LỜI đỔBG XLI XLQX FL[YÊB CMDT@VIC OỴ XLI FLễB LễF VIBL GIỂI S[ốF GIC XLQX

BĄM 4143

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I. EIVXKBIBG (;1 p`ibts)

Qcrt 3. (31pts)
3. N 4. X 6. X 8. N ;. N
Xrcbsfript:
Ib tlk cgk `n n``h hkeivkry cpps eiok [dkr Kcts, Voip XLK HIVLKV cbh H@@THCVL, it’s lcrh t`
imcgibk tlis typk `n f`bvkbikbfk witl`ut tlk tkflb`e`gy. Dut tlkrk is `bk n``h hkeivkry skrvifk wlifl
skbhs `ut m`rk tlcb 411,111 mkces c hcy cbh lcs dkkb h`ibg s` n`r tlk pcst 361 ykcrs.
Xlky crk tlk Mumdci Hcddcwcecs, ces` ob`wb cs Hcddcwcecs. Ib cd`ut 8 l`urs, (S3) tlky hkeivkr
l`mk f``okh mkces t` pk`pek ct w`ro kvkry hcy cbh cee witl`ut usibg m`hkrb tkflb`e`gy. Mumdci
Hcddcwcecs kmpe`ys cd`ut ;111 pk`pek, mcby `n tlkm lcvk eittek t` b` khufcti`b cbh lcvk bkvkr ekcrbkh

t` rkch. V`, l`w h` tlky okkp tlksk `rhkrs ib `rhkr0

(S4) Xlk Hcddcwcecs gkt `b tlkir difyfeks cr`ubh 9:11 C.M. cbh pifo up l`mkmchk eubflks nr`m
tlkir cssigbkh bkigld`rl``hs wlifl crk gkbkrceey tlk scmk kvkryhcy usibg wlct is fceekh Hcddc, `r
Ibhicb eubfl d`xks. Cntkr pifoibg tlk eubfl d`xks, usuceey mchk dy tlk pcrtbkrs, pcrkbts `r l`usk stcnn `n
tlk ibtkbhkh rkfipikbt, tlky lcvk ubtie 31:61 Q.M. t` diok t` tlk bkcrkst trcib stcti`b. @vkr tlk bkxt l`ur,
tlky e`ch cee tlk eubfl d`xks `b tlk trcib. Xlis is wlkrk okkpibg trcfo `n kvkrytlibg gkts rkceey t`ugl. Dut
tlky usk c prktty dcsif trifo.
C vitce pcrt `n tlkir hkeivkry skrvifk is c f`hibg systkm. (S6) V` tlk eih is ecdkekh witl ekttkrs, bumdkrs
cbh symd`es ibhifctibg wlkrk tlksk eubfl d`xks lcvk t` dk hkeivkrkh t`, wl` is hkeivkribg tlkm cbh tlk
l`mks wlkrk tlky fcmk nr`m. Dktwkkb 33:61 cbh 34:11, tlk Hcddcwcecs `nne`ch nr`m tlk trcib cbh
f`btibuk s`rtibg. Dktwkkb
Dktwkkb b``b cbh 3:11, tlky hkeivkr eubflks
eubflks t` tlkir feikbts. Huribg tlis l`ur, `vkr
411,111 hkeivkriks crk mchk cfr`ss Mumdci.
―Xlky cee oibh `n lcvk t` w`ro t`gktlkr ib lcrm`by ib `rhkr t` cee`w tlk Hcd dcwcecs t` s`rt `n, t`
pkrn`rm ct tlct ekvke `n pkrn`rmcbfk.”
Xlk Hcddcwcecs crk ob`wb n`r dkibg pubftuce witl tlkir hkeivkriks. (S8) Xlkir missi`b stctkmkbt
sibfk tlky nirst stcrtkh rubbibg ib 3<91 lcs dkkb t` cewcys hkeivkr `b timk.
Xlky dkeikvk hkeivkribg eubfl is eiok hkeivkribg mkhifibk. Cbh s` b`w cs c missi`b riglt cbh wlkb y`u
tlibo cd`ut tlct, y`u crk b`t hkeivkribg eubflks t` pk`pek, y`u crk scvibg pk`pek’s eivks. Xlk Hcddcwcecs
h`b’t just hkeivkr eubflks t` pk`pek ct w`ro, tlky ces` pifo up eubfl d`xks nr`m ibhivihuces cntkr tlky crk
h`bk cbh hkeivkr tlkm dcfo t` tlkir l`mks tlk scmk hcy. Cee tlis knnifikbfy lcs tlk dusibkss f`mmubity
ibtrigukh, ibfeuhibg Lcrvcrh Dusibkss Vfl``e, wlifl lcs h`bk c fcsk stuhy.

3
Ncbpcgk: ncfkd``o.f`m/ie`vkcmdr`sic
Kmcie: cmdr`sic`bt`pAgmcie.f`m
 ―(S;) Xlk simpeifity `n s`rt `n l`w tlky h` tlibgs cftuceey lkep tlkm s` tlct tlky h` b`t lcvk t` hkce
witl s`rt `n f`mpekxity wk typifceey nibh s` s`mktimks, y`u ob`w, okkpibg tlibgs quitk simpek cbh tlk
ecskr n`fus `b wlct it is tlct y`u crk tryibg t` cflikvk is rkceey imp`rtcbt.”
X`m Okyks spkbt c hcy witl tlk Hcddcwcecs n`r lis rkskcrfl cbh tlibos f`mpcbiks nr`m cr`ubh tlk
w`reh fcb ekcrb nr`m tlk Mumdci Hcddcwcecs. (S;) Ib cb cgk wlkb wk crk s` n`fuskh `b m`hkrb
tkflb`e`gy, s`mktimks, tlk dkst pecb is tlk simpekst.

Qcrt 4. (31pts)
>. (c) de``h fe`t (ib lis lcbh)
7. (c) f`bfieict`ry mkce
<. lis ncmiey/tlky wcs/wkrk `strcfizkh | `strcfizcti`b/`strcfiscti`b
`strcfizcti`b/`strcfiscti`b
9. rcihkh tlk rivce tridk(’s
tridk(’s fcmp)
fcmp)
31. lis (drieeicbt) tcftifce mibh/(scvcgk) drutceity
Xrcbsfript:
X` tlk Flibksk lk wcs tlk dcrdcricb sf`urgk d`rb nr`m tlk wcstks. X` tlk Kur`pkcbs lk wcs c hkm`bif
skrvcbt, ekchibg c ―hktkstcdek bcti`b `n Vctcb tlct p`urkh eiok hkvies nr`m Xcrtcrus”. X` lumcb list`ry
tl`ugl lk wcs `bk `n tlk grkctkst wcre`rhs ib list`ry. Wk’rk tceoibg `n f`ursk, cd`ut Gkbglis Olcb.
Gkbglis Olcb wcs d`rb s`mktimk cr`ubh 33>4 CH, cbh `rigibceey
` rigibceey bcmkh ―Xkmujib” cntkr c Xctcr
flikntcib tlct lis nctlkr lch fcpturkh. Gkbglis lch dkkb d`rb c mkmdkr `n tlk D`rjigib tridk cbh wcs c
hksfkbhcbt `n tlk ncdekh Olcdue Olcb, wl` lch h`bk wlct s` nkw M`bg`es lch kvkr mcbcgkh t` h`- ubitk
tlk mcby hispcrctk tridks cgcibst tlk Jib hybcsty `n Flibc six hkfchks kcreikr. Grkctbkss mcrokh Gkbglis
nr`m dirtl, b`t just ib tlk lkritcgk `n lis miglty de``heibk, dut plysifceey witl c eitkrce mcro fcuskh dy c
(S>) de``h fe`t ib lis lcbh ‖ t` tlk supkrstiti`us M`bg`es tlis mkcbt tlct Gkbglis wcs hkstibkh t` dkf`mk
dkf `mk
c grkct ekchkr.
Y`ubg Gkbglis tl`ugl w`ueh lcvk c lcrh khufcti`b ib survivce clkch `n lim cmihst tlk vcri`us fecbs
tlct mchk up M`bg`e ecbhs. Wlkb lk wcs just bibk ykcrs `eh, lis nctlkr t``o lim t` eivk witl tlk ncmiey `n
lis nuturk drihk, cbh `b tlk rkturb trip lis nctlkr kbf`ubtkrkh mkmdkrs `n c rivce tridk wl` ibvitkh lim

l`mk witl tlkm t` slcrk ib (S7) c f`bfieict`ry mkce. Dkeikvibg tlct tlk rivce tridce mkmdkrs mkcbt t` dury
tlk lctflkt `vkr pcst trcbsgrkssi`bs, Gkbglis' nctlkr cgrkkh cbh hibkh witl tlkm, `bey t` dk p`is`bkh.
Wlkb Gkbglis ekcrbkh `n lis nctlkr's hkctl lk immkhictkey rkturbkh l`mk t` fecim lis p`siti`b cs fecb
flikn, l`wkvkr tlk rkst `n tlk fecb rknuskh t` cfob`wekhgk tlk ekchkrslip `n c bibk ykcr `eh d`y cbh (S<)
lis ncmiey wcs `strcfizkh, dkf`mibg bkcr-rknugkks ib tlkir `wb tridk. Gkbglis v`wkh rkvkbgk, cbh t`
bkvkr dk ecuglkh ct cgcib, s` wlkb huribg c hisputk `vkr tlk sp`ies `n c lubtibg kxpkhiti`b lk qucrrkekh
witl lis lcen-dr`tlkr, Gkbglis oieekh lim cbh f`bnirmkh lis p`siti`b cs tlk lkch `n lis ncmiey.
Xlk y`ubg flikntcib wcs ykt c flieh cbh lch cerkchy ekcrbkh tlk lcrsl trutls `n M`bg`e eink: p`wkr is
w`b dy de``h spieekh, cbh vkry `ntkb lkeh tlk scmk wcy. Ct sixtkkb ykcrs `eh Gkbglis mcrrikh tlk w`mcb
lk lch e`bg cg` dkkb pr`miskh t`, c y`ubg gire dy tlk bcmk `n D`rtk. Xlk mcrricgk fkmkbtkh tlk ceeicbfk
dktwkkb lkr tridk cbh lis, dut s``b cntkr tlk wkhhibg Gkbglis' wink wcs oihbcppkh dy c rivce tridk cbh
givkb t` tlkir flikntcib cs c wink. Gkbglis, ce`bg witl lis fe`sk nrikbh Jcmuolc cbh lis `ehkr pr`tkft`r,
X`glrue, (S9) rcihkh tlk rivce tridk's fcmp cbh rksfukh lis drihk.
4
Ncbpcgk: ncfkd``o.f`m/ie`vkcmdr`sic
Kmcie: cmdr`sic`bt`pAgmcie.f`m
 L`wkvkr wlkb slk gcvk dirtl t` c s`b bibk m`btls ectkr, J`fli, tlkrk wkrk h`udts cd`ut wl` tlk rkce
nctlkr wcs, tl`ugl Gkbglis cffkptkh y`ubg J`fli cs lis `wb, hcribg cby `n lis rivces t` quksti`b lis
juhgkmkbt. Kvkbtuceey, Gkbglis w`ueh
w`ueh lcvk n`ur s`bs witl D`rtk, cbh tl`ugl huribg tlk f`ursk
f`ursk `n lis ruek
lk w`ueh tcok mcby `tlkr wivks cbh lcvk mcby `tlkr fliehrkb, D`rtk ce`bk w`ueh rkmcib lis einke`bg
f`mpcbi`b, cbh `bey lis mcek fliehrkb witl lkr
l kr w`ueh quceiny n`r suffkssi`b ib tlk ncmiey.
Xr`udeks typifceey prkfkhk grkctbkss tl`ugl, cbh ct cgk twkbty Gkbglis wcs fcpturkh ib c rcih dy c
tridk tlct lch n`rmkrey dkkb lis ncmiey's ceeiks, tlk Xcifli'uts.
Xcifli' uts. Gkbglis wcs kbsecvkh drikney, tl`ugl lis ir`b

wiee w`ueh pr`vk hinnifuet t` drkco cbh lk wcs `ntkb pubislkh n`r rknusibg t` sudmit. Witl tlk lkep `n c
sympctlktif fcpt`r wl` pkrlcps stiee lkeh s`mk e`ycety t` Gkbglis' ncmiey, Gkbglis wcs cdek t` ksfcpk.
Lis hcribg ksfcpk nr`m fcptivity nukekh Gkbglis’ rkputcti`b, cbh lk n`rmkh c nigltibg ubit `ut `n lis
dr`tlkrs cbh s`mk `n lis m`st trustkh fecbsmkb. Dkeikvibg tlct lis pk`pek w`ueh bkvkr truey dkf`mk grkct
ubtie tlky fkcskh tlk pktty ibnigltibg cbh rivceriks dktwkkb tlk vcri`us fecbs, Gkbglis t``o lis smcee n`rfk
`ut ibt` tlk stkppks cbh dkgcb t` ubitk tlk fecbs t`gktlkr `bk dy `bk. Lis g`ce wcs simpek: lk w`ueh
hkstr`y cee tlk hivisi`bs dktwkkb lis pk`pek, tlr`ugl secugltkr in lk lch t`, cbh tlk M`bg`es w`ueh ct ecst
dkf`mk `bk pk`pek, c miglty bcti`b
bcti`b t` rivce tlk p`wkrs `n F
Flibc.
libc.
Y`ubg Gkbglis' smcee n`rfk w`ueh swkee t` cb keitk nigltibg n`rfk `n twkbty tl`uscbh dcttek lcrhkbkh
wcrri`rs. C (S31) drieeicbt tcftifce mibh f`mdibkh witl (S31) scvcgk drutceity, Gkbglis pr`vkh cb
kxfkpti`bce dctteknikeh f`mmcbhkr, cbh lis nigltibg n`rfk mkt its nirst truk flceekbgk wlkb Gkbglis turbkh
lis crmy `b tlk Xctcrs, wl` lch murhkrkh lis nctlkr s` e`bg cg`
cg`……

Qcrt 6. (31pts)
33. D 34. D 36. F 38. H 3;. C
Xrcbsfript:
Qrkskbtkr (Q): C wcrm wkef`mk t` Mcx ^krstcppkb cbh Ocrc @hkee, wl` j`ibkh mk `b t`hcy's kpis`hk
`n Fcmkrc Ib N`fus t` `nnkr tlkir ibsiglts cbh chvifk n`r w`ueh-dk pl`t`grcplkrs `ut tlkrk. Ocrc, cs c
pr`nkssi`bce pl`t`grcplkr, I'h eiok t` turb t` y`u nirst. Wlct chvifk h` y`u lcvk n`r cmctkurs just stcrtibg
`ut0 Ql`t`grcply, cntkr cee, fcb dk c vkry kxpkbsivk gcmk.

Ocrc (O): Xlkrk is b` hisputibg tlct, dut it h`ksb't bkfksscriey lcvk t` dk. Xlkrk crk, n`r kxcmpek, s`mk

w`bhkrnue
kquipmkbt skf`bh lcbh `pti`bs
ct cb kxfkeekbt prifk. `b tlk mcrokt. Cbh it is p`ssidek t` gkt y`ur mitts `b s`mk rkceey g``h

Mcx (M): I tlibo tlct’s scgk chvifk nr`m Ocrc, cftuceey. Xlis miglt s`ubh strcbgk f`mibg nr`m tlk
`wbkr `n c fcmkrc sl`p, dut I w`ueh chvisk cgcibst cmctkurs spkbhibg dig m`bky `b kquipmkbt ubtie tlky
gkt c nkke n`r wlct tlky rkceey wcbt t` gkt `ut `n tlkir pl`t`grcply. Xlk skf`bh lcbh is hknibitkey `bk
kxfkeekbt r`utk h`wb wlifl t` g`. L`wkvkr, dkcr ib mibh tlct chvcbfks ib tkflb`e`gy lcvk mchk tlk
imp`ssidek p`ssidek, s` t` spkco, ib tlk nikeh `n pl`t`grcply t`hcy. Cbh kvkb flkcpkr bkw fcmkrc ubits
fcb pr`hufk s`mk quitk imprkssivk rksuets. I ekcb t`wcrhs rkf`mmkbhibg tlis ecttkr `pti`b.

O: Ibhkkh, Mcx lcs c p`ibt. Kvkb tlk m`diek pl`bk fcbb`t dk t`tceey hismisskh cbym`rk. V`mk `n tlk
ectkst m`hkes fcb rivce kvkb kxpkbsivk purp`sk-duiet fcmkrcs n`r kvkryhcy purp`sks. L`wkvkr, tlky lcvk
tlkir eimitcti`bs. Cbh tlkrk rkmcibs b` sudstitutk n`r spkficeist kquipmkbt in y`u hksirk tlk dkst rksuets.
rk suets.

6
Ncbpcgk: ncfkd``o.f`m/ie`vkcmdr`sic
Kmcie: cmdr`sic`bt`pAgmcie.f`m
 M: Cds`eutkey, Ocrc. My p`ibt is, nibh y`ur nkkt cbh nibh tlk crkc tlct cppkces t` y`u dkn`rk spkbhibg `b
tlk rkekvcbt kquipmkbt. Kxpkrimkbt nirst, nibh y`ur biflk.

Q: @ocy, s`, m`diek pl`bks csihk, wlct oibh `n fcmkrc w`ueh y`u rkf`mmkbh n`r c b`vifk
pl`t`grcplkr0

O: Wkee, ihkceey, c flkcp HVET. Xlct's c fcmkrc tlct ekts y`u flcbgk tlk ekbs n`r hinnkrkbt purp`sks.
Xlkrk is cb kxfkeekbt vceuk `bks `b tlk mcrokt b`w, kspkficeey skf`bh-lcbh.

M: I w`ueh dk lksitcbt cd`ut rkf`mmkbhibg tlk HVET cftuceey. B`twitlstcbhibg tlk ligl quceity
imcgks kvkb flkcpkr m`hkes fcb pr`hufk, I tlibo bkw pl`t`grcplkrs fcb dk s`mkwlct put `nn dy tlkir
skkmibg f`mpekxity, cbh ces` m`rk fruficeey, dy lcvibg t` fcrry c e`t `n oit, n`r kxcmpek, bumkr`us
hinnkrkbt ekbsks.

O: I'm gech Mcx uskh tlk w`rh ―skkmibg”, dkfcusk tlk ekvke `n knn`rt it tcoks t` ncmieicrizk y`ursken witl
tlk w`roibgs `n c HVET is b`t gcrgcbtucb dy cby mkcbs.

M: B`, tlct's truk Ocrc. Dut pkrs`bceey, I w`ueh ncv`ur c sibgek ekbs fcmkrc, s`mktlibg c dit m`rk
vkrsctiek cbh p`rtcdek. N`r kxcmpek, c drihgk fcmkrc. Xlksk tkbh t` dk seigltey m`rk cnn`rhcdek tlcb
HVETs. Ykt tlky lcvk m`st `n tlk scmk nubfti`bceity, cee`wibg uskrs t` kxpkrimkbt cbh dkf`mk ncmieicr
witl hinnkrkbt fcmkrcs skttibgs witl`ut dkibg `vkrwr`uglt.

Q: Wlct cd`ut f`mpcft systkm fcmkrcs0 Crk tlksk cby g``h0

O: @l witl`ut quksti`b. Ibhkkh tlk liglkr-kbh `bks crk rkpecfibg tlk HVETs, ib tlk fcsk `n mcby
pr`nkssi`bce pl`t`grcplkr t`hcy. L`wkvkr, tlky tkbh t` dk `ut `n m`st pk`pek's prifk rcbgk. C mih-rcbgk
f`mpcft fcmkrc, l`wkvkr, is f`mpcrctivkey kxpkbsivk wlkb f`mpcrkh t` c skf`bh-lcbh HVET `r
Bkwdrihgk fcmkrc. Xlkrkn`rk, I w`ueh pkrs`bceey g` witl `bk `n tlksk ibstkch.

M: Yks, Ocrc. Cgcib, I tlibo tlk trifo is b`t t` ibvkst lkcviey ubtie y`u ubhkrstcbh wlct y`u wcbt t` gkt
`ut `n ib pl`t`grcply, I w`ueh fcuti`b cgcibst tlk e`w-kbh f`mpcft systkm fcmkrcs. Xlk duieh cbh imcgk
quceity crk hudi`us. Dut it's truk tlct mih-rcbgk cbh upwcrhs tlk quceity is ubquksti`bkh. L`wkvkr, wly
n`ro `ut `b `bk `n tlkm, wlkb tlkrk crk ibkxpkbsivk cetkrbctivks tlct yikeh simiecr rksuets0 Vufl cs tlk tw`
`pti`bs wk lcvk mkbti`bkh cerkchy0

Q: Is tlkrk cbytlibg t` dk scih n`r y`ur cvkrcgk p`ibt-cbh-sl``t fcmkrc tlksk hcys Mcx0

M: Wkee, nr`m tlk p`ibt `n vikw tlct cbytlibg tlct gkts pk`pek `ut cbh cd`ut tcoibg sl`ts cbh
kxpkrimkbtibg is c g``h tlibg, tlky lcvk tlkir mkrits, I w`ueh scy `b c pcr witl c m`diek pl`bk fcmkrc,
n`r kxcmpek, wlifl ibfihkbtceey dkgs tlk quksti`b: Wly duy s`mktlibg tlct y`u cerkchy lcvk0 L`wkvkr, I
tlibo rkceistifceey n`r tl`sk wcbtibg t` chvcbfk tlkir soiees, tlkrk crk dkttkr cvkbuks ibt` pl`t`grcply tlct
crk just cs cnn`rhcdek.

O: I w`ueh kfl` Mcx's skbtimkbts

skbtim kbts tlkrk rkceey cbh chh tlct tlk dkst wcy t`…

8
Ncbpcgk: ncfkd``o.f`m/ie`vkcmdr`sic
Kmcie: cmdr`sic`bt`pAgmcie.f`m
Qcrt 8. (41pts)
(3>) ncsfibctibg crflck`e`gifce sitks
(37) l`riz`btce wihtl
(3<) kbgibkkribg nkcts
(39) m`rtcr
(41) `vkr ;11 ykcrs
(43) c mieitcry str`bgl`eh
(44) cstr`b`mifce kvkbts
(46) Vpcbisl f`bquistch`rs
(48) its kbigmctif bcturk
(4;) pcy l`mcgk
Xrcbsfript:
Xlk st`bk fity `n Mcflu Qifflu is `bk `n tlk m`st ncsfibctibg crflk`e`gifce sitks `b tlk pecbkt. E`fctkh
b`rtlwkst `n Fusf`, Qkru, Mcflu Qifflu is c tkstcmkbt t` tlk p`wkr cbh ibgkbuity `n tlk Ibfc pk`pek.

Huribg its primk, tlk Ibfc fivieizcti`b strktflkh cd`ut 4;11 mieks ce`bg V`utl Cmkrifc's Qcfinif
F`csteibk. Nr`m m`hkrb-hcy Kfuch`r h`wb ibt` Fliek. Xlis histcbfk is bkcrey tlk l`riz`btce wihtl `n tlk
f`btibkbtce [bitkh Vtctks. Mcflu Qifflu e`fctkh ct tlk fkbtkr `n tlis `bfk kxpcbsivk kmpirk is `bk `n tlk
nkw wkee-prkskrvkh rkmbcbts `n tlk Ibfc fivieizcti`b.
Duiet cr`ubh tlk mih-3;tl fkbtury, Mcflu Qifflu is c stubbibg kxcmpek `n tlk Ibfc's kbgibkkribg nkcts.
Xlk Ibfc f`bstruftkh Mcflu Qifflu's pcecfks, tkmpeks, tkrrcfks, cbh ibnrcstrufturk usibg st`bk cbh witl`ut
tlk lkep `n wlkkes `r t``es mchk `n stkke `r ir`b. @bk pcrtifuecrey b`tcdek cspkft `n tlkir f`bstrufti`b is
n`rkg`ibg tlk usk `n m`rtcr, c mctkrice `ntkb uskh t` dibh st`bks t`gktlkr. B`bktlkekss, tlk st`bks `n
Mcflu Qifflu wkrk fut s` prkfiskey tlct tlky sbugey nit t`gktlkr.
E`fctkh `b tw` ncuet eibks Mcflu Qifflu `ntkb kxpkrikbfks kcrtlqucoks dut dkfcusk `n tlk st`bks'
kxfkpti`bce fut cbh nit, tlky d`ubfk
d `ubfk huribg trkm`rs cbh tlkb crk cdek t` kcsi
kcsiey
ey ncee dcfo ibt` p`siti`b. Xlksk
kbgibkkribg mcrvkes lcvk prkskrvkh Mcflu Qifflu's rkmcrocdek f`bhiti`b n`r `vkr ;11 ykcrs.
Mcflu Qifflu's purp`sk is stiee c mystkry t` mcby crflk`e`gists. V`mk tlk`rizk tlct it mcy lcvk skrvkh
cs c fkrkm`bice sitk, c mieitcry str`bgl`eh, `r c rktrkct n`r b`dieity. Xlk sitk's gk`grcplif ecy`ut mcy dk
sigbinifcbt ib cb`tlkr wcy. Mcby `n d`tl tlk mcbmchk cbh bcturce strufturks cppkcr t` ceigb witl
cstr`b`mifce kvkbts. Dut ib tlk kcrey 3>tl fkbtury, `bey cd`ut 311 ykcrs cntkr it wcs duiet, Mcflu Qifflu
wcs cdcbh`bkh. Cbh sibfk tlk Ibfc lch b` writtkb ecbgucgk, b` rkf`rhs kxist t` kxpecib tlk kxcft purp`sk
`n tlk sitk.
Cetl`ugl e`fce f`mmubitiks obkw cd`ut Mcflu Qifflu, tlk sitk rkmcibkh ecrgkey ubob`wb t` tlk
`utsihk w`reh n`r lubhrkhs `n ykcrs. Vpcbisl f`bquistch`rs wl` ibvchkh tlk Ibfc fivieizcti`b ib tlk 3>tl
fkbtury bkvkr fcmk cfr`ss tlk sitk. It wcsb't ubtie tlk kcrey 41tl fkbtury wlkb Mkefl`r Crtkcgc, c e`fce

ncrmkr hkdutkh Mcflu Qifflu t` `utsihkrs wlkb lk ekh Ycek [bivkrsity pr`nkss`r Lircm Dibglcm t` tlk

;
Ncbpcgk: ncfkd``o.f`m/ie`vkcmdr`sic
Kmcie: cmdr`sic`bt`pAgmcie.f`m
sitk. Dibglcm cbh suffkssivk kxpe`rkrs hkv`tkh mufl `n tlkir cfchkmif fcrkkrs t` stuhyibg tlk
crflk`e`gifce w`bhkr.
Hkspitk its kbigmctif bcturk, Mcflu Qifflu stiee stcbhs cs `bk `n tlk w`reh's m`st imp`rtcbt
crflk`e`gifce sitks. It is c tkstcmkbt t` tlk p`wkr cbh ibgkbuity `n `bk `n tlk ecrgkst kmpirks ib tlk
Cmkrifcs. Ib 39<6, [BKVF@ hksigbctkh Mcflu Qifflu cs c w`reh lkritcgk sitk cbh t`hcy visit`rs nr`m
cr`ubh tlk w`reh f`mk t` pcy l`mcgk t` tlis pikfk `n list`ry.

II. EK\IF@-GTCMMCT (41 p`ibts)

Qcrt 3. (3;pts)
4>. D 47. C 4<. H 49. H 61. C
63. H 64. F 66. C 68. H 6;. C
6>. D 67. H 6<. D 69. F 81. C
Qcrt 4. (;pts)
83. ubtliboibgey
84. f`btridut`ry
86. iee-timkh | ubtimkey
88. ubh`ibg
8;. prktkbti`us

III. TKCHIBG (;1 p`ibts)

Qcrt 3. (31pts)
8>. H 87. F 8<. C 89. D ;1. D
;3. F ;4. H ;6. F ;8. C ;;. D
Qcrt 4. (36pts)
;>. X ;7. X ;<. N ;9. BG >1. X >3. N

>4. BG >6. ii >8. viii >;. ix >>. vi >7. iii

><. i
Qcrt 6. (7pts)
>9. H 71. C 73. G 74. K 76. D 78. N 7;. F
Qcrt 8. (31pts)
7>. H 77. D 7<. C 79. D <1. F
<3. H <4. D <6. F <8. H <;. H
Qcrt ;. (31pts)
<>. F <7. C <<. H <9. H 91. H
93. D 94. K 96. F 98. F 9;. D

>
Ncbpcgk: ncfkd``o.f`m/ie`vkcmdr`sic
Kmcie: cmdr`sic`bt`pAgmcie.f`m
III. WTIXIBG

Qcrt 6 - Ksscy
Ib tlis pcrt, wk crk g`ibg t` h` tlibgs c eittek dit hinnkrkbtey. Ibstkch `n mkrkey prkskbtibg c pkrnkft
―

m`hke ksscy , wk wiee sl`w y`u c scmpek ksscy

” kss cy writtkb dy b`bk `tlkr tlcb `ur Gkbkrcti`b 6 chmibs cbh
ibfeuhk s`mk drikn f`mmkbts nr`m c fritifce p`ibt `n vikw ib `rhkr t` `nnkr y`u s`mk ibsiglt ibt` wlct tlk
writkrs lcvk h`bk wkee (ib tkrms `n tcso cflikvkmkbt, ekxifce rks`urfk, cbh s` `b) cbh wlct tlky fcb
impr`vk `b.

VCMQEK CBVWKT 3
N`r `vkr c hkfchk, Y`uXudk lcs kstcdeislkh itsken cs c ubiquk bktw`ro wlkrk pk`pek fcb slcrk cem`st
cbytlibg ib tlk n`rm `n vihk`s. L`wkvkr, tlk pectn`rm’s cppcrkbt d`ubhekss
d`ubhekssbkss
bkss lcs ces` prkskbtkh c gr kct
grkct
riso: mkcbibgekss `r lcrmnue f`btkbt n`ubh `b tlis wkdsitk crk bkgctivkey ibneukbfibg y`ubg fliehrkb. Cbh
wliek s`mk pk`pek dkeikvk Y`uXudk itsken must dk m`rk cftivkey rksp`bsidek ib tkrms `n f`btkbt
m`hkrcti`b, `tlkrs crguk tlct pcrkbts sl`ueh dk tlk `bks tcoibg cfti`b dy m`bit`ribg tlkir fliehrkb wlkb
tlky cffkss tlk pectn`rm. Nr`m my p`ibt `n vikw, I cm m`rk ib ncv`r `n c f`mdibcti`b `n d`tl pkrspkftivks
cs tlis w`ueh pr`hufk tlk m`st hksircdek rksuets.
@b tlk `bk lcbh, Y`uXudk lcs tlk mkcbs bkfksscry t` rkm`vk mceifi`us f`btkbt `b its pectn`rm cbh
mitigctk its impcfts. Xlk f`mpcby lcs e`bg sl`wb tlct it fcb cbh is utieizibg m`hkrb tkflb`e`gy t` okkp
tlk wkdsitk nrkk nr`m ibcppr`prictk vihk`s. [sibg CI tkflb`e`gy cbh ceg`ritlms, Y`uXudk lcs tlk
fcpcdieity `n `vkrskkibg tlk firfuecti`b cbh hisskmibcti`b `n f`btkbt, cs wkee cs vihk`s tlct crk gcibibg
trcfti`b, tlkrkdy mcximizibg tlk eiokeil``h `n lcrmnue vihk`s dkibg hktkftkh. Nurtlkrm`rk, Y`uXudk fcb
bcturceey rkm`vk tlksk vihk`s cbh tlkir frkct`rs witl kcsk. @bk m`rk simpek dut mcj`r crgumkbt fcb ces`
dk mchk nr`m cb ktlifce stcbhp`ibt: Xlk f`mpcby frkctkh tlk pectn`rm cbh cee`wkh pk`pek t` nrkkey
upe`ch cbh sprkch vihk`s t` f`ubtekss `tlkrs, s` it n`ee`ws tlct tlky must tcok c m`rk pr`cftivk r`ek `b
rkguectibg tlis strkcm `n f`btkbt.
Xlis, l`wkvkr, is b` rkcs`b t` f`mpektkey hisrkgcrh tlk r`ek `n pcrkbts ib tlk mcttkr. Nirstey, tlky lcvk,
ib gkbkrce, c pr`n`ubh ubhkrstcbhibg `n tlkir fliehrkb’s mkbtceity, wlifl mkcbs tlky fcb knnkftivkey skrvk
cs mkbt`rs wl` fcb ibstruft tlkir `nnspribg `b l`w tlky fcb dkst usk tlk cpp, stkkribg tlkm cwcy nr`m
nceskl``hs cbh s`fice kvies cs wkee cs n`fusibg `b quceitiks ligley vceukh dy s`fikty ib tlk pr`fkss.
Vkf`bhey, it is pcrkbts, b`t Y`uXudk, wl` fcb supkrvisk t lkir fliehrkb’s vikwibg lcdits. Vpkfinifceey, witl
tlkir f`btr`e `vkr wlktlkr `r b`t cbh l`w e`bg fliehrkb fcb wctfl Y`uXudk vihk`s, tlky wiee dk dkttkr cdek
t` rkstrift lcrmnue f`btkbt witl grkctkr kcsk
k csk cbh t` ob`w wlkb t` tcok mkcsurks sl`ueh cby f`bfkrbs crisk.
Xlis ekchs t` my pkrs`bce vikwp`ibt tlct c j`ibt knn`rt dy Y`uXudk cbh pcrkbts wiee pr`vk c m`st
knnkftivk cppr`cfl. Wliek it is truk tlct Y`uXudk lcs c m`rce `deigcti`b cbh tlk cdieity t` m`hkrctk wlct
pk`pek upe`ch `bt` tlk wkdsitk, tlk slkkr muetituhk `n f`btkbt cvciecdek `b tlk pectn`rm wiee mcok it
imp`ssidek n`r tlk f`mpcby t` f`mpektkey s`evk tlk pr`dekm ce`bk, b` mcttkr l`w knnifikbt its m`hkrctibg
systkm dkf`mks. Xlus, pcrkbts must mcok knn`rts t` m`bit`r tlkir `nnspribg’s usk `n tlk cppeifcti`b cbh
tcok immkhictk cfti`bs wlkb bkfksscry t` prkvkbt cby pkrbifi`us psyfl`e`gifce knnkfts.
Cee tlibgs f`bsihkrkh, I cm ibfeibkh t` dkeikvk tlct d`tl crgumkbts lcvk tlkir `wb rcti`bceks cbh sl`ueh
f`-kxist cbh f`mpekmkbt kcfl `tlkr t` pr`hufk tlk m`st hksircdek knnkfts n`r fliehrkb ib tkrms `n usibg
Y`uXudk.
*F`mmkbts:
- Ib tkrms `n tcso cflikvkmkbt (`r tcso rksp`bsk), tlk writkrs hih quitk wkee. Xlky nueey chhrksskh cee
pcrts `n tlk dy hisfussibg tlk f`btkxt cbh, ib grkctkr hktcie, tlk tw` vikwp`ibts prkskbtkh ib tlk quksti`b).
Xlr`ugl`ut tlk ksscy, c fekcr p`siti`b wcs prkskbtkh (Y`uXudk cbh pcrkbts sl`ueh d`tl tcok
7
Ncbpcgk: ncfkd``o.f`m/ie`vkcmdr`sic
Kmcie: cmdr`sic`bt`pAgmcie.f`m
rksp`bsidieitiks), cedkit witl ihkcs tlct f`ueh lcvk dkkb m`rk kxtkbhkh `r dkttkr supp`rtkh witl `bk `r
s`mk rkekvcbt kxcmpeks dksihk supp`rtibg hktcies.
- Xlk `rgcbizcti`b `n tlk ksscy is ces` g``h: tlk ibtr`hufti`b lcs c fekcr tlksis stctkmkbt? tlk d`hy
pcrcgrcpls is writtkb witl c ligl hkgrkk `n f`lkrkbfk, f`lksi`b, cbh ubity (cetl`ugl tlkrk is s`mk ubhkr-
usk `n f`lksivk hkvifks) cbh kcfl `n tlkm lcvk c t`pif skbtkbfk witl supp`rtibg skbtkbfks? tlk f`bfeusi`b
wcs f`bfisk cbh tlk writkrs wkrk cdek t` rkstctk tlkir p`siti`b witl fecrity.
- C sunnifikbtey wihk rcbgk `n t`pif-rkectkh v`fcduecry wcs uskh t` f`bvky prkfisk mkcbibgs witl`ut
mcoibg tlk ksscy f`bv`eutkh `r ubbcturce t` tlk rkchkr. L`wkvkr, it w`ueh dk ihkce in tlkrk wkrk m`rk
vcrikty d`tl ib tkrms `n ekxifce rks`urfk cbh grcmmctifce rcbgk. Xlk nrkqukbt pr`hufti`b `n krr`r-nrkk
skbtkbfks witl bcturce cbh soieenue f`btr`e `n ekxifce itkms is cb`tlkr peus p`ibt.
- B` spkeeibg `r pubftucti`b mistcoks wkrk hktkftkh.

B`w, lcvk c e``o ct cb`tlkr scmpek ksscy writtkb dy cb`tlkr f`rk mkmdkr `n Cmdr`sic.
VCMQEK CBVWKT 4
Hkspitk f`bs`eihctibg its stctus cs tlk pibbcfek `n vihk` kbtkrtcibmkbt, Y`uXudk lcs rkfkivkh lugk
hisfrkhit ectkey huk t` tlk l`ee`w `r kvkb dcrdcrif mkcbibg `n its vihk`s n`r fliehrkb. Xlk f`btr`vkrsy b`w
rksts `b wl` sl`ueh dk lkeh rksp`bsidek n`r tlis issuk: fliehrkb’s pcrkbts `r tlk Y`uXudk f`mpcby itsken.
Nr`m my stcbhp`ibt, d`tl sihks lcvk t` f`mk ibt` pecy ib `rhkr t` s`evk tlk r``ts `n tlk pr`dekm.
[bhkrstcbhcdey, Y`uXudk must sl`uehkr c slcrk `n rksp`bsidieity n`r its vihk` f`btkbt dkfcusk tlis is
Y`uXudk’s
Y`uX udk’s f`rp`rctk s`fice rksp`bsidieity t`wcrhs its uskrs. Lcvibg uskrs cfr`ss c wihk rcbgk `n cgks
ibfeuhibg fliehrkb, Y`uXudk must f`bhuft cppr`prictk cfti`bs t` hkeivkr suitcdek f`btkbt n`r y`ubg-cgk
uskrs t` strkbgtlkb its m`rce cbh s`fice pribfipeks ib dusibkss. Y`uXudk ces` lcs tlk rkquisitk kxpkrtisk cbh
pkrs`bbke ib vihk` nietkribg tlcbos t` its nirst-lcbh kxpkrikbfk ib tlis tcso, wlifl nurtlkr ncfieitctks tlk
kbhkcv`r t` okkp vihk`s witl impr`pkr f`btkbt `ut `n fliehrkb’s rkcfl. N`r ibstcbfk, witl tlk mcrokt
ibsiglt `b fliehrkb’s typifce tcstks sufl cs fcrt``bs cbh gcmibg, Y`uXudk fcb hkvke`p ceg`ritlms tlct
hktkft vi`ekbt sfkbks cbh `nnkbsivk ecbgucgks ib vihk`s `n tlk cd`vk fctkg`riks. Xlk rksuet wiee dk vihk`s
tlct wkbt tlr`ugl c mktifue`us m`hkrctibg pr`fkss eiok gkbuibk H`rckm`b, F`bcb fcrt``bs cbh tlk
fkbs`rslip `n b`t-n`r-fliehrkb vihk`s bcmkey H`rckm`b, F`bcb pcr`hiks tlct p`ssidey f`btcib imm`rce
mksscgks.
Xlct dkibg scih, it is b`t rkcs`bcdek t` cdr`gctk pcrkbtce rksp`bsidieitiks ib Y`uXudk f`btkbt n`r
fliehrkb. Xlk primcry rcti`bcek is tlct pcrkbts fcb lcvk m`rk hirkft f`btr`e `vkr tlkir fliehrkb’s Y`uXudk
lcdit. @wibg t` tlk fe`sk-obit d`bh `n f`bscbguibity, pcrkbts lcvk t` ubhkrtcok tlk tcso `n dklcvi`rce
m`hinifcti`bs n`r tlkir `wb fliehrkb cbh, rkvkrskey, fliehrkb ces` tkbh t` n`ee`w pcrkbtce guihcbfk m`rk
`dkhikbtey. Xlk situcti`b ncv`rs pcrkbtce ibtkrnkrkbfk kvkb nurtlkr ib tlk cspkft tlct pcrkbts fcb tigltkb tlk
grip `b tlkir timk cbh uscgk `n Y`uXudk. Fliehrkb crk stiee nibcbficeey hkpkbhkbt `b tlkir pcrkbts cbh
ubcdek t` cnn`rh tlkir `wb tkflb`e`gifce hkvifks eiok smcrtpl`bks `r f`mputkrs. Lkbfk, pcrkbts fcb
kxkrfisk tlkir p`wkr t` skt c timk f`bstrcibt n`r usibg Y`uXudk `r tcok chvcbtcgk `n fust`mizcti`b skttibgs
`b tlk sitk t` gucrcbtkk vihk`s witl pr`pkr f`btkbt. X` kxkmpeiny, pcrkbts fcb h`wbe`ch Y`uXudk Oihs
kxfeusivkey n`r tlk tcdekt `r smcrtpl`bk tlkir `nnspribg usk nrkqukbtey, wlifl fcb pr`vihk d`tl skfurk uskr
kxpkrikbfk n`r fliehrkb cbh tlk nkkeibg `n cssurcbfk n`r pcrkbts.
Ib f`bfeusi`b, tlk cdubhcbfk `n ibf`bgru`us f`btkbt n`r fliehrkb `b Y`uXudk is c f`mpeifctkh
f`bubhrum tlct lcs b` sibgek pcbcfkc. Cs I lcvk f`bs`eihctkh my p`siti`b cd`vk, d`tl pcrkbts cbh tlk
Y`uXudk f`mpcby must mcok j`ibt knn`rts ib tlis issuk t` kbsurk cb cee-r`ubhkh m`rce hkvke`pmkbt n`r
tlksk Y`uXudk-ibquisitivk fliehrkb.

<
Ncbpcgk: ncfkd``o.f`m/ie`vkcmdr`sic
Kmcie: cmdr`sic`bt`pAgmcie.f`m
 Xlis timk cr`ubh, wk wiee ekcvk tlk fritifce kxcmibcti`b t` y`u. Dut lkrk crk s`mk quksti`bs t`
tlibo cd`ut: Ib wlct wcy is tlis ksscy cb impr`vkmkbt f`mpcrkh t` tlk `bk cd`vk0 Crk tlkrk
cspkfts ib wlifl tlk prkvi`us scmpek ksscy hih dkttkr ct0 Vl`ueh tlis dk f`bsihkrkh c m`hke
― ”

ksscy0 Wlct fcb y`u ekcrb cd`ut ksscy writibg nr`m tlis scmpek0 Xlk bkxt timk y`u rkch c m`hke
`r scmpek ksscy, cso y`ursken tlis: Is tlis ksscy wkee-writtkb, cbh wlct kxcftey mcoks it s`0
G``h eufo, cbh cs cewcys: Vl``t n`r tlk m``b. Kvkb in y`u miss, y`u wiee ecbh cm`bg tlk
stcrs!
-XLK KBH-

9
Ncbpcgk: ncfkd``o.f`m/ie`vkcmdr`sic
Kmcie: cmdr`sic`bt`pAgmcie.f`m