcs m`rrgtcs hg `rch m`oihitivcs hi iap`mách di`rtgs
ercmgs m` r`pr`s`htcdiôh. ^`rg tcaliéh tuvg gtrc dghs`du`hdic hg a`hgs
iapgrtcht`; p`raitiô `f dghtihug cmi`strcai`htg m` hu`vgs ouhdighcrigs y
pgfátidgs. @h fc a`mimc qu` `f csd`hsg, `h téraihgs e`h`rcf`s, hg supghác fc
m`struddiôh m` fgs m`aãs, fc éfit` pumg r`hgvcrs` dgh pgfátidgs pr`pcrcmgs. @f
r`dursg, m` ach`rc siaifcr c fg qu` gdurriô pgr cógs dgh fc éfit` hcdighcf,
cuspidiô f`cftcm, uhimcm y dgap`t`hdic.
]cf v`z pgr `f cegtcai`htg m` uhc e`h`rcdiôh qu` dr`yô `h `stgs prihdipigs, g
tcf v`z pgrqu` bc cua`htcmg `f hûa`rg m` erupgs `h misputc pgr `f pgm`r,
Dbucyoo`t bc gptcmg pgr dghstruir uh erupg duyc prihdipcf dcrcdt`rástidc `s qu`
`f dghtrgf s` lcsc `h uh dghkuhtg m` s`euimgr`s qu` hg `stãh `h dghmidigh`s m`
misputcrf` `f fim`rczeg. Tu dghtrgf hg m`rivc h`d`scrica`ht` m` uhc dgap`t`hdic
m` dcpcdimcm`s, sihg m`f m`spfczcai`htg m` pgfátidgs pr`pcrcmgs qu`, pgr `ffg
aisag, pgmrách s`euir dcaihgs mistihtgs cf suyg `h `f a`michg pfczg, p`rg `h fg
iha`mictg, pgmrách misdr`pcr. Dgag fg cmvi`rt` uh `htr`vistcmg, ‖fc pgfátidc s`
cpr`hm` pgdg c pgdg, hg s` pu`m` ogracr uh pgfátidg `h uh cóg hi `h uh
s`x`hig‑, fg qu` iapfidc r`dup`rcr fc `xp`ri`hdic cuh duchmg hg s` s`c pcrtimcrig
m`f egl`rhcmgr. Cf acreihcr
acreihcr uhc e`h`rcdiôh pgr rczgh`s m` s`eurimcm pgfátidc, s`
 iaprgvisch s`dr`tcrigs; ‖Dbucyoo`t `s uh r`of`kg m`f cpr`surcai`htg: `s uhc
p`rsghc kgv`h qu` ti`h` dgfclgrcmgr`s kôv`h`s Z…Q hg pu`m`<2`sp`rcrs`,
`htghd`s, qu` pu`mc bcl`r `xp`rtgs m` tr`ihtc g tr`ihtc y dihdg cógs‑.
Dghtrc fc trcmidiôh, Dbucyoo`t hg bc dghstruimg uh fim`rczeg sihg uhc k`octurc,

`s m`dir, `apf`c fc k`rcrquác, fc cutgrimcm ogracf pcrc iapgh`rs` c sus

sulcft`rhgs. Cuhqu` pcr`d` ihdghd`lilf` qu` `stg pu`mc gdurrir `h uhc éfit` dgh
uhc ou`rt` trcmidiôh m` uhimcm y dgh vcfgr`s tch crrciecmgs dgag fc qu` bc
dcrcdt`rizcmg cf @stcmg m` Aéxidg, `xist`h cfeuhgs ocdtgr`s `xt`rhgs, dgh
pr`disiôh, m` pgfátidc hcdighcf, qu` bch aihcmg su pr`stieig. @h 399= `f
dchmimctg pr`sim`hdicf, Fuis Mghcfmg Dgfgsig ou` cs`sihcmg y `f pri tuvg qu`
iaprgviscr c uh sustitutg. @f m`sckust` pgfátidc qu` s` prgvgdô s` ff`vô dghsieg,
`htr` gtrgs audbgs `f`a`htgs, cf pr`sim`ht` m`f ^\I. Fc `a`re`hdic pgfátidc ou`
dghoicmc, gtrc v`z, c uh bgalr` m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg, c ^idbcrmg.
M`sm` `htghd`s, fc iace`h tgmgpgm`rgsc m`f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg ou` r`vivimc
pcrc mcr du`htc m` fg ih`sp`rcmg; su ou`rzc `s tch erchm`, s` m`dác, qu` d`rdô cf
pr`sim`ht` Tcfihcs y m`t`raihô fc sud`siôh. Hu`vca`ht` s` uhiô c ^idbcrmg dgh
Bchj y fc ca`hczc m`f erupg s` trchsograô `h uhc dghkurc; `h s`pti`alr` m`
399= `f s`dr`tcrig e`h`rcf m`f ^\I, Kgsé Orchdisdg \uiz Acssi`u, ou` cs`sihcmg y
su b`rachg, Acrig \uiz Acssi`u, sulprgdurcmgr m` fc r`pûlfidc, cdusô c
^idbcrmg y c Bual`rtg L`hát`z ]r`vióg, uhg m` sus bgalr`s m` dghoichzc y `h
`s` aga`htg prgdurcmgr e`h`rcf, m` `stcr iapfidcmgs `h `f bgaidimig. @f aitg
r`viviô y c ou`rzc m` r`p`tirfg pcr`diô dr`álf`; Bchj y ^idbcrmg dghspirclch `h
dghtrc m`f pcás.<9
@f dcpitcf pgfátidg m` ^idbcrmg, aãs qu` `f m` Bchj, s` ecstô `h pgdgs a`s`s y
cfdchzô c sus s`euimgr`s `h fc `htimcm. Dbucyoo`t siapf`a`ht` dght`apfô dôag
fc ou`rzc m` su prihdipcf cmv`rscrig m`scpcr`dác sih qu` éf bidi`rc hiheûh
`sou`rzg.4>  ^`rg si Dbucyoo`t `fiaihô sih prgpghérs`fg c `s` erupg, echô pgr
gaisiôh c uh pr`sim`ht`. M`limg c fc ure`hdic dgh qu` ou` `f`eimg dchmimctg
sustitutg, @rh`stg [`miffg hg s` pr`pcrô pcrc dghgd`r y cd`rdcrs` c Ips erupgs
pgfátidgs m`f pcás: pgr `sg, dgag li`h fg s`ócfcrc uh pgfátidg fgdcf, `s `f pria`r
achmctcrig qu` hg dghgd` c hcmi` `h `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg y qu` bc gptcmg pgr
hg iht`rv`hir `h fc pgfátidc fgdcf pcrc m`kcrfc `h achgs m`f egl`rhcmgr `h turhg.
^gr uhc dirduhstchdic ogrtuitc, Dbucyoo`t bc cpcr`dimg cht` fgs gkgs m`f
43
 pr`sim`ht` dgag `f fám`r dghoiclf` m` fc `htimcm.
Fc ogrtcf`zc m`f erupg m` Dbucyoo`t bc m`p`hmimg m` ocdtgr`s `xtrcgrmihcrigs
qu` bch aihcmg c uhc éfit` mistiheuimc pgr su uhimcm. @f ri`seg c a`michg pfczg
`s `f m` dgrr`r fc aisac su`rt` qu` fc éfit` hcdighcf c pcrtir m` fgs cógs gdb`htc;
`f m`spfczcai`htg m` pgfátidgs cv`zcmgs pgr ouhdighcrigs kôv`h`s ` ih`xp`rtgs.

@stc v`z, `ap`rg, fc ca`hczc hg prgvi`h` m`f egli`rhg o`m`rcf g m` fcs cddigh`s
m` uh ouhdighcrig ‖dghtcaihcmg pgr `f Mistritg O`m`rcf‑, sihg m` uh pr`stieicmg
tgfuqu`óg qu` clr`vô `h fcs a`kgr`s trcmidigh`s pgfátidcs m`f `stcmg. Suizã s`
trct` m`f cegtcai`htg m` uhc éfit` ihdcpcditcmc pcrc dgrr`eir sus m`o`dtgs.

Hgtcs cf pi`
3 @htr`vistcs m, o, j, b y k.
< @htr`vistc d.

4 @htr`vistc `.
= @htr`vistc d.

0 @htr`vistcs o y `.
? @htr`vistcsjy o.

5 @htr`vistc d.
2 @htr`vistcs o y d.

9 @htr`vistcs e yk.
3> @f
 @f Tgf m` ]gfudc,
]gfudc, 4
 4 m` acrzg m` 3959.
33 @htr`vistc k.
3< @htr`vistc d.

34 @htr`vistc d.
3=
30 @htr`vistc j.
 @htr`vistc d.
3? @htr`vistc e.
35 @htr`vistcs l y d.

32 @htr`vistc m.
39 @htr`vistcs m y j.

<> @htr`vistc d.
<3 @htr`vistcs m y b.
 << @htr`vistcs e ` i.
<4 @htr`vistcs m y `.

<= @htr`vistc d.
<0 @htr`vistc e.

<? @htr`vistcs d ` i.
<5 @htr`vistc b.
<2 @htr`vistc d.

<9
 Aãs tcrm` `f prihdipcf cduscmgr, Acrig \uiz Acssi`u, ou` dcpturcmg `h @stcmgs Phimgs y pgr a`s`s
`stuvg sga`timg c kuidigs m` `xtrcmidiôh ihorudtugsgs. C p`scr m`f orcdcsg, `f prgd`sg sirviô pcrc `xbilir cf
`x ouhdighcrig dgag uhg m` fgs aãs dgrruptgs y dcfdufcmgr`s qu` bcych pcscmg pgr fc cmaihistrcdiôh
o`m`rcf. Cuh csá, `f `o`dtg sglr` `f ^\I y sglr` ^idbcrmg ou`rgh m`agf`mgr`s.
4> @htr`vistc d. Dbucyoo`t bc mcmg sglrcmcs au`strcs m` qu`r`r cf`kcrs` m` Bchj y su erupg p`s` c su
`vim`ht` m`umc p`rsghcf dgh `f prgo`sgr. M`sm` qu` ou` m`siehcmg s`dr`tcrig m` Egl`rhcdiôh, cuhqu` hg bc
h`ecmg `f cpgyg m` Bchj, sá bc sulrcycmg qu` éf s` ograô dgh \`y`s B`rgf`s. Tu misdursg cf tgacr
pgs`siôh m`f dcreg o`m`rcf, dghstituy` fc pru`lc aãs hátimc m` su `sou`rzg pgr tgacr mistchdic m` Bchj y
pr`s`htcrs` dgag b`r`m`rg m`f pgfátidg v`rcdruzchg.
43 @htr`vistc b.
 

DGHDFPTIGH@T

Murcht` cógs fc pgfátidc a`xidchc bc sgrpr`hmimg c fgs chcfistcs y s` bc

dghv`rtimg `h uh p`rach`ht` t`ac m` iht`rés pgr fcs rcr`zcs qu` pr`s`htc. ^`rg c
p`scr m`f `sou`rzg hcmi` cdi`rtc c `hdghtrcr `f agm`fg t`ôridg qu` `xpfiqu`
dclcfa`ht` cf sist`ac. Bc simg or`du`ht` qu` fgs `hscygs t`raih`h s`ócfchmg
qu` Aéxidg `s uhc `xd`pdiôh
`xd`pd iôh qu`, sih `alcreg, dgapcrt` dcrcdt`rástidcs m` gtrgs
pcás`s. T` bch dr`cmg ihdfusg tipgfgeács `h fcs qu` `f ûhidg dcsg `s Aéxidg. 3 Hg
bcy mumc m` qu` `f m`sdghdi`rtg bc mcmg pcsg c fc ihv`hdiôh. Duchmg fcs t`grács
hg cfdchzch c `xpfidcr tgmg, s` r`durr` c iaãe`h`s y dct`egrács qu`, sih s`r
prgpics m` fc pgfátidc, s` pcr`d`h c fg qu` s` m`s`c `xpfidcr.
Fc uhimcm m` uhc éfit` pgfátidc, su r`hgvcdiôh sih dghofidtgs y sglr` tgmg uhc
dfcrc dghtihuimcm `h prgy`dtgs ` ihdfusg `h `stifgs m` dgapgrtcai`htg, `h a`mig
m` fc ih`xist`hdic m` dgap`t`hdic `f`dtgrcf y m` uh s`rvidig divif m` dcrr`rc qu`
hgracrc glk`tivca`ht` `f csd`hsg y `f r`dfutcai`htg `h `f s`rvidig pûlfidg,
mi`rgh fuecr c fc v`rsiôh m` fc ‖ocaific r`vgfudighcric‑, iht`ercmc pgr fgs

pgfátidgs
mioádif v`raãs m`stcdcmgs
`h `stc y qu`
v`rsiôh uh m`dimác
iht`htg dôag
siapf` y quiéhuhc
m` `xpfidcr `k`rdác &  pgm`r. Hg `rc
siheufcrimcm.
Fc im`c m` ocaific suei`r`, cht`s qu` ducfqui`r gtrc dgsc, uhimcm y sud`siôh
b`r`mitcric. Fc dgb`siôh r`suftc m`f váhdufg p`rsghcf y, `h su dcsg, m`f iht`rés pgr
pr`s`rvcr fcs pgs`sigh`s. M` fc ‖ocaific r`vgfudighcric‑ sureiô uhc m`rivcdiôh
qu` s` bc vu`ftg aátidc; `f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg, uh erupg hcdimg pcrc dghtrgfcr fc
pgfátidc m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg y duyc ou`rzc f` bc p`raitimg ihofuir
m`disivca`ht` `h fc hcdighcf. M` cdu`rmg dgh `sc v`rsiôh (prgouhmca`ht`
 crrciecmc `h miv`rsgs s`dtgr`s cdcméaidgs ` ihdfusg pgfátidgs) `f erupg bclrác
simg dr`cmg pgr Isimrg Ocl`fc `h 39=< dgh tcf duimcmg m` fgs m`tcff`s qu` hg sôfg
bclrác sglr`vivimg c éf, sihg qu` bclrác dr`cmg uh grm`hcai`htg iht`rhg pcrc
m`t`raihcr c fgs fám`r`s sud`sgr`s sih prgvgdcr dghofidtgs g oriddigh`s. Ercdics c
`s` `xtrcóg grm`hcai`htg (uhc `sp`di` m` vgtg r`fieigsg qu` hg s` misdut` p`rg

qu` hgrac dghmudtcs) Ocl`fc bclrác m`dimimg c fgs egl`rhcmgr`s y, c su au`rt`,

Dcrfgs Bchj fg bclrác sud`mimg dgag fám`r m`f erupg y m` fc pgfátidc `stctcf.
@f prglf`ac m` `stc v`rsiôh pgpufcr `s qu` `s m`acsicmg s`hdiffc pcrc s`r
v`rmcm`rc. Fc r`cfimcm `s audbg aãs dgapf`kc m` fg qu` pcr`d`. C pcrtir m` fc
ff`ecmc m` Ocl`fc c fc eul`rhcturc, fc éfit` m`f @stcmg m` Aéxidg bc fgercmg
m`scrrgffcr uhc `xtrcgrmihcric uhimcm qu` f` bc p`raitimg h`egdicr sus
mio`r`hdics y, cht` tgmg, m`dimir fgs dcaligs `h `f pgm`r. ^`rg `sc uhimcm hg bc
r`suftcmg m` fc iapgsidiôh m` uh pctricrdc sihg m` uhc dgalihcdiôh m` vcfgr`s,
`xp`dtctivcs y dirduhstchdics.
Fc aãs iapgrtcht` m` tgmcs `s fc ulidcdiôh e`gerãoidc m` fc `htimcm. Hg sôfg
`s fc aãs d`rdchc c fc dcpitcf m`f pcás, sihg qu` `h `stridtg s`htimg fc `hvu`fv`.
@sc d`rdchác, fc iapgrtchdic `dghôaidc y pgfátidc qu` bc cfdchzcmg y uh
prgouhmg s`htiai`htg m` m`spgkg lcscmg `h fc autifcdiôh m` t`rritgrig pcrc dr`cr
tr`s `stcmgs m` fc r`pûlfidc, bc m`sp`rtcmg `h fgs bclitcht`s m`f @stcmg m`
Aéxidg y `h pcrtidufcr `h sus pgfátidgs, fc im`c m` qu` `f Mistritg O`m`rcf `s uhc
ca`hczc p`rach`ht`. Cf cercvig bch cócmimg fc h`d`simcm m` prgt`e`rs` y m`
prgt`e`r fc pgfátidc fgdcf pcrc qu` siec si`hmg uh pctriaghig m` sus pgfátidgs.
Fc uhimcm dcrcdt`rástidc m` `sc éfit` bc simg uhc r`cddiôh dghsdi`h- t` y
m`fil`rcmc pcrc sglr`vivir. M` cbá qu` fc bcych dghv`rtimg `h uhc hgrac m`
dghmudtc qu` m`t`raihc fc ach`rc m` r`sgfv`r fcs mio`r`hdics y cuh fcs misputcs.
Fgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s `stãh p`rsucmimgs m` qu` uhc dghorghtcdiôh m`sa`mimc
s`rác cprgv`dbcmc pgr `f egli`rhg d`htrcf pcrc iapgh`rf`s uh mirie`ht` y
m`spgkcrfgs m`f pgm`r. M` `stc ach`rc fg qu` pcr`d` uh rcseg iapu`stg pgr `f
pctricrdc `s uhc cdtitum m`o`hsivc.
Ph csp`dtg iht`r`scht` m` `sc éfit` `s qu` fc uhimcm hg iapfidc fc `xist`hdic m`
uh sgfg y pgm`rgsg erupg pgfátidg qu` dghtrgf` fc `htimcm. ^gr `f dghtrcrig, fc
éfit` s` `hdu`htrc mivimimc `h vcrigs erupgs `hdcl`zcmgs pgr fám`r`s `sp`dáoidgs.
^crc fgs pgfátidgs, fc `xist`hdic m` fgs erupgs hg `s dghm`hclf` pgrqu` s` bch
dghv`rtimg `h uh a`mig `oidcz pcrc r`dfutcr hu`vgs ouhdighcrigs, p`raitir `f
csd`hsg y fc `xp`ri`hdic y misputcr `f pgm`r fgdcf m`htrg m`f pcrtimg mgaihcht`.
 csd`hsg y fc `xp`ri`hdic y misputcr `f pgm`r fgdcf m`htrg m`f pcrtimg mgaihcht`.
C mio`r`hdic m` fg qu` pgmrác supgh`rs`, pcrc fgs pgfátidgs m`f `stcmg fgs erupgs
sgh fc v`rsiôh a`xidchc
sgh ihmisp`hsclf`s m` fc cft`rhchdic `h `f pgm`r. Dgag s` v`, fgs erupgs
y cd`ptcmgs.
@h `scs dirduhstchdics, `s hcturcf qu` s` m`scrrgff` uh prihdipig m` f`cftcm,

dgag mid`h `ffgs, p`rsghcf c uh fám`r ` ihstitudighcf cf sist`ac y fgs a`dchisags

qu` hgrach fc vimc pgfátidc. Fc pria`rc ecrchtizc fc trcy`dtgric y cdcsg `f éxitg
m` dcmc pgfátidg, p`rg fc s`euhmc cs`eurc fc sup`rviv`hdic m` fc éfit` `h su
dghkuhtg. M`f aisag agmg qu` fc uhimcm ti`h` su grie`h `h fc ca`hczc qu`
r`pr`s`htc pcrc `ffgs `f egli`rhg o`m`rcf, fc f`cftcm `stã ihspircmc `h `f
r`dghgdiai`htg m` qu` tchtg fgs erupgs dgag `f sist`ac `h e`h`rcf sgh `oidcd`s
r`dursgs pcrc bcd`r pgfátidc. Fc dgb`siôh m` uhc éfit` hg s` `xpfidc ûhidca`ht`
pgr fc `xist`hdic m` uhc ocaific hi m` uh pctricrdc.
@f Mistritg O`m`rcf `s uh dghmidighcht` m`disivg `h fc pgfátidc m`f `stcmg. @h
r`cfimcm, `s audbg aãs qu` uhc ca`hczc fct`ht`, pu`s fc dcpitcf m`f pcás, `h
tchtg dghd`htrc fc vimc pgfátidc hcdighcf, m`t`raihc fcs pcutcs m`
dgapgrtcai`htg `dghôaidg y pgfátidg. Ti sus m`disigh`s y cdtitum`s iapcdtch c
tgmg `f pcás, sus `o`dtgs sgh iha`mictgs `h fc `htimcm dghtieuc. C mio`r`hdic m` fg
qu` sud`m` `h gtrgs `stcmgs, duyc f`kchác m` fc dcpitcf bcd` fcs trchsogracdigh`s
aãs f`htcs y tcrmács, `h `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg lcstc druzcr uhc dcff` pcrc `stcr
`xpu`stg c fgs dcaligs. Fgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s viv`h fc pgfátidc m`f `stcmg dgag
uhc `xt`hsiôh m` fc hcdighcf. Dgag `ffgs aisags fg `xpr`sch, fc r`fcdiôh `htr`
]gfudc y `f Mistritg O`m`rcf `s dgag fc qu` `xist` `htr` Aéxidg y @stcmgs
Phimgs; tch `str`dbc qu` e`h`rc r`sist`hdics p`rg tcaliéh s`a`kchzcs hgtclf`s.
@sc d`rdchác ou` m`t`raihcht` pcrc fc agm`rhizcdiôh pgfátidc y `dghôaidc m`f
`stcmg. Phc dirduhstchdic bizg pgsilf` qu` fc `vgfudiôh fgdcf dgihdimi`rc dgh fc
hcdighcf. @h 39=< fc éfit` trcmidighcf m`f `stcmg mig au`strcs ih`quávgdcs m`
cegtcai`htg; `f egl`rhcmgr `f`eimg pgr `ffc ou` cs`sihcmg pgr gtrg m` sus
ai`alrgs. @f m`spr`stieig pgfátidg y fc oira` m`disiôh m`f pr`sim`ht` Achu`f
Ãvifc Dcacdbg m` dgrr`eir `f rualg m` fc `htimcm, bidi`rgh pgsilf` qu` tgacrc
`f pgm`r Isimrg Ocl`fc, uh pr`stieicmg mipfgaãtidg cf`kcmg m` fcs r`hdiffcs
fgdcf`s. Ocl`fc dghtô dgh tgmg `f cpgyg pr`sim`hdicf pcrc `fiaihcr fc vi`kc éfit` y
s`htcr fcs lcs`s m`f dr`diai`htg `dghôaidg. ^crc fgercrfg, ou` h`d`scrig vigfcr fc
Dghstitudiôh fgdcf y dr`cr uh erupg dgapcdtg y f`cf cf egl`rhcmgr, qu`
 p`raiti`rc `f m`scrrgffg m` uhc hu`vc éfit`, aãs cdgrm` dgh fc hcdighcf.
@f rcseg mistihtivg m` fc cdtucdiôh m` Ocl`fc, aãs iapgrtcht` ihdfusg qu` `f
hcdiai`htg
aga`htg. Tu m`fff`ecmc
Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg, ou` r`dghgd`r
c ]gfudc dgihdimiô fc gpgrtuhimcm `dghôaidc
dgh fc trchsogracdiôh bistôridc m`fy
pgfátidc qu` pusg `h acrdbc Ãvifc Dcacdbg. M` tgmcs fcs trchsogracdigh`s qu`

`apr`hmiô, vcf` fc p`hc m`stcdcr mgs qu` iapcdtcrgh mir`dtca`ht` c fc `htimcm;

fc ihmustricfizcdiôh m`f pcás y `f cf`kcai`htg m` fgs aifitcr`s m`f ppgm`r
gm`r.. @h calgs
csp`dtgs `f @stcmg m` Aéxidg s` vig l`h`oidicmg, pgrqu` Ocl`fc m`stihô vcstcs
zghcs m` fc `htimcm pcrc qu` s` `stclf`di`rch fcs ihmustrics y dghtô dgh `f
r`spcfmg h`d`scrig pcrc dr`cr su erupg y cf`htcr c kôv`h`s pgfátidgs qu` dgh `f
ti`apg s`rách iapgrtcht`s. @sc gpgrtuhimcm bizg pgsilf` qu` fc `htimcm uhi`rc su
outurg cf m`f pcás y r`dili`rc, quizã cht`s qu` hiheûh gtrg, fgs pria`rgs
l`h`oidigs m` fc agm`rhizcdiôh hcdighcf. M`sm` `htghd`s, fc vimc pgfátidc fgdcf
`s tch s`a`kcht` qu` s` dghouhm` dgh fc hcdighcf.
Fcs dirduhstchdics m`f `stcmg y fc trcy`dtgric m` Ocl`fc acrdcrgh `f m`stihg
m`f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg. Auy f`kgs m` fc v`rsiôh pgpufcr qu` coirac su
`xist`hdic y pgm`r bcstc `f pr`s`ht`, `f erupg hg pumg sglr`vivir aãs cffã m` fgs
cógs dihdu`htc. Fc rczôh `s siapf`; Ocl`fc dr`ô `f erupg dgh pgfátidgs qu` éf
dghgdác y `h qui`h`s dghoiclc, p`rg qu` pgr `sg aisag p`rt`h`dách c su aisac
e`h`rcdiôh, y dgh kôv`h`s, cfeuhgs cmgf`sd`ht`s, c fgs qu` iapufsô y prgt`eiô.
^crc fgs pria`rgs, Ocl`fc ou` uh fám`r dgh `f ducf s` `stclf`di`rgh dgaprgaisgs,
p`rg pcrc fgs s`euhmgs sôfg ou` uh pgfátidg visighcrig. @h `scs dghmidigh`s, `f
ti`apg m`f qu` mispghác Ocl`fc pcrc cs`eurcrs` `f pgm`r ou` auy dgrtg.
Cf cegtcai`htg e`h`rcdighcf s` suaô fc dfcrc vgfuhtcm pr`sim`hdicf m`
iap`mir fc dghsgfimcdiôh m` Ocl`fc y su erupg. M`f aisag agmg qu` `f egli`rhg
o`m`rcf cpgyô irr`stridtca`ht` cf mipfgaãtidg pcrc agm`rhizcr `f `stcmg, f`
iapimiô m`dimir c fgs sud`sgr`s. Ãvifc Dcacdbg f` p`raitiô c Ocl`fc m`kcr c su
sglrihg, Cfor`mg m`f Aczg _éf`z, pcrc ecrchtizcr fc dghtihuimcm m` fc glrc, p`rg
hg cdd`miô c acht`h`rfg dgag fám`r `xtrcf`ecf y fg `hviô ou`rc m`f pcás.
Fc ocftc m` dgb`siôh m`f erupg, qu` s` achio`stô `h dghofidtgs `htr` Ocl`fc y
M`f Aczg, y fc m`t`raihcdiôh m` Aieu`f Cf`aãh m` cf`kcr cf mipfgaãtidg,
t`raihcrgh dgh fc ihofu`hdic m`f Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg. Cf`aãh, `h uhc
m`agstrcdiôh m` cutgrimcm, bizg qu` Tcfvcmgr Tãhdb`z Dgfáh, uh m`stcdcmg
ihe`hi`rg cerôhgag, `xp`rtg `h `f duftivg m` ceucdct`s y fiagh`s y `hdcrecmg
 m`f rchdbg m`f pr`sim`ht` `h _`rcdruz, s` dghvirti`rc `h egl`rhcmgr. @htr`
Tãhdb`z Dgfáh y Ocl`fc fg ûhidg qu` bclác `h dgaûh `rc `f fuecr m` hcdiai`htg,
Ctfcdgaufdg.
y c su erupg `hTusáalgfgs,
glrc y fgs
hgpgfátidgs qu`
`h cdtgr`s fg cdgapcócrgh,
m`disivgs dghvirti`rgh
m` fc pgfátidc fgdcf. c Ocl`fc
C pcrtir m` `htghd`s bulg uhc sud`siôh m` erupgs `h `f pgm`r. M`spués m`

Tãhdb`z Dgfáh y dgh `f dfcrg prgpôsitg m` t`raihcr dgh fc ihofu`hdic m` Ocl`fc,

ff`ecrgh cf ^cfcdig m` Egli`rhg m` ]gfudc mgs pgfátidgs m`stcdcmgs `h `f `stcmg,
p`rg tcaliéh `h `f ãalitg hcdighcf, dgag Eustcvg Lcz ykuch O`rhãhm`z
Cflcrrãh. Ti li`h `h dcmc p`rigmg `s pgsilf` r`dghgd`r r`fcdigh`s p`rsghcf`s
`htr` `f egl`rhcmgr y `f pr`sim`ht` `h turhg, qu` s` vu`fv`h vitcf`s pcrc `vitcr `f
r`dbczg fgdcf, `h `f dcsg m` `stgs egl`rhcmgr`s ĩg iapgrtcht` ou` `f r`hgalr` m`
dcmc uhg pcrc `hor`htcr `f m`f prgpig Ocl`fc. Fc cutghgaác m` qu` mispusi`rgh
f`s p`raitiô acht`h`r cf acre`h c fgs pgdgs bgalr`s qu` qu`mclch vihdufcmgs
cf Erupg Ctfcdgaufdg. Cuh csá, hi Lcz hi O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh dr`crgh erupgs
qu` fgercrch p`rach`d`r.
p`rach`d`r.
@f pcdáoidg r`f`vg m` fgs erupgs y fc dghtihuc ihdgrpgrcdiôh m` hu`vgs
pgfátidgs, p`raitiô qu` fc éfit` iapufscmc pgr Ocl`fc s` capficrc s`hsilf`a`ht`.
Hg glstcht`, hiheuhg m` fgs achmctcrigs qu` sud`mi`rgh cf mipfgaãtidg pumg
dghv`rtirs` `h uh fám`r dcpcz m` r`uhirác. ^gr `f dghtrcrig, fgs pgfátidgs fgdcf`s
grieihcrgh erupgs m` mistihtg tcacóg, p`rg m` ieucf ou`rzc qu` f`s iapimi`rgh c
tgmgs sglr`scfir. Bcdic oih`s m` fc médcmc m` fgs s`s`htc s` suaô c `stc
misp`rsiôh fc au`rt` g fc `mcm cvchzcmc m` fgs `x egl`rhcmgr`s. Fc h`d`simcm m`
uh fim`rczeg `rc aãs qu` `vim`ht` duchmg O`rhãhm`z Cflcrrãh dgapf`tô su
p`rigmg. És` ou` `f aga`htg `h `f qu` cpcr`diô fc oieurc m`f prgo`sgr Dcrfgs
Bchj. Cmgf`sd`ht` m`stcdcmg `h ti`apgs m` Ocl`fc, Bchj supg cprgv`dbcr dcmc
gpgrtuhimcm qu` s` f` ou` clri`hmg hg sôfg pcrc `xpchmir su r`m m` r`fcdigh`s
p`rsghcf`s, sihg pcrc m`agstrcr sus bclifimcm`s dgag pgfátidg y cmaihistrcmgr.
Fc r`dghstruddiôh m` fc dcrr`rc m` Bchj r`v`fc qu` s` prgpusg dr`cr uh erupg
qu` f` sirvi`rc m`fil`rcmca`ht` pcrc dghquistcr `f pgm`r. Y éstc sá `s uhc
mio`r`hdic siehioidctivc r`sp`dtg m` sus cht`d`sgr`s.
M` Ocl`fc c Lcz hiheûh achmctcrig dghstruyô uh erupg pcrc ff`ecr c ]gfudc,
`h lu`hc a`mimc pgrqu` hiheuhg dght`apfô dghv`rtirs` `h egl`rhcmgr m`f
@stcmg m` Aéxidg. @h dghs`du`hdic, duchmg ff`ecrgh cf pgm`r ogracrgh `quipgs
m` dgfclgrcmgr`s qu`, cuhqu` f`s ecrchtizclch f`cftcm, hg bclách simg r`dfutcmgs