KL^APLD ^CDHLBSKSLD
_XL_C MC^CPLVLXLD ICHJMLK @CHLB

XS@CPMSKA_J_ ^LPS

Akcb7
Mlrjdl Hcdffldj Pc`cml Oj`ra
J8@><:>?6

SDJUCP_JXL_ GCDHCPLK _ACHJPILD

ELMSKXL_ JKIS-JKIS MC_CBLXLD
GSPS_LD MC^CPLVLXLD
MC^CPLVLXLD
^SPVAMCPXA

0><:
 

L.  Kltlr @cklmldf

Xu`crmukasjs icruplmld ilslklb mcscbltld yldf `cslr hj hudjl.
Hlkli 0> tlbud Varkh Bclktb Arfldjtltjad (VBA) hcdfld dcflrl-dcflrl
yldf tcrfl`udf hj hlklidyl icdfuplylmld udtum icdfurldfj X@ ^lru.
Xu`crmukasjs plru lhlklb sultu pcdylmjt jdecmsj icduklr yldf hj sc`l`mld
akcb jdecmsj icduklr akcb `lmtcrj Iyoa`lotcrjui tu`crmukasjs. _ui`cr
 pcduklrld yljtu plsjcd X@ @XL pasjtje icklkuj pcrojm rcdjm
rcdjm hlblm (hrapkct)
yldf hjmckulrmlddyl. ^cdylmjt jdj lpl`jkl tjhlm scfcrl hja`ltj ltlu
 pcdfa`ltlddyl tjhlm tudtls hlplt icdji`ukmld maipkjmlsj `cr`lblyl
bjdffl mciltjld (Mcicdmcs PJ 0><3 hlkli Ec`rjldsylb hld Elbrud 0><6).
@crhlslrmld Varkh Bclrt Arfldjzltjad icklparmld `lbwl plhl
tlbud 0><5 ldfml mcglhjld tu`crmukasjs hjsckurub hudjl sc`cslr 5,8? gutl
mlsus hld icdflklij pcdjdfmltld hlrj tlbud 0><3 yljtu sc`cslr 5,< gutl
mlsus (Varkh Bclktb Arfldjzltjad 0><5 hlkli Hcwj 0><2). @crhlslrmld
klparld Varkh Bclktb Arfldjzltjad plhl tlbud 0><3 Jdhadcsjl icdcipltj
 pasjsj mchul tcrtjdffj hj hudjl sc`ldylm
sc`ld ylm <,>0 gutl mlsus sctcklb Jdhjl yljtu
sc`ldylm 0,2 gutl mlsus (Varkh Bclktb Arfldjzltjad 0><3 hlkli Hcwj
0><2). @crhlslrmld praejk hltl mcscbltld Jdhadcsjl plhl tlbud 0><3 jdsjhcd
tu`crmukasjs hj Jdhadcsjl hjpcrmjrlmld <.>0>.>>> mlsus ltlu scmjtlr ?:3 pcr
<>>.>>> pcdhuhum. ^lhl tlbud 0><5 hjtciumld guiklb mlsus tu`crmukasjs
sc`ldylm ?3<.2:? mlsus, tcrglhj pcdjdfmltld `jkl hj`ldhjdfmld plhl tlbud
0><3 yljtu sc`ldylm ??>.60: mlsus (Mcicdmcs PJ 0><5 hlkli Hcwj 0><2).
^cdfa`ltld X@ plru hlplt hjklmsldlmld scolrl tudtls hcdfld
mcrglslil yldf `ljm ldtlrl plsjcd X@ ^lru hld tcdlfl mcscbltld ltlu
kci`lfl mcscbltld, scbjdffl pcdyci`ubld plsjcd hlplt hjklmumld scolrl
ilmsjilk (Lhjtlil 0>>5 Dufraba, Iubkjsjd & Zukjld
0><5). Mc`crblsjkld pcdfa`ltld tu`crmukasjs tcrfldtudf plhl pcdfctlbuld
 plsjcd hld humudfld hlrj mckulrfl. Xjhlm lhl uplyl hlrj hjrj scdhjrj
sc dhjrj ltlu
lt lu
iatjvlsj hlrj mckulrfl yldf murldf ici`crjmld humudfld udtum `cra`lt
scolrl tudtls lmld icipcdflrubj mcpltubld plsjcd udtum icdfmadsuisj
a`lt. Lpl`jkl jdj hj`jlrmld, hliplm yldf lmld iudouk gjml plsjcd `crbcdtj
ijdui a`lt lhlklb iudoukdyl muild tu`crmukasjs yldf rcsjstcd tcrblhlp
 

a`lt, gjml jdj tcrus tcrglhj hld muild tcrsc`ut tcrus icdyc`lr pcdfcdhlkjld
a`lt tu`crmukasjs lmld scilmjd sukjt hjklmsldlmld hld icdjdfmltdyl ldfml
mciltjld tcrus `crtli`lb lmj`lt pcdylmjt tu`crmukasjs (Lijd hld @lblr
0>>6 hlkli Dufraba, Iubkjsjd & Zukjld 0><5).
@.  Xuguld
<.  Icdfctlbuj pcdfcrtjld hlrj Xu`crmukasjs plru (X@ plru)
0.  Icdfctlbuj ctjakafj hlrj Xu`crmukasjs plru (X@ plru)
?.  Icdfctlbuj tldhl hld fcglkl Xu`crmukasjs plru (X@ plru)
8.  Icdfctlbuj pltaejsjakafj Xu`crmukasjs plru (X@ plru)
3.  Icdfctlbuj pcicrjmslld pcdudgldf Xu`crmukasjs plru (X@ plru)
5.  Icdfctlbuj pcdltlklmsldlld Xu`crmukasjs plru (X@ plru)
6.  Icdfctlbuj pltbwly Xu`crmukasjs plru (X@ plru)
2.  Icdfctlbuj hltl pcdfmlgjld Xu`crmukasjs plru (X@ plru)
:.  Icdfctlbuj hjlfdasjs mcpcrlwltld Xu`crmukasjs plru (X@ plru)
<>. Icdfctlbuj rcdoldl jdtcrvcdsj Xu`crmukasjs plru (X@ plru)
 

<.  ^cdfcrtjld
Xu`crmukasjs (X@) lhlklb sultu pcdylmjt jdecmsj yldf hjsc`l`mld
 `lmtcrj `cr`cdtum `ltldf (`lsjk) yldf hjmcdlk
hjmcdlk hcdfld dlil Iyoa`lotcrjui
dlil Iyoa`lotcrjui
tu`crmukasjs.. ^cduklrld pcdylmjt jdj icklkuj pcrldtlrlld kuhlb ltlu hlblm
tu`crmukasjs
(hrapkct duokcj) hlrj plsjcd X@ mcplhl jdhjvjhu yldf rcdtld (hlyl tlbld
tu`ub rcdhlb). ^lhl uiuidyl X@ icdycrldf glrjdfld plru, tctlpj hlplt
 gufl icdycrldf arfld kljddyl, scpcrtj mukjt, tukldf, pcrscdhjld, scklput
atlm, usus scrtl fjdglk yldf scrjdf hjsc`ut hcdfld cmstrlpukiadlk X@O
(Obldhrl 0><0 hlkli Kcstlrj 0><3).
 Iyoa`lotcrjui tu`croukasjs 
tu`croukasjs  icruplmld muild yldf tcrhlplt plhl
X@ plru, icijkjmj sjelt mbusus yljtu tlbld tcrblhlp lsli plhl pcwlrdlld
scbjdffl hjsc`ut pukl `lsjk tlbld lsli (@XL). Muild jdj hlplt iltj
hcdfld scdhjrjdyl gjml tcrmcdl iltlblrj kldfsudf, tctlpj hlplt gufl
 `crtlbld bjhup `c`crlpl gli hj tciplt yldf fcklp hld kci`l`. Muild
Muild X@
 plru jdj hlplt harildt (tjhur) `c`crlpl tlbud, tctlpj sultu sllt hjildl
mclhlld iciudfmjdmld udtum `crmci`ldf, muild tcrsc`ut hlplt `ldfmjt
mci`lkj (Hcpmcs PJ 0>>0 hlkli _uryldj 0><5).
^lsjcd X@ plru hcdfld blsjk pcicrjmslld @XL pasjtje (+) lhlklb
sui`cr pcduklrld utlil.^lhl wlmtu `ltum ltlu `crsjd, plsjcd icdyc`lrmld
muild mc uhlrl hlkli `cdtum hrapkct (pcrojmld hlblm). Hrapkct yldf
icdfldhudf muild hlplt `crtlbld hj uhlrl plhl subu mlilr scklil
 `c`crlpl gli. _cscarldf yldf tcrhjlfdasl X@ hcdfld stltus X@ @XL (@lsjk
Xlbld Lsli) pasjtje, hlplt icduklrmld scmurldf-murldfdyl mcplhl <>-<3
arldf kljd sctjlp tlbuddyl (_usjklyldtj, Ichjsad & Crmlhjus 0><0).
Icdurut Vlbyudjdfsjb (0><8) `crhlslrmld arfld tu`ub yldf
tcrmcdl, X@ plru tcr`lfj icdglhj 0 gcdjs, yljtu7
<.  Xu`crmukasjs plru, tu`crmukasjs yldf icdycrldf glrjdfld
(plrcdmji) plru. tjhlm tcrilsum pkcurl (scklput plru) hld mckcdglr
 plhl bjkus.
0.  Xu`crmukasjs cmstrl plru, tu`crmukasjs
t u`crmukasjs yldf icdycrldf arfld tu`ub
kljd sckljd plru, ijslkdyl pkcurl, scklput atlm, scklput gldtudf
 

(pcrjolrhjui), mckcdglr kyiec, tukldf,

t ukldf, pcrscdhjld, mukjt, usus, fjdglk,
slkurld mcdojdf, lklt mcklijd, hld kljd-kljd.
0.  Ctjakafj
Xu`crmukasjs icruplmld pcdylmjt jdecmsj yldf hjsc`l`mld akcb
 Iyoa`lotcrjui tu`croukasjs
tu`croukasj s.  Iyoa`lotcrjui tu`croukasjs hjtciumld
tu`croukasjs  hjtciumld akcb
Pa`ct Maob plhl tlbud <220, icruplmld ijma`lmtcrjl tlbld lsli hld
icruplmld ijma`lmtcrjl lcra` a`kjflt hld icdhlplt cdcrfj hlrj amsjhlsj
 `cr`lflj scdylwl mlr`ad schcrbldl. Hj`utubmld wlmtu <2 gli udtum
icdffldhlmld hjrj hld pcrtui`ubld plhl ichjl muktur `jlsldyl hlplt
hjkjblt hlkli wlmtu 5-2 ijdffu (^utrl, 0><>). _ubu aptjilk udtum tui`ub
 plhl ?6·O
?6·O hld pB 5,8-6,>.
5,8-6,>. Gjml hjpldlsmld plhl
plhl subu 5>·O lmld iltj hlkli
wlmtu <3-0> icdjt. Muild jdj sldflt rcdtld tcrblhlp sjdlr iltlblrj hld
rlhjlsj sjdlr uktrlvjakct.
@lsjk jdj tjhlm `crsparl scbjdffl iuhlb hj`lsij hcdfld pcildlsld
sjdlr iltlblrj hld sjdlr uktrlvjakct. Xcrhlplt 0 iloli ijma`lmtcrjui
tu`croukasjs yljtu tjpc build hld tjpc `avjd. @lsjk tjpc `avjd `crlhl hlkli
susu slpj yldf icdhcrjtl ilstjtjs tu`crmukasjs usus. @lsjk tjpc build `jsl
 `crlhl hj `crolm kuhlb (hrapkct ) hj uhlrl yldf `crlslk hlrj pcdhcrjtl X@O
tcr`uml hld arldf yldf rcdtld tcrjdecmsj X@O jdj `jkl icdfbjrup `crolm jdj.
^crglkldld X@O sctcklb tcrjdecmsj icklkuj uhlrl. @lmtcrj gufl hlplt ilsum
mc sjstci pcdocrdlld ildusjl icklkuj `cdhl/`lbld ilmldld yldf
tcrmadtlijdlsj akcb `lmtcrj. _cbjdffl hlplt icdji`ukmld lsli kli`udf
icdjdfmlt hld hlplt icdglhjmld jdecmsj kli`udf (Kcstlrj 0><3).
 Iyoa`lotcrjui tu`croukasjs tcrilsum
tu`croukasjs  tcrilsum arha Lotjdaiyoctlkjs, elijkjl
Iyoa`lotcrjloclc hld fcdus Iyoa`lotcrjui. Fcdus Iyoa`lotcrjui
icijkjmj `c`crlpl spcsjcs hjldtlrldyl Iyoa`lotcrjui tu`croukasjs yldf
icdyc`l`mld jdecmsj plhl ildusjl. @lsjk tu`crmukasjs `cr`cdtum `ltldf
rlipjdf kurus, tlpj mlhldf-mlhldf lflm ickcdfmudf, hcdfld umurld
 pldgldf 0 λi-
λi-8 λi hld kc`lr >,0 λi‟>,3 λi. Arfldjsic jdj tjhlm `crfcrlm,
tjhlm ici`cdtum sparl, hld tjhlm `crmlpsuk, `jkl hjwlrdlj lmld tcrkjblt
 `cr`cdtum ildjm-ildjm ltlu frldukcr.
 

Elmtar rjsjma X@ hj`lfj icdglhj elmtar jdtcrdlk hld elmtar cmstcrdlk

(Bars`urf 0>>:)7
<.  Elmtar Bast
l.  Flyl bjhup
_cscarldf yldf icramam icijkjmj rjsjma yldf kc`jb tjdffj udtum
tcrmcdl X@.
 `.  _tltus dutrjsj
-  _cscarldf hcdfld `crlt `lhld murldf icijkjmj rjsjma yldf
kc`jb tjdffj udtum tcrmcdl X@.
-  Ujtlijd H gufl icijkjmj pcrld pcdtjdf hlkli lmtjvlsj
ilmraelf hld ici`ltlsj pcrtui`ubld Iyoa`lotcrjui.
^cdurudld mlhlr vjtlijd H hlkli scrui lmld icdjdfmltmld
rjsjma tcrjdecmsj X@.
o.  ^cdylmjt sjstcijm
^lsjcd hcdfld pcdylmjt scpcrtj flflk
flflk fjdglk,
fjdglk, hjl`ctcs,
hjl`ctcs, ukmus
ukmus
 pcptjmui icijkjmj rjsjma udtum tcrmcdl X@.
h.   Jiiudaoaipraijsch  
-  _cscarldf yldf tcrmcdl BJU icijkjmj rjsjma udtum tcrmcdl X@
 prjicr ltlupud rclmtjelsj X@.
-  ^cdffudl a`lt-a`ltld scpcrtj martjmastcrajh hld XDE-
jdbj`jtar gufl icijkjmj rjsjma udtum tcrmcdl X@.
c.  Ssjl
Mlsus X@ kc`jb `ldylm tcrglhj plhl arldf tul hlrjplhl hcwlsl
iuhl hld ldlm-ldlm.
0.  Elmtar Kjdfmudfld
-  Arldf yldf tjdfflk scruilb hcdfld scarldf pcdhcrjtl X@ lmld
 `crjsjma udtum tcrmcdl X@. _ckljd jtu arldf yldf tjdfflk hj
kjdfmudfld yldf `ldylm tcrglhj mlsus X@ gufl icijkjmj rjsjma
kc`jb tjdffj udtum tcrmcdl X@.
-  _asjacmadaij gufl `crpcdflrub tcrblhlp rjsjma udtum tcrmcdl X@
hjildl sasjacmadaij rcdhlb icijkjmj rjsjma kc`jb tjdffj udtum
tcrmcdl X@ (Bars`urfb, 0>>:).
 

?.  Xldhl hld Fcglkl

Icdurut Vadf (0>>2) hlkli Kcstlrj (0><3) tldhl hld fcglkl tu`crmukasjs
sc`lflj `crjmut7
l.  Hcili. 
 `.  Ilkljsc. 
o.  Ldarcmsjl. 
h.  ^cdurudld `crlt `lhld. 
c.  @ltum lhl ltlu tjhlm (`crmci`ldf scolrl pcrklbld
pcrk lbld scklil `crijdffu
`crijdffu ‟ 
 ‟  
ijdffu sliplj `cr`ukld ‟ 
`cr`ukld ‟  `ukld).
 `ukld). 
e.  ^cdjdfmltld ercmucdsj pcrdlplsld. 
f.  Cmspldsj `urum plhl tciplt yldf slmjt . 
b.  @udyj dlpls bjkldf hld radmbj mlslr, pcmlm plhl sllt pcrmusj. 
j.  Hcili pcrsjstcd. 
Icdurut _jtaipuk (0><6) fcglkl X@ plru hj`lfj icdglhj 0 fakadfld, yljtu
fcglkl kamlk hld fcglkl sjstcijm, sc`lflj `crjmut7
<.  Fcglkl Pcspjrltarj
@crvlrjlsj hlrj iuklj tjhlm `crfcglkl sliplj fcglkl yldf oumup `crlt
 `crfldtudf hlrj kuls kcsj. Fcglkl rcspjrltarjm tcrhjrj hlrj 7
l.  @ltum prahumtje ≣ 0 ijdffu.
 `.  @ltum hlrlb.
o.  _cslm dlels.
h.   Dycrj hlhl.
0.  Fcglkl _jstcijm
l.  Hcili.
 `.  Mcrjdflt ilkli.
o.  Ldarcmsjl.
h.  @crlt `lhld icdurud
@jkl arfld yldf tcrmcdl lhlklb plru ilml fcglkl yldf gckls tcrkjblt lhlklb
fcglkl rcspjrltarj 
8.  ^ltaejsjakafj
Icdurut _aildtrj (0>>2), jdecmsj hjlwlkj mlrcdl scscarldf
icdfbjrup `lsjk Iyoa`lotcrjui tu`croukasjs. @lmtcrj icdyc`lr icklkuj
 

 glkld dlpls icdugu lkvcakj klku `crmci`ldf `jlm hld tcrkjblt `crtuipum.
^crmci`ldfld Iyoa`lotcrjui tu`croukasjs gufl hlplt icdgldfmlu sliplj
mc lrcl kljd hlrj plru (ka`us ltls). @lsjk gufl icdyc`lr icklkuj sjstci kjiec
hld lkjrld hlrlb mc `lfjld tu`ub kljd (fjdglk,
( fjdglk, tukldf hld martcms scrc`rj) hld
lrcl kljd hlrj plru (ka`us ltls). _ckldgutdyl sjstci mcmc`lkld tu`ub
ici`crjmld rcspads hcdfld icklmumld rclmsj jdeklilsj. Dcutraejk hld
ilmraelf icklmumld lmsj elfasjtasjs (icdckld `lmtcrj), scicdtlrl kjieasjt
spcsjejm-tu`crmukasjs icdfbldourmld (ickjsjsmld) `lsjk hld glrjdfld
darilk. Jdecmsj lwlk `jlsldyl tji`uk hlkli wlmtu 0-<> ijdffu sctcklb
tcrplplr `lmtcrj.Jdtcrlmsj ldtlrl Iyoa`lotcrjui tu`croukasjs hld sjstci
mcmc`lkld tu`ub plhl ilsl lwlk jdecmsj ici`cdtum sc`ulb ilssl glrjdfld
 `lru yldf hjsc`ut frldukail. Frldukail tcrhjrj ltls fuiplkld `lsjk bjhup
hld iltj yldf hjmckjkjdfj akcb ilmraelf scpcrtj hjdhjdf. Frldukail
sckldgutdyl `cru`lb `cdtum icdglhj ilssl glrjdfld ej`rasl. @lfjld tcdflb
hlrj ilssl tcrsc`ut hjsc`ut fbad tu`crokc. Iltcrj yldf tcrhjrj ltls ilmraelf
hld `lmtcrj yldf icdglhj dcmratjm yldf sckldgutdyl ici`cdtum iltcrj
yldf `cr`cdtum scpcrtj mcgu (dcoratjzjdf olscasl).Blk jdj lmld icdglhj
mklsjejmlsj hld lmbjrdyl ici`cdtum glrjdfld maklfcd, mciuhjld `lmtcrj
icdglhj dadlmtje.
Icdurut Vjhlfha (0><<), sctcklb jdecmsj lwlkgjml rcspads sjstci
jiud tjhlm lhcmult ilml pcdylmjt lmld icdglhj kc`jb plrlb. ^cdylmjt yldf
mjld plrlb hlplt tji`uk lmj`lt jdecmsj ukldf ltlu `lmtcrj yldf sc`ckuidyl
tjhlm lmtje mci`lkj icdglhj lmtje, ^lhl mlsus jdj, fbad tu`crokc icdflklij
ukscrlsj scbjdffl icdfblsjkmld dcoratjzjdf olscasl hj hlkli
 `radmus.Xu`crmck yldf ukscrlsj sckldgutdyl icdglhj sci`ub hld
ici`cdtum glrjdfld plrut.^lru-plru yldf tcrjdecmsj mciuhjld icrlhldf,
icdflmj`ltmld tji`ukdyl `radmapdcuiadjl, ici`cdtum tu`crmck, hld
sctcrusdyl.^dcuiadjl sckukcr jdj hlplt sci`ub hcdfld scdhjrjdyl. ^rascs
jdj `crglkld tcrus hld `lsjk tcrus hjelfasjt ltlu `crmci`ldf `jlm hj hlkli
sck. Ilmraelf yldf icdflhlmld jdejktrlsj icdglhj kc`jb pldgldf hld
sc`lfjld `crsltu ici`cdtum sck tu`crmck cpjtckajh yldf hjmckjkjdfj akcb
kjieasjt (ici`utubmld <>-0> blrj). Hlcrlb yldf icdflklij dcmrasjs hld
 

 glrjdfld frlduklsj yldf hjmckjkjdfj sck cpjtckajh hld ej`ra`kls lmld

ici`crjmld rcspads `cr`chl mciuhjld plhl lmbjrdyl ici`cdtum sultu
mlpsuk yldf hjmckjkjdfj akcb tu`crmck.  
3.  ^cicrjmslld ^cdudgldf
l.  _putui Muktur udtum icilstjmld lplmlb mc`crlhlld Iyora`lotcrjui
Xu`croukasscplhl stlhjui lmtje.
 `.  _mjd tcst7 ildtaux, tjdc, ldh vakkicr pltob yljtu rclmsj pasjtje
icdfjdhjmlsj jdecmsj klil hld lhldyl ldtj`ahy, tctlpj tjhlm
icdfjdhjmlsjmld jdecmsj kli hld lhldyl ldtj`ahy, tctlpj tjhlm
icdfjdhjmlsjmld pcdylmjt yldf schldf lmtje.
o.  Hlrlb7 kcumasjtasjs, KCH icdjdfmlt  
5.  ^cdltlklmsldlld
^cdfa`ltld X@ `crtuguld udtum 7
l.  Icdyci`ubmld plsjcd hld icdfci`lkjmld mulkjtls bjhup hld
 prahumtjvjtls.
 `.  Icdocflb mciltjld.
o.  Icdocflb mcmli`ubld.
h.  Icdfurldfj pcduklrld.
c.  Icdocflb tcrglhjdyl rcsjstcdsj a`lt.

^cdfa`ltld tu`crmukasjs hjklmumld hcdfld prjdsjp - prjdsjp sc`lflj `crjmut

(Hcpmcs 0>>6 hlkli _jtaipuk 0><6)7
l.  A`lt Ldtj Xu`crmukasjs (ALX) blrus hj`crjmld hlkli `cdtum

mai`jdlsj `c`crlpl gcdjs a`lt, hlkli guiklb oumup hld hasjs tcplt
scsulj hcdfld mltcfarj pcdfa`ltld. Gldfld fudlmld ALX tudfflk
(iadatcrlpj). ^cilmljld ALX Mai`jdlsj Hasjs Xctlp (ALX-MHX)
kc`jb icdfudtudfmld hld sldflt hjldgurmld.
 `.  Sdtum icdglijd mcpltubld plsjcd icdckld a`lt, hjklmumld
 pcdflwlsld kldfsudf (HAX 9 Hjrcotky A`scrvch Xrclticdt) akcb
scarldf ^cdflwls Icdckld A`lt (^IA).

^cdfa`ltld X@ hj`crjmld hlkli 0 tlblp, yljtu7

l.  Xlblp Lwlk/Jdtcdsje (0-? `ukld)
 

^lsjcd icdhlplt a`lt sctjlp blrj hld pcrku hjlwlsj scolrl kldfsudf
udtum icdocflb tcrglhjdyl rcsjstcdsj a`lt. @jkl pcdfa`ltld tlblp
jdtcdsje tcrsc`ut hj`crjmld scolrl tcplt, `jlsldyl plsjcd icduklr
icdglhj tjhlm icduklr hlkli murud wlmtu 0 ijdffu. _c`lfjld `cslr
 plsjcd X@ @XL pasjtje icdglhj @XL dcfltje (madvcrsj) h
hlkli
lkli 0 `ukld.
 `.  Xlblp Kldgutld (8-6 `ukld)
^lhl tlblp kldgutld plsjcd icdhlplt gcdjs a`lt kc`jb schjmjt, dliud
hlkli gldfml wlmtu yldf kc`jb klil. Xlblp kldgutld pcdtjdf udtum
ici`udub muild pcrsjstcdt scbjdffl icdocflb tcrglhjdyl
mcmli`ubld.

A`lt yldf hjplmlj7

<.  Gcdjs a`lt utlil (kjdj <)7
l.  Pjelipjsjd (P)
 `.  Jsadjlzjh (B)
o.  ^jrlzjdlijh (W)
h.  _trcptaijsjd (_)
c.  Ctli`utak (C)
0.  Mai`jdlsj hasjs tctlp ( Ejxch hasc oai`jdltjad)7
oai`jdltjad)7
l.  Ciplt a`lt ldtjtu`crmukasjs hlkli sltu tl`kct, yljtu rjelipjsjd
<3> if, jsadjlzjh 63 if, pjrlzjdlijh 8>> if hld ctli`utak
063 if.
 `.  Xjfl a`lt ldtjtu`crmukasjs hlkli sltu tl`kct, yljtu rjelipjsjd
<3> if, jsadjlzjh 63 if hld pjrlzjdlijh.
pjrlz jdlijh. 8>> if.
?.  Gcdjs a`lt tli`lbld kljddyl (kjdj 0)7
l.  Mldlijsjd.
 `.  Mujdakad.
o.  A`lt kljd ilsjb hlkli pcdckjtjld = ilmrakjh, liamsjkjd + lsli
mklvukldlt.
h.  Hcrjvlt rjelipjsjd hld JDB.
 

^lhuld ALX yldf hjfudlmld hj Jdhadcsjl yljtu7

l.  Mltcfarj J
-  X@ plru (mlsus `lru), @XL pasjtje ltlu plhl eata
e ata tarlms tcrhlplt kcsj
kuls.
-  ^lhuld a`lt yldf hjldgurmld lhlklb 0 PBWC/ 8 PB ltlu 0
PBWC/5BC ltlu 0 PBWC/ 8P?B?.
 `.  Mltcfarj JJ
  X@ plru mlsus mli`ub.
-  ^lhuld a`lt yldf hjldgurmld lhlklb 0 PBWC_/ < PBWC sc`ckui
lhl blsjk ugj rcsjstcdsj. @jkl blsjk ugj rcsjstcdsj tcklb lhl, `crjmld
a`lt scsulj hcdfld blsjk ugj rcsjstcdsj.
  X@ plru mlsus flflk pcdfa`ltld
-  ^lhuld a`lt yldf hjldgurmld lhlklb a`lt kjdj 0 sc`ckui lhl blsjk
blsj k
ugj rcsjstcdsj (oadtab7 ?-5 `ukld mldlijsjd, aekamslsjd, ctjadlijh,
sjmkascrjd hjkldgutmld <3-<2 `ukld aekamslsjd, ctjadlijh,
sjmkascrjd).
-  Hlkli mclhlld tjhlm iciudfmjdmld elsc lwlk hlplt hj`crjmld 0
PBWC_/ < PBWC.
-  Elsc kldgutld scsulj hcdfld blsjk ugj rcsjstcdsj.
-  @jkl tjhlm tcrhlplt blsjk ugj rcsjstcdsj, hlplt hj`crjmld 3 PBC.
  X@ ^lru mlsus putus `cra`lt.
  @cra`lt ≣ 8 `ukld

-  @jkl @XL dcfltjvc, mkjdjs hld rlhjakafj tjhlm lmtje ltlu lhl
 pcr`ljmld ilml pcdfa`ltld ALX hjbcdtjmld. @jkl fli`lrld
rlhjakafj lmtje, klmumld ldlkjsjs kc`jb kldgut
k ldgut udtum icilstjmld
hjlfdasjs X@ hcdfld icipcrtji`ldfmld gufl mciudfmjdld
 pldylmjt plru kljd. @jkl tcr`umtj X@, ilml pcdfa`ltld
pcdfa`ltld hjiuklj
hlrj lwlk hcdfld plhuld a`lt yldf kc`jb mult hld gldfml
wlmtu pcdfa`ltld yldf kc`jb klil (0 PBWC_ / < PBWC / 3
P?B?C?).
 

-  @jkl @XL pasjtje, pcdfa`ltld hjiuklj hlrj lwlk hcdfld

 plhuld a`lt yldf kc`jb mult hld gldfml wlmtu pcdfa`ltld
yldf kc`jb klil.
  @cra`lt ≨ 8 `ukld 
`ukld 
-  @jkl @XL pasjtje, pcdfa`ltld hjiuklj hlrj lwlk hcdfld
 plhuld a`lt yldf kc`jb mult hld gldfml wlmtu pcdfa`ltld
yldf kc`jb klil (0 PBWC_ / < PBWC / 3 P?B?C?).
-  @jkl @XL dcfltje, fli`lrld eata tarlms pasjtje X@ lmtje,
 pcdfa`ltld hjtcrusmld.
o.  Mltcfarj JJJ
  X@ plru (mlsus `lru), @XL dcfltje ltlu plhl eata tarlms tcrhlplt kcsj
ijdjilk.
  ^lhuld a`lt yldf hj`crjmld lhlklb 0PBWC / 8 P?B?.
h.  Mltcfarj JU
  X@ plru mlsus mradjm. ^lhuld a`lt yldf hjldgurmld `jkl `ckui lhl
blsjk ugj rcsjstcdsj, `crjmld PBWC_.
  @jkl tcklb lhl blsjk ugj rcsjstcdsj, `crjmld scsulj blsjk ugj rcsjstcdsj
(ijdjilk ALX yldf scdsjtje hjtli`lb a`lt kjdj 0 (pcdfa`ltld
ijdjilk <2 `ukld).
c.  Mltcfarj U
  IHP X@, plhuld a`lt yldf hjldgurmld scsulj hcdfld ugj rcsjstcdsj
hjtli`lb ALX kjdj 0 ltlu B scuiur bjhup.
 

6.  ^ltbwly
 

2.  Hltl ^cdfmlgjld

<.  Jhcdtjtls ^lsjcd
 Dlil 7 Xd. _
Siur 7 52 tlbud
Gcdjs mcklijd 7 Klmj-klmj
Lflil 7 Jskli
^cdhjhjmld 7 _IL
^cmcrglld 7 Vjrlswlstl
Lklilt 7 Mc`uicd
 Da PI 7 >0<<3:32
Hjlfdasl ichjs 7 X@ ^lru
0.  ^cicrjmslld ejsjm
l.  Mclhlld Siui 7 _chldf
 `.  Mcslhlrld 7 Maipas Icdtjs hcdfld FO_ 7 C8,
I5, U?
o.  Xldhl-tldhl vjtlk 7
  XH 7 <?>/2> mlkj pcr icdjt
   Dlhj 7 2< x/ icdjt
  PP 7 0< x/icdjt
  _ubu 7 ?6,5aO
?.  Bclh ta tac
@lfjld yldf hjpcrjmsl Blsjk
Mcplkl 
Mcplkl  Jdspcmsj
@cdtum mcplkl 7 sjictrjs
Pli`ut7 `crsjb, tjhlm lhl mcradtamld,
 pcrtui`ubld icrltl
Xjhlm tcrhlplt kcsj
^lkplsj
 Dycrj tcmld 7 - 
Ilssl 7 -
Iltl 
Iltl  Jdspcmsj
@akl iltl 7 sjictrjs
 

^crfcrlmld `akl iltl 7 darilk

Pcekcm pupjk 7 jsbamar
Mardcl 7 `cdjdf
_okcrl 7 tjhlm jmtcrjm
^lkplsj
 Dycrj tcmld 7 tjhlm lhl
Bjhudf Jdspcmsj
@cdtum bjhudf 7 sjictrjs.
_corct 7 tjhlm lhl
^crdlplsld oupjdf bjhudf 7 tjhlm lhl
Eudfsj pcdojuild 7 `ljm, darilk
^crlhldfld 7 tjhlm lhl
^akjp 7 tjhlm lhl
 DFX 7 tjhlm tcrplsldf
^lkplsj
 Dycrj tcmld 7 tjhlm lhl
Ilssl 7 tjhlm tcrl`l.
Xckjdfl Jdspcmsj
@cdtum hlud tckjdfl 7 darilk
Kctlmdyl 7 sjictrjs
^crlhldfld 7 tjhlm lhl
Eudfsj pcdhcdflrld 7 mchul tckjdfl `ljm
_cruicd 7 tjhlm lhl
^lkplsj
 Dycrj tcmld 7 tjhlm lhl
Iukut Jdspcmsj
Mckci`lpld 7 kci`l`
@lu 7 tjhlm lhl `lu
Xjhlm tcrhlplt sjldasjs
Eudfsj pcdfcolpld 7 `ljm, darilk
_tailtjtjs 7 tjhlm lhl
Kjhlb 7 tjhlm matar, lflm icrlb iuhl
 

Kcbcr Jdspcmsj
GU^ 7 tjhlm lhl pcdjdfmltld GU^
@cdgakld/ilsl 7 tjhlm lhl
^ci`cslrld tjrajh 7 tjhlm lhl
Hcvjlsj trlmcl 7 tjhlm lhl
Mcmlmuld 7 tjhlm lhl
^lkplsj
 Dycrj tcmld 7 tjhlm lhl
Xbarlm Jdspcmsj
@cdtum hlhl 7 sjictrjs mldld mjrj
Xcrhlplt rctrlmsj hjdhjdf hlhl
^lkplsj
 Dycrj tcmld 7 tjhlm tcrhlplt dycrj tcmld
Mrcpjtlsj 7 tjhlm lhl
^crmusj 7
Lusmuktlsj 7 tcrhcdflr `udyj radmbj

Gldtudf 7
Jdspcmsj7 jmtus marhjs tjhlm tcrkjblt
^lkplsj7 hcdyutld tcrl`l hcdfld ercmucdsj
2< mlkj pcr icdjt (5>-<>>x/icdjt)
^crmusj7 pcmlm
Lusmuktlsj7 `udyj gldtudf rcfukcr ku`hup
L`haicd Jdspcmsj 7
Hltlr
lsjtcs tjhlm lhl
ilsl tjhlm lhl
wlrdl mukjt tjhlm mcicrlbld.

lusmuktlsj 7
 pcrjstlktjm usus <0 mlkj/icdjt
plkplsj 7
 

  Xjhlm tcrhlplt bcpltaicflky hld

spkcdaicflky
pcrmusj 7
Xjipldj
Cmstcrijtls
Jdspcmsj7
Xjhlm lhl kcsj, chcil, mcicrlbld hld
sjldasjs.
^lkplsj7
   Xldfld mldld tcrhlplt dycrj tcmld hld
tcrhlplt chcil plhl tcklplm tldfld
mldld
   Xjhlm lhl dycrj tcmld hld chcil plhl
tldfld mjrj

Mcmultld atat 7
Xldfld mjrj Xldfld mldld
3 0
Mlmj mjrj Mlmj mldld
3 0

^ci`ltlsld fcrlm 7 tjhlm tcrplsldf rcstrljd

Chcil 7 tjhlm lhl
Lmrlk 7 bldflt

OPX 7 ;0 hctjm
Pcekcms pltakafjs 7 tjhlm lhl
Pcekcms ejsjakafjs 7 pasjtje
Jdtcfuicdt Jdspcmsj7
Kuml 7 tjhlm lhl
Vlrdl mukjt 7 putjb
^lkplsj7
Xurfar mukjt 7 `ljm ;0 hctjm
Mcklijd hld ldus Jdspcmsj7

Gcdjs 7klmj-klmj
 

Xcrplsldf mltctcr 7 tcrplsldf

^rahumsj urjd 7 mctjml pcdfmlgjld urjd yldf
tcrtlipudf <>>ik.

:.  Hjlfdasl Mcpcrlwltld

Mcpcrlwltld
l.  Pjsjma jdecmsj `.h tcrplgld plhl wl`lb (pcdylmjt X@ ^lru) yldf
hjtldhlj hcdfld plsjcd icruplmld plsjcd X@ hld mckulrfl yldf
icrlwltdyl tcrkjblt scklku hj ruldfld hld sllt pcdfmlgjld mckulrfl
ickcpls ilsmcrdyl.
 `.  Mctjhlmcecmtjeld `crsjbld glkld dlels `.h scmrcsj yldf tcrtlbld (plsjcd
X@) yldf hjtldhlj hcdfld tcrhcdflr sulrl dlels tli`lbld, tjhlm lhl
 `ltum, hld plsjcd mcsukjtld udtum vcr`lkjslsj.
vcr`lkjslsj.
o.  Pjsjma gltub `.h mckcilbld cmstrcijtls mldld yldf hjtldhlj hcdfld
 plsjcd tcrkjblt kcilb, mckulrfl
mck ulrfl plsjcd icdfltlmld plsjcd icicrkumld
 `ldtuld udtum icdffldtj `lgu, `crfcrlm, ilmld, ijdui hld
icklmumld lmtjvjtls yldf kljd.
h.  Bli`ltld maiudjmlsj vcr`lk `.h fldffuld ejsjakafjs (plsjcd X@
hjscrtlj _DB) yldf hjtldhlj hcdfld plsjcd tjhlm ilipu icdfutlrlmld
 pjmjrlddyl scolrl vcr`lk (plsjcd pcka).
 

<>. Pcdoldl Jdtcrvcdsj

Hjlfdasl Xuguld Jdtcrvcdsj Plsjadlk

DAO 7 Madtrak Pjsjma (<:>0) DJO7 Ildlgcicd Dycrj
_ctcklb hjklmumld tjdhlmld mcpcrlwltld scklil ?x08 gli, (<8>>)
hjblrlpmld pcdfcdhlkjld tcrblhlp jdecmsj plsjcd tcrtldfldj <.  Lglrmld plsjcd hld mckulrfl
hcdfld jdhjmltar 7  icdfcdlj tldhl hld fcglkl <.  Ici`crjmld chumlsj
 Da Jdhjmltar _mlkl _mlkl jdecmsj hld mlpld blrus udtum icdocflb
lwlk tuguld icklparmlddyl mcplhl  pcduklrld X@.
<. Icdfjhcdtjejmlsj elmtar rjsjma 0 ?  pci`crj klyldld mcscbltld.

Pjsjma jdecmsj `.h Iciahjejmlsj flyl bjhup udtum .  Lglrmld plsjcd hld mckulrfl 0.  Ici`crjmld mcildld
0. ? 8
tcrplgld plhl wl`lb icdfurldfj rjsjma olrl icdfbjdhlrj jdecmsj. mcplhl ldffatl

(pcdylmjt X@ ^lru) Icdffudlmld elsjkjtls mcscbltld mckulrfl yldf

?. ? 8
(>>>>8) yldf scsulj hcdfld mc`utubld icrlwlt lflr tjhlm

Icdfcdlkj pcru`lbld stltus tcrmcdl pcduklrld.

8. 0 ?
mcscbltld

Mctcrldfld7
< 9 Xjhlm pcrdlb icdudgummld
0 9 Glrldf icdudgummld
? 9 Mlhldf-mlhldf icdudgummld

8 9 _crjdf icdudgummld
3 9 _colrl madsjstcd icdudgummld
Mctjhlmcecmtjeld DAO 7 _tltus ^cr dlelsld7 Mcpltcdld Glkld Dlels (>8<>) DJO7 Ildlgcicd Glkld
 `crsjbld glkld dlels _ctcklb hjklmumld tjdhlmld mcpcrlwltld scklil ?x08 gli, Dlels (?<2>)
 `.h scmrcsj yldf hjblrlpmld pcdfcdhlkjld tcrblhlp jdecmsj plsjcd tcrtldfldj
tcrtlbld (plsjcd X@) hcdfld jdhjmltar 7  <.  ^asjsjmld plsjcd udtum <.  Ici`ldtu
(>>>?<)  Da Jdhjmltar _mlkl _mlkl icilmsjilkmld vcdtjklsj. icdfurldfj scslm
lwlk tuguld lmj`lt scmrct.
<. Ercmucdsj pcrdlelsld 0 ? 0.  Lusmuktlsj sulrl dlels, 0.  Icdhctcmsj lhldyl

0. Jrlil pcrdlelsld ? 8 oltlt lrcl yldf vcdtjklsjdyl sulrl tli`lbld

?. Mcilipuld icdfckulrmld scmrct ? 8 icdurud ltlu tjhlm lhl hld scpcrtj radmj.
lhldyl sulrl tli`lbld.

Mctcrldfld7 ?.  ^asjsjmld plsjcd udtum ?.  Ici`crjmld

<9 Hcvjlsj `crlt icrjdfmldmld scslm dlels. mcdylildld mcplhl

09 Hcvjlsj oumup `crlt  plsjcd.

?9 Hcvjlsj schldf 8.  Iadjtar stltus pcrdlelsld 8.  Icildtlu

89 Hcvjlsj rjdfld hld amsjfcdlsj,  pcrmci`ldfld

39 Xjhlm lhl hcvjlsj  sc`lfljildl icstjdyl. madhjsj plsjcd

 

Pjsjma gltub `.h DAO 7 ^cdfctlbuld7 ^cdocflbld Gltub (<202) DJO7 ^cdocflbld Gltub
(58:>)
mckcilbld
<.  Icdfjhcdtjejmlsj
cmstrcijtls mldld _ctcklb hjklmumld tjdhlmld mcpcrlwltld scklil ?x08 gli, <.  Icdfctlbuj tjdfmlt
mcmurldfld `ljm mafdjtje
(>><33) hjblrlpmld pcdfcdhlkjld tcrblhlp jdecmsj plsjcd tcrtldfldj mcslhlrld plsjcd
ltlu ejsjm hlrj plsjcd yldf
hcdfld jdhjmltar 7 icklkuj pcdfmlgjld
iudfmjd icdjdfmltmld
 Da Jdhjmltar _mlkl _mlkl FO_.
 patcdsj gltub.
lwlk tuguld 0.  Ici`crjmld
0.  Mudoj tciplt tjhur ltlu

<. ^cdffudlld lklt `ldtu yldf `cdlr 0 ?  `rldmlr mctjml mclildld mctjml
^cdffudlld lklt mcsckliltld yldf  plsjcd `crpjdhlb
0. 0 ? icijdhlbmld plsjcd.
 `cdlr tciplt.
?.  Lglrmld mckulrfl
Xlbu mlpld icijdtl `ldtuld ?.  Ici`crjmld chumlsj
icdfcdlj elmtar rjsjma
?. ? 8
 praecsjdlk udtum icdocflb
yldf `crmadtrj`usj
^cdffudlld praschur pcrpjdhlbld  plsjcd ochcrl.
tcrblhlp lhldyl mcglhjld
8. 0 ?
yldf lild  gltub hld `lfljildl
mckulrfl hlplt
Mctcrldfld7 icdurudmld rjsjma jdj.
< 9 Xjhlm lhl pcdfctlbuld 8.  Ldgurmld lhlptlsj hj
0 9 ^cdfctlbuld tcr`ltls 8.  Ici`crjmld mcildld
ruilb udtum
? 9 ^cdfctlbuld schldf  plsjcd mctjml hj
icdjdfmltmld mclildld.
8 9 ^cdfctlbuld `ldylm ruilb.

3 9 ^cdfctlbuld sldflt `ldylm 3.  ^lsldf plkldf tciplt 3.  Ici`crjmld

tjhur hcdfld tcplt mctjml mclildld mcplhl
olrc fjvcr  tjhlm
 tjhlm lhl.  plsjcd mctjml tjhlm lhl
yldf icdudffuj
 plsjcd.