[GLYK_SL@H@ CKGP_HF @KF KC[H@D_

IHC[FPH@ @K CLKGCLHS KCDGDELCHS

KSC[KFH @K ILGHGZHS

GDEO_K: O_\HG EH_CLFFD ^.

H[FH: 0;

CH^ÅP[FD 83

8.  Edbhwa @lscdugt

@lscdugt Stdrk kstè `lskøhg`d uugg prdmrheh `k chphclthclóg
chphclthclóg mkrkgclhf phrh
phrh
kepfkh`ds `k sus dilclghs cdrpdrhtlvhs. Fh keprksh `kskh `lskøhr kf prdmrheh `k ed`d
quk fds kepfkh`ds quk sk chphclthg fd tkrelgkg thg rèpl`d cded skh pdslofk. @kokg
ehgtkgkrsk rkfhcldgks `k prkck`kgclh lepdrthgtks kgtrk fds kgchrmds d hctlvl`h`ks `kf
 prdmrheh.

^dr kjkepfd,
hslstkgtk ug kepfkh`d
`kf mkrkgtk `k tlkg`hquk sk quk
bhsth kstèbhyh
chphclthg`d
h`qulrl`dgd puk`k `kskepkøhrsk
kxpkrlkgclh cded
kg kf `kphrthekgtd
`k crì`ltd, y pdr fd ekgds kg ug `kphrthekgtd `k vkgths. Fhs slmulkgtks hctlvl`h`ks sdg
fds kgchrmds quk `kokg skr cdepfkth`ds pdr ch`h kepfkh`d kg kf prdmrheh. Cdgstruyh
ugh rk` `k prdykctd phrh kstk prdofkeh. Gd rkhflck glgmúg hgèflsls h`lcldghf.

H C I M

LGLCLD @

O K B PK_ELGHCLDG

?.  Orl`mk Clty @kvkfdpkrs kstè

kstè cddr`lghg`d fh cdgstrucc
cdgstrucclóg
lóg `k ug cdepfkjd `k dilclghs.
Cded phrtk `kf prdcksd `k pfhgkhclóg, fh keprksh kfhodró fh slmulkgtk flsth `k
hctlvl`h`ks. Prhck ugh rk` `kf prdykctd quk puk`h skr utlflzh`h phrh prdmrhehr fhs
hctlvl`h`ks `kf prdykctd.

H @ I
 

  LGLCLD O K M

C B J PK_ELGHCLDG

3. Cdgstruyh ugh rk` phrh

phrh kf slmulkgtk prdykctd, kf cuhf sk cdepfkth
cdepfkth cuhg`d fhs
hctlvl`h`ks I y M sk tkrelghg .

C K

H @ M PK_ELGHCLDG

LGLCLD

O I

0. Supdgmh quk kf
kf prdykctd `kf prdofkeh 3 tlkgk fds slmu
slmulkgtks
lkgtks tlkepds `k hctlvl`h` (k
(kgg
eksks):

h.  @ktkrelgk fh ruth cråtlch.

h. 

FH _[PH EHS _H^L@H KS H@M @ 0 8> M 8> 8;

9 ;

H > 0
LGLCLD
0
PK_ELGHCLDG

O) Kf prdykctd `kok skr cdepfkth`d kg 8 hød y ek`ld. ´^rkvì hfmugh `lilcufth` phrh
cuepflr cdg kf pfhzd4 Kxpflquk
^uks Gd Sk @h Kg [g Hød Sk @ktkrelgh 8; Eksks Xuk Kqulvhfk h Hød 3 Eksks
E ksks Kg Fh
_uth Eès Cdrth Xuk Ks H, @ y M
 

;. Ehghmkekgt @kclslóg Slstkehs (E@S) ks ugh ilreh `k cdgsuftdråh kspkclhflzh`h kg

kf `kshrrdffd `k slstkehs `k hpdyd h fhs `kclsldgks. E@S dotuvd ug cdgtrhtd phrh
`kshrrdffhr ug slstkeh `k cóeputd phrh hyu`hr h fh mkrkgclh `k ugh keprksh mrhg`k kg
fh idreufhclóg `k sus pfhgks `k mhstds `k chplthf. Kf få`kr `kf prdykctd `kshrrdffó fh
slmulkgtk flsth `k hctlvl`h`ks y fhs prk`kcksdrhs lgek`lhths. Cdgstruyh ugh rk` `kf
 prdykctd phrh kstk prdofkeh.

KJK_CLCLD 9

h. L`kgtlilquk fh ruth cråtlch.

 

o. ´Cuègtd tlkepd sk rkqukrlrè phrh cdepfkthr kstk prdykctd4

?? skehghs

c. ´^uk`k `kedrhrsk fh hctlvl`h` @ slg quk sk `kedrk td`d kf prdykctd4 @k skr hså, ´pdr
cuègths skehghs4

Gd, fh hctlvl`h` @ gd puk`k `kedrhr eès `k fd pfhgkh`d `kol`d h quk ksth hctlvl`h` sk
kgcukgtrh `kgtrd `k fh ruth cråtlch.

`. ´^uk`k `kedrhrsk fh hctlvl`h` C slg quk sk `kedrk td`d kf prdykctd4 @k skr hså, ´pdr
cuègths skehghs4

Sl, fh hctlvl`h` C puk`k `kedrhrsk bhsth ? skehghs h`lcldghfks h fd pfhgkh`d cdg hgtkrldrl`h`
`kol`d h quk ksth hctlvl`h` gd cdgsth kg fh ruth crltlch

k. ´Cuèf ks kf prdmrheh phrh fh hctlvl`h` K4

 

Fh hctlvh` K tlkgk ugh `urhclóg `k = skehghs, su lglcld eès tkeprhgd ks h fh tkrckrh skehgh y
su ilghflzhclóg eès tkeprhgh h fh `ìcleh skehgh, su lglcld eès thr`åd h fh cuhrth skehgh y su
ilghflzhclóg h fh chtdrckhvh skehgh.

=. Keohssy Cfuo Cdg`delglue, fdchflzh`d kg fh cdsth dkstk `k Ifdrl`h, kstè

rked`kfhg`d su k`lilcd cld prlgclphf. Kf prdykctd sk prdmrheó phrh lglclhrsk kf
8 `k ehyd y sk `kskh cded ikcbh `k tkrelghclóg kf 8 `k skptlkeork (8=
skehghs). Kf mkrkgtk `kf cdg`delgld l`kgtlilcó fhs slmulkgtks hctlvl`h`ks `k
rked`kfhclóg y sus tlkepds kstleh`ds:

h. Prhck ugh rk` `kf prdykctd.

o. ´Cuèfks sdg fhs hctlvl`h`ks cråtlchs4

Plkepd Lglcld eès Pkrelghclóg Lglcld Pkrelghclóg Bdfmurh _uth

`k fh tkeprhgd eès eès ehs thr`åh Crltlch
hctlvl`h` tkeprhgh thr`åd
^rdjkct 89
H 3 > 3 > 3 > Så
O 8 > 8 ? 3 ?
C ? > ? 8 3 8
@ 0 3 = 3 = > Så
K ; = 8? = 8? > Så
I 3 3 9 = 8> 0
M 9 = 83 8> 89 3

B 0 8? 89 8? 89 > Så
 

Fhs hctlvl`h`ks cråtlchs sdg fh hctlvl`h` H, @, K, B

c. ´Xuì hctlvl`h` tlkgk kf tlkepd `k bdfmurh eèxled4

Fh hctlvl`h` quk tlkgk ehydr bdfmurh ks fh hctlvl`h` I, quk gds

gds pkreltk htrhshrgds
htrhshrgds
bhsth cdg cuhtrd `åhs.

`. ´Sk cdepfkthrè kf prdykctd phrh kf 8 `k skptlkeork4

Så, sk fdmrhrh cdepfkthr
cdepfkthr kf prdykctd kg 89 skehghs, `k `kjèg`dgds
jèg`dgds ugh skehgh h ihvdr,
cdg rkfhclóg h fhs 8= skehgh
skehghs,
s, prdpuksth
prdpuksthss pdr kf kjkrclcld. 

2.  Kf Cdfdglhf Sthtk Cdffkmk plkgsh cdgstrulr ug gukvd cdepfkjd `kpdrtlvd

euftl`lsclpflghrld kg su chepus. Kf cdepfkjd lgcfulråh ug gukvd mleghsld phrh jukmds
`k ohsquktodf lgtkrcdfkmlhfks, ug ksphcld kxphg`l`d phrh dilclghs, hufhs `k cfhsk k
lgsthfhclóg lgtrheurds.
Fhs slmulkgtks hctlvl`h`ks tkg`råhg quk skr keprkg`l`hs hgtks `k quk puk`h lglclhrsk fh
cdgstrucclóg:

h.  Prhck ugh rk` `kf prdykctd.

H @

Lglcld C I M
K
O

PK_ELGHCLÓG
 

o.  L`kgtlilquk fh ruth cråtlch.

o. 

H > 9
9 8< ?; @ ?9 3>
0 3< 03

C 80 ?9
Lglcld 8? ?; 3= I 32
8; 03 ;3
;2 M ?>
8? 89 3?
;2
K ?9 3?
O > 2 9 3= 03
2 8= ?;
B ;2 99
2 ;2 99

c.  @kshrrdffk kf prdmrheh `k hctlvl`h`ks `kf prdykctd.

c.  PK_ELGHCLÓG

HCPLYL@H@ KS FS KI FI FS-KS _[PH C_LPLCH

H > 8< 9 ?; 8=
O > 8= 2 ?; > sl
C 80 ?; ?9 3= > sl
@ 82 3< 32 03 -8?
K ?9 3= 3? 03 > sl
I 32 03 ;3 ;2 > sl
M ?> 89 3? ;2 -9
B ;0 ;2 9? 99 > sl

`.  ´^hrkck rhzdghofk quk fh cdgstrucclóg `kf cdepfkjd htfìtlcd pu`lkrh lglclhr ug hød
`. 
`kspuìs `k fh `kclslóg `k lglclhr kf prdykctd cdg kf fkvhgthelkgtd tdpdmrèilcd `kf sltld
y fds pfhgds `k `lskød lglclhfks4 ´Cuèf ks kf tlkepd `k tkrelghclóg kspkrh`d `kf
prdykctd4

Sl, kf tlkepd ks `k 0< skehghs

<. Eyrtfk Hlr Kxprkss `kcl`ló dirkckr ug vukfd `lrkctd `k Cfkvkfhg` h Eyrtfk
Okhcb. Fh mkrkgclh `kok `kcl`lr kgtrk ug skrvlcld `k prkcld cdepfktd utlflzhg`d fh
gukvh if dth `k jkts `k fh keprksh y ug skrvlcld cdg `kscukgtd utlflzhg`d hvldgks `k
ekgdr chphcl`h` phrh trhykctds cdrtds. @ks`k fukmd, fh ekjdr dpclóg `kpkg`k `k
 

fh rkhcclóg `kf ekrch`d hgtk kf skrvlcld quk dirkck Eyrtfk Hlr. Fh mkrkgclh
`kshrrdffó kstlehcldgks `k fh cdgtrlouclóg h fhs utlfl`h`ks quk lepflch ch`h tlpd `k
skrvlcld cdg ohsk kg `ds glvkfks pdslofks `k `kehg`h `k fds vukfds h Eyrftk Okhcb:
iukrtk y `ìolf. Fh thofh slmulkgtk eukstrh fhs utlfl`h`ks trlekstrhfks kstleh`hs (kg
elfks `k `ófhrks):

h.  ´Cuèf `kclslóg sk `kok tdehr, cuèf ks kf kvkgtd idrtultd y cuèf fh cdgskcukgclh `k kstk
h. 
prdofkeh4 ´Cuègths hftkrghtlvhs `k `kclslóg bhy4 ´Cuègtds rksufth`ds kxlstkg phrh kf
kvkgtd idrtultd4
Fh `kclsldg quk sk `kok tdehr ks fh `k ug skrvlcld h prkcld cdepfktd cuhg`d kxlsth
ugh `kehg`h iukrtk `k <9>.

Kxlstkg 0 hftkrghtlvhs `k `kclslóg y cuhtrd rksufth`ds phrh kf kvkgtd idrtultd.

h. 
h.  Sl gd sk shok gh`h hckrch `k fhs prdoholfl`h`ks `k fds rksufth`ds idrtultds,
´cuèf ks fh `kclslóg rkcdekg`h`h, utlflzhg`d fds kgidquks dptlelsth, cdgskrvh`dr y
`k hrrkpkgtlelkgtd elglehx4
[tlflzhg`d kf kgidquk dptlelsth ks fh `kclslóg `k dirkckr ug skrvlcld cdepfktd h ugh
hfth `kehg`h `k <9>
Kg kf kgidquk cdgskrvh`dr fh `kclslóg ks `k dirkckr ug skrvlcld cdg `kscukgtd h ugh
`kehg`h `ìolf `k 3?>
 

\ pdr úftled phrh kf kgidquk `k hrrkpkgtlelkgtd tkgkeds fh `likrkgclh kgtrk dirkckr

ug skrvlcld cdepfktd d `k `kscukgtd cuhg`d kxlstk ugh `kehg`h iukrtk quk ks `k
?<>.

o.  Supdgmh quk fh mkrkgclh `k Eyrtfk Hlr Kxprkss crkk quk fh prdoholfl`h` `k ugh
o. 
`kehg`h iukrtk ks >.= y fh `k ugh `kehg`h `ìolf ks >.3. [tlflck kf eìtd`d `kf vhfdr
kspkrh`d phrh `ktkrelghr ugh `kclslóg óptleh.

55<9>
<9>Ý
9=>Ý
9=>Ý Ý>.=
>.=
>.=
>.=
 + +3?>Ý
∟0<>
∟0<> Ý>.3 5 5;9;;?;   
>.3
>.3
>.3
Fh dpclóg ks eès óptleh ks quk thgtd cded kg fh `kehg`h iukrtk y `ìolf sk `kok `kok
dirkckr ug skrvlcld cdg `kscukgtd.
c.  Supdgmh quk fh prdoholfl`h` `k ugh `kehg`h iukrtk ks >.2 y fh prdoholfl`h` `k ugh
c. 
`kehg`h `ìolf ks >.?. ´Cuèf ks fh `kclslóg óptleh utlflzhg`d kf eìtd`d `kf vhfdr
kspkrh`d4
<9>ÝÝ >.2
 5 <9> >.2 + ∟0<>
∟0<> Ý >.?
>.? 5 9=>  
9=>ÝÝ >.2
 5 9=> >.2 +3?>Ý >.?
>.? 5 9>>  
Fh `kclslóg eès óptleh ks quk cuhg`d kxlsth `kehg`h hfth y `ìolf sk `kok dirkckr
dirkckr ug
skrvlcld cdepfktd
`.  [tlflck kf hgèflsls `k skgslolfl`h` mrèilcd phrh `ktkrelghr kf rhgmd `k prdoholfl`h`ks
`. 
`k fh `kehg`h phrh kf cuhf ch`h ugh `k fhs hftkrghtlvhs tlkgk kf vhfdr kspkrh`d
ehydr.

 5 <9>
<9> +8∟∟0<> 
 5 80;>∟0<> 
 5 9=>
9=> +8∟3?> 
 5 3;>3;> + 3?>
3?> 
80
80;>
;> ∟ 0<>
0<> 5 33;>
;> + 3?
3?>> 
80
80;>
;> ∟ 0<>
0<> 5 33;>
;> + 3?
3?>> 
 5 >.=0 
8?>>

8>>>

2>>

9>>

0>> cdepfktd
?>> `kscukgtd

>
> >,? > ,0 >,9 >,2 8 8,?
-?>>

-0>>

-9>>
 

 
8>.  Fhs slmulkgtks kstlehcldgks `k tlkepds `k hctlvl`h` (kg `åhs) kstèg `lspdglofks phrh
8>.
ug prdykctd pkqukød: 
pkqukød: 

h.  Chfcufk fds tlkepds kspkrh`ds `k tkrelghclóg `k fhs hctlvl`h`ks y fh vhrlhgzh `k ch`h
hctlvl`h`.

Idreufh
Plkepd kspkrh`d Yhrlhgzh

H ;

H >,88

O >,88

C >,00

@ >,?;

K >,?;

I >,88

O <

C 2

@ 2,23

K =,8=
 

I 9

o.  [g hghflsth `ktkrelgó quk fh ruth cråtlch sk cdepdgk `k fhs hctlvl`h`ks O-@-I.
Chfcufk kf tlkepd `k tkrelghclóg kspkrh`d `kf prdykctd y fh vhrlhgzh.

Plkepd Kspkrh`d

<+2,23+9 5?3,23

Yhrlhgzh

>,88+>,?;+>,885 >,0=

88. Fh cdgstrucclóg `k ugh plsclgh `k jhr`åg cdgsth `k gukvk hctlvl`h`ks

lepdrthgtks. Sk eukstrhg fhs hctlvl`h`ks y sus prk`kcksdrhs. @kshrrdffk fh
rk` `kf prdykctd.

Hctlvl`h` H O C @ K I M B L
^rk`kcksdrh ------ -------- H, O H,O O C @ @, I K,M,B
lgek`lhth
 

8?. Supdgmh quk fhs kstlehcldgks `k fds tlkepds `k hctlvl`h` (kg `åhs) phrh kf
prdykctd `k cdgstrucclóg `k fh plsclgh `kf prdofkeh 88 sdg fds slmulkgtks:
 

h.  ´Cuèfks sdg fhs hctlvl`h`ks cråtlchs4

Plkepds kspkrh`ds `k fhs hctlvl`h`ks

 5 + +  
 

 5 3 + 09; +  9 5 0,2333 

 5 ? + 090 +  9 5 0 
 5 ; + 099 +  = 5 9 
5 = + 09< + 8> 5 2,2333 
 5 =
 5 ? + 090 +  9 5 0 
 5 8 + 09? +  3 5 ?  
 5 ; + 092 + 8> 5 =,2333 
 5 9 + 092 + 8> 5 2 
 3 + 00 + ;  
 5 9   5 0
 5 3 + 090 +  ; 5 0  
 

 
 o.  ´Cuèf ks kf tlkepd kspkrh`d phrh cdepfkthr kf prdykctd4

Sueh `k fds tlkepds kspkrh`ds pdr hctlvl`h`ks pkrtkgkclkgtks h fh ruth crltlch

Pk5 H+@+B+L

Pk5 0.23 + 2.23 + 2 + 0

Pk5 ?;.99 `åhs

c.  ´Cuèf ks fh prdoholfl`h` `k quk kf prdykctd sk tkrelgk kg ?; d ekgds `åhs4

 5  ∟  
 5 ? ?;;8.>?=0
∟ ?;.99  5 ∟>.9; 

Z ≠ ?; 5 >.?;=2%  

SDF[CLDG XE

Hctlvl`h`ks cdg bdfmurh 5 > (H, @, B ,L) cdgstltuykg fh ruth cråtlch

 

 
Kf tlkepd kspkrh`d `k tkrelghclóg `kf prdykctd ks `k ?;.9= `åhs
 

83. Supdgmh quk sk prdpdrcldghrdg fhs slmulkgtks kstlehcldgks `k tlkepds `k

hctlvl`h` (kg skehghs) phrh fh rk` edstrh`h kg kf prdofkeh 9:

´Cuèf ks fh prdoholfl`h` `k quk kf prdykctd sk cdepfkthrè

_uth cråtlch H-@-I-B, kstd qulkrk `kclr quk ;+9+3+25??
  5 >.88 + >.00 + >.88 + 8.=2 
  

  5 ?.00 
  

 5  
 ∟
∟  å
  
å 

h)  ´@kgtrd `k ?8 skehghs4

 

 5 ? ?8√ 8?.00
∟ ?? 
?.00
 5 >.90 
 5 >.?988 
Fh prdoholfl`h` `k quk sk cdepfktk kf prdmrheh kg ?8 skehghs ks `kf ?9.88%

 o)  ´@kgtrd `k ?? skehghs4

 5 ? ??√ ??.00
∟ ?? 
?.00
 5 >.>> 
 5 >.;> 
Fh prdoholfl`h` `k quk sk cdepfktk kf prdmrheh kg ?? skehghs ks `kf ;>.>>%

c)  ´@kgtrd `k ?; skehghs4

 5 ? ?;√ ;?.00
∟ ?? 
?.00
 5 8.<? 
 5 >.<=?9 
Fh prdoholfl`h` `k quk sk cdepfktk kf prdmrheh kg ?; skehghs ks `kf <=.?9%

80. @hvlsdg Cdgstructldg Cdephgy cdgstruyk ugh fujdsh rksl`kgclh irkgtk hf

fhmd kg fh rkmlóg `k Ilgmkr Fhaks `k Gukvh \dra. Fh cddr`lghclóg `kf
hrqultkctd y fds suocdgtrhtlsths rkqukrlrè ug ksiukrzd lepdrthgtk phrh
cuepflr cdg fh ikcbh `k tkrelghclóg `k 00 skehghs (hprdxleh`hekgtk 8>
eksks) sdflclth`h pdr kf prdplkthrld. Kf mkrkgtk `kf prdykctd prkphró fh
slmulkgtk rk` `k prdykctd.

Fhs kstlehcldgks `k fds tlkepds dptlelsth, eès prdohofk y pkslelsth (kg skehghs)

`k fhs hctlvl`h`ks sdg fhs slmulkgtks:

 

_KSDF[CLÓG

 5  + 09 +  
 ∟  
  5 ( 9 )  
Hctlvl`h` Dptlelsth Ehs ^kslelsth Plkepd Yhrlhgzh
 prdohofk kspkrh`d
H 0 2 8? 2 8,=2
O 9 = 2 = >,88
C 9 8? 82 8? 0,>>
@ 3 ; = ; >,00
K 9 < 82 8> 0,>>
I ; 2 8= < 0,>>
M 8> 8; ?> 8; ?,=2
B ; 9 83 = 8,=2
=3 82.2<

_K@
 

 
h.  @ktkrelgk fh ruth cråtlch.
H –   C
C –   K
K –   M
M –  B
 B

o.  ´Cuèf ks kf tlkepd `k tkrelghclóg `kf prdykctd kspkrh`d4

Ehs Plkepd
Hctlvl`h` Dptlelsth prdohofk ^kslelsth kspkrh`d
H 0 2 8? 2
O 9 = 2 =
C 9 8? 82 8?
@ 3 ; = ;
K 9 < 82 8>
I ; 2 8= <
M 8> 8; ?> 8;
B ; 9 83 =
Pdthf tlkepd kspkrh`d =3

c.  ´Cuèf ks fh prdoholfl`h` `k quk kf prdykctd sk tkrelgk kg fhs 00 skehghs

sdflclth`hs pdr kf prdplkthrld4
P5 00
(K)P 5 H + C + K + M + B
(K)P 5 2 + 8? + 8> + 8; + =
(K)P 5 ;?
σ? 5 H + C + K + M + B
σ? 5 8.=2 + 0 + 0 + ?.=2 + 8.=2

σ? 5 80.33
 

σ 5 √80.33 
σ 5 3.=<
 5 0 0003,=<
∟ ;?  5 ∟ ?,88 
 
 ≫ 
 5 ,
, 

`.  ´Cuèf ks fh prdoholfl`h` `k quk kf prdykctd `k cdgstrucclóg pu`lkrh
rktrhshrsk eès `k trks eksks4 [tlflck
[tlfl ck ;= skehghs phrh kstk cèfcufd.
 5 ; ;==3,=<
∟ ;?  5 8,3? 
 ≫ ;=
;= 5 8∟>,<>99 
 ≫ 
 5 ,
, 
 
 
k. ´Xuì `kokrè `kclrfk fh cdephøåh cdgstructdrh hf prdplkthrld4
Fh cdephøåh cdgstructdrh `kokråh `kclrfk quk:

-  Kg 8> eksks ks `u`dsd tkrelghr kf prdykctd

-  Pkrelghr kf prdykctd kg 83 eksks ks euy prdohofk
-  Fh cdephøåh `kok kstlehr tkrelghr kf prdykctd kg 8= eksks ≫ (8 hød).

8;. @dum Chsky kstè h chrmd `k pfhgkhr y cddr`lghr kf slmulkgtk prdmrheh `k mkstlóg `k
vkgths `k prlehvkrh `k su keprksh. @dum kfhodró fh slmulkgtk flsth `k hctlvl`h`ks phrh
kstk prdykctd: 

h.  Prhzhr fh rk` `kf prdykctd.

 

 
o.  ^rkphrhr ug prdmrheh `k hctlvl`h`ks.

c.  ´Cuèfks sdg fhs hctlvl`h`ks cråtlchs y kf tlkepd `k tkrelghclóg kspkrh`d `kf
prdykctd4

Fhs hctlvl`h`ks cråtlchs sdg H,O M,B k L y kf tlkepd kspkrh`d ks 8; skehghs

GDEO_KS: Ikflpk Edrkgd, Elryhg Chtdth y Jhvlkr Sheukzh

Kjkrclcld 89
 

 
Ltkes Plkepd kspkrh`d Yhrlhgzh
H-@-M-J 9+;+3+? 5 89
5 89 8,=2+8,=2+>,?;+>,88 5 3,<?
5 3,<?
H-C-I-J 9+3+?+? 5 83
5 83 8,=2+>,88+>,>3+>,88 5 ?,>3
5 ?,>3
O-B-L-J ?+0+?+? 5 8>
5 8> >,00+>,9<+>,>3+>,88 5 8,?=
5 8,?=

 5 √ ∟ 
8)  H-@-M-J: Z5 8,>?1 ^5 <=,23%, H-C-I-J ug 8>>% y O-B-L-J ug 8>>%.
8) 

Kf Cèfcufd `k fh prdoholfl`h` `kgtrd `k ug prdykctd tdehg`d kg cukgth kf tlkepd quk

cdgffkvh `kshrrdffhrfd ks euy lepdrthgtk pukstd quk pd`keds kstlehr sl mhsthrkeds eès
rkcursds pdr rktrhsds y hbdrrd `k cdstds pdr kgtrkmhr eès h`kfhgth`d kf trhohjd.

Kf cèfcufd `k fh prdoholfl`h` `k fh ruth d crltlch ks `k mrhg lepdrthgclh puks pkreltk kvhfuhr

sl sk puk`k tdehr dtrd chelgd phrh ffkvhr h chod kf prdykctd.

8=. Pbk ^drscbk Sbdp, iug`h`d kg 8<2; pdr @hfk Jkgskg, sk kspkclhflzh kg fh
rksthurhclóg `k hutdeóvlfks ^drscbk hgtlmuds. [gd `k fds cflkgtks rkmufhrks `k
Jkgskg fk sdflcltó quk prkphrhrh ugh kstlehclóg phrh fh rksthurhclóg `k ug ^dscbk
3;9SC ed`kfd 8<90. ^hrh kstlehr kf cdstd y tlkepd `k thf rksthurhclóg, Jkgskg
`lvl`ló kf prdcksd `k rksthurhclóg kg cuhtrd hctlvl`h`ks `lstlgths: `kskgsheofk y
trhohjd `k prkphrhclóg lglclhf (H), rksthurhclóg `k fh chrrdckråh (O), rksthurhclóg
`kf edtdr (C), y kgsheofk ilghf (@). [gh vkz quk sk bh cdepfkth`d fh hctlvl`h` H,
fhs hctlvl`h`ks O y C puk`kg rkhflzhrsk lg`kpkg`lkgtkekgtk ugh `k dtrh1 slg
keohrmd, fh hctlvl`h` @ puk`k lglclhrsk sófd sl fhs hctlvl`h`ks O y C sk
 

cdepfkthrdg. Cdg ohsk kg su lgspkcclóg `kf hutdeóvlf, Jkgskg crkk quk fhs
slmulkgtks kstlehcldgks `k tlkepd (kg `åhs) sdg hpflchofks:

Jkgskg kstleh quk fhs plkzhs gkckshrlhs phrh rksthurhr fh chrrdckråh cdsthrèg
$3,>>> y quk fhs plkzhs gkckshrlhs phrh rksthurhr kf edtdr cdsthrèg $;,>>>. Sus
cdstds hctuhfks `k ehgd `k dorh sdg `k $0>> pdr `åh.
h. @kshrrdffk ugh rk` `kf prdykctd.
o. ´Cuèf ks kf tlkepd `k tkrelghclóg `kf prdykctd4
c. Fh ilfdsdiåh `k gkmdcld `k Jkgskg sk ohsh kg tdehr `kclsldgks utlflzhg`d kf
ksckghrld `kf ekjdr y pkdr chsd. Kstlek fds cdstds `k cdepfkthr fh rksthurhclóg cdg
ohsk thgtd kg kf hgèflsls `kf ekjdr chsd cded kg kf `kf pkdr. Supdgmh quk kf cdstd
`k rksthurhclóg tdthf ks fh sueh `kf cdstd `k fh ehgd `k dorh eès kf cdstd `kf
ehtkrlhf.
`. Jkgskg dotlkgk kf trhohjd cdg ugh cdtlzhclóg ohsh`h kg fds cdstds hsdclh`ds cdg
ug tlkepd `k tkrelghclóg kspkrh`d, ´cuèf ks fh prdoholfl`h` quk plkr`h `lgkrd kg
kf trhohjd4
k. Sl Jkgskg dotlkgk kf trhohjd cdg ohsk kg ugh cdtlzhclóg `k $89,2>>, ´Cuèf ks fh
prdoholfl`h` `k quk plkr`h `lgkrd kg kf trhohjd4

Hctlvl`h` ^rk`kcksdrh Dptlelsth Eès ^rdohofk ^kslelsth

H 3 0 2
O H ; 2 88
C H ? 0 9
@ O,C 0 ; 8?

h) 

D_L MKG H @ P K_ELGHCLÓG

 
 o) 
 

 5  + 09 +  
 5 3 + 090 +  2 5 0,; 
 5 ; + 02 + 88 5 2 
 ? + 0  9 + 9
0
 5 9   5 0 
 5 0 + 09; + 8? 5 9  
 5  ∟9    
  5 2 ∟9 3   5 >,9<0 

9    5 8 
 5 88∟;
88∟;
 5 9 ∟9 ?   5 >,000 
 5 8?∟0
9      5 8,== 

Kf tlkepd `k tkrelghclóg `kf prdykctd ks lmuhf h ∘ ,,  y ks lmuhf h 82,;

KJK_CLCLD 82
 

h) 
h) 

o) 
o) 
 

PLKE^D KS^K_H@D
HCPLYL@H@ (SKEHGHS) YH_LHGZH
H 8,8= >,>3
O 9,>> >,00
C 0,>> >,00
@ ?,>> >,88
K 3,>> >,88
I ?,>> >,88
M ?,>> >,88
B ?,>> >,88
L 8,>> >,>>
PDPHF ?3,8= 8,0=

c)  _[PH C_ÅPLCH H-O-@-M-B-L

c) 

_[PH C_ÅPLCH

K(t) 5  +  +  +  +  +   

K(t) 5 8,8= + 9,>>+ ?,>>+ ?,>>+?,>>+8,>>

K(t)5 80,8= skehghs

 5  +  +  +  +  +  

 5 >,>3 + >,00+ >,88+ >,88 + >,88 +>,>>
 5 >,2>;9
 5 >,2< 

8<. Kf mrupd `k `kshrrdffd `k prd`uctd

prd`uctd kg Fhg`dg Cdrpdrhtldg
Cdrpdrhtldg bh trhohjh`d kg ug gukvd
prd`uctd `k sditwhrk quk tlkgk kf pdtkgclhf `k chpturhr ug mrhg skmekgtd `kf ekrch`d. H
trhvìs `k iukgtks kxtkrghs, fh mkrkgclh `k Fhg`dg sk `ld cukgth quk kf cdepktl`dr
c depktl`dr trhohjh kg
ug prd`uctd slelfhr. ^dr cdgslmulkgtk, fh hfth mkrkgclh `k Fhg`dg lgcrkekgtó su prkslóg kg
kf mrupd `k `kshrrdffd `k prd`uctds. Kf få`kr `kf mrupd rkcurrló hf prdck`lelkgtd ^K_P/C^E
phrh prdmrhehr fhs hctlvl`h`ks rksthgtks hgtks `k quk kf gukvd prd`uctd puk`k skr ffkvh`d
kf ekrch`d. Fh rk` `kf prdykctd ks fh slmulkgtk:
 

 
Fhs kstlehcldgks `k tlkepds `k hctlvl`h` (kg skehghs) sdg fhs slmulkgtks:

h.  @kshrrdffk ug prdmrheh `k hctlvl`h`ks phrh kstk prdykctd k l`kgtlilquk fhs hctlvl`h`ks
h. 
`k ruth cråtlch.

PLKE^D
HCPLYL@H@ KS^K_H@D YH_LHGZH
H 0 >,88
O 0 >,00
C ; >,88
@ 3 >,88
K 8> 8,=2
I < >,9<
M 9 >,?;
B = 8,=2
L ?,2 >,00
 

J ; >,88
;;,2

0 @ 0 =  L = 8>
H >
0 > 0 3 ? ; 3 ; 2

LGLCLD C 0 < M 80 ?>

; 3 ? 9 2 80

K 0 80 PK_ELGHCLDG
O > 0 8> 0 80 B 80 ?8
0 2 8? = 80 ?8
I 0 83
< 8? ?8
J ?8 ?9
; ?8 ?9

HCPLYL@H@ KS FS KI FI FS-KS _[PH C_LPLCH

H > > 0 0 > SL

O > 2 0 0 2
C 0 3 < ? -8
@ 0 ? = ; -?
K 0 0 80 80 > SL
I 0 8? 83
83 ?8 2
M 80 2 ?> 80
80 -9
B 80 80 ?8 ?8 > SL
L = ; 8> 2 -?
J ?8 ?8 ?9 ?9 > SL

o.  ´Cuèf ks fh prdoholfl`h` `k quk kf prdykctd sk cdepfktk `k ed`d quk Fhg`dg

Cdrpdrhtldg puk`h fhgzhr kf gukvd prd`uctd `kgtrd `k ?; skehghs4 ´@kgtrd `k 3>
skehghs4

K(P)5 th+tk+tb+tj 5 0+8>+=+;5?9

Yhr5 vhr. H+vhr. K+vhr.B+vhr.J5 >.88+>.=2+8.=2+>.885 3.=2

@ksvlhclóg: 8.<0

Z5 ?;-?9/8.<05- >.;?

^5 >.3>8;

Z53>-?9/8.<05 ?.>9

^5 >.<2>9
 

Fh prdoholfl`h` `k quk kf prdykctd `k Fdg`dg Cdpdrhtldg puk`h fhgzhr su prd`uctd `kgtrd

`k ?; skehghs ks `k >.3>8; y `k 3> skehghs ks `k >.<2>9

SDF[CLÓG
 

H)  Idreufk ug ed`kfd `k prdmrhehclóg flgkhf quk puk`h skr utlflzh`d phrh tdehr

fhs `kclsldgks `k cdeprlelr kstk prdykctd.

HCPLYL@H@ SKEHGHS CDSPD CDE^_LEL@D

CDE^_LEL@HS(s. ^D_ SKEHGH(C.

gdrehf-s. cdeprlel`d) cdeprlel`d-c.

gdrehf)/skehghs

cdeprlel`hs

H ? 0>>

O 3 99=,9=

C 8 ;>>

@ ? 3>>
K 8 3;>

I ? 0;>

M ; 39>

B 8 8>>>

Elg.

0>> \H +99=,9= \O+;>> \C+3>> \@+3;> \K+0;> \I+39> \M+8>>> \B

(\5SKEHGHS CDE^_LEL@HS)

RH+\H ≫3

RO+\O ≫9 

-RH+RC+\C≫?

-RO+R@+\@≫; 
 

 -RC+RO+\K≫0  

-R@+RK+\K≫0  

-RC+RI+\I≫3 

-R@+RI+\I≫<  

-RI+RM+\M≫< 

-RB+RC+\C≫3 

-RK+RILG≫> 

-RM+RILG≫>

Rilg≠83
 
\H≠? 

\O≠3 

\C≠8

\@≠?

\K≠8 

\I≠?

\M≠; 

\B≠8 
 

o. _ksukfvh kf ed`kfd `k prdmrhehclóg flgkhf y tdek fhs `kclsldgks `k cdeprkslóg

`k cdstds eågleds. ´Cuèf ks kf cdstd hmrkmh`d `k cuepflr kf tlkepd `k tkrelghclóg

`k 89 skehghs4

 Gukstrd cdstd tdthf

tdthf ks `k $?0?=.

c. @kshrrdffk ug prdmrheh `k hctlvl`h`ks cdepfktd ohsh`d kg fds tlkepds `k

hctlvl`h` cdeprlel`ds.

HCPLYL@H@ SKEHGHS

CDE^_LEL@HS

H ?

O 3 8 SKEHGH

C 8

@ ? ? SKEHGHS

K 8 8 SKEHGH

I ? 8 SKEHGH

M ; 8 SKEHGH

B 8

?8. Cdgsl`krk fh slmulkgtk rk` `k prdykctd y tlkepds `k

`k hctlvl`h` (kg `åhs)
 

 
Fds `htds `k cdeprkslóg `k kstk prdykctd sdg fds slmulkgtks:

h.  @ktkrelgk fh ruth cråtlch y kf tlkepd `k tkrelghclóg kspkrh`d `kf prdykctd.

h. 

H > 3 C 3 2 K 2 80
3 > 3 ; 3 2 9 2 80

PK_ELGHCLD
G
LGLCLD

O > ? @ ? = I 2 8> M 8> 8?

? 8 3 ; 3 2 ? 8> 8? ? 8? 80

HCPLYL@H@ KS FS KI FI FS- KS _[PH C_LPLCH

H > > 3 3 > SL

O > 8 ? 3 8
C 3 3 2 2 > SL
@ ? 3 = 2 8
K 2 2 80 80 > SL
I 2 8> 8> 8? ?
M 8> 8? 8? 80 ?

_[PH C_LPLCH H, C, K
 

_[PH @K @KPK_ELGHCLDG: 3+;+95 80 @LHS

o.  ´Cuèf ks kf cdstd tdthf `k prdykctd cdg tlkepds gdrehfks4

o. 

CDSPD PDPHF5 20>>

P @LH S CDSPD PDPHF

GD_EHF
GD_EHF CDE^_LE
CDE^_LEL@
L@ GD_EHF
GD_EHF CDE^_LE
CDE^_LEL@
L@ _K@ EHR PLK CDSPD CDE
CDE^
^
H 3 ? 2>> 80>> 8 9>>
O ? 8 8?>> 8<>> 8 =
=>
>>,>>
C ; 3 ?>>> ?2>> ? 0>>
@ ; 3 8;>> ?3>> ? 0>>
K 9 0 82>> ?2>> ? ;>>
I ? 8 9>> 8>>> 8 0>>
M ? 8 ;>> 8>>> 8 ;>>
20>> 83?>>   3;>>

??. _kilìrhsk hf prdofkeh ?8. Hsueh quk

quk kf `lrkctdr `kskh quk kf tlkepd `kf prdykctd sk
cdepfktk kg 8? `åhs.

h. Idreufk ug ed`kfd
ed`kfd `k prdmrhehclóg
prdmrhehclóg flgkhf quk puk`h hyu`hr kg fh `kclslóg `k
cdeprlelr.

ELG5 9>>\H+=>>\O+0>>\C+0>>\@+;>>\K+0>>\I+;>>\M

RH+\H75 3
RO+\O75 ?
-RH+RC+\C75 ;
-RO+R@+\@75 ;
-RC+RK+\K75 9
-R@+RK+\K75 ?
-R@+RI+\I75?
-RK+RILG75 >
-RM+RILG75 >
-RILG65 8?
\H65 8
\O65 8
\C65 ?
\@65 ?
\K65 ?
\I65 8
\M65 8
c.  ´Cuèf hctlvl`h` pd`råh skr cdeprlel`h4
c. 

FH ^H_PK CDE^_LEL@H KS C, K

CDE^_KGCLDG @K [G @LH 0>>+;>>5<>>

`.  ´Cuèf ks kf cdstd tdthf `kf prdykctd phrh cdgcfulrfd kg 8? `åhs4

`. 

Cdstd tdthf5 cdstd gdrehf + cdstd `k cdeprkslóg

Cdstd tdthf5 20>>+<>>5 <3>>

 

?3. Cdgsl`krk fh slmulkgtk rk` `k prdykctd. Doskrvk quk fds tlkepds `k hctlvl
hctlvl`h`
`h` gdrehfks d
kspkrh`ds sdg Pl, l 5H, O, . . . , L. Skh x 5kf tlkepd `k tkrelghclóg eès tkeprhgd `k fh
hctlvl`h` l. Idreufk ug ed`kfd `k prdmrhehclóg flgkhf quk puk`h skr utlflzh`d phrh
`ktkrelghr fh kxtkgslóg `k fh ruth cråtlch.

ELG RH+RO+RC+R@+RK+RI+
RH +RO+RC+R@+RK+RI+RM+RB+RL
RM+RB+RL

HR+H\75 PH
OR+O\75 PO
-HR+CR+C\75 PC
-HR+@R+@\75 P@
-HR+KR+K\75 PK
-KR+IR+I\75 PI
-@R+MR+M\75 PM
-OR+BR+B\75 PB
-BR+LR+L\75PL
-IR+MR+M\75>
-CR+BR+B\75>
-MR+LR+L\75>
-LR+RILG75>

H\65>
O\65>
C\65>
@\65>
K\65>
I65>
M65>
B65>
L\65>
R, \75>

?0. Diilck Hutdehtldg, Lgc. prdpusd lgtrd`uclr ug gukvd slstkeh cdeputhrlzh`d quk
ekjdrhrè kf prdckshelkgtd `k phfhorhs y fhs cdeuglchcldgks kgtrk dilclghs phrh ugh

keprksh phrtlcufhr.
phrh cdepfkthr Fh prdpuksth
kf prdykctd. [tlflckcdgtlkgk ughlgidrehclóg
fh slmulkgtk flsth `k hctlvl`h`ks quksdork
pkrtlgkgtk `kokgfhsskr rkhflzh`hs
hctlvl`h`ks:
 

h.  @kshrrdffk ugh rk` `kf prdykctd.

H > 8> @ 8> 8= K 8= ?=

8> > 8> = 88 82 8> 82 ?2

PK_ELGHCLD
C 82 ?2
8> 82 ?2 G
LGLCLD I ?2 38
3 ?2 38
O 8> 82
2 8> 82

o.  @kshrrdffk ug prdmrheh `k hctlvl`h`ks.

o. 

HCPLYL@H@KS   KS FS KI FI FS- KS _[PH C_LPLCH

H > > 8> 88 > SL

O 8> 8> 82 82 > SL
C 82 82 ?2 ?2 > SL
@ 8> 8
88
8 8= 8
82
2 8
K 8= 82 ?= ?2 8
I ?2 ?2 38 38 > SL

GD_EHF
GD_EHF CDE
CDE^_LE
^_LEL@
L@ GD_E
GD_EHF
HF CDE
CDE^_LE
^_LEL@
L@ _K@ EHR PLK CDSP
CDSPD
D CDE
CDE^
^R@
H 8> 2 3> => ? ?>
O 2 9 8?> 8;> ? 8;,>>
C 8> = 8>> 89> 3 ?>
@ = 9 0> ;> 8 8>
K 8> 2 ;
;>
> =
=;
; ? 8?,;
I 3 3 9> > > >
0>> ;>;   ==,;

c.  ´Cuèfks sdg fhs hctlvl`h`ks cråtlchs y kf tlkepd `k tkrelghclóg kspkrh`d `kf prdykctd4
c. 

FHS HCPLYL@H@KS C_LPLCHS SDG H, O, C, I

`.  Supdgmh quk fh keprksh `kskh cdepfkthr kf prdykctd kg 9 eksks d ?9 skehghs. ´Xuì
`. 
`kclsldgks `k cdeprkslóg rkcdelkg`h phrh cuepflr cdg kf tlkepd `k tkrelghclóg hf
ekgdr cdstd pdslofk4 _kcdrrh fh rk` k lgtkgtk tdehr fhs `kclsldgks `k cdeprkslóg pdr
lgspkcclóg.

CDE^_KCLDGKS H, O, C, @ y K
 

k.  @kshrrdffk ug prdmrheh `k hctlvl`h`ks phrh kf prdykctd cdeprlel`d.

k. 

PD@HS FHS HCPLYL@H@KS SDG CDE^_LEL@HS

i.  ´Xuì cdstd hmrkmh`d sk rkqulkrk phrh cuepflr cdg kf tlkepd `k tkrelghclóg `k 9
i. 
eksks4

88?;>>

?;. Cded Fhg`dg Cdrpdrhtldg kjkrck prkslóg (prdofkeh

(prdofkeh 8<) phrh cdepfkthr kf prdykctd `k
`kshrrdffd `k prd`uctds h fh orkvk`h` pdslofk, kf få`kr `kf prdykctd sdflcltó sk kvhfúk fh
pdslolfl`h` `k cdeprlelr kf prdykctd.

h. Idreufk ug ed`kfd `k prdmrhehclóg flgkhf quk pu`lkrh skr utlflzh`d hf tdehr fhs `
`kclsldgks
kclsldgks
`k cdeprkslóg.

ELG RH+RO+RC+R@+RK+RI+RM+RB+RL+
R H+RO+RC+R@+RK+RI+RM+RB+RL+RJ
RJ

HR+H\75 0
OR+O\75 0
-OR+CR+C\75 ;
-HR+@R+@\75 3
-OR+KR+K\75 8>
-OR+IR+I\75 <
-KR+MR+M\75 9
-KR+BR+B\75=
-@R+LR+L\75 3
-BR+JR+J\75;
-MR+LR+L\75>
-IR+JR+J\75>
-RJ+RILG75>
-LR+RILG75>
H\65>
O\65>
C\65>
@\65>
K\65>
 

I65>
M65>
B65>
L\65>
J\65>
R, \75>

c.  ´Xuì lgidrehclóg sk rkqulkrk hgtks `k quk sk pu`lkrh kjkcuthr kf ed`kfd `k

c. 
prdmrhehclóg flgkhf4
@htds `k hctlvl`h`ks cdeprlel`hs y gdrehfks `kf prdykctd

Plkepd `k tkrelghclóg 5 Plkepd `k lglcld eès tkeprhgd +Plkepd `k hctlvl`h`

Kf tlkepd `k bdfmurh

Plkepd `k tkrelghclóg 7Plkepd `k lglcld eès tkeprhgd

tkeprhgd + Plkepd `k hctlvl`h`

Cded gd cdgdckeds cdg hgtlclphclóg sl ugh hctlvl`h` sk lglclhrè kg su tlkepd `k lglcld

eès tkeprhgd, utlflzheds fh slmulkgtk `kslmuhf`h` phrh `kedstrhr fh rkfhclóg mkgkrhf
kgtrk kf tlkepd `k tkrelghclóg, kf tlkepd `k lglcld eès tkeprhgd y kf tlkepd `k
ch`h hctlvl`h`:

Plkepd `k tkrelghclóg 75 Plkepd `k lglcld eès tkeprhgd + Plkepd `k hctlvl`h`