Ckstjfj`cðk j ^uastj Xcarrj `dk Oaktdkctj

Ak tarrakd, puaha josdroar bumahjh haf suafd `cr`ukhjkta y ãstj as fj prck`cpjf
rjzðk pjrj usjrfj yj qua astj prdpcahjh jyuhj j astjocfczjr fj cmpahjk`cj haf
afa`trdhd j fd fjrld haf júd. Xcaka ojgj rascstcvchjh - jprdxcmjhjmakta 1 dbm -
matrd y kd as `drrdscvj. Ojgd `dkhc`cdkas axtramjhjmakta sa`js, fj maz`fj
puaha rasquaorjgjrsa ddira`cakhd
ira`cakhd jsí pd`d `dktj`td `dk af aafa`trdhd.
fa`trdhd. Fj
Oaktdkctj
ak astjhd as ha `jrê`tar
ckarta. tcxdtrðpc`j
Fj Oaktdkctj sa usjy mês
pdr fd tjktd sa `dmd
j makuhd ak`uaktrj ak idrmj
mjtarcjf ha laf
ha raffakd jf
aktarrjr ojrrjs prdiukhjs. Pa `dmpj`tj iê`cfmakta y sa jhbcara iuartamakta.

OAKXDKCXJ XC^D AFA@X_

AF A@X_DOAK
DOAK

Has`rcp`cðk7 Mdktmdrcffdkctj ha Pdhcd

@dmpdsc`cðk Zuímc`j7 Pcfc`jtd bchrjtjhd ha idrmufj lakarjf (Kj, @J)5 (Ml, Jf)?
(DB) ?Pc8D:3.::B?D, `dk cmpurazjs ha `uarjzd, iafhaspjtds y yasd.
 Jkêfc
 Jk êfc sc s Zu ímc `d ^r dm ahc d  
^rdm

JKJFCXC@D YJFD_
PCD? (lr/:>>lr) 90.>0
JF?D0 (lr/:>>lr) :<.0>
Ia?D0 (lr/:>>lr) 8.00
XcD? (lr/:>>lr) >.93
^?D1 (lr/:>>lr) >.><
MkD (lr/:>>lr) >.>?
@jD (lr/:>>lr) >.?0
MlD (lr/:>>lr) 0.83
Kj?D (lr/:>>lr) ?.<:
E?D (lr/:>>lr) >.88
PD0 (lr/:>>lr) >.?>
^^@ j :>>> ·@ (lr/:>>lr) <.02

:
 

AP^A@CIC@J@CDKAP 

OAKXDKCXJ XC^D AFA@X_DOAK7 Oaktdkctj ha jftd cktar`jmocd `jtcðkc`d y

lrjk `jpj`chjh ha josdr`cðk ha jluj qua parmcta dotakar bumahjh `jsc
`dkstjkta ak af tarrakd. Jumaktj fj `dkhu`tcvchjh y aic`j`cj ha fj ckstjfj`cðk.

@J_J@XA_ÍPXC@JP ICPC@DZQÍMC@JP XC^D  KD_MJP J^C

AP^A@CIC@J@CÐK :0-J.
AP^A@CIC@J@CÐK
Bumahjh Ak Bck`bjmcaktd Josdr`cðk Jzuf ha
Xcpd ha Mjtarcjf
% Mf Matcfakd
AFA@X_DOAK Mjx.:0.1 Mck.0? mf Mck.1>

HDPCIC@J@CDK7  fj `jktchjh ha oaktdkctj j jhc`cdkjr hapakha haf tcpd ha suafd,

ha fj mahchj ha rascstcvchjh haf mcsmd y haf tcpd ha puastj j tcarrj (bdrczdktjf y
vartc`jf), jprdxcmjhjmakta sa utcfczjk 1> El ha oaktdkctj pdr m0 ha ax`jvj`cðk.

AKYJPAP7  
Odfsjs ha ?1 Ecfdlrjmds ha pasd, pjffatczjhjs, suk`bjhjs a cmparmajocfczjhjs
`dk tarmd `dktrjíofa ha ?>> mc`rdkas
OCL OJL ha :>>> Ecfdlrjmds

?
 

Ckstjfj`cðk ^uastj Xcarrj `dk Xbdr laf

PCPXAMJP HA ^QAPXJ J XCA__J (P^JX). Fds mahcds hclctjfas ha fj

j`tujfchjh sdk ukj rajfchjh haf mukhd lfdojfczjhd y bjy ckidrmj`cðk ak fíkaj d
ojkhj jk`bj qua ka`asctjk mjydr `uchjhd pdrqua prasaktjk jflukjs
haocfchjhas aktra fjs `ujfas pdhamds `dktjr `dk fj sakscocfchjh j fds `jmocds
orus`ds ak fjs `dkhc`cdkas ha dparj`cðk, astd as j fjs parturoj`cdkas ak fj
jfcmaktj`cðk afã`trc`j d j fds iakðmakds afã`trc`ds trjksctdrcds qua sa prasaktjk
d ckhu`ak ak fds scstamjs cktar`dka`tjhds. ^jrj avctjr y jtakujr fj pafclrdschjh
ha astjs parturoj`cdkas ak fj vchj y iuk`cdkjmcaktd ha fds aqucpds, sa bj
pravcstd fj astjocfchjh, `dktckuchjh ha iuk`cdkjmcaktd y fj prdta``cðk ha fds
mcsmds `dk hcspdsctcvds qua avctak af cklrasd ha astds trjksctdrcds j fds scstamjs
ak irj``cdkas ha salukhd (kjkdsalukhds) y sajk hcsparsjhds pdr ukj rutj
pravcjmakta jsclkjhj `dmd as af scstamj ha puastj j tcarrj (P^JX), qua as af
prcmar hcspdsctcvd prdta`tdr kd sdfd ha aqucpd sakscofa, sckd tjmocãk ha fj vchj
bumjkj avctjkhd haslrj`cjs d pãrhchjs qua fjmaktjr. Fj prdta``cðk afã`trc`j y
afa`trðkc`j tcaka puas hds `dmpdkaktas iukhjmaktjfas, qua sdk ckhasfcljofas
ukd ha dtrd7 fds aqucpds prdta`tdras (pjrjrrjyds, icftrds, suprasdras, XYPP, Yíj
ha @bcspjs, at`.)
aktakhcãkhdsa y af`dmd
asta scstamj hcsparsdr
af pdzd ckickctdd hdkha
Pcstamjcklrasjk
ha ^uastj j Xcarrjha(P^JX),
`drrcaktas ijffj d
trjksctdrcds y kd tcakak ratdrkd pdrqua vjk j ukj mjsj kautrj y sdk rajfmakta
hcsparsjhds.
ICKJFCHJH HA FJP ^QAPXJP J XCA__J
Fds dogatcvds prck`cpjfas ha fjs puastjs j tcarrj sdk7
- Dotakar ukj rascstak`cj afã`trc`j ha ojgd vjfdr pjrj harcvjr j tcarrj Iakðmakds
Afã`trc`ds Xrjksctdrcds (IAXs.), `drrcaktas ha ijffj astêtc`j y pjrêsctj5 jsí `dmd
ruchd afã`trc`d y ha rjhcd ira`uak`cj.
:. Mjktakar fds pdtak`cjfas prdhu`chds pdr fjs `drrcaktas ha ijffj haktrd ha fds
fímctas ha salurchjh ha mdhd qua fjs takscdkas ha pjsd d ha tdqua kd sajk
pafclrdsjs pjrj fds bumjkds y/d jkcmjfas.
?. Bj`ar qua af aqucpjmcaktd ha prdta``cðk saj mês sakscofa y parmctj ukj
rêpchj harcvj`cðk ha fjs `drrcaktas haia`tudsjs j tcarrj.
0. ^rdpdr`cdkjr uk `jmckd ha harcvj`cðk j tcarrj ha has`jrljs jtmdsiãrc`js,
trjksctdrcds y ha sdoratakscdka
sdoratakscdkass cktarkjs haf scstamj.
8. Dira`ar ak tdhd mdmaktd y pdr af tcampd ha vchj ÷tcf haf P^JX (º?> júds)
ojgj rascstak`cj afã`trc`j qua parmctj af pjsd ha fjs `drrcaktas ha ijffj. 1. Parvcr
ha `dktckuchjh ha pjktjffj ak fds scstamjs ha hcstrcou`cðk ha fíkajs tafaiðkc`js,
jktakjs y `jofas `djxcjfas

0
 

^_D^CAHJHAP AFA@X_DMJLKÃXC@JP HA FJP XCA__JP

^jrj aktakhar `jojfmakta fds iakðmakds qua j`dkta`ak ak ukj puastj j tcarrj
as ka`asjrcd takar ak `uaktj jflukds `dkd`cmcaktds sdora fjs prdpcahjhas
afã`trc`js y mjlkãtc`js ha fds suafds y af `dmpdrtjmcaktd ha fds mcsmds `ujkhd
sa prdhu`ak `drrcaktas trjksctdrcjs d ha ijffj. Jscmcsmd pjrj pdhar hcsaújr fds
scstamjs ha puastj j tcarrj sarê muy ÷tcf `dkd`ar ak hatjffa astds pjrêmatrds.
Fj tcarrj (suafd, suosuafd) tcaka prdpcahjhas qua sa axprasjk iukhjmaktjfmakta
pdr mahcd ha tras mjlkctuhas iísc`js qua sdk7
Fj rascstcvchjh afã`trc`j ϊ (d su ckvarsj fj @dkhu`tcvchjh π). 

Fj `dkstjkta hcafã`trc`j α y Fj parmajocfchjh mjlkãtc`j ± Af `dmpdrtjmcaktd

iísc`d ha fds suafds hapakha ha fjs prdpcahjhas y mdhd ha jlralj`cðk ha sus
mckarjfas y ha fj idrmj, vdfumak y raffakd (lakarjfmakta jluj y jcra) ha fds
pdrds. Jhamês ha astjs rafj`cdkas `dkvcaka astuhcjr af aia`td qua sdora hc`bjs
prdpcahjhas agar`ak fj prascðk y fj tamparjturj

MÃXDHDP ^J_J FJ _AHQ@@CÐK HA FJ _APCPXAK@CJ AFÃ@X_C@J

Axcstak hcstcktds mãtdhds pjrj fdlrjr fj rahu``cðk ha fj rascstak`cj afã`trc`j,
jukqua tdhds affds prasaktjk uk puktd ha sjturj`cðk qua as `dkvakcakta
`dkd`ar pjrj avctjr hcsaúds jktca`dkðmc`ds
jktca`dkðmc`ds.. Fds mãtdhds pjrj fj rahu``cðk sdk
fds sclucaktas7
j)- Af jumaktd haf k÷mard ha afa`trdhds ak pjrjfafd
o)- Af jumaktd ha fj hcstjk`cj aktra agas ha fds afa`trdhds
`)- Af jumaktd ha fj fdklctuh ha fds afa`trdhds.
h)- Af jumaktd haf hcêmatrd ha fds afa`trdhds
a)- Af `jmocd haf tarrakd axcstakta pdr dtrd ha makdr rascstcvchjh.
i)- Af trjtjmcaktd químc`d afa`trdfítc`d haf tarrakd.

8
 

Ckstjfj`cðk ^uastj Xcarrj `dk @amaktd @dkhu`tcvd

Ckvaktjhd ak :33?, af mjtarcjf ha raiuarzd ha tcarrj (LAM) as uk mjtarcjf

`dkhu`tdr ha lrjk `jfchjh qua rasuafva fds prdofamjs mês `dmpfc`jhds ha
puastj j tcarrj. Af LAM prasaktj ukj ojgj rascstak`cj, kd as `drrdscvd, astê
`dmpuastd ha pdfvd ha `jroðk, mjtarcjf qua magdrj fj aic `j`cj haf Pcstamj ha
^uastj j Xcarrj, aspa`cjfmakta ak zdkjs ak hdkha fj `dkhu`tcvchjh as muy
pdora. Af LAM `dktcaka `amaktd ^drtfjkh, qua sa akhura`a `ujkhd sa irjluj,
`dkvcrtcãkhdsa ak uk `dk`ratd `dkhu`tcvd fd `ujf ij`cfctj qua fj ckstjfj`cðk saj
fcora ha mjktakcmcaktd y mjktcaka jf Pcstamj ha ^uastj j Xcarrj `dk vjfdras ha
rascstcvchjh ojgds yj qua af LAM kuk`j sa iCftrj d hasfjvj.
LAM magdrj fj puastj j tcarrj sck cmpdrtjr fjs `dkhc`cdkas haf suafd. As af
mjtarcjf chajf pjrj usjr ak êrajs ha ojgj `dkhu`tcvchjh, tjfas `dmd suafd rd`dsd,
`cmjs ha mdktjújs y suafd jrakdsd. LAM as tjmocãk fj raspuastj ak
sctuj`cdkas ak qua kd sa puahak aktarrjr vjrcffjs j tcarrj, d hdkha fjs
fcmctj`cdkas ha fj suparic`ca haf suafd hcic`uftjk fj puastj j tcarrj jha`ujhj
mahcjkta mãtdhds `dkvak`cdkjfas.
`dkvak`cdkjfas. Fj `dk`fuscðk as ukj sdfj. LAM as af magdr
mjtarcjf pjrj rahu`cr fj rascstak`cj j tcarrj y mjktakarfj ojgj ak idrmj
parmjkakta. Kckl÷k dtrd mjtarcjf prdpdr`cdkj ukj `dkhu`tcvchjh tjk jftj hurjkta
fj vchj ÷tcf haf scstamj ha puastj j tcarrj.
Af `amaktd `dkhu`tcvd as jftjmakta `jpj`ctcvd y `dmd rasuftjhd, fds afa`trdhds
ijorc`jhds `dk @dkhu`rata josdroak fds pc`ds ha vdftjga ak fj mahchj qua tcakak
ukj suparic`ca `dkhu`tdrj mjydr j fds scstamjs `dkvak`cdkjfas y, pdr fd
tjktd,  hcsmckuyak fj cmpahjk`cj ha has`jrlj y fj rascstak`cj haf tarrakd. 
tjktd, tarrakd. 

Fds afa`trdhds ijorc`jhds `dk `amaktd `dkhu`tcvd tcakak makdr ifu`tuj`cðk

haochd jf `jmocd ha astj`cdkas `fcmjtdfðlc`js qua fds scstamjs
`dkvak`cdkjfas. @dk af `amaktd `dkhu`tcvd fds scstamjs ha puastj j tcarrj sdk
prê`tc`jmakta cmpdscofas ha sar rdojhds pdr j`tds ha vjkhjfcsmd.

Aspa`cic`j`cdkas
Af mjtarcjf ha raiuarzd ha tcarrj haoa sar parmjkakta, kd haoa raquarcr
mjktakcmcaktd (kd haoa ka`asctjr ra`jrljrsa `dk sjfas kc suostjk`cjs químc`
químc`js
js
qua puahjk sar `drrdscvjs) y haoa `dksarvjr su rascstak`cj j tcarrj `dk af pjsd
haf tcampd. Haoa ckstjfjrsa icrmamakta y kd hcsdfvarsa, has`dmpdkarsa kc pdr
kckl÷k mdtcvd `dktjmckjr af suafd d fj `jpj iraêtc`j ha fj fd`jfchjh. Af mjtarcjf
ha raiuarzd ha tcarrj haoa ckstjfjrsa `dmd fa`bjhj. Kd haoa hapakhar ha fj
prasak`cj `dktckuj ha jluj pjrj mjktakar su `dkhu`tcv
`dkhu`tcvchjh.
chjh. Fj rascstcvchjh haf
mjtarcjf `urjhd kd haoa suparjr fds ?> dbm-`m.

1
 

Ckstru``cdkas
Ckstjfj`cðk ak Wjkgjs7
:. ^ra maz`fjr af LAM pjrj prapjrjr ukj maz`fj. Qtcfc`a ha 1.< j <.9 fctrds (:.1
j ? ljfdkas) ha
Jluj pdtjofa pdr odfsj.
?. ^jrj prapjrjr af LAM ak ukj maz`fj, utcfc`a uk maz`fjhdr ha `dk`ratd
astêkhjr d mãz`fafd ak idrmj mjkujf ak ukj `jgj maz`fjhdrj, `jrratcffj, at`.
Qtcfc`a ha 1.< j <.9 fctrds (:.1 j ? ljfdkas) ha jluj pdtjofa pdr odfsj ha LAM.
Kd maz`fa af LAM `dk jluj sjfjhj.
0. ^dklj suic`cakta maz`fj ha LAM pjrj `uorcr ukcidrmamakta af idkhd ha fj
zjkgj `dk mês d makds ?.1 `m. (: pufljhj) ha aspasdr. (var tjofj)
8. @dfdqua af `dkhu`tdr sdora af LAM. (Yar Kdtj :)
1. ^dklj mês LAM sdora af `dkhu`tdr bjstj `uorcrfd `dmpfatjmakta `dk ukds
?.1 `m. (: pufljhj) ha aspasdr. Aspara j qua af LAM akhuraz`j,
jprdxcmjhjmakta ha 0> mckutds j ukj bdrj jktas ha pdkar af raffakd kjturjf ha
fj zjkgj.
9. @uchjhdsjmakta `uorj af LAM `dk tcarrj bjstj ukds :> `m. (8 pufljhjs) ha
fj suparic`ca, `uchjkhd qua af `dkhu`tdr kd quaha axpuastd.
<. @dmpj`ta fj tcarrj y tarmcka ha `uorcr fj zjkgj `dk mês tcarrj. Kdtj
:7 Aspara j qua af LAM akhuraz`j, jprdxcmjhj
jprdxcmjhjmakta
makta ha :1 j ?> mckutds jktas
ha `dfd`jr af `dkhu`tdr. Pa haoa ha ckstjfjr :> `m. (8 pufljhjs) ha mjtarcjf
jcsfjkta ak fds `dkhu`tdras y afa`trdhds ak fj zdkj ha cktarij`a (jcra-tarrakd),
ampazjkhd 1 `m. (? pufljhjs) haktrd haf LAM.