Kutrhgh÷k Lhdbrbkghcf

DCAHÃK Q@ECW

3
 Îklhgb

3 Hktr`luggh÷k

7 N×LRF@ 3
< G`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc
2 K` bs lhbtc
4 Bfhnhkc f` qub k` bs bsbkghcf
9? Cpr`vbgoc
G`k`gbr qub f` g`nbs
qub thbkbs
8 G`k`gbr g`n` g`nbs
3= Bktrbkcnhbkt` hktbsthkcf
33 K` g`ncs bn`gh`kbs
37 ]r`phblclbs `rick`fèpthgcs
3< G`ktr`f y vcrhblcl
32 Cfhnbktcrsb vs kutrhrsb
34 ]brh`l` lb clcptcgh÷k y g`ktr`f
39 Ocnarb vs. cpbtht`
3? Ocnarb vs. cpbtht` #1
38 Wcghblcl bk rbfcgh÷k cf cpbtht` y cf ocnarb
1=
13
Wcghblcl, cpbtht`, fbpthkc - irbfhkc
Qbshstbkghc c fc fbpthkc y clhggh÷k c fc g`nhlc
17 G`k`gbr y lhsgrhnhkcr f`s cfhnbkt`s
1< °Bs kbgbscrh` pbscr tus cfhnbkt`s0
12 Qbihstrcr tus cfhnbkt`s
14 G÷n` pbscr tus cfhnbkt`s
19 ]crãnbtr`s lb cfhnbktcgh÷k
18 ]crãnbtr`s lb cfhnbktcgh÷k #1
7= Gcra`ohlrct`s bk fc k`gob °sî ` k`0
73 ]brh`l` lb `asbrvcgh÷k
71 Wbnckcs lb clcptcgh÷k
77 ]ukt` lb pcrthlc
7< Brr`r bk fc pfckhdgcgh÷k lb lhbtcs
74 Qcfbkthzcgh÷k nbtca÷fhgc
79 G`k`zgc su nbtca`fhsn`
7? K`rncfhzcgh÷k nbtca÷fhgc (HNA)
1
78 K`rncfhzcgh÷k nbtca÷fhgc, lbdght gcf÷rhg`
<= Qbluggh÷k lb ircsc, ukc ocahfhlcl nbtca÷fhgc
<3 Dfbxhahfhlcl nbtca÷fhgc bs bf èxht` lb tu `aebthv`
<1 °]`r què k` nbe`rcs0 Hkbxhahfhlcl nbtca÷fhgc
<7 Lèdght bkbrièthg` y g`ksun` lb pr`tbîkcs
<< ]brlbr ncsc nusgufcr y k` ircsc
<2 ]bscrsb pcrc nblhr bf pr`irbs` ecececececec, ec, ec
<9 Lbdkhgh÷k vs. Qbluggh÷k lb pr`gbktceb lb ircsc
<? ]brdf s`nãthg` 3
<8
2=
]brdf s`nãthg` 1
Qbshstbkghc c fc hksufhkc y p`rgbktceb lb ircsc
21 Qbshstbkghc c fc hksufhkc, f` qub publbs ocgbr
27 ]brdf s`nãthg` 3
2< ]brdf s`nãthg` 1
22 Qbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktceb lb ircsc csbrthv`
24 Brr`rbs bk fc nblhgh÷k lb fc g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf
29 ]brnbcahfhlcl hktbsthkcf
2? Wîklr`nb lb hnpbrnbcahfhlcl hktbsthkcf
28 Wîklr`nb lb ncf cas`rgh÷k
4= Bkzhncs
43 Bkzhncs
47
42
Nhgr`ah`tc acgtbrhckc lb f`s hktbsthk`s
]r`ah÷thg`s
44 Cfhnbkt`s rhg`s bk pr`ah÷thg`s
49 ]rbah`thg`s
4? Gcra`ohlrct`s
48 Cyuk` hktbrnhtbktb

93 N×LRF@ 1
91 Cut`rrbiufcgh÷k
97 Ncgr`s prbdbrbktbs
92 Ncgr`kutrhbktbs rbfcgh÷k
94 Nbkõ y lhstrhaugh÷k lbf pfct`
99 K` s`n`s f` qub g`nbn`s, s`n`s f` qub
p`lbn`s y kbgbshtcn`s cshnhfcr
9? Cshnhfcgh÷k bk shkbrihc g`k fc kbgbshlcl
bktrbkclc
98 ]fckhdgcgh`k lb lhbtc 3
?1 ]brdf pcrc n`lbf` lb lhbtc
?7 Khvbfbs lb pfckhdgcgh÷k lb ncktbkhnhbkt`
88 G`ktbxt` ibkbrcf lb fc pfckhdgcgh÷k
3=3 QBLRGGH×K
3=1
3=7 Lhstrhaugh÷k
N`lbf` lb pfckhdgcgh÷k lb fc lhbtc
3=2 N`lbf` lb pfckhdgcgh÷k y lhstrhaugh÷k lb fc lhbtc
3=4 N`lbf` lb lhstrhaugh÷k pr`irbshv` ocghc bf lèdght
3=9 N`lbf` lb rbluggh÷k lèdght bstcafbghl`
7
3=8 Khvbfbs lb pfckhdgcgh÷k lb rbluggh÷k
313 N`lbf` lb cunbkt` ` ohpbrtr`dc
311 T`funbk lb ncsc vs v`funbk lb ircsc
317 Ohpbrtr`dc csbrthvc
31< Ohpbrtr`dc bsgcfc irclucf prãgthgc
314 Khvbfbs lb pfckhdgcgh÷k lb v`funbk
3<3 ]crãnbtr`s lb `asbrvcgh÷k kutrhgh`kcf
3<1 Gckthlclbs
3<7 ]rbdbrbkghcs

3<2
3<< Cgthvhlclbs
Qbgupbrcgh÷k
3<4 Wubó` y rbgupbrcgh÷k
3<9 Fc rbgupbrcgh÷k hktrc bktrbk`
3<? Fc rbgupbrcgh÷k p`stbrh`r cf bktrbk`
3<8 Fc rbgupbrcgh÷k p`st bktrbk` cf lîc shiuhbktb
323 Qbgupbrcgh÷k sbnckcf
321 Fc bvcgucgh÷k
32< Wbkscgh÷k iãstrhgc

322 ]cfcarcs dkcfbs

DRFF ACGCK@!

\îtuf`5 Kutrhgh÷k Lhdbrbkghcf

Cut`rbs5
Cut` rbs5 Dcahãk C. Q`ecs I.

© Qbsbrvcl`s t`l`s f`s lbrbgo`s sbiõk fc fby c5

Dcahãk C. Q`ecs I.

© 1=13 p`r Dcahãk C. Q`ecs I.

Blhtcl` b hnprbs` p`r5 Dcahãk C. Q`ecs I.

y Ncryh Cfbecklrc Iuthèrrbz
Iuthèrrbz Tcfbkghc
Tcfbkghc

]r`ohahlc fc rbpr`luggh÷k pcrghcf ` t`tcf lb bstc `arc shk

fc cut`rhzcgh÷k bsgrhtc lbf cut`r p`r gucfquhbr nblh`5 `rcf,
lhihtcf, nckucf, nbgãkhg`, gcsbt, gl, d`t`g`phc ` nblh`s
hkd`rnãthg`s, csî g`n` fc lhstrhaugh÷k lb bebnpfcrbs
nblhcktb cquhfbr ` prèstcn`s põafhg`s.

<
Hktr`luggh÷k
Kutrhgh÷k lhdbrbkghcf

K` bs nhrcr guãkt` lbabs g`nbr, bs nhrcr guãkt` publbs cshnhfcr

y guãkt` publbs cpr`vbgocr...

grb` qub
guckt` fc kutrhgh÷k
publbs sb yoccpr`vbgocr,
cshnhfcr rblughl` c bstc
guãkt` kbgbshtcs
rbbxh÷k y k` c
sh`f÷ihgc
bs f` qub bstcafbgb uk gcnhk`, ukc rutc nãs prbghsc y bgcz
bk kutrhgh÷k, lbecr lb pbkscr bk lhgtcl`s y bnpbzcr c rbcfhzcr
pr`gbs`s qub publck ncrgcr ukc tbklbkghc lb f`ir` bk gclc
pbrs`kc, bst` lbab sbr pbkscl` y bvcfucl` yc qub s`f` sb
phbksc bk gckthlclbs qub sb lbabk g`ksunhr pbr` k` sb phbksc
bk fc p`shahfhlcl qub thbkb bf shstbnc lhibsthv` lb cshnhfcr y
cpr`vbgocr bst`s rbgurs`s, f` prhnbr`, qub bs cshnhfcr, lbpbklb
lb f`s hktbsthk`s y su hktbirhlcl y f` lb cpr`vbgocr lbpbklb lb
fc kbgbshlcl qub sb fb vc grbckl` cf gubrp` g`k oãaht`s c pcrthr
lbf bktrbkcnhbkt` y fc rbgupbrcgh÷k.
Kutrhgh÷k lhdbrbkghcf bs fc rbspubstc tcf g÷n` lbab bktbklbrsb
y bkd`gcr fc kutrhgh÷k lb ukc d`rnc shnpfb y bgcz, kutrhgh÷k
lhdbrbkghcf bs hr nãs fbe`s qub s`f` fc lhstrhaugh÷k lb
ncgr`kutrhbktbs y bxpf`rcr f` qub lbab sugblbr c khvbf lb
g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc pcrc qub bf nbtca`fhsn` bstè c dcv`r lb f`s
pr`gbs`s qub sb rbcfhgbk pcrc nbe`rc lb fc scful y fc g`np`shgh÷k
g`rp`rcf.

Bspbrcr qub bf g`kgbpt` lb lhstrhaugh÷k lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs

rbsubfvc f`s `aebthv`s
ncktbkhnhbkt` lb rbluggh÷k
` cunbkt` lb p`rgbktceb
lb ncsc nusgufcr lb ircsc,
bs ukc vhsh÷k nuy
rbluggh`khstc, c f` fcri` lb nãs lb l`s lègclcs lb bktrbkcr
nugocs pbrs`kcs bkg`ktrè y cõk bkgubktr` qub ocy gckthlcl

3
lb pbrs`kcs qub k` gubktck ncgr`kutrhbktbs y thbkbk uk dîshg`
bxgbfbktb, g`n` tcnahèk ob bkg`ktrcl` y nugo`s qub thbkbk
uk irck g`ktb` lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs y k` thbkbk rbsuftcl`s `
f`s thbkbk lb d`rnc bsgcsc y drustrcktb, bst` f` ght` k` pcrc
qublcrnb ` qub sb qublbk bk ukc dr`ktbrc lb g`ktcr ` k`
g`ktcr ncgr`kutrhbktbs, f` qub lhdbrbkghc f`s pr`gbs`s shbnprb
sbrã fc g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc qub bs fc qub rbcfnbktb clcptc
cf nbtca`fhsn`, f`s hktbsthk`s c rbcfhzcr pr`gbs`s lhibsthv`s y
kutrhgh`kcfbs bquhfharcl`s y bk bsb sbkthl` g`k ukc rbfcgh÷k
clbguclc g`k bf bktrbkcnhbkt` f`ircr ukc aubkc bxhahfhlcl
nbtca÷fhgc qub bs cqubffc bk fc gucf bf nbtca`fhsn` publb
cpr`vbgocr lb d`rnc nãs bghbktb f`s rbgurs`s bkbrièthg`s lb
f`s cfhnbkt`s, bk bsb sbkthl` cpr`vbgocr cf nãxhn` fcs ircscs y
f`s gcra`ohlrct`s ncktbkhbkl` uk bquhfharh` g`k fc g`np`shgh÷k
g`rp`rcf.

Lbkhthvcnbktb sb lbab scabr f` qub sb g`nb y sb lbab g`ktcr

f`s ncgr`kutrhbktbs, clhgh`kcf sb lbab hkibrhr nhgr`kutrhbktbs
lb aubkcs dubktbs pbr` lbab `asbrvcrsb lb d`rnc nãs cnpfhc
bstc bsdbrc lb fc kutrhgh÷k, c f` fcri` lb bstb fhar` tb bksbócrè
k` g÷n` pbkscr y sî g÷n` ocgbrf`, tb bksbócrè f` qub kbgbshtcs
pcrc bstcafbgbr ukc g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc g`k uk bkd`qub nãs
hktbircf y bghbktb y qub publcs f`ircr ukc clcptcgh÷k irclucf c
f`s lhdbrbktbs pfckbs lb cfhnbktcgh÷k qub lbtbrnhkbs c rbcfhzcr
g`k bquhfharh`.

Bk bf prhnbr n÷luf` bkg`ktrcrãs f`s bfbnbkt`s qub ocgbk lb

fc kutrhgh÷k tb÷rhgc ukc kutrhgh÷k dukgh`kcf, g`n` fc acsb y bf
s`p`rtb pcrc gucfquhbr pr`gbs` s`arb fc g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf
qub tb pfcktbbs. Fc kutrhgh÷k dukgh`kcf bs uk g`kgbpt` qub k` sb
qublc bk fc bsdbrc lb f` tb÷rhg` y bstcafbgb tcrbcs, obrrcnhbktcs
prãgthgcs y f÷ihgcs qub publcs prcgthgcr bk tu g`thlhckhlcl bk
aõsqublc lb f`ircr tus `aebthv`s.

Ahbkvbkhl`s c bstc bxpbrhbkghc lb cprbklhzceb y

rbs`fugh÷k prãgthgc bk kutrhgh÷k lhdbrbkghcf.

1
n÷luf` 3
7
 G`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc
3
\`l`
bvhtcrbnphbzc p`r
bf drcgcs` bstb prhkghph`,
y g`ksbiuhr sh quhbrbs
rbsuftcl`s tbkbr èxht`
rbcfnbktb bk tulbabs
÷pthn`s lhbtc,
g`k`gbr c fc pbrdbggh÷k bstb prhkghph` qub cacrgc fc kutrhgh÷k pcrc
fc vhlc y bf bktrbkcnhbkt` lb ukc d`rnc lhrbgtc, cnpfhc y bgcz.
\us bsdubrz`s bk kutrhgh÷k lbabk lhrhihrsb c bstb prhkghph` lb ukc
d`rnc prh`rhtcrhc, kclc vc c sbr nãs hnp`rtcktb qub fcs pcutcs y f`s
g`np`kbktbs qub fc g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc publbk cp`rtcr pcrc
qub gunpfcs tus `aebthv`s cf ocgbr ukc lhbtc qub rbcfnbktb tb
cp`rtb c tu kutrhgh÷k lb ukc d`rnc lhrbgtc y cdbgtb p`shthvcnbktb
bf nbtca`fhsn`. Lbslb bf obgo` lb sbfbggh`kcr f`s cfhnbkt`s,
bf scabrf`s prbpcrcr, bf g`nahkcr f`s sca`rbs, fcs tbxturcs, f`s

g`f`rbs, f`s cr`ncs bktrb

bs tck hnp`rtcktb g`n`nugo`s nãs, ocstc
fc lhstrhaugh÷k lbbfncgr`kutrhbktbs
oãaht` lb sbrvhrf`sy
nhgr`kutrhbktbs. F` qub g`nbn`s y bf g÷n` f` ocgbn`s eubic
uk pcpbf duklcnbktcf c fc o`rc lb grbcr uk oãaht`, ukc g`klugtc
cfhnbktcrhc qub rbcfnbktb fb cp`rtb c tu bsthf` lb vhlc y sbc c
nblhck` y fcri` pfcz` ukc bvhlbkghc ec lb f`s rbsuftcl`s f`ircl`s
y k` ukc cpcrhbkghc duicz, p`r bff` lbabs blugcrtb bk fc g`klugtc
cfhnbktcrhc y sus g`np`kbktbs pcrc qub rbcfnbktb tbkics èxht`.

Dcgt`rbs cnahbktcfbs

Dcgt`rbs g`ikhthv`s

Dcgt`rbs ah`f÷ihg`s

<
K` bs lhbtc
°Suè bs lhbtc0 F` prhnbr` bs cgfcrcr qub lhbtc f`
bs t`l`, g`ncs lb d`rnc acfckgbclc ` g`ncs lb

1
ukc d`rnc lbsbquhfharclc, hiucf bstcrãs ocghbkl`
lhbtc, bs hnp`rtcktb qub g`nprbklcs fc lhdbrbkghc
bktrb lhbtc y nbkõ. Wh yc scabs qub t`l` f` qub
g`nbs, shk hnp`rtcr fc lhstrhaugh÷k ` fc gcfhlcl
lb f`s cfhnbkt`s bs lhbtc, co`rc bs hnp`rtcktb
qub tbkics gfcr` qub f` qub lbabs `rickhzcr bs
tu nbkõ. Bkt`kgbs, tu lhbtc bstã g`kd`rnclc p`r
uk nbkõ lhcrh`, p`r uk nbkõ lb gclc g`nhlc
qub t`ncs c f` fcri` lbf lîc, lb fc sbnckc y bk
sî lb uk ghgf`. G`kgèktrctb bk `rlbkcr tu nbkõ
gclc lîc,ocghbkl`
bstcrãs vhvb bf `rlbk
ukc lb tu pfct`
lhbtc y lb bstc
bquhfharclc ` d`rnc
p`r bf
g`ktrcrh` ukc lhbtc lbs`rlbkclc. Bst` ocgb pcrtb
lb tu g`klugtc kutrhgh`kcf.
Fc lhbtc acfckgbclc
vhbkb lb fc vcrhblcl.

2
 Bfhnhkc f` qub k`
bs bsbkghcf
7
Cquî cpfhgc bf prhkghph` lb scabr l÷klb bstãs pcrc scabr c
l÷klb vcs, cktbs lb cftbrcr tu g`klugtc cfhnbkthghc, lb pbkscr
bk hkgfuhr gucfquhbr cfhnbkt` ` supfbnbkt`, bfhnhkc lb tus
oãaht`s cqubff` qub bs k`ghv` ` hkõthf pcrc tu kutrhgh÷k y bk
sî tu nbtca`fhsn`, g`k bff` yc bstãs ocghbkl` ukc lhbtc nãs
scfulcafb, cõk shk cirbicr nãs bfbnbkt`s c tu cfhnbktcgh÷k `
shk g`ktcr ncgr`kutrhbktbs bst` yc bstã sugblhbkl`.
s ugblhbkl`. Qbg`k`gbr
t`l` cqubff`
kutrhgh÷k qub rbcfnbktb
yc ncrgc ukc rutc yk`
ukbspctr÷k
scfulcafb
pcrc kh
ukccp`rtc c tu
g`klugtc
cfhnbktcrhc nãs bghbktb: bghbktb p`rqub ibkbrcfnbktb
cqubff` qub bfhnhkcs pbrnhtb qub f` qub sî oc lb kutrhrtb, f`
qub sî cp`rtc cf gubrp` publc sbr nbe`r cpr`vbgocl` p`r tu
nbtca`fhsn`.

4
<
Cpr`vbgoc
Cpr`vbg oc
f` qub thbkbs
Bf obgo` lb quhtcr f` qub k` bs bsbkghcf fb pbrnhtb c
tu `rickhsn` cpr`vbgocr nbe`r f` qub sî bs bsbkghcf,
f` qub g`ksunbs y qub kbgbshtcs, cf quhtcr c cqubff`
qub sb g`kshlbrc g`nhlc goctcrrc g`n` bf czõgcr
lb nbsc, f`s pr`lugt`s lb pckclbrîc hklustrhcfbs,
fcs scfbs hklustrhcfbs, f`s drht`s y fcs ircscs su gubrp`
lbsgcksc, lbec lb lbp`shtcr bf bxgbs` qub fb bs lhdîghf
lb pr`gbscr ` qub k` nbtca`fhzc ahbk, rbcfnbktb bs
p`r bst` qub lbabs bfhnhkcr bst`s pr`lugt`s yc qub k`
fb cp`rtck kclc p`shthv` y sb cfncgbkck lb ukc d`rnc
lbsbquhfharclc g`kvhrthèkl`sb bk ircsc y cftbrckl`
bf nbtca`fhsn` irclucfnbktb ocstc ocgbrf` p`g`
bghbktb, hkgfus` grbckl` pct`f`iîcs nbtca÷fhgcs g`n`
fc rbshstbkghc c fc hksufhkc, bf sîklr`nb nbtca÷fhg`, ukc
lhcabtbs thp` 3, bktrb `trcs, qub cf k` sbr bk uk prhkghph`
tck bvhlbktb ` shkt`nãthgcs sb fbs rbstc hnp`rtckghc.
Bkt`kgbs bs duklcnbktcf sh quhbrbs cpr`vbgocr f` qub
g`nbs cgtucfnbktb shk gcnahcr kclc bfhnhkc f` qub k`
bs bsbkghcf.
9
 G`k`gbr
qub g`nbs
2
Guckl` bfhnhkcs f` k` bsbkghcf publbs g`k`gbr
què g`nbs y g`nprbklbr uk ãrbc prhn`rlhcf c
g`ksghbkghc, lb d`rnc nãs gfcrc, guckl` lbecs
lb g`nbr f` k` bsbkghcf g`ksghbktbnbktb publbs
sbkthr nãs f`s sca`rbs, f`s `f`rbs, lbscrr`ffcs
uk iust` nãs cnpfh` y thbkbs g`kghbkghc lb què
bs f` qub rbcfnbktb g`nbs, k`tcrãs fcs prhnbrcs
sbnckcs qub gcnahc fc d`rnc bk qub cprbghcs f`s
cfhnbkt`s, bk uk prhkghph` p`r fc clhggh÷k cf lufgb
y f`s sca`rbs crthdghcfbs publbs sbkthr tus pfct`s
uk p`g` hksîphl`s pbr` p`g` c p`g` lbsguarhrãs
bf sca`r y fcs pr`phblclbs lb fcs qub ocafcrbn`s
co`rc. Bnpbzcrãs c sbkthr fc lhdbrbkghc bktrb thp`s
lb cfhnbkt`s y bktbklbr sh g`nbs lb ukc d`rnc
pfckc ` ukc d`rnc vcrhclc y s`arb t`l` sh lbpbklbs
lb uk sca`r lb d`rnc rîihlc, bst` bs hnp`rtcktb
yc qub guckl` sb thbkbk lbpbklbkghc lb uk s`f`
sca`r rbcfnbktb sb cdbgtc fc kutrhgh÷k bk ibkbrcf,
p`r bebnpf` guckl` sb hkihbrbk bk su ncy`rîc `
g`k nugoc rbiufcrhlcl cfhnbkt`s lufgbs.

?
G`k`gbr g`n` g`nbs
4
Bstb pcs` bstã hktbircl` cf cktbrh`r yc qub bs lbtbrnhkcktb
bk vcf`rbs g`n` fc scghblcl, bf cpbtht`, fc scthsdcggh÷k y
bf ahbkbstcr ibkbrcf qub sb trcksnhtb cf nbtca`fhsn`, yc
qub grbc oãaht`s rbiufcl`s ` lbs`rlbkcl`s. Bk èst`s bs
hnp`rtcktb g`k`gbr oãaht`s g`n` fc vbf`ghlcl g`k fc qub
g`nbs5 lcrsb thbnp` bk bf g`nbr bs hnp`rtcktb, ncsthgcr nuy
ahbk f`s cfhnbkt`s yc qub f` qub k` sugblb bk fc
f c a`gc g`n`
pr`gbs` lb ncsthgcgh÷k k` sugblbrã bk su ncy`rîc bk f`s
hktbsthk`s y sh ibkbrc nãs trcace` c f`s hktbsthk`s, ibkbrc nãs
bstrès c t`lc fc lhibsth÷k bk ibkbrcf. Fc lhibsth÷k bnphbzc
p`r f`s sbkthl`s y bk fc a`gc bf pr`gbs` lb ncsthgcgh÷k bs
duklcnbktcf pcrc dcghfhtcr ukc aubkc cas`rgh÷k, bkt`kgbs
oãaht`s g`n` g`nbr bk ukc nbsc, g`nbr lbspcgh`, ncsthgcr
nuy ahbk, lbspbicrtb lb bquhp`s g`n` gbfufcrbs qub tb
trcksnhtck cdãk ` ckshblcl bs hnp`rtcktb, k` g`ncs drbktb
ncfcs k`thghcs ` bfbnbkt`s qub ibkbrbk ckshblcl5 k`thghbr`s
` pbfîgufcs ` g`kvbrscgh`kbs k`ghvcs yc qub shk lcrtb gubktc
g`nbs nãs ` ncsthgcs lb d`rnc cftbrclc. ]ublb pcrbgbr
uk p`g` t`kt` pbr` bs csî. Bf g`nbr g`k oãaht`s scfulcafbs
publb pcrbgbrtb caurrhl` pbr` ncrgc ukc irck lhdbrbkghc
c nblhck` pfcz`.

8
 Bktrbkcnhbkt`

ycgthvhlcl
publbkhktbsthkcf, bk g`k
lhsgrhnhkcr
9
hktbsthkcf
@tr` cspbgt` qub abkbghc g`k`gbr qub g`nbs bs tu
bf sbkthl` qubf`s
dcghfhlcl yc cfhnbkt`s
k` bstãk scturcl`s
y bk bsb
sbkthl` cshnhfcrf`s nbe`r. F` qub sb g`ksunb lb d`rnc
lbs`rickhzclc k` bs cpr`vbgocl` clbguclcnbktb p`r
fc scturcgh÷k hktbsthkcf lclc p`r bf g`ktbkhl` lbf a`f`
cfhnbkthgh`, bf a`f` dbgcf. Guckl` g`nbs bk gckthlclbs bk
rbcfhlcl k` cpr`vbgocs y lcócs bf nhgr`ah`tc
nh gr`ah`tc hktbsthkcf y fc
nug`shlcl lb f`s hktbsthk`s, clbnãs lb cftbrcr fc n`thfhlcl
hktbsthkcf (qub bs bf n`vhnhbkt` lb bff`s), pr`afbncs g`n`
bf g`f`k hrrhtcafb ` bf bstrbóhnhbkt` publbk cftbrcr f`s
pr`gbs`s lb cshnhfcgh÷k. ]`r f` cktbrh`r cf bfhnhkcr f` k`
bsbkghcf fb lcs thbnp` yc tus
pcrc rbgupbrcrsb hktbsthk`s
bktrbkcrsb,
cshnhfckl` f`s lhdbrbktbs kutrhbktbs
qub cktbs k` brck cpr`vbgocl`s bk
NCQ
su t`tcfhlcl. \u ohst`rhc kutrhgh`kcf
17 gcnahc guckl` n`lhgcs pbqubó`s
oãaht`s y fc d`rnc bk qub tu gubrp`
f`s cshnhfc, csî g`n` fc d`rnc bk qub
bfhnhkc f` qub yc k` uthfhzc c trcvès
lbf a`f` dbgcf. Bkt`kgbs cf lcrtb
LHG thbnp` c qub tu shstbnc lhibsthv`

3= ybktrbkbk
bspbgîgcnbktb
bk ocgbrtus
ukhktbsthk`s sb
pr`gbs` lb
cshnhfcgh÷k y bfhnhkcgh÷k clbgucl`
ocrã qub tbkics irclucfnbktb
ukc aubkc kutrhgh÷k y uk hnpcgt`
nbtca÷fhg` p`shthv`.

N E T W L
F N

3=
K` g`ncs bn`gh`kbs

?
Bs hnp`rtcktb qub sbcs g`ksghbktb lb f` qub g`nbs y p`r
què f` ocgbs. ]rbiõktctb, bs` qub g`kshlbrcs ocnarb
°bs ukc kbgbshlcl sh`f÷ihgc ` bs uk rbbe` lb g`nbr
p`r g`nbr0 Fc ncy`rîc lb fcs pbrs`kcs trctck lb guarhr
sus hkscthsdcggh`kbs y drustrcgh`kbs pbrs`kcfbs g`k
pfcgbr, ukc lb fcs d`rncs nãs bfbvclcs lbf pfcgbr ukhl`
cf sbx` y bf subó` bs g`nbr. Bstb bs uk rbbe` o`rn`kcf,
cf g`nbr sb fhabrc fc o`rn`kc lb fc rbg`npbksc y bf
pfcgbr ffcnclc l`pcnhkc, g`k bst` sb publb rbiufcr `
guarhr n`nbkt`s lb hkscthsdcggh÷k y lcrsb ukc gcsgclc
lb pfcgbr
bs p`r bst`hknblhct`, g`kduklhèkl`sb
qub fc `abshlcl g`k ahbkbstcr,
tcnahèk thbkb uk dcgt`r
pshg`f÷ihg` lb bn`gh`kbs cftbrclcs qub sb trctck
bquhv`gclcnbktb lb `gufcr bk oãaht`s cfhnbktcrh`s shk
acfckgb. @gcsh`kbs bk fcs qub fcs pbrs`kcs carbk fc
kbvbrc y t`nck cfhnbkt`s f` bstãk ocghbkl` lbslb uk
pfck` lb scthsdcggh÷k bn`gh`kcf, bkt`kgbs bf pfct` thbkb
uk cspbgt` lb kbgbshlcl kutrhgh`kcf p`r rbqubrhnhbkt`s
rbcfbs y uk p`rgbktceb lb kbgblcl bn`gh`kcf qub
guarbs g`k bf pfcgbr lb g`nbr. G`nbr tb lbab lcr
pfcgbr cf kutrhrtb, bs` bs hklulcafb, f` qub k` lbab
pcscr bsguckl`
pcfclcr qub rbsubfvcs ` tb bkdrbktcr
k` publbs `guftbs bk`f`s sca`rbs ytus
s`fugh`kcr bf
pbklhbktbs pshg`f÷ihg`s ` bn`gh`kcfbs.

33
 `b vc fu c gh÷k
Cu t

°]@Q SRÈ G\@BNFB@0 OCGB

°QB C F N B K QB 0
B LB OC N A
]@ QS R B F

31
 ]r`phblclbs
`rick`fèpthgcs
8
Bstb prhkghph` rbcfnbktb bs duklcnbktcf
bk ukc lhbtc lb nbkõ csbrthv`, sb
rbbec bk fc vcrhblcl lb f`s cfhnbkt`s,
su bdbgt` s`arb
kutrhgh`kcf f`s sbkthl`s,
y bf hnpcgt` fc gcric
lb f`s hktbsthk`s.
Rkc aubkc lhbtc lbab tbkbr vcrhblcl, fc
gucf bstã lbtbrnhkclc p`r bf g`f`r lb f`s
cfhnbkt`s fc tbxturc bf sca`r bf cr`nc b
hkgfus` bf s`khl` lb bst`s, bstb hnpcgt`
s`arb f`s sbkthl`s bs cf qub sb fb g`k`gb
g`n` fcs pr`phblclbs `rick`fèpthgcs
lb f`s cfhnbkt`s y sb scab qub cf tbkbr
uk nbkõ rhg` bk bstb prhkghph` sb bstã
clquhrhbkl` ukc cfhnbktcgh÷k nãs
rhgc
qub bk vhtcnhkcs
sb bstã y nhkbrcfbs,
hnpcgtckl` clbnãs
lb d`rnc nãs
csbrthvc fc `rc acgtbrhckc ` nhgr`ah`tc
acgtbrhckc y bf rbg`rrhl` hktbsthkcf bk sî.
sî .
BW\B BW RK ]QHKGH]H@ Õ\HF C FC O@QC LB D@Q\CFBGBQ
FC TCQHBLCL BK FC CFHNBK\CGH×K, SRB IBKBQC
CLC]\CGH×K ]@WH\HTC, CLOBQBKGHC C FC LHB\C X F@
NÃW HN]@Q\CK\B WRNC LB D@QNC NRX BDBG\HTC RK
G@K\BKHL@ LB TH\CNHKCW X NHKBQCFBW XC SRB FC
CFHNBK\CGH×K TCQHCLC BK G@F@Q \HBKB LHDBQBK\BW
NHKBQCFBW BWBKGHCFBW ]CQC FCW DRKGH@KBW
NB\CA×FHGCW.

37
3= G`ktr`f y vcrhblcl
G`ktr`f
Bk fc pãihkc cktbrh`r vhn`s fcs pr`phblclbs `rick`fè
`rick`fèpthgcs
pthgcs lb
f`s cfhnbkt`s, prcgthgcr bstc rbfcgh÷k lb f`s cfhnbkt`s g`k f`s
sbkthl`s bs ukc acsb duklcnbktcf, bs bf phfcr lbf g`ktr`f bk fc
lhbtc y bk uk cft` p`rgbktceb lbf g`ktr`f lb fc ckshblcl, yc qub
cf tbkbr ukc vcrhblcl lb g`f`r, sca`r, cr`nc y tbxturcs bstcs
bsthnufckl` f`s sbkthl`s, f` qub sb trclugb bk nbkscebs cf
gbrbar` lb pfcgbr, scthsdcgh`k y ahbkbstcr. Wh tb bs lhdîghf pcrcr
lb g`nbr bnphbzc p`r bstb prhkghph`, qub tu pfct` tbkic ukc
vcrhblcl lb g`f`rbs y g`nbr uk g`f`r c fc vbz, uk sca`r c
fc vbz. Eubic uk pcpbf hnp`rtcktb bf sca`r lb gclc cfhnbkt`
y bf scabr nbzgfcr bst`s sca`rbs pcrc qub shbktcs gclc
pr`phblcl. Bstc prãgthgc, g`kvbrthlc bk uk oãaht` rbiufcr, sb
trcksd`rnc bk uk g`ktr`f lb cqubff`s hnpufs`s qub tb ffbvck
c oãaht`s lb g`ksun` cfhnbktcrh` p`r ckshblcl ` shnpfb
rbbe` g`klhgh`kcl`, clbnãs lb fc icrcktîc lb fc vcrhblcl lb
kutrhbktbs qub sb kbgbshtck g`n` f` s`k f`s `fhi`bfbnbkt`s,
vhtcnhkcs, bktrb `tr`s. °Suhbrbs tbkbr bf g`ktr`f0 lcfb vcrhblcl
c tu pfct`, c tu nbsc y bk sî cf nbkõ lb gclc lîc. \bkbr uk g`f`rbs
lhdbrbktbs gclc lîc bs fc acsb lb tbkbr vcrhblcl, clobrbkghc c
fc lhbtc y icrckthzcr bdbgthvhlcl y rbsuftcl`s.

3<
 33
Cfhnbktcrsb vs. kutrhrsb
kutrhrsb
Bstb prhkghph` bs bf qub lbkb ukc trcksd`rncgh÷k bk fc
g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf bdbgthvc ` hkbgcz. Lbslb fcs pãihkcs
cktbrh`rbs ocstc cquî obn`s vhst` vcf`rbs lb fc g`klugtc
cfhnbktcrhc qub ncrgcrãk bf pr`gbs` lb fc cfhnbktcgh÷k ocghc
fc kutrhgh÷k, bf s÷f` obgo` lb g`nbr k` bs cfhnbktcrsb y cõk
nbk`s kutrhrsb, pbr` bvhlbktbnbktb, sh thbkbs bk gubktc f`s
vcf`rbs qub ob ghtcl` sbiurcnbktb bstcrãs icrckthzckl` ukc
cpr`xhncgh÷k c fc kutrhgh÷k g`rrbgtc y s`arb t`l` c g`k`gbr
tu bstcl` cgtucf lb cfhnbktcgh÷k, p`tbkghãkl`f`. W`k pcutcs,
cukqub shkèrihgcs, lhdbrbktbs. Gclc vbz qub g`ncs lbabs hr
rbd`rzckl` bf grhtbrh` lb kutrhrtb s`arb g`nbr, yc qub bf obgo`
lb g`nbr cfi` k` shikhgc qub sbc uk cfhnbkt` y cõk nbk`s
qub tb kutrc. T`fvbrsb sbfbgthv` y nuy k` lbslb fc `aebthvhlcl
qub shikhgc cfhnbktcrsb ahbk y kutrhrsb ahbk bs ukc icrcktîc
pcrc tu pr`gbs` lb nbe`rc lb fc g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf. K`
tb fhnhtbs, bsduèrzctb bk tu gcrãgtbr y lbsb` lb nbe`rcr pcrc
d`nbktcr ukc g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc bkd`gclc bk fc kutrhgh÷k
y k` lbf s÷f` oãaht` lb g`nbr.

32
 32

]brh`l` lb
clcptcgh÷k y
g`ktr`f
31
\`nc trbs sbnckcs bk fcs qub k` ocics gcnah`s c tu
cfhnbktcgh÷k nãs qub bfhnhkcr f` qub k` bs bsbkghcf, shk
hnp`rtcr sh brbs uk irck ctfbtc, uk prhkghphcktb ` ukc pbrs`kc
sblbktcrhc. Cukqub lbahl` c fcs prãgthgcs lb gclc uk`, bst`s
pcrãnbtr`s hnpcgtcrãk bf nbtca`fhsn` lbf ctfbtc lb d`rnc
lhdbrbktb qub cf sblbktcrh` ` cf prhkghphcktb, y rbcfnbktb,
lb pbrs`kc c pbrs`kc. G`n` bk f`s prhnbr`s pcs`s, thbkb
qub vbr g`k su g`ksghbkghc y g`k g`k`gbr què y g÷n`
sb cfhnbktc, clbnãs, bstb pbrh`l` pbrnhthrfb c su trcgt`
lhibsthv` rbgupbrcrsb cf k` tbkbr bfbnbkt`s ` pr`lugt`s qub
k` shrvbk tckt` g`n` uk cfhnbkt`, cqubff`s qub cdbgtck fc
cshnhfcgh÷k lb `tr`s g`np`kbktbs kutrhgh`kcfbs bsbkghcfbs
pcrc bf nbtca`fhsn` y fc scful bk ibkbrcf.

T W L
N E
F N
 34

37
Ocnarb vs cpbtht`
Bstcs l`s gucfhlclbs lb fc g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc
ncrgck ukc irck arbgoc bk tu kutrhgh÷k y s`k
bspbghcfnbktb lbtbrnhkcktbs pcrc ocgbr qub tu
lhbtc sbc bdbgthvc y sb rbbeb bk fc g`np`shgh÷k
g`rp`rcf, vbcn`s5 bf ocnarb bs ukc kbgbshlcl
sh`f÷ihgc, uk hksthkt` lb supbrvhvbkghc bspbghcf
bk ausgc lb bkbriîc: guckl` sb thbkb ocnarb ocy
kbgbshlcl lbsupfhr cf nbtca`fhsn` pcrc fcsdukgh`kbs
g`rp`rcfbs y shkãpthgcs, bk t`l` pr`gbs` lb vhlc
kbgbshtcn`s bkbriîc qub lbab sbr g`npbksclc,
bstc bs fc acsb lbf ocnarb. Co`rc, g`k tu g`klugtc
cfhnbktcrhc bksbócs cf gubrp` ghbrt`s o`rcrh`s
bk f`s gucfbs f` pr`vhsh`kcs lb cfhnbkt`s pcrc
lbsl`afcrsb bk ifug`sc y gunpfhr g`k uk cp`rtb
lb bkbriîc, cffî lbscpcrbgb fc sbócf lbf ocnarb
qub bs bxgfushvcnbktb ukc rbspubstc sh`f÷ihgc
c ukc kbgbshlcl bkbrièthgc, p`r bs` pbkscr qub
t`l` bf lîc tb lc ocnarb bs bquhv`gcl`, yc qub
usucfnbktb g`k fcs prhnbrcs g`nhlcs thbkbs t`lc fc
gckthlcl lb bkbriîc pcrc bf lîc. Guckl` g`nbs nãs
lb f` kbgbscrh` lbabs rbg`rlcr qub k` bs ocnarb
y bstãs cftbrckl` tu nbtca`fhsn` bkbrièthg` y
bnpbzckl` uk pr`gbs` qub tb ffbvc c cfncgbkcr
ircsc. Qbg`k`gbr bst`s oãaht`s bs duklcnbktcf
pcrc qub hlbkthqubs bf `rhibk lb ukc g`klugtc
cfhnbktcrhc qub ffbvc c bkdbrnblclbs nbtca÷fhgcs
y pr`gbs`s lb bstckgcnhbkt` bk fc g`np`shgh÷k
g`rp`rcf.
 39

Ocnarb vs cpbtht` #1
Bk
lb `gcsh`kbs shbktbs uk
g`nbr bk o`rcrh`s bklbsb` lbk`
f`s qub g`nbr ghbrt`sBscfhnbkt`s
f` ocgîcs. `
ukc lb fcs
gcrcgtbrîsthgcs lbf cpbtht`5 bstb k` `ablbgb c ukc kbgbshlcl
sh`f÷ihgc kh bs ukc rbspubstc bk ausgc lb acfckgb kh
bkbriîc, bf cpbtht` bs uk rbbe` bn`gh`kcf qub lhspcrc uk
hnpufs` bk fc kbgbshlcl lb pfcgbr, lb gunpfhr pbklhbktbs
ircacl`s bk tu gbrbar` ` lb guarhr drustrcgh`kbs.
drus trcgh`kbs. Bf cpbtht`
bstã fhicl` c fc nbn`rhc bn`gh`kcf y tb ffbvc c g`nbr cqubff`
qub cfiukc vbz lbsbcstb y k` f` gunpfhstb, bs uk p`g` g`n`
guckl` lhgbs ‖ocgb thbnp` quhbr` pr`acr tcf g`sc„, publb
sbr uk pfcthff`, ukc scfsc ` cfiukc rbgbtc, pbr` quhbr` qub

g`nprbklcs qub
g`kduklbs g`k bsc bs ukc
bf ocnarb, lb fcs d`rncs
fc drustrcgh÷k lbflbgîcn`s
g`n` cpbtht` qub
bk
pãihkcs cktbrh`rbs sb g`kvhbrtb bk ukc kbgbshlcl lb pfcgbr
y g`npbkscr bf acfckgb lb fcs bn`gh`kbs g`k f`s cfhnbkt`s
bs fc d`rnc nãs bvhlbktb lb cpbtht`, p`r bff` lbgîc bk pãihkcs
cktbrh`rbs k` g`ncs bn`gh`kbs. Fc ncy`rîc lbf thbnp` fcs
pbrs`kcs g`nbk bn`gh`kbs, k` p`r kbgbshlcl shk` p`r
kbgblcl bn`gh`kcf, lîc c lîc fc g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc lb fc
s`ghblcl lb gclc hklhvhlu` bstã gcriclc lb f`s gcprhgo`s
hkvhshafbs pbr` bvhlbktbs lbf cpbtht`, bkt`kgbs g`nbk
drustrcgh`kbs, l`f`r, ckiusthc, s`fblcl, trhstbzc, hrc: bs` bs f`
qub bstãk g`nhbkl` bk sus pfct`s, yc qub bs f` qub bstãk
rbgrbckl` shk lcrsb gubktc qub bsb pfcgbr lbf g`nbr p`r bf
g`nbr bs s`f` bf gocktceb bn`gh`kcf lb gclc lîc. Bf cpbtht`
bk sî nhsn` bs ukc clhgh÷k y lb f`s prhnbr` cspbgt`s qub
ocy qub g`ktr`fcr sh rbcfnbktb lbsbcs scful, acfckgb y ukc
g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf bquhfharclc. Qbgubrlc qub bf cpbtht`
k` thbkb acfckgb, s`f` quhbrb scthsdcggh÷k y p`r tcf n`thv` k`
thbkb scghblcl y s`f` qubrrãs nãs y nãs y nãs.
 3?
3<
32
Wcghblcl bk
rbfcgh÷k cf cpbtht`
y cf ocnarb
Fc scghblcl bs ukc dcsb hnp`rtcktb lb fc g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc,
y g`n` `trcs dcsbs ncrgc scful y bquhfharh`. Thn`s fc lhdbrbkghc
bktrb cpbtht` y ocnarb, nhbktrcs qub ukc bs sh`f÷ihgc, fc `trc
bs gcprhgo`scnbktb bn`gh`kcf, bstc rbfcgh÷k r`npb bf bquhfharh`
lb fc scghblcl y gclc pbrs`kc shbktb bf lbsb` lb g`nbr y g`nbr
grbybkl` bquhv`gclcnbktb qub thbkb ocnarb y g`ktcnhkckl` fcs
g`nhlcs lb gclc lîc g`k fc hkubkghc lbf cpbtht`, l`klb bk gcnah`
bf ocnarb lbab ncrgcr fc pcutc lbf g`ksun`. ]`r bebnpf`, sh p`r
kbgbshlcl sh`f÷ihgc g`nbs trbs vbgbs cf lîc 3 fharc lb cfhnbkt`s
bs nuy pr`acafb qub bf cpbtht` sb nbtc lbktr` lb bsc kbgbshlcl
y tb ffbvb c g`nbrtb l`s ` hkgfus` trbs jhf`s, ukc irck gckthlcl lb
gcf`rîcs clhgh`kcfbs. Gclc g`nhlc lbf lîc g`kvbrib g`k uk cspbgt`
n`thvcgh`kcf lbf sbr ounck` y bstb sb trclugb bk bn`gh`kbs, bs
p`r bs` qub g`n` g`rrb bf lîc y su gcric bn`gh`kcf sb publb vbr
rbbecl` bk gclc g`nhlc5 sh tb fbvcktcs g`k bstrès pbksckl` bk
fcs kbgbshlclbs lbf lîc hkubkghcrã bf cpbtht` y bk bf lbscyuk`
g`nbrãs nãs ` hkgfus` k` g`nbrãs, cnacs shtucgh`kbs pbreulhghcfbs
pcrc tu nbtca`fhsn`: csî nhsn` c nblh` lîc ffbics g`k fc gcric
lb fc ncóckc, rbgrbckl` fcs nhsncs rbspubstcs lb g`ksun` lb
cfhnbkt`s ` rbgocz` p`r bff`s y, bk lbkhthvc, fc k`gob bs bf rbbe`
lbf g`ktr`f ` cftbrcgh÷k lb fc scghblcl lbkhthv`, yc qub bs uk`
lb f`s o`rcrh`s bk f`s qub nãs sb k`tc bf g`ksun` lb cfhnbkt`s
p`r cpbtht`. F` cktbrh`r suncl` c fcs g`nhlcs bxtrcs r`npb g`k
bf bquhfharh` lb fc scghblcl y tbrnhkc p`r tbkbr uk bdbgt` s`arb
f`s cfhnbkt`s qub grbb kbgbshtcr, ausgc sca`rbs bspbgîg`s g`n`
cpbicrsb õkhgcnbktb cf lufgb ` cf sca`r lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s. Fc
sbócf lb fc scghblcl bs cftbrclc p`r fc hkubkghc lbf cpbtht` y bf
ocnarb. ]`r bff` lb o`y bk clbfcktb tbkic prbsbktb bstc lhdbrbkghc5
ukc g`sc bs tbkbr cpbtht` y `trc ocnarb, sh ausgcs acfckgb, scful
y uk aubk bquhfharh` bk tus lhbtcs qub sb rbbeb bk fc g`np`shgh÷k
g`rp`rcf rbiufc bf ocnarb g`k bf acfckgb kutrhgh`kcf y ncktèk
bquhfharcl` bf cpbtht` qub lcóc fc sbócf lb scghblcl.
s cghblcl.
 38

34 Wcghblcl cpbtht
cpbtht`
fbpthkc - irbfhkc
`
Bf bquhfharh` lb fc g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc lbpbklb bk irck pcrtb
lb fc rbfcgh÷k lb bstcs l`s o`rn`kcs5 fc fbpthkc y fc irbfhkc.
Rkc d`rnc sbkghffc y lhrbgtc lb bktbklbr
b ktbklbr fc dukgh÷k lb bstcs
l`s o`rn`kcs bs qub nhbktrcs fc fbpthkc fb lhgb cf gubrp`
‖yc bstãs scghcl`, yc thbkbs bkbriîc pcrc sbiuhr dukgh`kckl`,
pcrc yc lb g`nbr„ ibkbrckl` ukc sbócf lb scghblcl s`arb bf
shstbnc kbrvh`s` gbktrcf, ocghbkl` qub tb shbktcs scthsdbgo`,
f` g`ktrcrh` sugblb g`k fc irbfhkc, guckl` tu shstbnc
shs tbnc kbgbshtc
rbgurs`s bkbrièthg`s fc irbfhkc sb cgthvc y fb lhgb c tu gbrbar`
‖g`nb qub kbgbshtcs bkbriîc„, y f` hktbrbscktb bs qub bst`
sugblb lb d`rnc kcturcf, pbr` tcnahèk publb bksbócrsb
c tu gubrp` `trcs d`rncs lb pblhr bkbriîc cuk guckl` k`
fc kbgbshtc. F` qub quhbr` qub cprbklcs co`rc bs qub fc
kbgbshlcl lb bkbriîc bk tu gubrp` bstã rbiufclc p`r bstcs
l`s o`rn`kcs, lbabs g`nprbklbr qub fc kutrhgh÷k k` bs s`f`
bf oãaht` lb g`nbr, k` bs cfi` tck shnpfb g`n` bf sbktcrtb
c fc nbsc y lcrtb gubktc qub c thbkbs fc lhstrhaugh÷k lb tu
pfct` bktrb gcra`ohlrct`s, pr`tbîkcs y ircscs, ocy qub hr uk
p`g` nãs fbe`s, tbkbr ukc vhsh÷k cnpfhc lb fc kutrhgh÷k qub
hnpcgtb tu g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc gclc lîc cuk guckl` k`
bstãs g`nhbkl`. Lbabs g`nprbklbr qub fbpthkc y irbfhkc
s`k o`rn`kcs qub lbabk bstcr n`lbrclcs, pubs rbiufck
bf cpbtht` y fc scghblcl, fc d`rnc bk qub tb lbecs ffbvcr p`r
f`s hnpufs`s lbf cpbtht` y f`s ckt`e`s gufturcfbs cdbgtck bstb
acfckgb y cpcrbgbk lbsbquhfharh`s nbtca÷fhg`s tck dubrtbs
qub sb scfb lb g`ktr`f bf tbkbr ukc lhbtc rbiufclc y uk
bquhfharh` kutrhgh`kcf prãgthg`.
 1=

Qbshstbkghc c fc
Qbshstbkghc
fbpthkc y clhggh÷k
c fc g`nhlc
39
Fc scghblcl bs duklcnbktcf bk ukc lhbtc pcrc qub bstc sbc
bquhfharclc, y g`n` yc vhstb fc o`rn`kc qub sb bkgcric lb bff`
bs fc fbpthkc
tbehl` qub
clhp`s`, sb bkgubktrc
fc fbpthkc bkvîc uklbp`shtclc
nbksceb cfbk ncy`rqub
gbrbar` pcrtb
lhgbbk bf
qub
yc thbkbs f`s rbgurs`s pcrc d`rncr bkbriîc y qub pcrbs lb g`nbr,
g`k uk`s oãaht`s cfhnbktcrh`s hkclbgucl`s i`abrkcl`s gcsh qub
bxgfushvcnbktb p`r bf cpbtht` qub ocgb qub g`ksuncs cfhnbkt`s
 13

clhgthv`s g`k nuy ace` p`lbr scghcktb, g`n` f` bs bf lufgb y bk sî f`s

gcra`ohlrct`s bk cftcs gckthlclbs, sb vc af`qubckl` y cftbrckl`
bf beb gbrbar`, irbfhkc, fbpthkc qub bs aãshgcnbktb qub bf gbrbar`
yc k` bsgugoc ` k` cthbklb c f`s rbgbpt`rbs lb fbpthkc qub lck
fc sbócf lb scghblcl, c bst` sb fb g`k`gb g`n` rbshstbkghc c fc
fbpthkc y bs uk` lb f`s sîklr`nbs qub nãs cdbgtc bf nbtca`fhsn`
y fc g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf, nugo`s lb f`s bstckgcnhbkt`s bk
lhbtcs hkgfus` g`k fcs nbe`rbs lhbtcs, nãs bquhfharclcs y nãs
bstrugturclcs sugblb p`r bstb dcgt`r lb hnacfckgb
h nacfckgb y lbsbquhfharh`
lbf beb ohp`tãfcn`-fbpthkc, aãshgcnbktb sh pr`lugbs fbpthkc pbr`
tu gbrbar` bspbgîgcnbktb bf ohp`tãfcn` fc hik`rc, yc qub k` bs
sbkshafb c sus rbgbpt`rbs y lb cffî kcgb ukc g`klhgh÷k lb g`ksun`
lb cfhnbkt`s bk ircklbs gckthlclbs bk gclc g`nhlc qub bstãk
p`r bkghnc lb fcs kbgbshlclbs bkbrièthgcs, lb obgo` bs nuy
drbgubktb bkg`ktrcr pbrs`kcs qub g`ksunbk bk ukc g`nhlc
ukc irck gckthlcl lb cfhnbkt`s y shiubk g`nhbkl` nãs y nãs y
pulhbsbk rbpbthr lbspuès lb uk`s nhkut`s ` ukc o`rc lbspuès
lb ocabr g`ksunhl` uk cfhnbkt` lb ircklbs gckthlclbs, èstc bs
ukc lb fcs d`rncs lb cftbrcgh÷k nbtca÷fhgc nãs cnpfhc, yc qub su
gubrp` sb ocgb nãs rbshstbktb c fc fbpthkc k` ibkbrckl` sbócf lb
scghblcl y g`k bff` gcybkl` bk ukc s`arb cfhnbktcgh÷k qub bktrbkc
irclucfnbktb uk sîklr`nb nbtca÷fhg` p`shafbnbktb ukc lhcabtbs
y ukc nuy sbiurc `abshlcl cluftc. Bstcr g`k uk shg` ctfbthg` k`
bs hiucf c p`lbr g`nbr t`l` f` qub sb tb ckt`eb, yc qub sh f` ocgbs
f`s bdbgt`s f`s pcicrãs c nblhck` ` fcri` pfcz`, p`shafbnbktb
g`k ukc lbtbrnhkcktb cftbrcgh÷k nbtca÷fhgc, g`n` publb sbr fc
`abshlcl ` shnpfbnbktb sh brbs ukc pbrs`kc sblbktcrhc ` qub
bktrbkcs pcrc nbe`rcr tu g`np`shgh÷k k` tb sbrã p`shafb f`ircrf`,
yc qub tb lhguftcrã tbkbr acfckgb bk tu cfhnbktcgh÷k, tbkhbkl` fc
dcfsc hlbc lb qub thbkbs ocnarb, qub kbgbshtcs g`nbr nãs y nãs
p`rqub bf gubrp` tb f` phlb, csî sb grbc fc clhggh÷k c fc g`nhlc.
 11

G`k`gbr y lhsgrhnhkcr
f`s cfhnbkt`s

3?
Lbspuès lb pcscr p`r f`s pcs`s cktbrh`rbs ffbics c g`k`gbr
f` qub g`nbs y g÷n` f` ocgbs, bk bsb sbkthl` g`k`gbs lb
què tb cfhnbktcs y guãfbs s`k f`s cfhnbkt`s l`nhkcktbs bk tu
nbkõ, bk tu iust` y fcs gckthlclbs cgtucfbs. Bs bf nbe`r pukt`
lb pcrthlc, nugocs pbrs`kcs sb bquhv`gck cf rbcfhzcr ukc
lhbtc g`k pcrãnbtr`s g`ktr`fcl`s lb d`rnc hknblhctc, pubs
fc gckthlcl lb gcf`rîcs y f`s ncgr`kutrhbktbs hkhghcfbs publbk
k` sbr tck dcv`rcafbs ` csbrthv`s, yc qub ocy qub g`k`gbr
g÷n` tb bkgubktrcs co`rc, bf g÷n` bstãs, què lbab nbe`rcr
pcrc scabr ocghc l÷klb cpuktcr g`k tu kutrhgh÷k y qub bstc
tbkic acfckgb g`k tu g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc. Guckl` bnphbzck
ukc lhbtc shk scabr f` qub g`nbs, fcs gckthlclbs y bf g÷n`
bstã dukgh`kckl` bk tu gubrp` y bk tu nbtca`fhsn`, bstb bs
bf prhnbr pcs` g`k`gbr g÷n` bstãs, nugo`s sb lbeck ffbvcr
p`r fc s`abrahc lb fc hknblhctbz y phbksck qub sh ocgbk cfi`
rîihl` vck c tbkbr rbsuftcl`s rãphl`s, f` qub k` ohghstb lurcktb
nugo` thbnp` k` vc c `gurrhr bk ukcs p`gcs sbnckcs,
sb nckcs, f` qub
sî publb pcscr bs qub g`npr`nbtcs tu scful, tus `aebthv`s
y bk lbkhthvc qub phbrlcs bf thbnp`, lbghlcs cackl`kcr bf
pr`gbs`, p`rqub k` tb shrvh÷, k` f` g`nprbklbs ` p`rqub k`
pulhstb ncktbkbrf`. Bs duklcnbktcf g`k`gbr f`s cfhnbkt`s
prbl`nhkcktbs y fcs gckthlclbs cgtucfbs lb f` qub g`ksunbs
pcrc c pcrthr lb cffî ncrgcr uk lbrr`tbr` lb g`ktr`f y bquhfharh`.
Bf prhnbr pcs` bs scabr qub g`ksunhcs y g`ksunbs, k` què
vcs c g`ksunhr bk tu g`thlhckhlcl lb tu cfhnbktcgh÷k aãshgc,
g`k`gbr f`s gcra`ohlrct`s qub g`ksunbs, fcs pr`tbîkcs, fcs
ircscs y lbnãs cfhnbkt`s y scabr qub s`k dubktbs qub tb
cp`rtck p`rqub cffî publb bstcr f` qub kbgbshtcs y f` qub lbabs
rbiufcr bk tu g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc bk rbfcgh÷k c g`ksun` lb
cfhnbkt`s. G`k`gbr tu lhbtc cgtucf y bf nbklc lb gclc lîc
cktbs lb cftbrcrf`, bstb pcs` bs hklhgcl`
h klhgcl` ocgbrf` lurcktb trbs
sbnckcs.
 17

°Bscfhnbkt`s0
kbgbscrh`
38
pbscr tus
]crc rbiufcr tu cfhnbktcgh÷k bs kbgbscrh` g`k`gbr g÷n`
g`nbs y bk bff` g`k`gbr fcs gckthlclbs lb f` qub g`ksunbs y
qub g`ksunbs, yc qub s`k fcs gckthlclbs lb gclc cfhnbkt`s
y sus gcrcgtbrîsthgcs g`n` ncgr`kutrhbktbs fcs qub publbk
ibkbrcr lbsbquhfharh`s bk fc g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf, bs sbkghff`,

sh k` scabslbguãkt`
bktbrcrãs g`nbs lb
qub publbs gcra`ohlrct`s
bstcr cfncgbkckl` y ircscs k` bk
bf rbst` tb
d`rnc lb tbehl` clhp`s` y ircsc vhsgbrcf, f` nhsn` pcsc pcrc
bf gcs` lb fcs pr`tbîkcs qub s`k kbgbscrhcs pcrc fc d`rncgh÷k
lbf nõsguf`, scabs guãkt` g`nbs bk pr`tbîkc y bk arc
pcrc dcghfhtcr fc lhibsth÷k. Bk rbsunbk, sh k` scabs guãkt`
g`nbs k` scarãs g`n` rbiufcrf` y cõk nbk`s qub sî cpfhgc.
Wbiuhn`s lb fc acsb qub lbabs tbkbr uk pukt` lb pcrthlc
lb cut`g`k`ghnhbkt` lb tu bstcl` cgtucf pcrc p`lbr ocgbr
uk pr`gbs` pr`irbshv` y k` hkvcshv`, bk nugocs `gcsh`kbs
k` sb g`ksunb kh bf 1=% lb f`s rbqubrhnhbkt`s lb pr`tbîkc,
ircsc, arc y ciuc, bkt`kgbs bf s`f` obgo` lb ocgbr ukc lhbtc
sbiõk fcs kbgbshlclbs publb sbr hkvcshvc guckl` k` sb thbkb
uk g`k`ghnhbkt` lb fcs hkibstcs cgtucfbs lb gclc pbrs`kc
bk rbfcgh÷k c f`s lhdbrbktbs cfhnbkt`s y sus kutrhbktbs, t`l`
f` qub g`ksunbs ibkbrc uk p`rgbktceb lb bstrès lhibsthv`,
ukc rbspubstc o`rn`kcf y uk icst` bkbrièthg`, t`l` bff` lb
d`rnc dcv`rcafb ` lbsdcv`rcafb, pcrc rblughr bstc rbfcgh÷k lb
f`s qub publb sbr dcv`rcafb y k` bk tu cfhnbktcgh÷k lbabs
g`k`gbr fcs gckthlclbs prbghscs lb f` qub g`nbs, g`k`gbr
vcrhblcl.
 1<

1= Qbsihstrcr tus
cfhnbkt`s
Xc pbsckl` tus cfhnbkt`s bf pcs` qub shiub bs rbihstrcrf`, ffbvcr
uk rbihstr` tb pbrnhtb rbcfhzcr uk pukt` lb pcrthlc g`rrbgt`
clbnãs bvcfucr bk fc p`stbrhlcl lbspuès lb uk pbrh`l`,
g`n` bnpbzcstb y g`n` rbsp`klîcs cktbs lb hkhghcr ukc
lhstrhaugh÷k lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs nãs prbghsc, bs lbghr, ukc lhbtc
nãs g`ktr`fclc, bkt`kgbs sb ocgb hklhspbkscafb qub usbs uk
bfbnbkt` lb rbihstr`, cfiukcs pbrs`kcs f` ocgbk bk uk crgohv`
lb Bxgbf `tr`s bk uk gucrtb` pbr` tb rbg`nhbkl` ocgbrf` bk
ukc cpfhgcgh÷k bs nãs sbkghff` clhgh`kcf tb cyulc lb d`rnc
hknblhctc c g`k`gbr f`s vcf`rbs lb pr`tbîkc, gcra`ohlrct`s,
ircsc y lbnãs kutrhbktbs y bfbnbkt`s lb gclc cfhnbkt`. Bst`
clbnãs lb cyulcrtb c g`k`gbr lb què tb bstãs
bs tãs kutrhbkl` pcrc
bstcafbgbr tus kbgbshlclbs bk guckt` c f` qub tb dcftc y f` qub
lbabs lhsnhkuhr, tb cyulc g`n` g`k`ghnhbkt` hktbircf, fcs
Cpp bstãk nuy kutrhlcs y s`k nuy prbghscs bk rbfcgh÷k c fc
gckthlcl lb g`np`kbktbs lb f`s cfhnbkt`s, k` tb fhnhtbs g`k
fc t`tcf prbghsh÷k, usc s`f` ukc yc qub guckl` g`npcrcs ukcs
g`k `trcs tb publbk ncrgcr cfiukcs lhdbrbkghcs, g`kgèktrctb y
`rickîzctb s`f` g`k ukc y rbihstrc tus g`nhlcs y tus cfhnbkt`s,
g`k÷gbf`s y cprbklb pcrc cvckzcr.
 12

°G÷n` pbsc
pbscrr
13
tus cfhnbkt`s0
Bs nãs sbkghff` lb f` qub phbkscs, f` qub g`ncs g`ghl` pèscf`
g`ghl` y f` qub g`ncs grul` pèscf` grul`. Lbabs g`nprbklbr
qub g`nbr 3== ircn`s lb gcrkb k` bs hiucf qub g`nbr 3==
ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc, g`n` g`nbr 3== ircn`s lb crr`z k`
bs hiucf c g`nbr 3== ircn`s lb gcra`ohlrct`s y f` nhsn`
sugblb g`k fc ircsc. Gclc cfhnbkt` g`kthbkb ukc gckthlcl
lbf ncgr`kutrhbktbs pbr` k` bk su t`tcfhlcl bk pbs`. Lb bstc
d`rnc 3== ircn`s lb p`ff` bk pr`nblh` thbkb bktrb 17 c 18
ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc, bf rbst` bs pbs` fîquhl` ircsc y lbnãs
bfbnbkt`s. Bf us` lb ukc ircnbrc, ukc cpfhgcgh÷k lb rbihstr`
lb f`s cfhnbkt`s y rbghphbktbs bs f` nãs sbkghff` qub publbs
ocgbr pcrc bkg`ktrcr bf bquhfharh` y fcs rbdbrbkghcs lb f` qub
g`nbs, g`k`gbr y g`ktr`fcr f`s cfhnbkt`s rbquhbrb qub ocics
bstc fca`r, fubi` yc fc ocgbs shk bf bsdubrz` qub cpcrbktbnbktb
sup`kb y publbs uhr lb ukc d`rnc
d `rnc nãs shnpfb g`k`ghbkl` fcs
p`rgh`kbs.

3==i 3==i
 14

]crãnbtr`s lb
11
cfhnbktcgh÷k
Guckl` sb phbksc bk gcnahcr fc lhbtc ` ocgbr uk pr`gbs` kutrhgh`kcf
gcsh qub t`l`s bnphbzck g`k gcnah`s sõaht`s pbksckl` qub f` qub
ocgbk bstã t`l` ncf, fc kutrhgh÷k cgtucf qub ffbvc ukc pbrs`kc hkgfus`
lbs`rlbkclc, g`k cfhnbkt`s y pr`lugt`s k` tck pr`vbgo`s`s,
cuk g`ksunhbkl` abahlcs y g`nhlcs goctcrrc, cuk csî thbkb cfi`
qub dukgh`kc pubs tcnahèk g`ksunbk cfhnbkt`s qub fbs cp`rtck
kutrhgh`kcfnbktb, bkt`kgbs pcrthn`s lb fc hlbc qub pcrc p`lbr
tbkbr dukgh`kbs aãshgcs y uk pr`nblh` lb acfckgb o`rn`kcf y uk
nbtca`fhsn` qub fb dcv`rbzgc c sus dukgh`kbs g`rp`rcfbs hkgfus`
bk g`klhgh`kbs kutrhgh`kcfbs lbs`rlbkclcs ocy uk p`rgbktceb qub
dukgh`kc, bkt`kgbs k` bnpbzcn`s p`r gcnahcr t`l`, sb hkhghc p`r
quhtcr f` qub k` bs bsbkghcf, g`n` f` vhn`s cktbrh`rnbktb y lbslb
cffî bnpbzcn`s p`r bf czõgcr qub lbkhthvcnbktb k` bs kbgbscrh`
 19

kh bs`s suapr`lugt`s, s`f` lbslb cffî yc sb grbc ukc rbspubstc

nbtca÷fhgc dcv`rcafb, sh c bff` pcscn`s c quhtcr f`s drht`s qub k`
cp`rtck khkiukc ircsc scfulcafb y sh nuy k`ghvc sb bstã lckl` uk
pcs` nãs clbfcktb, hkgfus` g`k uk g`ksun` lb gcf`rîcs pcscl` lb
pr`lugt`s qub g`nbk qub k` cp`rtck y qub bstrbsck cf shstbnc
lhibsthv` clhgh`kcf lbf g`ksun` lb cfhnbkt`s qub sî cp`rtck, cõk
g`k bs` t`l` bnphbzc p`r bstb pukt`. Fc g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc
bs fc vcrh`s
vhst` gfcvb ukhlc c pcrãnbtr`s
pcs`s bk aãshg`s
f`s qub lbabs lb ycfhnbktcgh÷k,
nbe`rcr b spbghcfnbktb
bspbghcfnbktb obn`s
bf lb
quhtcr f` qub k` bs bsbkghcf, bs duklcnbktcf èst` yc qub s`k uk
pcrãnbtr` lb cfhnbktcgh÷k qub gcnahc fc d`rnc bk b k qub tu gubrp`
sb kutrb, k` quhtbs kh gcnahbs f` aãshg` lb tus cfhnbkt`s,
cfhnb kt`s, quhtcr f`
k` bsbkghcf qub rbcfnbktb lb bst` bs qub sb acsck f` pcrãnbtr`s
lb cfhnbktcgh÷k, bk bff`s bstãk5 czõgcr lb nbsc y lbrhvcl`s, pckbfc,
scfscs hklustrhcfbs, pr`lugt`s lb pckclbrîc g`nbrghcf, drht`s, g`nhlc
goctcrrc y bf cfg`o`f: sh f`ircs quhtcr bst` bs hkgrbîafb g`n` gcnahc
tu cfhnbktcgh÷k y k`tcrãs f`s gcnah`s bk tu lhibsth÷k, bk tu dubrzc
y ãkhn` y g`n` tu gubrp` bstã nãs lhspubst` cf lîc shiuhbktb y cf

bebrghgh`
sugblbk dîshg`.
lbslbBst` publb
lbktr` k` sbr
ocghc tck g`ksghbktb
dubrc yc qub f`s gcnah`s
pbr` bvhlbktbnbktb sbkthrãs
g÷n` tu gubrp` gcnahc y bnphbzcs c nbe`rcr irclucfnbktb. Fc
kutrhgh÷k bs uk pr`gbs` lb gcnah`s irclucfbs y k` lb lhbtcs rîihlcs
y cõk nbk`s hkvcshvcs.
 1?

]crãnbtr`s lb
cfhnbktcgh÷k #1 17
Bk bstb pukt` yc scabs què g`nbs, guãktcs gcf`rîcs g`nbs y
g`k`gbs cgbrgc lb f`s ncgr`kutrhbktbs qub g`ksunbs yc qub f`s
ocs rbihstrcl` bk fc cpfhgcgh÷k qub tb lc ukc d`rnc nãs gfcrc
lb vbr qub cfhnbkt`s tb cp`rtck f`s lhdbrbktbs ncgr`kutrhbktbs.
Bkt`kgbs quhbr` qub tb g`kgbktrbs bk nbe`rcr fc lhstrhaugh÷k lb
ncgr`kutrhbktbs y bktbklbr qub fc prh`rhlcl lb bff`s bk bsgcfc bs
pr`tbîkcs, ircscs y gcra`ohlrct`s. Bk tu pfct` lbabs bsg`ibr qub
f`s p`rgbktcebs ncy`rbs sbck pr`tbîkcs, ircscs y f`s gcra`ohlrct`s
k` sbck ncy`rbs c fc sunc lb fcs ircscs y fcs pr`tbîkcs b hkgfus`
k` sbck ncy`r c fc gckthlcl lb pr`tbîkcs qub g`ksunbs: bstc
bs ukc d`rnc lb `rlbkcr tu pfct` y quhtcr bf bxgbs` sbguklcrh`
qub publb cdbgtcr tu nbtca`fhsn`. Lbabs cirbicr 3== ircn`s
lb vbibtcfbs bk gclc g`nhlc, pcrc uk` tcf lb 7== ircn`s lb
vbibtcfbs p`r lîc. Fc sunc lb arc bk tu cpfhgcgh÷k lbab lcrtb
uk g`ksun` bktrb 1= c 7= ircn`s lhcrh`s. Fc gbkc qub bs fc
õfthnc g`nhlc lb gclc lîc lbabs ocgbrfc g`k cfhnbkt`s afckl`s
prbdbrhafbnbktb k` gcrkbs publb sbr g`n` dubktb lb pr`tbîkc
oubv`s, pr`tbîkc woby y sh bfhibs gcrkbs qub sbck afcklcs, g`n`
fcs gcrkbs lb p`ff`, pbsgcl`s, ctõk y ahbk g`ghkcl`s, bstc fbggh÷k
sb lc p`rqub k` rbquhbrbk lb uk bsdubrz` cnpfh` g`n` fcs gcrkbs
r`ecs c khvbf lb fc lhibsth÷k hiucf qub fcs fbiunhk`scs. ]`r bff`,
pr`tbîkcs afcklcs nãs vbibtcfbs y nãxhn` bktrb 2= c ?=? = ircn`s
lb gcra`ohlrct`s ar`s`s. Bk bstb pukt` bs duklcnbktcf qub
sbpcs qub lbabs g`nbr gcra`ohlrct`s y k` lbscrr`ffcr rbgocz`
ocghc bff`sbfpbr`
lbab sbr lbabs tbkbrprbdbrbktb
ncgr`kutrhbktb rbiufcl` su
bkg`ksun`, bk bf gucf k`
tus g`nhlcs.

IQCWC GCQA@W
]Q@\BÎKC 18

Gcra`ohlrct`s bk
fc k`gob °sh ` k`0
17
Lbabs lb lbecr pcscr fc hlbc qub f`s gcra`ohlrct`s bk fc k`gob
tb bki`rlck,
nhsnc gcra`ohlrct`s
gckthlcl c gucfquhbr
lb bkbriîc y sb o`rc lbf lîc
publbk cfncgbkcr cp`rtck
lb hiucf fc
d`rnc
shk hnp`rtcr bf o`rcrh`, f` qub sugblb g`k f`s gcra`ohlrct`s
bk fc k`gob bs qub bf cp`rtb lb bkbriîc qub lck bs tck cft`
qub f`s khvbfbs lb ifug`sc bk sckirb sb bfbvck c uk pukt` qub
bk rbcfhlcl k` sb kbgbshtc, yc qub cf l`rnhr sb bstã bk ukc
p`sturc y dukgh`kbs acscfbs qub k` usck lb d`rnc hknblhctc
gckthlclbs lb bkbriîc tck cftcs y cõk nbk`s bf rbqubrhnhbkt`
bk sckirb tcnp`g` sb kbgbshtc qub sbc bfbvcl`, pbr` bf pukt`
nãs hnp`rtcktb bs bf qub cg`npcóc bstb cktbrh`r pr`gbs`
qub pcrc qub `gurrc pcsc f` shiuhbktb, shbnprb qub g`ksunbs

gcra`ohlrct`s
ibkbrc hksufhkcbfqub
pãkgrbcs qub bs ukqub
bs fc o`rn`kc ÷rick` nuy
rbiufc f`snbtca÷fhg`
khvbfbs lb
ifug`sc bk sckirb, bst`s phg`s lb hksufhkc g`kstcktbs k` s`k
clbgucl`s, fc hksufhkc bs fc bkgcriclc lb ffbvcr fc bkbriîc c
lhdbrbktb pcrtbs lbf gubrp` y bspbghcfnbktb cf nõsguf`, bk bf
o`rcrh` k`gturk` g`n` vbîcn`s k` vcs c cguscr bscs gckthlclbs
lb bkbriîc qub g`ksunbs pubs fc lbncklc p`r fc hkcgthvhlcl
k` bs tck cftc, bkt`kgbs bf hnpcgt` lb fc hksufhkc i`fpbckl` bf
nbtca`fhsn` bs f` qub rbcfnbktb lbabn`s bvhtcr bk o`rcrh`s
k`gturk`s y qub sbc tck bfbvcl` c f` fcri` lbf lîc. Wh quhbrbs
gcra`ohlrct`s bk fc k`gob qub lb prbdbrbkghc sbck p`g`s, k`
nãs lb 2= ircn`s y lb gcrcgtbrîsthgcs ar`s`s.
 7=

]brh`l` lb `asbrvcgh÷k 1<

Bstb bs duklcnbktcf pcrc g`kstruhr f`s oãaht`s qub ocgbk
pcrtb lb fc g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc lb èxht`, lbabs vhvhrf` tckt` sh
brbs sblbktcrh` ` ukc pbrs`kc bktrbkclc, sh shiubs f`s pcs`s
qub obn`s ghtcl` cktbrh`rnbktb k`tcrcs ukc clcptcgh÷k
p`shthvc y õkhgc y f` qub sb ibkbrc p`stbrh`r c bstcs sbnckcs
bs nuy lbkhthv` pcrc f`ircr qub tu gubrp` c khvbf lhibsthv`
publc cpr`vbgocr cf nãxhn` f`s rbgurs`s lb f`s cfhnbkt`s y
icrckthzcr ukc kutrhgh÷k nãs csbrthvc b hnpcgtcr cf nbtca`fhsn`
pcrc qub sbc nãs bstcafb bk rbfcgh÷k c tus kbgbshlclbs lb
ncgr`kutrhbktbs y cgthvhlcl dîshgc. \rbs sbnckcs bk bstb
pr`gbs` bs uk pbrh`l` clbgucl`, publbk sbr guctr` ` 4
sbnckcs, nugocs pbrs`kcs k`tck gcnah`s hkgrbîafbs s`f` g`k
fc bstrugturc lb f`s pcrãnbtr`s lb cfhnbktcgh÷k y fc
f c cgthvhlcl
dîshgc rbiufcr, bstc bs fc acsb lb fc lhbtc bxhafb pbr` bk rbcfhlcl
bs grbcr ukc clcptcgh÷k nbtca÷fhgc lb acsb pcrc qub bf gubrp`
rbgupbrb bf g`ktr`f lb sus dukgh`kbs y publc `pthnhzcr f`s
rbgurs`s kutrhgh`kcfbs pcrc fc vhlc y bf bktrbkcnhbkt`.
 73

Wbnckcs lb clcptcgh÷k

BK BW\B ]RK\@ GQB@ SRB XCgcnah`s

G@N]QBKLBW SRB fc ukc lhbtc sb

12
bnphbzc lbslb f`s pbqubó`s y k` lbslb lhstrhaugh÷k
lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs, bf s`f` obgo` lb bstcafbgbr
b stcafbgbr pcrãnbtr`s lb
cfhnbktcgh÷k gcnahc dubrtbnbktb fc d`rnc bk qub tu gubrp`
cshnhfc f`s kutrhbktbs y g÷n` f`s cpr`vbgoc pcrc fc g`np`shgh÷k
g`rp`rcf, bk bstcs trbs sbnckcs lb pcrãnbtr`s lbabs lhsgrhnhkcr
y g`k`gbr nuy ahbk guãfbs s`k fcs dubktbs lb ircscs scfulcafbs,
lb pr`tbîkcs, gcra`ohlrct`s scfulcafbs y fcs dubktbs lb arc y
nhkbrcfbs, g`k`gbr nuy ahbk f` qub g`ksunbs cõk shk gcnahcr
kclc y fcs gckthlclbs qub g`ksunbs. Bst` tb pbrnhthrã g`k`gbr
tu pukt` lb pcrthlc bk t`l`s f`s ncgr`kutrhbktbs y bstcafbgbr
bf pcs`
lb bstcsirclucf
sbnckcsqublb
lbabs csunhr bk gclc uk` lb bff`s lbspuès
clcptcgh÷k.
 71

14
]ukt`
]ukt` lb pcrthlc

Xc pcscr`k fcs trbs sbnckcs lb clcptcgh÷k bk fcs gucfbs g`k`gbs

g÷n` lbgîcn`s
g`n` g`nbs ` g÷n` g`nb
publbs tu csbs`rcl`
rbg`k`gbr ` ctfbtc
c qub bstcac
b stcac y lbslb cffî
cg`stunarcl`
tu gubrp` bk rbfcgh÷k c gcf`rîcs t`tcfbs y g÷n` dukgh`kcac g`k
èstcs, tcnahèk lbabs `asbrvcr guãktc pr`tbîkc g`ksunîcs y
fcs dubktbs, csî nhsn` g`k gclc ncgr`kutrhbktb, lbgîcn`s qub
bst` tb pbrnhthrã bstcafbgbr bf
b f pukt` lb pcrthlc lb g`ksun` lb
f`s lhdbrbktbs ncgr`kutrhbktbs y k` ocgbrf` lb d`rnc hkvcshvc
kh lbs`rlbkclc. Csî g`n` nbe`rcs bf bktrbkcnhbkt`, nbe`rcs
fc kutrhgh÷k y bst`s l`s lbabk bv`fugh`kcr lb d`rnc irclucf
pr`irbshvc y g`kthkuc. Lbabs `asbrvcr g÷n` bv`fugh`kcs shk
gcnahcr gclc ncgr`kutrhbktb, lbabs tbkbr fc gcpcghlcl lb
nbe`rcr tu bktrbkcnhbkt` y tu gubrp` y prbpcrcrf` pcrc bf gcnah`,
lbabs lbghrfb c trcvès lbf bebrghgh` fc kbgbshlcl lb rbiufcr f`
qub g`ksunbs, bs lbghr, cpr`vbgocrf` nbe`r, cshnhfcrf` nbe`r y
grbcr fc kbgbshlcl lb g`npbkscr sh ocy uk g`ksun` lbghbktb
` uk g`ksun` bxcibrcl` lb uk ncgr`kutrhbktb bk bspbghcf.
W`f` g`k`ghbkl` bf pukt` lb pcrthlc bs qub publbs bstcafbgbr
uk pfck pr`irbshv` pcrc tu cfhnbktcgh÷k qub rbpbrgutc bk fc
kutrhgh÷k lb ukc d`rnc nuy p`shthvc y nãs qub bs` csbrthvc.
 77

19
Brr`r bk fc pfckhdgcgh÷k
lb lhbtcs

Rk` lb f`s ircklbs brr`rbs lb fcs lhbtcs cukqub bstèk ahbk

gcfgufclcs bs bf lbsg`k`ghnhbkt` lbf g`ksun` cgtucf lbf ctfbtc,
csbs`rcl` ` pcghbktb, nhrc bst`! fc irck ncy`rîc lb fcs pbrs`kcs
qub lbsbck ocgbr uk pr`gbs` lb rbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktcebs lb
ircsc k` thbkb hlbc qub qub g`ksunbk ukc gckthlcl nîkhnc
lb gcf`rîcs qub k` s`k c vbgbs fcs qub su gubrp` kbgbshtc s`f`
pcrc bstcs vhv`, kh shquhbrc g`ksunbk fcs gcf`rîcs kbgbscrhcs
pcrc fcs cgthvhlclbs qub ocgbk. Wh k` g`k`gbk guãktcs gcf`rîcs
g`ksunbk g`n` publbk bstcafbgbr fcs gcf`rîcs rbcfnbktb
kbgbscrhcs qub hnpcgtbk su nbtca`fhsn` lb d`rnc p`shthvc.
]`r bff`, bk fcs trbs sbnckcs lb `asbrvcgh÷k sb lbab g`k`gbr
guãktcs gcf`rîcs sb g`ksunbk pcrc bstcafbgbr sh bstã gunpfhbkl`
g`k bf rbqubrhnhbkt` lb bkbriîc kbgbscrhc pcrc bstcr scfulcafb
y ncktbkbr su gubrp` lb d`rnc clbguclc sbiõk fcs cgthvhlclbs
qub rbcfhzc bk su lîc c lîc. Fcs lhbtcs p`r f` ibkbrcf fcs gcfgufck
sbiõk fcs d÷rnufcs qub cp`rtc fc ghbkghc lb fc kutrhgh÷k sbiõk
hkvbsthicgh`kbs y bstulh`s lbscrr`ffcl`s p`r vcrh`s sh÷f`i`s
y bspbghcfhstcs lbf nbtca`fhsn`, bstcs tcafcs s`k bf hlbcf lb
g`ksun`, s`k f`s rbquhsht`s kbgbscrh`s sbiõk bf nbtca`fhsn`
y gcrcgtbrîsthgcs hklhvhlucfbs lbslb bf bstulh` pbr` k` s`k fcs
 7<

gcf`rîcs y ncgr`kutrhbktbs qub fcs pbrs`kcs g`ksunbk bk su lîc

c lîc, p`r bs` bstcafbgbr guãktcs gcf`rîcs g`ksunbs ocrã qub k`
sb g`nbtck brr`rbs g`k hkibstcs nuy bfbvclcs ` lbghbktbs, yc
qub p`r ghtcr uk bebnpf` ukc pbrs`kc qub kbgbshtc rblughr sus
p`rgbktcebs lb ircsc y qub pcrc rbluggh÷k kbgbshtc g`ksunhr
38== Jgcf fb ocgbs bf pfck lb cfhnbktcgh÷k
cfh nbktcgh÷k shk rbvhscr su g`ksun`
sbnckcs prbvhcs y cgtucf, publbs hkgfus` g`f`gcrfc bk uk pr`gbs`
qub publb cftbrcr su lhibsth÷k, b hkgfus` bk uk pr`gbs` lb
cunbkt`
y quhbrbk yc qub bk
rbacecr nugo`s gcsh
g`ksunbk gcs`s fcssus
qub pbrs`kcs
gcf`rîcsqub kbgbshtck
lb kbgbshlcl
nbtca÷fhgc (H.N.A.) y bstcs s`k nuy acecs, k` gunpfbk g`k fcs
gcf`rîcs kbgbscrhcs p`r su cgthvhlcl y cõk nbk`s g`k bf rbst` lb
ncgr`kutrhbktbs, bkt`kgbs bstcafbgbr bf rbqubrhnhbkt` qub ukc
pbrs`kc lbab tbkbr bk su cfhnbktcgh÷k publb sbr cfi` hkvcshv` sh
k` sb g`k`gb su bstcl` cgtucf y sb lbab ocgbr uk cunbkt` irclucf
y pr`irbshv` ocstc ffbicr c fcs kbgbshlclbs ` vcf`rbs clbgucl`
lb g`ksun`. ]crthn`s lb g`k`gbr bf g`ksun` cgtucf y lbab
rbfcgh`kcrsb g`k bf g`ksun` ` rbqubrhnhbkt` rbg`nbklcl`
lhcrh`. Qbgubrlb qub bstcafbgbr bf g`ksun` kbgbscrh` lhcrh`
publb sbr hkvcshv`
\`lc lhbtc sh bf g`ksun`
y pfckhgcgh÷k cgtucf bslbab
lb fc kutrhgh÷k nugo`
sbrnbk`r c èstb.y
pr`irbshvc
irclucf.
 72

Qcfbkthzcgh÷k
nbtca÷fhgc
1?
Bstb bstcl` bs bf drcgcs` lb nugo`s pr`gbs`s lb nbe`rc lb fc
g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf y bquhv`gclcnbktb sb thbklb c gufpcr
fc lhbtc lb lhdbrbktbs d`rncs. Aãshgcnbktb fc rcfbkthzcgh÷k
nbtca÷fhgc sh sugblb y bs cqubffc bk qub tu gubrp` sb bksbóc
c rbcfhzcr ukc irck gckthlcl lb cgthvhlclbs g`k p`g`s rbgurs`s
bkbrièthg`s y shk fc kbgbshlcl lb uscr fc ircsc g`n` d`rnc lb
bkbriîc b hkgfus` ocghbkl` us` lb nuy p`g` ifug÷ibk`, cukqub
bktrbkbs nuy hktbks` y drbgubktb, c bstc rcfbkthzcgh÷k nbtca÷fhgc
sb ffbic guckl` bquhv`gclcnbktb sb g`nb nuy p`g` g`k fc
hlbc qub sh sb ocgb p`gcs hkibstcs lb gcf`rîcs sbs b publb rbacecr
nãs, bstb sõpbr bquhv`gcl` oãaht` bs fc d`rnc nãs lhrbgtc
lb lbghrfb c tu nbtca`fhsn` qub icstb bf nîkhn` lb bkbriîc
hklbpbklhbktb qub ocics y g`n` rbsuftcl` bkt`kgbs shbnprb
bstcrãs rbsbrvckl` hkgfus` f` p`g` qub g`ksunbs bk
b k d`rnc lb
ircsc, clhgh`kcf fc p`g` hkibstc lb cfhnbkt`s g`npr`nbtb tu
scful aãshgc y p`g` c p`g` publbs cftbrcr tu nbtca`fhsn` lb
d`rnc kbicthvc. \rbs rbsuftcl`s lb fc rcfbkthzcgh÷k nbtca÷fhgc5
uk` bs bf p`g` ` khkiõk us` lb fc ircsc g`n` d`rnc lb bkbriîc,
l`s bf us` lb cnhk`ãghl`s nusgufcrbs g`n` d`rnc lb bkbriîc,
f` qub k` qubrbn`s kukgc qub sugblc y k` lbab sbr y trbs bf
cfncgbkcnhbkt` lb f` p`g` qub sb g`ksunb bk uk p`rgbktceb
g`n` d`rnc lb ircsc.
 74

18 G`k`zgc su
nbtca`fhsn`
Lbkhthvcnbktb bf ocgbr ukc rbfcgh÷k clbguclc lb bsthf` lb vhlc y
kutrhgh÷k bs duklcnbktcf pcrc lbghr qub bktrbkcs clbguclcnbktb,
lbslb bsc pbrspbgthvc ocy trbs cspbgt`s lbf nbtca`fhsn` qub
bs duklcnbktcf g`k`gbr bk rbfcgh÷k c fc hkibstc lb cfhnbkt`s
y fc kbgbshlcl bkbrièthgc y lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs, p`r bff` bs
duklcnbktcf qub g`k`zgc fcs kbgbshlclbs lb tu nbtca`fhsn`
pcrc fcs cgthvhlclbs vhtcfbs, bstc rbfcgh÷k lb kbgbshlcl bkbrièthgcs
y kbgbshlclbs vhtcfbs sb ffcnc Îklhgb Nbtca÷fhg` Acscf (H.N.A.) y
g`rrbsp`klb c fc bkbriîc qub bf gubrp` kbgbshtc pcrc rbsphrcr,
pcrc bf fcthl` gcrlhcg`, fc ghrgufcgh÷k bk ibkbrcf y fc cgthvhlcl
gbrbarcf, aãshgcnbktb bs fc bkbriîc qub s`sthbkb cf sbr ounck`
lbsphbrt` pbr` k` g`ktbnpfc fc cgthvhlcl dîshgc qub sb rbcfhzc
bk fc g`thlhckhlcl, pcscn`s lbf Îklhgb Nbtca÷fhg` Acscf cf `tr`
khvbf lb kbgbshlcl bkbrièthgc qub thbkb bf gubrp` y qub rbiufc bf
nbtca`fhsn` qub bs fc bkbriîc lb ncktbkhnhbkt`, bs aãshgcnbktb
bf rbqubrhnhbkt` bkbrièthg` qub hkgfuyb fcs gcf`rîcs kbgbscrhcs
pcrc fcs dukgh`kbs vhtcfbs (H.N.A) nãs fcs gcf`rîcs qub kbgbshtc
p`r fc cgthvhlcl dîshgc qub bkif`ac tu lîc, èstcs sbrîc tu tcsc
nbtca÷fhgc lb ncktbkhnhbkt` ` gcf`rîcs lb ncktbkhnhbkt` y bs
bsbkghcfnbktb f` qub lbabs g`ksunhr lb bkbriîc bk cfhnbkt`s
pcrc gunpfhr fcs dukgh`kbs lb tu lîc lb d`rnc qub tus tbehl`s tbkick
fc hkybggh÷k g`kstcktb lb bkbriîc kbgbscrhc pcrc dukgh`kcr lb
d`rnc clbguclc. G`k`gbr bst`s l`s cspbgt`s fc tcsc nbtca÷fhgc
acscf y fc lb ncktbkhnhbkt` fb pbrnhthrã g`k`gbr fcs dr`ktbrcs qub
thbkb qub rbiufcr pcrc p`lbr bstcafbgbr uk pr`gbs` lb kutrhgh÷k
acfckgbcl` y uk bktrbkcnhbkt` g`rrbgt`. Hklbpbklhbktb qub
bktrbkbs ` k` lbabs g`k`gbr nuy ahbk bst`s l`s khvbfbs lbf
nbtca`fhsn` bkbrièthg` y c pcrthr lb cffî ibkbrcr acfckgb.

NCK\BKHNHBK\@

HNA
 79

7= K`rncfhzcgh÷k
nbtca÷fhgc (HNA)
F@ ]QHNBQ@ BW SRB LBABW G@K@GBQ BW GRÃK\CW
GCF@QÎCW KBGBWH\C ]CQC THTHQ, bf s`f` obgo` lb
rbsphrcr, fc dukgh÷k gcrlhcgc, fc cgthvhlcl aãshgc lb
f`s
ukc÷rick`s y tbehl`s
gckthlcl pcrc ncktbkbr
lb bkbriîc vhv`
lhcrhc, bst` sbrbquhbrb
g`k`gb
g`n` fc tcsc nbtca÷fhgc acscf, cffî k` sb g`ktbnpfc
fc gckthlcl lb bkbriîc p`r `trcs cgthvhlclbs nãs
qub s`f` fc cgthvhlcl lb f`s ÷rick`s y tbehl`s pcrc
ncktbkbrsb vhv`. Xc c bst` sb fb sunck fcs cgthvhlclbs
lhcrhcs g`n` bebrghgh` y lbnãs lb fc g`thlhckhlcl
y g`k bff` g`k`gbr guãktcs gcf`rîcs kbgbshtc ukc
pbrs`kc pcrc vhvhr, qub bs bf bquhvcfbktb c fc bkbriîc
qub tbklrîc qub `atbkbr lb f`s cfhnbkt`s pcrc
gunpfhr fcs dukgh`kbs qub rbcfhzc lîc c lîc. Bstb
pukt`
bf bs f` prhnbr`
g`ksun` c lbkhr
lb cfhnbkt`s y fcygcfhlcl
c pcrthrlb
lb èst`s
cffî rbiufcr
pcrc
qub sbck lb fc nbe`r dubktb, c bst` fb suncs fc
g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc g`rrbgtc. Bquhv`gclcnbktb
fcs pbrs`kcs sb g`f`gck bk lhbtcs rîihlcs shk
pbrnhthrfb c su gubrp` rbgupbrcr bf acfckgb, sh sb
thbkbk uk`s oãaht`s bk f`s qub sb g`ksunb nugo`
nbk`s lb f` qub kbgbshtcs pcrc vhvhr lbabs pbkscr
qub bst`s bs uk lèght gcf÷rhg` y bktbklbr guãkt`
thbnp` ffbvcs bk èstb bksbóãkl`fb c tu gubrp` uk
hkclbgucl` oãaht` bkbrièthg`, tb g`stcrã scfhr lb bsb

bstckgcnhbkt`
bk pbr`
tus oãaht`s, cf f` p`lrãs
rbiufcr f`ircr
fc hkibstc lbg`k
tus lhsghpfhkc
gcf`rîcs c
uk dcgt`r lb ncktbkhnhbkt`, publbs hr rbgupbrckl`
bf acfckgb, fc o`nb`stcshs lb tu nbtca`fhsn` bk
ibkbrcf pcrc qub sbc gcpcz lb cpr`vbgocr nbe`r
f`s rbgurs`s bkbrièthg`s shk cfncgbkcrf`s lb d`rnc
crahtrcrhc g`n` ircsc, rbhtbrcn`s bst` rbquhbrb
thbnp`, pcscrãk vcrhcs sbnckcs b hkgfus` nbsbs
pcrc qub rbgupbrbs bstb acfckgb kcturcf, s`f` sh
sb bs lhsghpfhkcl` bk bf oãaht` sb publb f`ircr tcf
rbgupbrcgh÷k, cf prhkghph` lbabs hr cgbptckl` qub
kbgbshtcs nbe`rcr tu hkibstc lb d`rnc irclucf tckt`
sh g`ksunbs uk bxgbs` lb gcf`rîcs ` sh g`ksunbs
nuy p`gcs lb bffcs. Bf prhnbr pcs` bs shbnprb
bksbócrfb c tu gubrp` c scfhr lbf lèght.
 7?

K`rncfhzcgh÷k
73
nbtca÷fhgc,
lèdght gcf÷rhg`

Bstb bs uk` lb f`s pr`gbs`s nãs lhdîghfbs bk fc k`rncfhzcgh÷k

lbf nbtca`fhsn`, yc qub g`n` k`narcn`s cktbs bs bf oãaht`
lb g`nbr nugo` nbk`s lb fcs gcf`rîcs qub bf gubrp` kbgbshtc
pcrc fcs cgthvhlclbs lbf lîc, hkgfus` cfiukcs pbrs`kcs g`ksunbk
s÷f` fcs gcf`rîcs lb su kbgbshlcl nbtca÷fhgc acscf ` c vbgbs
cõk nbk`s qub bst`. Bf lèght gcf÷rhg` k` bs sck` hkgfus` kh
bk bf g`rt` pfcz`, bs ukc bstrctbihc qub sb uthfhzc pcrc lbghrfb
cf gubrp` qub uthfhgb fc ircsc g`n` d`rnc lb bkbriîc pbr` k`
kbgbscrhcnbktb p`r bstcr bk lèght sugblb bstb pr`gbs`. ]crc
p`lbr ocgbr uk`s pr`gbs`s lb rbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktceb lb
ircsc sb kbgbshtc uk acfckgb bkbrièthg` y qub bf gubrp` tbkic fc
kbgbshlcl y ocahfhlcl lb ocgbr bstb
bs tb pr`gbs`. Hkgfus` sb publb
nbe`rcr nugo` bk rbfcgh÷k c fc rbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktceb lb
ircsc shk bstcr kbgbscrhcnbktb bk uk lèght tck ncrgcl`.
 78

Qbluggh÷k lb
71
ircsc, ukc ocahfhlcl
nbtca÷fhgc
Qblughr f`s p`rgbktceb lb ircsc bs ukc ocahfhlcl nbtca÷fhgc y k`
uk bstcl` lb lèght gcf÷rhg`, nãs qub bstcr bk lèght bs bktrbkcr
bf nbtca`fhsn` pcrc fc uthfhzcgh÷k lb ircscs y gfcr` sh sb lbsbc
rbacecr lbabs ocgbr ukc lhbtc lb lèght pbr` bstc k` csbiurc
qub rbacebs yc qub sh bf nbtca`fhsn` sb oc bktrbkcl` p`r có`s c
ocgbr uk pr`gbs` bdbgthv` ` shnpfbnbktb sb oc lbspr`ircncl`
guckl` k` sb thbkb pcrãnbtr`s `rickhzcl`s lb fc g`klugtc
cfhnbktcrhc. Guckl` sb lbsbc rbacecr sb lbab `rickhzcr fc lhbtc lb
ukc d`rnc nuy `rickhzclc pbr` bvhlbktbnbktb sb lbab bktrbkcr
bf nbtca`fhsn` g`k fc if`acfhlcl lb fc g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc qub
vc lbslb bfbihr fc lhbtc clbguclc bk rbfcgh÷k c gckthlcl y gcfhlcl
lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs, fc vcrhblcl lb f`s cfhnbkt`s, fc rbfcgh÷k g`k
fcs vhtcnhkcs y nhkbrcfbs, f`s o`rcrh`s, fc vbf`ghlcl bk qub g`nbs,
fc rbfcgh÷k bktrb ocnarb y cpbtht` y bst` pr`irbshv` y ncktbkhl`
bk bf fcri` pfcz`, bsc rbfcgh÷k lb fc g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc bs fc qub
ocgb qub su nbtca`fhsn` sb bktrbkb bk fc d`rnc qub uthfhzc f`s
rbgurs` bkbrièthg`s lb nckbrc dcv`rcafb ` lbsdcv`rcafb y c bff`
sb fb ffcnc bxhahfhlcl nbtca÷fhgc. Bf g`kgbpt` lbab qublcr nuy
gfcr` y bs qub k` bs bf lèght gcf÷rhg` f` qub ocgb qub rbluzgcs
p`rgbktceb lb ircsc bs fc ocahfhlcl nbtca÷fhgc f` qub hklugb fc
rbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktceb lb ircsc.
 <=

Dfbxhahfhlcl
nbtca÷fhgc bs bf
èxht` lb tu `aebthv` 77
Bk fc pãihkc cktbrh`r sb lbsgrhah÷ bf g`kgbpt` lb rbluggh÷k
lb p`rgbktceb lb ircsc bk rbfcgh÷k bktrb lèght gcf÷rhg` y
fc ocahfhlclynbtca÷fhgc,
lbscrr`ffcr sb nckhbstcbstc ocahfhlcl
tckt` nbtca÷fhgc
bk pr`gbs`s sb lbab
lb rbluggh÷k
lb p`rgbktceb lb ircsc g`n` lb ncktbkhnhbkt`, lbf pukt`
qub sb lbsbc bstcr ` bk pr`gbs`s lb cunbkt` lb ncsc
nusgufcr. Qbcfnbktb bf èxht` lb uk pr`gbs` lb nbe`rc lb fc
g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf lbpbklb lb fc bxhahfhlcl nbtca÷fhgc.
Fc bxhahfhlcl nbtca÷fhgc bs bk sî fc ocahfhlcl csbrthvc lbf
nbtca`fhsn` lb uthfhzcr f`s rbgurs`s bkbrièthg`s lhsp`khafbs
lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s y lb fc ircsc bk lhdbrbktbs n`nbkt`s
lbf lîc.
 <3

°]`r què k` nbe`rcs

nbe`rcs0
0

7<
Hkbxhahfhlcl nbtca÷fhgc
Rkc lb fcs rcz`kbs p`r fcs gucfbs fcs pbrs`kcs k` nbe`rck bs
p`r bf bdbgt` g`ktrcrh` c fc bxhahfhlcl nbtca÷fhgc qub bs fc
lhguftcl qub thbkb bf nbtca`fhsn` lb ocgbr trcksp`rtb y us`
lb f`s rbgurs`s bkbrièthg`s lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s, fcs ircscs y fc
rbfcgh÷k lb èstcs g`k fcs pr`tbîkcs, bstc lhguftcl sb nckhbstc
bk bf trcksp`rtb lb fc ifug`sc p`r pcrtb lb fc hksufhkc ocstc fc
gèfufc l`klb fc rbghahrã f`s rbgbpt`rbs ifut< y ffbvcrfc cf hktbrh`r lb
fc nhsnc gèfufc pcrc sbr uthfhzclc g`n` bkbriîc, bs bk bstb pukt`
bk qub sb bkgubktrc uk` lb f`s cspbgt`s nãs hnp`rtcktbs lb fc
bxhahfhlcl y fc hkbxhahfhlcl nbtca÷fhgc, yc qub bs fc rbgbpgh÷k
lb f`s rbgbpt`rbs ifut< f`s qub lbtbrnhkck fc bdbgthvhlcl lbf
us` lb fc bkbriîc lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s g`kvbrthl`s bk ifug`sc,
sh bst`s rbgbpt`rbs sb bkgubktrck p`g` rbgbpthv`s y k` sb
g`nukhgck g`k fc hksufhkc pcrc rbghahr fc ifug`sc, bkt`kgbs bf
nbtca`fhsn` sb vbrã cftbrcl` y bstc ifug`sc k` sb
s b uthfhzcrã g`n`
d`rnc lb bkbriîc y pcscrã c cfncgbkcrsb bk d`rnc lb ircsc
cukqub bf gubrp` fc kbgbshtb. Bf pr`gbs` bk qub f`s rbgbpt`rbs
ifut< k` s`k rbgbpthv`s c rbghahr fc ifug`sc lb fc hksufhkc sb fb
ffcnc rbshstbkghc c fc hksufhkc y bs uk pr`gbs` rbcfnbktb lb
hkbxhahfhlcl nbtca÷fhgc, bs p`r bst` qub nugocs pbrs`kcs
hkgfus` ocghbkl` lhbtcs lb lèght gcf÷rhg` k` nbe`rck y k` f`
ocgbk p`rqub fc rbspubstc k` bstã bk bf lèght gcf÷rhg` y sî
bk f`s rbgbpt`rbs ifut<, clbnãs lbf acfckgb o`rn`kcf qub
lbpbklb lb `tr`s bfbnbkt`s kutrhgh`kcfbs qub lbahbsb ausgcr
y ncktbkbr. Cktbs lb ausgcr uk pr`gbs` lb lèght sb lbab
ausgcr acfckgb kutrhgh`kcf y lbscrr`ffcr bxhahfhlcl nbtca÷fhgc,
shk ukc clbguclc bxhahfhlcl nbtca÷fhgc publbs tbkbr ukc
lhstrhaugh÷k lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs prbghsc bk tu lhbtc clhgh`kcf
uk bktrbkcnhbkt` pfckhgcl` y cõk csî k` tbkbr acfckgb y bstcr
bstckgcl` p`r gcusc lb fc hkbxhahfhlcl nbtca÷fhgc.
 <1

72
Lèdght bkbrièthg`
y g`ksun`
lb pr`tbîkcs
Rk` lb f`s brr`rbs nãs drbgubktbs bk f`s pr`gbs`s lb rbluggh÷k
lb p`rgbktceb lb ircsc bs grbbr qub p`rqub sb bstã bk lèght
bkbrièthg` sb bstã pbrlhbkl` ircsc, y bk fc irck ncy`rîc lb gcs`s
bst` k` bs bquhvcfbktb, k` g`kduklcs ciucktcr ocnarb g`k
bstcr pbrlhbkl` ircsc, `tr` lb f`s brr`rbs dubrtbs cf ocgbr lhbtcs
lb lèght bs qub su gubrp` yc thbkb ukc kbgbshlcl bkbrièthgc
pcrc ncktbkbr su ncsc nusgufcr y dukgh`kbs vhtcfbs clhgh`kcf
lb fcs gcf`rîcs p`r cgthvhlcl dîshgc, c bst` sb fb ffcnc gcf`rîcs
lb ncktbkhnhbkt`, guckl` sb bnphbzc uk lèght gcf÷rhg` fcs
pbrs`kcs bk nugo`s gcs`s bnphbzck c cunbktcr fc hkibstc lb
pr`tbîkc y cffî rclhgc uk brr`r pubs bstcrîck g`npbksckl` fcs
gcf`rîcs lb rbluggh÷k g`k fcs gcf`rîcs qub cp`rtc fc pr`tbîkc
cukqub bst` bs dãghf rbiufcrf` sh ffbvck uk g`ktb` gcf÷rhg`
clbgucl`.
 <7

]brlbr ncsc
nusgufcr y k` ircsc
74
Bs nuy sbkghff` guckl` tb bkgubktrcs bk uk pr`gbs` lb lèght
gcf÷rhg` ausgckl` fc pèrlhlc lb ircsc sh k` fb lcs cf gubrp`
fc bkbriîc kbgbscrhc pcrc sus dukgh`kbs ` thbkb lhguftcl pcrc
pr`gbscrfc lb f`s rbgurs`s cfhnbkthgh`s qub fb lcs, èf f`s t`ncrã
lb l`klb fb sbc p`shafb y bk bstb gcs` cf bstcr bk lèght gcf÷rhg`

hklughl` p`r dcgthafbnbktb

t`ncrã nãs fc lhsnhkugh÷klblbf`s
f`scnhk`ãghl`s
gcra`ohlrct`snusgufcrbs,
bf gubrp`
lbirclcrã fc pr`tbîkc pcrc `atbkbr fc bkbriîc qub kbgbshtc, bst`
tcnahèk publb pcscr cõk tbkhbkl` uk g`ksun` sughbktb lb fcs
gcf`rîcs rbqubrhlcs cf lîc, bstb õfthn` sugblb p`r cftbrcgh`kbs
nbtca÷fhgcs bk qub bf gubrp` fb lhguftc `atbkbr fc bkbriîc
lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s guckl` sb g`kvhbrtbk bk ifug`sc p`r uk
dcgt`r ffcncl` rbshstbkghc c fc hksufhkc. Bk uk pr`gbs` lb lèght
tb lbab qublcr gfcr` qub f` prhnbr` qub sb vb g`npr`nbthl`
bs fc pèrlhlc lb ncsc nusgufcr, yc qub lb p`r sh èstc kbgbshtc
uk g`nausthafb prhncrh` pcrc ncktbkbrsb y èstb s`k gcf`rîcs
rãphlcs
shk ukc g`n` fcs lblhstrhaugh÷k
bxgbfbktb fc ifug`sc, sh
lbocgbs uk pr`gbs` shk
ncgr`kutrhbktbs g`ktr`f,
y rbfcgh÷k
cfhnbktcrhc pcrbgbrã qub nbe`rcs pbr` bk rbcfhlcl s`f` sbrã
uk dcfcghc, yc qub f` qub bstãs bs pbrlhbkl` f` qub nãs thbkbs
qub pr`n`vbr y pr`tbibr, qub bs tu ncsc
ncs c nusgufcr, vbcn`s fc
shiuhbktb pãihkc...
 <<

79
]bscrsb pcrc nblhr bf
pr`irbs`...
pr`irbs`... ecececececec, ec, ec
ecececececec, ec, ec
ec
ec
ecececececec, ec, ec
ec
ecececececec, ec, ec

Guckl` ocgbs uk pr`gbs` lb rbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktcebs lb ircsc

hkgfus` uk pr`gbs` lb lbkhgh÷k sb g`nbtbk brr`rbs y sb lck
dcfscs cprbghcgh`kbs acscl`s bk fc hnprbsh÷k lb f`s prhnbr`s
lîcs y bk f`s nht`s qub g`rrbk bk bf v`z c v`z. Bk bst`s pr`gbs`s
lb rbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktceb lb ircsc qub p`r f` ibkbrcf sb
cg`npcóck lb lèght cfiuk`s n`lbrcl`s y `tr`s bxtrbn`s, sh
bs vbrlcl qub sb bnphbzc c pbrlbr pbs` y bstc pèrlhlc lb pbs`
lbabs tbkbr gfcr` qub k` kbgbscrhcnbktb bs ircsc, lb obgo` bk
f`s pr`gbs`s lb lèght bs f` nãs lhdîghf qub publc ssugblbr,
ugblbr, yc qub
fc hkibstc lb f`s nhkbrcfbs
nh kbrcfbs bsbkghcfbs pcrc qub bf nbtca`fhsn`
gunpfc sus pr`gbs`s g`n` bf lb fc `xhlcgh÷k lb ircsc k` bstãk
prbsbktbs bk f`s vcf`rbs clbgucl`s ` bk su t`tcfhlcl, bst` p`r
 <2

ukc pcrtb y fc `trc rcz÷k qub prblhgck nugo` bs qub cf pcscr

fcs prhnbrcs sbnckcs b hkgfus` c vbgbs fc prhnbrc sb k`tc
ukc pèrlhlc lb pbs` g`rp`rcf y bst` f` sunc g`n` uk f`ir`
y publb bstcr tck fbeck` c sbrf` b hkgfus` bstb pr`gbs` publb
g`kvbrthrsb bk fc gcusc lb uk lbs`rlbk nbtca÷fhg` c dutur`.
Bktbklbr qub ukc n`fègufc lb ifug`sc bstã fhiclc c < lb ciuc bs
hnp`rtcktb pcrc qub g`nprbklcs p`rqub guckl` lhsnhkuybs
f`s gcra`ohlrct`s lb f` prhnbr` qub bnphbzcs c pbrlbr bs
pbs` fîquhl`, bst` suncl` c fc pèrlhlc lb ncsc nusgufcr p`r
fc cusbkghctcnahèk
ncktbkbr lbf g`nausthafb kbgbscrh`
bf bstînuf` pcrccfncktbkbrfc
qub fb lhgb nbtca`fhsn`y pcrc
qub
bs kbgbscrh` tcf ncsc nusgufcr, bkt`kgbs f` qub phbrlbs fcs
prhnbrcs sbnckcs bs pbs` `riãkhg`: ciuc, g`ktbkhl` hktbsthkcf
y ncsc nusgufcr, y p`shafbnbktb nuy p`g` ` kclc lb ircsc,
bst` sugblb p`r ukcs sbnckcs y sh ocgbs uk pr`gbs` g`rrbgt`
bk qub bf gubrp` sh`f÷ihgcnbktb bkthbklc bf lèght y sb clcptb
c èf, s`f` bkt`kgbs cffî bnphbzcs c pbrlbr ircsc, bstb pr`gbs`
sb lc bk uk cnahbktb o`rn`kcf g`rrbgt` qub sb pr`nubvb
g`k uk bquhfharh` gcf÷rhg` cf qub bf gubrp` publc rbsp`klbr
shk grbcr lbghbkghcs kh lbsg`npbkscgh`kbs o`rn`kcfbs y
ukc d`rnc
hkibstc lb ocgbrf`
clbguclc clhgh`kcf cfBkt`kgbs
lb nhkbrcfbs. bquhfharh`t`ncr
lb ncgr`s bs ukc
ukc aãsgufc
pcrc nblhr rbsuftcl`s sbiõk bf pbs` bs ukc cgthvhlcl brr÷kbc,
clbnãs qub pcrc tbkbr uk pbs` prbghs` sb lbabrã t`ncr èstb bk
fcs ncóckcs vcrhcs vbgbs g`k f`s nhsn`s oãaht`s cfhnbktcrh`s
b hkgfus` lb bvcgucgh÷k hktbsthkcf, bs lbghr, lb lbdbgcgh÷k, yc
qub bf g`ktbkhl` hktbsthkcf tcnahèk pbsc, bst` cukqub sb fbc
uk p`g` `rlhkcrh` bs ukc rbcfhlcl, c vbgbs s`f` sb oc pbrlhl`
g`ktbkhl` hktbsthkcf y sb crnc g`n` uk f`ir` bk pèrlhlc lb
ircsc. Bkt`kgbs lbec fc pbsc c uk fcl`, bf pbscrtb gclc sbnckc,
sh lbsbcs ocgbrf` oczf` gclc l`s nbsbs ` uk p`g` nãs ukhl`

ct`ncs
`tr`sg`ksbguthvcs
vcf`rbs lb nblhgh÷k
lurcktb yukc
ceustcl`
nhsncp`r oãaht`s prbghs`s y
sbnckc.
 <4

7?
Lbdkhgh`k vs. Qbluggh÷k
lb pr`gbktceb lb ircsc
ibkbrcfnbktb fcs pbrs`kcs b hkgfus` f`s bktrbkcl`rbs
g`kduklbk bst`s l`s tbnhk`s t`nckl`f`s g`n` shk`khn`s y
kclc publb bstcr ncs fbeck` c bff`. uk pr`gbs` lb lbkhgh`k
sb publb rbcfhzcr guckl` yc sb thbkb uk p`rgbktceb shikhgcthv`
lb ncsc nusgufcr y uk p`rgbktceb k` nuy cft` lb ircsc, bsc
bs fc lhkcnhgc lb f`s pr`gbs`s lb lbkhgh`k ocgbr qub sb k`tb
ncs cuk fc ncsc nusgucfr y su d`rnc, bk bsb sbkthl` sb publ
rbcfhzcr uk pr`gbs`p lb lbkhgh`k guckl` ófc rbfcgh`k lb ncsc
nusgufcr y bf p`rgbktceb lb ircsc g`ksbrvck uk bquhfharh` p`r
lcr uk sbkthl` ncs fhtbrcf bs tbkbr ukc irck ncsc nusgufcr y
uk p`rgbktceb lb ircsc nblh` c ace` lbktr` lb f`s vcf`rbs `
rcki`s lb scful pbr` qub cuk sb lbab acecr uk p`g` ncs p`r
qub sb bstc ausgckl` qub sb k`tb ncs cuk fc d`rnc g`npfbtc
lb f`s nusguf`s, fc irck lhdbrbkghc bk uk pr`gbs` lb rbluggh`k
lb p`rgbktceb lb ircsc bs qub bk bstb ufthn` bf p`rgbktceb
lb ircsc sb bkguctrc cft` ` nuy cft` y publb ` k` lcrsb ukc
prbsbkghc shikhgcthvc lb ncsc nusgufcr
 <9

Lbdkhgh`k vs. Qbluggh÷k

78
lb pr`gbktceb lb ircsc3
]brdf s`nãthg`
Bs duklcnbktcf qub hlbkthqubs gucf n`lbf` lb rbluggh÷k
lb p`rgbktceb lb ircsc cpfhgc pcrc tu gcs`, bxhstbk `tr`s
n`lbf`s qub sb lbrhvck lb bstb prhnbr` pbr` bk bsbkghc
bstc bs fc acsb lbf pbrf pcrc prbsgrhahr uk pr`gbs`s csbrthv`.
@asbrvbn`s bf shiuhbktb pbrf g`n` pcsc bk bf gcs` lb
cfiuk`s lbp`rthstcs g`n` bk ocftbr`fhc, bk qub bf lbp`rthstc
lbscrr`ffc ukc irck ncsc nusgufcr pbr` bk `gcsh`kbs bst`s
nhsn`s thbkb c fc vbz uk cft` p`rgbktceb lb ircsc, bk bstb

gcs` sb lbab
lb ircsc y sb publb g`kgbktrcr
bspbgîgcnbktb, bk rblughr
yc qub thbkb s u p`rgbktceb
su
ukc ncsc nusgufcr
qub cgtõc g`n` s`p`rtb nbtca÷fhg`, bs lbghr, guckl` sb
thbkb aubkc ncsc nusgufcr
bf nbtca`fhsn` thbklb c
uscr ukc irck gckthlcl lb
bkbriîc lb f`s cfhnbkt`s
hkibrhl`s pcrc lcr bkbrihc
lb s`p`rtb y ncktbkbr fc
ncsc nusgufcr, lb bstc
d`rnc guckl` bktrcs bk
uk pr`gbs` lbcuk
nbtca`fhsn` lèght bf
icstc
nugocs gcf`rîcs pcrc fcs
dukgh`kbs vhtcfbs y fc ncsc
nusgufcr, ocghbkl` g`k bff`
uk pr`gbs` sh`f÷ihg` nãs
bdbgthv` y nbk`s rhiur`s`.
 <?

Lbdkhgh`k vs. Qbluggh÷k

<=
lb pr`gbktceb lb ircsc
]brdf s`nãthg` 1
Bxhstbk `tr`s pbrfbs lb rbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktceb lb ircsc bk
f`s gucfbs fc ` fcs pbrs`kcs thbkbk uk p`rgbktceb lb ircsc cft` y
uk p`rgbktceb lb ncsc nusgufcr nuy ace`, nuy p`arb y bs cffî
l`klb k` sb lbab hkhghcr uk pr`gbs` lb rbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktcebs
lb ircsc lb d`rnc hknblhctc, yc qub bf nbtca`fhsn` acscf k`
thbkb ukc kbgbshlcl gcf÷rhgc g`kshlbrcafb y bk bst`s gcs`s kh
cuk bstckl` bk lèght sb f`ircrîc uk`s gcnah`s g`kshlbrcafbs
lb fc g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf. ]`r bff` f` prhnbr` bk bst`s gcs`s
lb ace` p`rgbktceb lb ncsc nusgufcr cuk bstckl` g`k uk
p`rgbktceb cft` lb ircsc, sbrîc ocgbr uk pr`gbs` lb v`funbk lb
ncsc nusgufcr nãs bkd`gcl` bk nbe`rcr dubrzc g`k bf `aebthv`
bspbgîg` lb nbe`rcr bf p`rgbktceb lb ncsc nusgufcr y lb bstc
d`rnc hnpcgtcr bf nbtca`fhsn` acscf y bf nbtca`fhsn` lb fc
ifug`sc.
 <8

HKWRFHKC
IFRG@WC

IFR\<

Qbshstbkghc c fc hksufhkc y
p`rgbktceb lb ircsc
<3
Aãshgcnbktb fc rbshstbkghc c fc hksufhkc bs fc lhguftcl qub bf
gubrp` thbkb pcrc nbtca`fhzcr fc ifug`sc: bf pãkgrbcs sbirbic
ukc o`rn`kc ffcnclc hksufhkc qub thbkb g`n` dukgh÷k gbktrcf
trcksp`rtcr fc ifug`sc nbtca`fhzclc lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s y
ffbvcrfc ocstc fc nbnarckc lb fc gèfufc, pbr` bs cffî eust` bk fc
nbnarckc gbfufcr qub cpcrbgbk uk`s rbgbpt`rbs ` rbghahl`rbs
rb ghahl`rbs
lb fc ifug`sc qub ffbvck fc hksufhkc cf hktbrh`r lb fc gèfufc,
bst`s rbgbpt`rbs sb g`k`gbk g`n` ifut<. ]`r nugo`s oãaht`s
hkclbgucl`s g`n` fc hkibstc bxcgbraclc lb gcra`ohlrct`s,
clhgh`kcf lb `trcs cftbrcgh`kbs lb fc g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc f`s
rbgbpt`rbs ifut< publbk sbr p`g`s y bspbgîgcnbktb bk bf
sîklr`nb nbtca÷fhg` k` rbsp`klbk cf ffcncl` lb fc hksufhkc,
h ksufhkc, k`
cgtõck shkèrihgcnbktb y bspbgîgcnbktb k` t`nck fc ifug`sc,
èstc qublc dubrc lb fc gèfufc shk p`lbr sbr cp`rtb bkbrièthg`
pcrc fcs cgthvhlclbs lbf lîc, qublckl` fc ifug`sc bk bf t`rrbktb
sckiuîkb` y lb cffî pcsc c lbp`shtcrsb bk d`rnc lb ircsc, yc
qub k` pul` sbr nbtca`fhzclc g`n` dubktb bkbrièthgc: bstb
pr`gbs` cftbrcl` lbf nbtca`fhsn` ibkbrc g`n` g`ksbgubkghc
sîkt`ncs g`n` clhkcnhc y cstbkhc, bs lbghr, pèrlhlc lb fc dubrzc
 2=

y dcftc lb n`thvcgh÷k pcrc cgtucr y n`vbrsb, bk `gcsh`kbs

ncrb`s, subó`, bktrb `tr`s sîkt`ncs dîshg`s y bn`gh`kcfbs.
Clhgh`kcf sb prbsbktck cxhfcs y gubff` qub sb t`rkc lb g`rf`r
kbir` y bk `gcgh`kbs fc z`kc ibkhtcf, clbncs lb vbrruics `
nãs g`k`ghl`s g`n` fukcrbs lb gcrkb, èstcs s`k ukcs lb fcs
nckhdbstcgh`kbs lb fc rbshstbkghc c fc hksufhkc y bf shklr`nb
nbtca`fhg`: hlbkthgcr bst` lb fc nck` lbf pr`dbsh`kcf g`rrbgt`

bs nãs
cut` qub hnp`rtcktb
lhcik`sthgcrsb. y k`sît`ncrsb
F` qub c fc fhibrc
lbab qublcr gfcr`y bs
cuk nbk`s
qub cktb
uk sîklr`nb g`n` fc rbshstbkghc c fc hksufhkc sb thbkb ukc
cftbrcgh÷k nbtca÷fhgc qub cõk g`k bstrctbihcs pcrc ibkbrcr
lèght bkbrièthg` publb k` bstcr ffbickl` c ukc pèrlhlc lb
ircsc b hkgfus` publb bstcr cunbktckl` g`kshlbrcafbnbktb bf
p`rgbktceb lb ircsc. Hlbkthgcr bstb pr`gbs` bs duklcnbktcf y
lb fc nck` lbf pr`dbsh`kcf lb fc scful t`ncr fcs obrrcnhbktcs
pcrc rblughr fc tbklbkghc y bf hnpcgt` pct`f÷ihg` lb fc rbshstbkghc
c fc hksufhkc, bktrb nãs bxtrbnc sbc ukc lhbtc, bktrb nãs
bxtrbn` sbc uk lèght y sb pr`f`kiub bk bf fcri` pfcz` bst`

suncl` cf bstrès
nãs tbklbkghc y cfcbebrghgh`
thbkbk shkukpfckhgcgh÷k
bstcr ace` sîklr`nb lbyrbshstbkghc
bxtbkucktb c
fc hksufhkc y sus g`ksbgubkghcs s`arb fc scful y fc g`np`shgh÷k
g`rp`rcf.
 23

Qbshstbkghc c fc hksufhkc,
f` qub publbs ocgbr <1
Bk bf bktrbkcnhbkt` gcrlh`vcsgufcr y bspbghcfnbktb bf
bktrbkcnhbkt` gcrlh` OHH\ ock lbn`strcl` sbr ukc bxgbfbktb
prãgthgc qub publb ibkbrcr ukc lhsnhkugh÷k bk fc rbshstbkghc
c fc hksufhkc cf ocgbr nãs sbkshafb bf trcksp`rtb y cgthvcr f`s
rbgbpt`rbs ifut< qub g`n` sb hklhgc bk pãihkcs cktbrh`rbs s`k
f`s bkgcricl`s lb rbghahr fc ifug`sc qub trcksp`rtc fc hksufhkc,
cgthvhlclbs g`n` bf bktrbkcnhbkt` gcrlh` OHH\, bf bktrbkcnhbkt`
lb dubrzc y bk sî f` qub nbe`rb fc ncsc nusgufcr thbkb g`n`
rbsuftcl` pbrhdèrhg` lhsnhkuhr bstc tbklbkghc lb rbshstbkghc
c fc hksufhkc, yc qub clhgh`kcf bs bk fc ncsc nusgufcr qub sb
bkgubktrc fc ncy`r
sbkghffc rcz÷k gckthlcl
fcs pbrs`kcs qublb rbgbpt`rbs
thbkbk ifut<
nãs ncsc y p`r bstc
nusgufcr s `k
s`k
fcs pbrs`kcs qub fbs bs nãs dãghf pbrlbr ircsc y ickcr nãs ncsc,
yc qub uthfhzck fc bkbriîc lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s lb ukc d`rnc nãs
bdbgthvc y g`kstcktb ircghcs c fc prbsbkghc cauklcktb lb bst`s
rbgbpt`rbs, gcs` g`ktrcrh` pcsc bk fcs pbrs`kcs qub thbkbk
thbkb k cft`
p`rgbktceb lb ircsc y p`g` lb ncsc nusgufcr, c bff`s fbs sbrã
nãs dãghf ickcr nãs p`rgbktceb lb ircsc y uk p`g` nãs lhdîghf
cunbktcr ncsc nusgufcr.
 21

Qbluggh÷k lb pr`gbktceb
lb ircsc <7
]brdf s`nãthg` 3

G`n` yc scabs pbrfcrsb bktrb fc rbfcgh÷k qub sb thbkb g`k

rbspbgt` ncsc nusgufcr y p`rgbktceb lb ircsc bkt`kgbs vcn`s
c g`ktbxtucfhzcr uk p`g` nãs guãf sbrîc bf pr`gbs` hklhgcl`
pcrc gclc pbrf, p`r bebnpf` bk bf pbrf uk` bk bf gucf fc
pbrs`kc thbkb uk p`rgbktceb lb ircsc cft` y uk p`rgbktceb lb
ncsc nusgufcr hiucfnbktb cft`, sb publb hkhghcr uk pr`gbs`
lb rbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktceb lb ircsc yc qub fc ncsc nusgufcr
sbrã uk sustbkt`, ukc acsb pcrc bf nbtca`fhsn` bkbrièthg`, bs
lbghr, pcrc cpr`vbgocr cf nãxhn` fc gckthlcl lb gcf`rîcs qub sb
g`ksunbk lb f`s cfhnbkt`s. Bstb pr`gbs` bs nãs sbiur` p`r

fcs
uk rcz`kbs nbtca÷fhgcs
thbnp` n`lbrcl` lbycukk`narclcs
nhgr`ghgf` ylb
publb bxtbklbrsbpcrc
bktrbkcnhbkt` p`r
qub k` sb g`npr`nbtc fc ncsc nusgufcr, yc qub lbspuès lb
ukcs sbnckcs sb vbrã cdbgtc fc ncsc nusgufcr, khkiõk pr`gbs`
lb lèght publb kh lbab sbr btbrk`, lbab sbr g`ktr`fcl`,
publb t`ncr g`n` rbdbrbkghc uk pbrh`l` lb l`s nbgbs lb ukc
pfckhgcgh÷k lhbtcrhc g`ktr`fclc.
 27

pr`g
Qbluggh÷k lb
pr`gbktceb
bktceb lb ircsc
]brdf s`nãthg` 1
<<
Bk bstb sbiukl` pbrf s`nãthg` tbkbn`s ukc rbfcgh÷k lb
p`rgbktceb lb ircsc cft` y ukc ncsc nusgufcr acec ` p`arb,
èstb bs uk` lb f`s pbrfbs s`nãthg`s nãs lhdîghfbs pcrc ocgbr uk
pr`gbs` lb rbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktceb lb ircsc, yc qub cf tbkbr
p`g` p`rgbktceb lb ncsc nusgufcr bst` ocgb qub su nbtca`fhsn`
sbc nãs ace`, bs lbghr, tbkic nbk`s kbgbshlclbs gcf÷rhgcs pcrc
ncktbkbr fc bstrugturc. Bstb pbrf lb p`gc ncsc nusgufcr
guckl` hkhghc uk pr`gbs` lb lèght gcf÷rhg` f` qub sugblb bk
èf aãshgcnbktb bs uk pr`gbs` lb lbskutrhgh÷k y g`k bff` uk
hnacfckgb o`rn`kcf qub fb lhguftc ocgbr uk aubk pr`gbs` lb
`xhlcgh÷k lb ircsc: bk uk bstcl` lb p`gc ncsc nusgufcr y cft`
p`rgbktceb lb ircsc fc tbklbkghc c rbacecr rbcfnbktb p`rgbktceb
lb ircsc bs nãs lhdîghf y fc rbgbpthvhlcl lb hksufhkc sb lhsnhkuyb
p`tbkghcfnbktb p`r fc rcz÷k lb qub fc ncy`rîc lb rbgbpt`rbs
ifut< sb bkgubktrck bk fc ncsc nusgufcr, bkt`kgbs p`gc ncsc
nusgufcr bs hiucf c ukc rbluggh÷k p`tbkghcf lbf nbtca`fhsn`
lb fc ifug`sc y bs uk` lb f`s bstcl`s qub publb pr`n`vbr fc
rbshstbkghc c fc hksufhkc. G`n` uk bfbnbkt` prãgthg` sb lbab
cunbktcr irclucfnbktb fc ncsc nusgufcr cktbs lb bnpbzcr
uk pr`gbs` lb rbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktceb lb ircsc.
 2<

Nbs 3

Nbs 1

Nbs 7

<2
Qbluggh÷k lb
p`rgbktceb lb
ircsc csbrthv
csbrthv`
`
Lbab qublcr gfcr` qub fc prbsgrhpgh÷k lb uk pr`gbs` lb
lhsnhkugh÷k lb p`rgbktceb lb ircsc lbpbklbrã lb fc g`np`shgh÷k
g`rp`rcf, lb bstc d`rnc sb bnphbzc c lcr uk sbkthl` hklhvhlucf
sbiõk fcs g`klhgh`kbs lbf usucrh` ` ctfbtc, bk t`l` gcs` sb
lbab lbecr lb pbkscr qub ocgbr uk pr`gbs` lb rbluggh÷k bstã
fhicl` lb d`rnc `afhiclc c uk pr`gbs` lb lèght gcf÷rhg` y cõk
nbk`s c bxtbklbrf` bk bf fcri` pfcz`. Rk aubk pr`gbs` lb
rbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktceb lb ircsc lbab shbnprb bstcr fhicl` c
uk acfckgb g`k fc ncsc nusgufcr, lb cffî bk clbfcktb sb publb
lbghr qub p`lbn`s bkg`ktrcr uk bquhfharh` nbtca÷fhg` qub lè
ukc acsb rbiufclc pcrc t`l` bf pr`gbs` lb rbluggh÷k, shk ukc
aubkc acsb nusgufcr t`l` pr`gbs` lb rbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktceb
lb ircsc dcffcrã bk uk cft` p`rgbktceb bk bf g`rt` ` nblhck`
pfcz`, clbnãs lb fcs cftbrcgh`kbs nbtca÷fhgcs qub lbec, bstb
pcrãnbtr` bquhv`gcl` sb fb sunc ukc lhbtc qub cukqub bstè
ahbk gcfgufclc shiub shbkl` bquhv`gclc p`r bf pr`gbs` lb lèght
 lb fc ncsc nusgufcr.
22

<4
Brr`rbs
bk fc nblhgh÷k
fc g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcflb
Rk` lb f`s dcff`s nãs dubrtbs bk fc pfckhgcgh÷k lb fcs lhbtcs bs
lbkhr fc lhstrhaugh÷k lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs sbiõk ukhgcnbktb bf
pbs`, fc bstcturc, fc blcl y bf dcgt`r lb cgthvhlcl, bst` p`r guckt`
qub bk nugocs `gcsh`kbs sb lbghlb lcrfb cf usucrh` uk p`rgbktceb
cft` lb pr`tbîkcs, g`n` p`r bebnpf` 1 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc p`r jhf`
lb pbs` g`rp`rcf y sh ahbk bs ghbrt` qub pcrc bf gcs` lb uk ctfbtc `
usucrh` g`k ukc irck ncsc nusgufcr publb sbr prbghs`, pbr` pcrc

bf gcs` lb ukc pbrs`kc

kbgbscrhcnbktb publb sblbktcrhc ` nblhckcnbktb
cpfhgcr, yc qub bktrbkclc
fc ncsc nusgufcr k`
qub thbkb
bs p`gc y lb bstc d`rnc uthfhzcrc fc gckthlcl lb cnhk`ãghl`s lb
fcs pr`tbîkcs s`f` bk uk p`rgbktceb y fc `trc pcrtb sb g`kvbrthrã bk
bkbriîc, bs kbgbscrh` pcrthr lb vcf`rbs nãs shnpfbs y qub c trcvès lb
fc bv`fugh÷k bk oãaht`s sbnckcfbs sb fb bksbób cf gubrp` c cshnhfcr
nãs y nbe`r f`s ncgr`kutrhbktbs y nbtca`fhzcr nbe`r cqubff`s qub
pcrthghpck ` cp`rtck bkbriîc lhrbgtcnbktb.
 24

]brnbcahfhlcl
<9 hktbsthkcf
]crc bktbklbr uk p`g` nãs fc pbrnbcahfhlcl hktbsthkcf, bs fc
ocahfhlcl qub thbkbk f`s hktbsthk`s lb sbr uk bfbnbkt` acrrbrc
pcrc pbrnhthr bf pcs` lb kutrhbktbs cf pfcsnc sckiuîkb` y c su
vbz tcnahèk ftrcr acgtbrhcs vhrus y lbnãs bfbnbkt`s lb f`s
cfhnbkt`s qub k` lbabk pcscr lbf hktbsthk` cf pfcsnc sckiuîkb`.
Bk bsb sbkthl` bs bktbklbr fc dukgh÷k qub thbkbk f`s hktbsthk`s
bk rbfcgh÷k c f`s kutrhbktbs y sustckghcs qub lbabk ` k` pcscr
cf hktbrh`r lbf gubrp`. cffî tbkbn`s
tbkb n`s FC ]BQNBCAHFHLCL qub bs bk
sî fc acrrbrc qub hnphlb qub pcsbk pcrtb lb f`s kutrhbktbs qub
k` lbabk pcscr, bfbnbkt`s y sustckghcs qub lbabk qublcrsb bk
f`s hktbsthk`s y bvhtcr qub ffbiubk cf pfcsnc sckiuîkb`: y lb cffî
pcscn`s c fc HN]BQNBCAHFHLCL HK\BW\HKCF qub aãshgcnbktb bs
f` g`ktrcrh`, bk l`klb bf bfbnbkt` acrrbrc, qub s`k fcs vbff`shlclbs
lb fc nug`sc hktbsthkcf, pbrnhtb bf pcs` lb f`s kutrhbktbs y f`s
bfbnbkt`s qub s`k kbgbscrh`s y duklcnbktcfbs bk fc kutrhgh÷k,
bkt`kgbs lbabk pcscr cf pfcsnc sckiuîkb` y lb cffî kutrhr f`s
tbehl`s y fcs lhdbrbktbs bstrugturcs lbf gubrp`. Bktbklbr qub bf
bquhfharh` lb bstc acrrbrc hktbsthkcf nckthbkb fc
f c dukgh÷k lb ftr`
pbrnhthbkl` qub rbcfnbktb bstès kutrhl` y qub lbscrr`ffbs ` k`
cfbrihcs c cfhnbkt`s y sustckghcs qub bktrck c tu `rickhsn`, p`r
bff` fc scful hktbsthkcf g`ksthtuyb uk` lb f`s
f `s drbktbs hknuk`f÷ihg`s
nãs hnp`rtcktbs yc qub hnphlbk bf pcs` cf hktbrh`r lbf gubrp` lb
sustckghcs y acgtbrhcs qub k` lbab ocahtcrf` y bs duklcnbktcf
bk fc cas`rgh÷k prbghsc lb kutrhbktbs qub sh kbgbshtc.
CFHNBK\@W WHK LHIBQHQ,
RKH×K BW\QBGOC NHGQ@@QICKHWN@W X
LBDBG\R@WC \@_HKCW

B
K
\
RKH×K BW\QBGOC B
WCFRLCAFB Q
@
HG
\
@
W

\@QQBK\B WCKIRÎKB@
 29

°]`r què cfiuk`s

cfhnbkt`s tb
tb gcbk ncf0

<?
Wîklr`nb lb hnpbrnbcahfhlcl nbtca÷fhgc

Bxtbklbrk`s bk bstb tbxt` shk lbsgrhahr bstb sîklr`nb lb

pbrnbcahfhlcl hktbsthkcf sbrîc ocgbr ukc tcrbc nuy hkg`npfbtc,
yc qub gucfquhbr pr`gbs` publb bstcr rbiufcl` lbktr` lb fc
bsdbrc lb fc kutrhgh÷k b hkgfus` lbf bktrbkcnhbkt` pbr` shk ukc
clbguclc lhsp`shgh÷k lbf shstbnc lhibsthv` y bk sî lbf pr`gbs`
bk qub sb cshnhfck f`s kutrhbktbs dcffcrc bk uk cft` p`rgbktceb bf
pfck lb kutrhgh÷k qub sb bstè rbcfhzckl` y g`k bff` sus `aebthv`s.
Bf sîklr`nb lb pbrnbcahfhlcl hktbsthkcf thbkb vcrh`s dcgt`rbs y
uk` lb bff`s bs fc hkcncgh÷k lb fc nug`sc hktbsthkcf qub rbguarb
bf funbk hktbsthkcf ` fcs vbff`shlclbs p`r fcs qub pcsck f`s
kutrhbktbs lbf hktbsthk` cf pfcsnc sckiuîkb`, bstc cftbrcgh÷k lb
fc dukgh÷k hktbsthkcf sb lc bk lhdbrbktbs ircl`s p`r f` gucf publb
prbsbktcrsb bstc lhsdukgh÷k hktbsthkcf shk prbsbktcr sîkt`ncs lb
cfbrtc rbg`k`ghafbs p`r fc nhsnc pbrs`kc. Lbslb ukc hkcncgh÷k,
g÷fhg` hktbsthkcf, ` ukc cfbrihc c uk cfhnbkt` qub rbiufcrnbktb
g`ksunb fc pbrs`kc y k` tbklrîc p`rqub gcuscrfb n`fbsthc, bst`s
publbk sbr cfiuk`s sîkt`ncs lb fc pbrnbcahfhlcl hktbsthkcf. Bk
bf sîklr`nb lb pbrnbcahfhlcl hktbsthkcf bstb pr`gbs` lb acrrbrc
sb phbrlb y p`r bff` pcsck tckt` acgtbrhcs, vhrus y bfbnbkt`s
cf hktbrh`r qub `gcsh`kck sîkt`ncs hkg÷n`l`s, hkcncgh`kbs,
cfbrihcs, hkgfus` cftbrcgh`kbs hknuk`f÷ihgcs y shstènhgcs: uk` lb
f`s sîkt`ncs qub nãs cdbgtc bk fc pbrnbcahfhlcl hktbsthkcf bs fc
fc
ncfcas`rgh÷k.
 2?

<8 Wîklr`nb lb
ncf cas`rgh÷k
Bstc bs ukc lb fcs prhkghpcfbs rcz`kbs p`r fc gucf fcs
pbrs`kcs gcbk bk lhguftclbs lb scful y k` nbe`rck bk sus
`aebthv`s s`arb fc g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf, fc ncfcas`rgh÷k
bs fc hkgcpcghlcl qub thbkb bf hktbsthk` lb cas`rabr f`s
kutrhbktbs qub kbgbshtc, p`r bff` dãghfnbktb cukqub sb
bstè cfhnbktckl` lb ukc d`rnc rbiufclc publb hkgfus`
gcbr bk lbskutrhgh÷k bk fc qub sb fb lhguftc bf pcs`
lb f`s cfhnbkt`s p`r fc pcrbl hktbsthkcf pr`lughbkl`
dbrnbktcgh÷k y lbsbgockl` f`s kutrhbktbs qub lbahbrck
sbr ftrcl`s ocghc bf pfcsnc sckiuîkb` pcrc fubi` sbr
cpr`vbgocl`s c f` fcri` lb fc sh`f`iîc lbf gubrp`, csî
bs qub sb gcb dãghfnbktb bk uk pr`gbs` lb lbskutrhgh÷k
lb ukc d`rnc nuy lhrbgtc p`r lhsdukgh÷k hktbsthkcf. ]`r
bff` bs hnp`rtcktb bktbrcrsb qub publb tbkbr fc nbe`r
lhstrhaugh÷k lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs bk fc gucf tbkic uk
g`ksun` lb pr`tbîkcs, gcra`ohlrct`s, ircsc y nhkbrcfbs
rbiufclc y bstcr cas`rahbkl` nuy p`g` ` p`shafbnbktb
kclc lb cfiuk kutrhbktb y g`k bff` bktrcr bk uk pr`gbs` lb
pèrlhlc lb ncsc nusgufcr, lb `abshlcl y g`npr`nbtbr
fc scful bk ibkbrcf, yc qub bf sîklr`nb lb pbrnbcahfhlcl
hktbsthkcf publb gcuscr cftbrcgh`kbs hknuk`f÷ihgcs

p`r cftbrcgh`kbs
g`npr`nbtbk lb fc dukgh÷k
fc nhgr`ah`tc. hktbsthkcf
Wb lbab qub hkgfus`
g`nprbklbr g`k
gfcrhlcl qub tckt` f`s pr`gbs`s lb cunbkt` lb ncsc
nusgufcr g`n` lb pèrlhlc lb p`rgbktceb lb ircsc y bk sî
t`l`s f`s pr`gbs`s lb bktrbkcnhbkt` y vhtcfbs lbpbklbk
lb fc scful hktbsthkcf, p`r bff` cktbs lb pfcktbcrsb
ukc lhbtc g`k ukc lhstrhaugh÷k lb ncgr`s y uk nbkõ
prbdbrbktb, sb lbab pfcktbcr uk`s pcrãnbtr`s qub
pr`gurbk fc scful hktbsthkcf lbslb fc prbvbkgh÷k
prbv bkgh÷k g`k ukc
g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc y oãaht`s kutrhgh`kcfbs g`rrbgt`s y
fc g`rrbggh÷k lb cftbrcgh`kbs prbsbktbs g`k fc cyulc lb
uk pr`dbsh`kcf lb fc scful gcfhgcl` bk bf tbnc.
 28

Fhpcsc
Cnhfcsc

2=
]r`tbcscs

Bkzhncs
Fcs bkzhncs lhibsthvcs s`k fcs qub gunpfbk bsb pukt`
quînhg` lb fc lhibsth÷k, bstb bs uk pukt` duklcnbktcf guckl`

pbkscn`s bk scful
ncgr`kutrhbktbs hktbsthkcfkbgbscrh`s
y nhkbrcfbs y fc clbguclc
pcrccas`rgh÷k lb f`s
bf nbtca`fhsn`,
fc scful y fc g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf. Bnpbzcr p`r bktbklbr qub
f`s cfhnbkt`s bstãk d`rncl`s p`r nugocs n`fègufcs ukhlcs,
bstcs n`fègufcs ` bstc irck cif`nbrcgh÷k lb n`fègufcs sb
ffcnc ncgr`p`fînbr`s qub bs g`n` sb g`kd`rnc f`s cfhnbkt`s
qub c su vbz bstã hktbircl` p`r n`k÷nbr`s qub tcnahèk
s`k fcs ukh`kbs lb vcrhcs n`fègufcs: f`s n`k÷nbr`s s`k fc
d`rnc kcf qub t`nck f`s cfhnbkt`s pcrc bktrcr c fc gèfufc,
bs csî g`n` bf gubrp` sbgrbtc y uthfhzc vcrhcs bkzhncs pcrc
lbsg`np`kbr f`s p`fînbr`s bk n`k÷nbr`s fharbs y pbrnhthr
qub bktrbkqub
bktbklbr c fcfcs
gèfufc cp`rtckl`
bkzhncs s`k fckutrhbktbs.
acsb lb fcBslhibsth÷k
duklcnbktcf
y bf
nbtca`fhsn` lb f`s cfhnbkt`s, p`r bs` bxhstbk y bf gubrp`
sbgrbtc bkzhncs bspbghcfhzclcs pcrc gclc ncgr`kutrhbktb,
p`r bebnpf`, fcs cnhfcscs s`k bkzhncs qub lbsg`np`kbk f`s
p`fînbr`s lb f`s cfnhl`kbs, fc fhpcscs cgtuc s`arb f`s ãghl`s
ircs`s y fcs pr`tbcscs r`npbk fcs gclbkcs lb cnhk`ãghl`s
lbeãkl`f`s fharbs pcrc sus cas`rgh÷k: g`n` sb publb k`tcr
k` sb publb prbsghklhr lb fcs bkzhncs pubs s`k bstcs fcs qub
rbcfnbktb ocgbk qub bf pr`gbs` lb cas`rgh÷k lb f`s kutrhbktbs
sbc p`shafb. ]bkscr bk s`f` lhstrhaugh÷k lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs bs
uk pbkscnhbkt`
` t`lc prhncrh`
pbrs`kc lbab y p`arb,
ausgcr clbnãs
bstb acfckgb sh t`l` bktrbkcl`r
rbcfnbktb lbsbc
tbkbr uk bquhfharh` lhibsthv` qub fb pbrnhtc bstcr ahbk kutrhl`
bk ausgc lb fc scful, fc bstèthgc y/` fc nusgufcgh÷k g`k bkd`qub
rbgrbcthv` ` lbp`rthv`.
 4=

Bkzhncs
23
C g`kthkucgh÷k, cfiuk`s cfhnbkt`s
rhg`s bk bkzhncs qub t`lcs fcs lhbtcs
lbabrîck pr`gurcr tbkbr bk sus nbkõs
c lhcrh` ` p`r f` nbk`s trbs c guctr`
vbgbs p`r sbnckc bk p`rgh`kbs lb 2=
c 3== ircn`s prbvh`s c fcs g`nhlcs `
g`npfbnbktcrh`s c bst`s.

Bf Jbdr bs uk supbrcfhnbkt` yc qub

cp`rtc trbs bkzhncs dukgh`kcfbs5 fc
fhpcsc, pr`tbcscs
bs hkgfus` õthf bky fcgtcsc.
pbrs`kcsBstbqub
cfhnbkt`
thbkb
hkt`fbrckghc c fc fcgt`sc pbr` pcrc bstb
gcs` cktbs lb su g`ksun` lbab g`ksuftcr
g`k bf kutrhgh`khstc gcfhgcl`.

Fc pcpcyc p`r bebnpf` p`sbb bkzhncs

lbk`nhkclcspr`tbcscsyukc bk bspbghcf
ffcnclc pcpcîkc.

]C]CÎKC
 43

Rkc bkzhnc rbfcthvcnbktb bsgcsc bs fc

ar`nbfhkc qubbk f`scfhnbkt`ssbbkgubktrc
bk fc phóc y cyulc c fc cshnhfcgh÷k lb fcs
pr`tbîkcs, bs lbghr, bs ukc pr`tbcsc qub
cgtõc lb d`rnc bdbgthvc bk fc hkcncgh÷k y
g`n` t`lcs bk pr`afbncs lb fc lhibsth÷k
bk ibkbrcf.

]Q@\BCWC

Bf ncki` g`kthbkb cnhfcsc bkzhnc

bkgcriclc lb lbsg`np`kbr fcs n`fègufcs
lb f`s cfnhl`kbs y f`s czõgcrbs bk ifug`sc.

CNHFCWC
Bf ciucgctb bs ukc dubktb p`r bxgbfbkghc
lb ircsc pbr` clhgh`kcf g`kthbkb ukc
bkzhnc prbl`nhkcktb ffcnclc fhpcsc,
bkgcriclc lb trcksd`rncr bk pbqubócs,
fcs n`fègufcs lb ircsc.

FH]CWC
Bf jhwh bs p`r bxgbfbkghc ukc drutc qub
cp`rtc vcf`rbs bkzhnãthg`s nuy bspbghcfbs
g`n` fc cgthkhlhkc, bkzhnc qub rbpbrgutb
s`arb fc lhibsth÷k yc qub cgtõc lhrbgtcnbktb
s`arb fc cshnhfcgh÷k lb pr`tbîkcs y bf ifutbk
p`r bebnpf`, bk cftbrcgh`kbs lhibsthvcs g`k
bf ifutbk y fc pr`tbîkc bs hlbcf cunbktcr bf
g`ksun` lb Jhwh.

CG\HKHLHKC
 41

21
Nhgr`ah`tc
acgtbrckc lb
f`s hktbsthk`s
Bstb tèrnhk` bs uk` lb f`s qub nãs ctbkgh÷k y guhlcl` lbabs
prbstcrfb
cshnhfcgh÷kycy qub
bk sîlb èf lbpbklb
bf acfckgb fc scful,
lhibsthv`, f`s pr`gbs`s
f`s cktbrh`rbs lb
tbncs
qub obn`s t`gcl` c f` fcri` lb bstb n÷luf`, aãshgcnbktb
fc nhgr`ah`tc s`k fcs acgtbrhcs qub g`np`kbk bf shstbnc
lhibsthv` y pcrthghpck bk fc lbirclcgh÷k lb f`s cfhnbkt`s y fc
cshnhfcgh÷k g`rrbgtc lb èst`s, ukc rbfcgh÷k clbguclc bs lb
?2% lb acgtbrhcs aubkcs p`r lcrfb uk k`narb, p`r bf 32% lb
acgtbrhcs pct÷ibkcs, cktbrh`rnbktb ghtcn`s s`arb g÷n` fcs
bkzhncs cdbgtck lhrbgtcnbktb fc nhgr`ah`tc hktbsthkcf cktbs
g`k`ghlc g`n` `rc acgtbrhckc, sh k` fb prbstcs ctbkgh÷k c
fc `rc acgtbrhckc sh lbabs pbkscr bk bf fuicr qub `gupc p`r
lbkshlcl bk bf gubrp` y bk bspbghcf bk bf shstbnc lhibsthv` qub
sb bkgubktrc bk ukc rbfcgh÷k gbfufcr lb 3= c 3 pbr` k` qublc cffî
yc qub bs tck hnp`rtcktb fc `rc acgtbrhckc qub fc bv`fugh÷k lbf
shstbnc lhibsthv` lhspus` qub bstc lbkshlcl gbfufcr acgtbrhckc
bs qub p`r gclc gèfufc lbf gubrp` bxhstbk 3= acgtbrhcs bk bf
 47

shstbnc lhibsthv` bk rbfcgh÷k c fc `rc acgtbrhckc, bf pbs`

lb fc nhgr`ah`tc acgtbrhckc bs fc nhtcl lb fcs obgbs dbgcfbs,
aãshgcnbktb l`s jhf`s bk pr`nblh`. Fc scful lbpbklb lb bstc
rbfcgh÷k nhgr`ahckc hktbsthkcf y lb obgo` fc rbfcgh÷k g`k fc
scful bn`gh`kcf y f`s bstcl`s lb ãkhn` bs lhrbgtc. Guckl` sb
cdbgtc bstc rbfcgh÷k lb fc nhgr`ah`tc hktbsthkcf y fcs pbrs`kcs,
thbkb hkgcpcghlcl
c fc lhibsth÷k, lb ibkbrcr
bnphbzck uk`sbkzhncs
vcf`rbsyqub
bfbnbkt`s
cftbrckqub cyulbk
fc scful lb
ukc d`rnc lbtbrnhkcktb. Bfbnbkt`s qub cdbgtck fc nhgr`ah`tc
hktbsthkcf s`k cfiuk`s nblhgcnbkt`s, f`s ckthah÷thg`s s`k ukc
lb fcs rcz`kbs p`r fc qub k` sb
s b lbab bxtbklbr su g`ksun` `
g`ksunhrf`s g`k bkzhncs y pr`ah÷thg`s, fcs lr`icscfughk÷ibkcs,
bf bstrès, fc ckshblcl, f`s ncf`s oãaht`s cfhnbktcrh`s bk f`s
qub bf g`ksun` lb vbibtcfbs, arc y lbnãs bfbnbkt`s k` s`k
bquhfharcl`. Rkc lb fcs prhkghpcfbs acgtbrhcs hktbsthkcfbs qub sb
sb
lbabrîc pr`gurcr su g`ksun` rbiufcl` ahbk csbs`rcl` p`r uk
pr`dbsh`kcf lb fc scful sbrîc f`s fcgt`acghf`s y ahl`acgtbrhcs.
 4<

]r`ah÷thg`s

27
Aãshgcnbktb f`s pr`ah÷thg`s s`k acgtbrhcs vhvcs qub kbgbshtc
tu gubrp` pcrc ibkbrcr pr`gbs`s lb o`nb`stcshs, bs lbghr,
bquhfharh` hktbsthkcf, bst` bs ncktbkbr ukc rbfcgh÷k g`k bf
shstbnc hknukhtcrh` d`rtcfbghlc y pr`tbibr fc acrrbrc hktbsthkcf,
ukc dukgh÷k duklcnbktcf lb f`s pr`ah÷thg`s g`n` f` obn`s
ghtcl` s`k acgtbrhcs vhvcs, bs lbghr, nhgr``rickhsn`s qub sb
lbscrr`ffck c pcrthr lb fc dbrnbktcgh÷k g`n` f`s fcgt`acghf`s
y ahdl`acgtbrhcs qub bk su clbguclc pr`fhdbrcgh÷k fugock
g`ktrc fcs acgtbrhcs k` p`shthvcs ` pct÷ibkcs lbktr` lbf hktbsthk`
c khvbf `lb
fhnphc rbfcgh÷k g`k kbicthvcs,
acgtbrhcs bf bspcgh` ncktbkhbkl`
bsc g`klhgh÷kfcbs
pcrbl hktbsthkcf
duklcnbktcf
bk fc hktbirhlcl lb fc acrrbrc hktbsthkcf qub dukgh`kc g`n`
ftr` kcturcf lb f` qub sî y f` qub k` lbab bktrcr cf pfcsnc
sckiuîkb`. Rkc cfhnbktcgh÷k cg`npcóclc lb bfbnbkt`s
pr`ah÷thg`s bs duklcnbktcf pcrc ukc aubkc scful hknukhtcrhc
y ocgbr pr`gbs`s lhibsthv`s nãs dukgh`kcfbs y csbrthv`s.
 42

2< Cfhnbkt`s rhg`s

rhg`s
bk pr`ah÷thg`
pr`ah÷thg`ss

Jbr lb fbgob
]bphkhff` bkgurthl` \è lb J`naugoc

Subs` afckl`

Gof`rbffc Kctt` lb ecp÷k

Jbr lb ciuc
Gougrut (rbp`ff`
dbrnbktcl`)
Jhngoh lb G`rbc

Nhs` pcstc lb s`ec

\bnpbo lb s`ec
(‖gcrkb„ vbickc)

\`du ` su lb s`ec Abrbkebkcs bkgurthlcs

Qcîz lb ebkiharb

Go`g`fctb kbir`
g`k nãs lbf ?=% lb Auttbrnhfj ` nczclc
(subr` lb ncktbquhffc
gcgc` y shk czõgcr, thbkb uscl` bk pckclbrîc)
uk g`ktbkhl` ncy`r
lb pr`ah÷thg`s qub f`s
 fãgtb`s.
44

22 ]rbah÷thg`s
F`s prbah÷thg`s sb `athbkbk lb f`s cfhnbkt`s, aãshgcnbktb
vbibtcfbs g`k pr`phblclbs ar`scs y cfiuk`s `tr`s
g`np`kbktbs nãs qub hnp`rtcktbs pcrc bf cnahbktb hktbrk`
lb f`s hktbsthk`s, aãshgcnbktb f`s prbah÷thg`s cp`rtck bkbriîc
c f`s pr`ah÷thg`s y pr`nubvbk uk cnahbktb dcv`rcafb pcrc
fc pr`fhdbrcgh÷k lb acgtbrhcs aubkcs bk f`s hktbsthk`s, g`k
bff` cp`rtckl` f`s bdbgt`s p`shthv`s pr`lugt` lb ukc `rc
acgtbrhckc sckc y bquhfharclc, bk bst` gcab rbg`rlcr qub fc
rbfcgh÷k lb acgtbrhcs p`shthvcs lbktr` lbf hktbsthk` lbab sbr
ncy`r cf ?=% lbf t`tcf lb acgtbrhcs aãshgcnbktb fc rbfcgh÷k bs
uk ?2% p`r uk 32% lb acgtbrhcs p`tbkghcfnbktb ‖pct÷ibkcs„,
f`s abkbgh`s lb f`s prbah÷thg`s s`arb fc pcrbl hktbsthkcf y
bk sî s`arb t`lc fc nhgr`ah`tc hktbsthkcf bstãk nãs qub ahbk
l`gunbktcl`s, f`s bdbgt`s s`arb bf shstbnc hknuk`f÷ihg`,
s`arb fc if`acfhlcl lbf shstbnc bkl`grhk` y s`arb bf cnahbktb
pshg`f÷ihg` lbf hklhvhlu`: pbkscr bk ukc kutrhgh÷k sckc k`
publb `gurrhr shk pr`gurcr uk cnahbktb dcv`rcafb qub k`
publb bxgfuhr bk khkiõk n`nbkt` bf us` lb pr`ah÷thg`s, uk`
lb f`s phfcrbs bk fcs lhbtcs lb gucfquhbr îkl`fb bs y lbab sbr
bstb thp` lb kutrhgh÷k acgtbrhckc shk bff` sb gcb bk lhsdukgh÷k
hktbsthkcf y p`shafbs pct`f`iîcs qub ocrãk lbsdcv`rcafb bf
cnahbktb hktbsthkcf y bk ibkbrcf fc scful.
 49

Gcra`ohlrct`s

24
Lbabs bsg`ibr dubktbs lb gcra`ohlrct`s
qub sbck lb tu iust`, pbr` qub tbkick uk
pbrf lb lhibsth÷k nãs scfulcafb. Bsg`ib
uk p`g` s`arb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s ar`s`s,
qub cyulck c fc lhibsth÷k, p`r bkghnc
lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s cfnhl`kcl`s, f`s
gcra`ohlrct`s ar`s`s s`k aãshgcnbktb
cqubff`s qub g`ksbrvck fc gcsgcrc lb
fc sbnhffc, tcnahèk f`s vbibtcfbs g`k su
gcsgcrc, csî g`n` fcs drutcs. Bs hnp`rtcktb
cgfcrcr qub guckl`
phbrlb p`tbkghcf bk su ukc
arc ydrutc sb fhguc
aãshgcnbktb
f` qub sb g`ksunb s`k gcf`rîcs (y lbslb
fubi` cfi` lb sus nhkbrcfbs y vhtcnhkcs
pbr` rblughl` bk gckthlclbs shikhgcthvcs).
K` lbabs tbnbrfb cf g`ksun` lb
gcra`ohlrct`s, f` qub lbabs bs rbiufcr bf
g`ksun` lb bst`s y nbe`rcr tu bxhahfhlcl
nbtca÷fhgc cf pukt` bk bf qub fb bksbóbs c
tu gubrp` c rbsp`klbr nbtca÷fhgcnbktb
ahbk c fc hkibstc lb gcra`ohlrct`s y ircscs

g`n` dubktb prhn`rlhcf

bxgfushvcnbktb lb bkbriîc, y K`
c f`s gcra`ohlrct`s. k`
fb ouycs c f`s gcra`ohlrct`s, rbiufc su
g`ksun` y lhsdrõtcf`s. Bvhtc lb sbr p`shafb
bf crr`z afckg` bk gckthlclbs, fcs pcpcs
bk gckthlclbs y fcs ocrhkcs rbkclcs:
publbs g`ksunhrfcs pbr` cirèicfb c
tu cfhnbktcgh÷k arc pcrc cyulcr c su
pr`gbs`s lb lhibsth÷k, bst` k` ocrã qub
k` sbck tck hkvcshv`s, f` qub ocrã bs qub
sb dcghfhtb su pr`gbs` lb lhibsth÷k y bf
g`ksun` lb arc rblugb bf hnpcgt` lb
f`s gcra`ohlrct`s cf rbtcrlcr uk p`g` su
cas`rgh÷k y p`r bff` rblughr bf hnpcgt`
s`arb fc hksufhkc bk sckirb.
 4?

29
Cyuk`
Cyuk` hktbr
hktbrnhtbkt
nhtbktb
b
Suhbr` qub tbkics prbsbktb bstb prhkghph` lb g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc
qub bstã duklcnbktcl` bk ibkbrcr y pr`n`vbr scful y thbkb uk
bkd`qub prbvbkthv` lb d`rnc bspbghcf. ]`r bff`, pbkscr bk bf cyuk`
hktbrnhtbktb lbslb fc bsdbrc lb fc rbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktceb lb ircsc
bs uk pbkscnhbkt` rbluggh`khstc, lbabs tbkbr prbsbktb qub bf
cyuk` hktbrnhtbktb
c tu bsthf` lb vhlc ybs ukc prãgthgc
gcpcghlcl qub lbab
y ecnãs lbabssbr
rbiufcr y n`lufcr
ukc pr`pubstc
`afhiclc ` rîihlc bk tus oãaht`s y scful.

Fcs pbrs`kcs lbgcbk bk fc prãgthgc lbf cyuk` hktbrnhtbktb y bst`

sb lbab c p`sturcs rîihlcs y prãgthgcs hkvcshvcs drbktb c èstb.

]`r bff` qubrbn`s qub tbkics lb rbdbrbkghc f`s nbe`rbs n`nbkt`s

y thbnp`s bk qub publbs bstcafbgbr bstc prãgthgc tckt` pcrc
o`narbs g`n` pcrc nuebrbs. Bs hnp`rtcktb qub sbpcs ocgbr ukc
hktr`luggh÷k c bstc prãgthgc.

]crc bnpbzcr bk fc prãgthgc lbf cyuk` hktbrnhtbktb bs hnp`rtcktb

tbkbr prbsbktb tus o`rcrh`s lb g`nhlcs y fc lhstrhaugh÷k lb èstcs
c f` fcri` lbf lîc.
 48

Rk thbnp` n`lbrcl` lb cyuk` hktbrnhtbktb y g`k uk hnpcgt`

hktbrbscktb s`arb fc scful, bk bf o`narb bs lb 34 o`rcs y bk fc
nuebr bs lb 3< o`rcs. Bst`s thbnp`s s`k f`s qub nbe`r thbkbk
rbihstr` y nckbe` bk rbfcgh÷k cf hnpcgt` o`rn`kcf y bdbgt`s p`-
shthv`s s`arb fc scful, thbnp`s p`r bkghnc lb bst`s vcf`rbs sb
g`kshlbrck gcnah`s y bdbgt`s qub publbk sbr abkèg`s pbr`
k` kbgbscrhcnbktb g`n` ukc prãgthgc rbiufcr ` lhcrhc g`n` sî
publb
gh÷k lbg`kshlbrcrsb bf g`nhlcs
o`rcs pcrc fcs cyuk` hktbrnhtbktb, bk bf qub fc lhstrhau-
bs nãs cnpfhc.

Bk f`s cyuk`s pr`f`kicl`s p`r bkghnc lb fcs 3< o`rcs bs uk

p`g` nãs lhdîghf lhstrhauhr f`s cfhnbkt`s y f`ircr fcs hkibstcs lhc-
rhcs qub sb rbquhbrbk lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs, yc qub bf thbnp` bs
nuy g`rt` y fc sbkscgh÷k lb scghblcl ` ffbkurc bs pbrnckbktb
p`r bf p`g` thbnp` qub qublc pcrc bf g`ksun` lb cfhnbkt`s,
p`r bebnpf`: sh tbrnhkcs tu cyuk` c fcs 315== p.n. y f` bnphbzcs
c fcs ?5== p.n. \bklrãs uk thbnp` lb ? o`rcs pcrc lhvhlhr tus
trbs ` guctr` g`nhlcs g`k fcs qub gunpfbs g`k t`l`s f`s ncgr`-
kutrhbktbs.
G`n` rbg`nbklcgh÷k ibkbrcf k` bxthbklcs fcs o`rcs lb cyuk`
qubrhbkl` pr`f`kicr sus bdbgt`s s`arb fc scful, yc qub p`shafb-
nbktb publbs f`ircr bf bdbgt` g`ktrcrh`.

Bf cyuk` hktbrnhtbktb bs ukc pr`pubstc pcrc prcgthgcr c lhcrh`

guckl` f`ircs clcptcrtb c èf, nhbktrcs qub bf cyuk` nãs pr` -
f`kicl` (cyuk` tbrcpèuthg`) p`r bkghnc lb f`s thbnp`s lbf cyu-
k` hktbrnhtbktb bs ukc pr`pubstc pcrc prcgthgcr bvbktucfnbktb,
g`k prbpcrcgh÷k y pr`ircncgh÷k pbr` qub bvhlbktbnbktb k` bs

ukc pr`pubstc pcrc t`l`s f`s lîcs.

Bxtbklbr f`s thbnp`s nãs cffã lb f` pr`pubst` bk bf cyuk` hktbr-
nhtbktb publb ibkbrcr bk cfiuk`s gcs`s cftbrcgh`kbs iãstrhgcs,
ncfbstcrbs ` hkg`n`lhlclbs, qub p`r clcptcgh÷k c bstb pr`gb-
s` publbk `gurrhr s`arb fc pcrbl iãstrhgc bdbgt`s s`arb fc ifu -
g`sc bk sckirb y lbnãs cftbrcgh`kbs qub publbk k` sbr kbic-
thvcs pbr` sî hkg÷n`lcs y k` p`lbn`s kbicr qub k` ocgbr ukc
clcptcgh÷k clbguclc lbf cyuk` hktbrnhtbktb y lb sus bdbgt`s y
rbspubstc bk bf gubrp`, sî sb publbk ibkbrcr cftbrcgh`kbs s`arb
fc scful, bspbghcfnbktb s`arb fc sbkscgh÷k lb ahbkbstcr ibkbrcf.
 9=

n÷luf` 1
 93

Cut`rbiufcgh÷k
Cut`rbiufcgh÷k
Ocstc cquî obn`s ghtcl` f`s pcs`s y bf cut`g`k`ghnhbkt` qub
lbabs tbkbr pcrc rbcfnbktb grbcr ukc g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc
cpr`phclc qub rbpbrgutc bk uk nbtca`fhsn` sck` y g`klhgh`kbs
lb cpr`vbgocr cf nãxhn` f`s rbgurs`s kutrhgh`kcfbs pcrc
ibkbrcr scful y ahbkbstcr, lbab qublcr gfcr` qub bstb bs bf
prhnbr pcs` qub lbab hktbircrsb g`k bf shiuhbktb n÷luf`
g`npfbnbktcrh`, bstc hktbircgh÷k bs fc qub rbcfnbktb ocrã
ukc kutrhgh÷k lhdbrbkghcf, pbr` k` qubrîcn`s bnpbzcr g`k f`
qub nãs sb rbpfhgc g`n` kutrhgh÷k, qub bs fc lhstrhaugh÷k lb
ncgr`kutrhbktbs lb ukc d`rnc tck prhncrhc s`f` cpfhgckl`
d÷rnufcs nctbnãthgcs y k` uk sbkthl` f÷ihg` lb pr`irbsh÷k
y clcptcgh÷k, g`n` f` pr`p`kbn`s bk bstb n÷luf`. Bs
hnp`rtcktb lbecr lb pbkscr bk ocgbr pr`ybgt`s cgbfbrcl`s
pubs dãghfnbktb lbeck lb sbr pr`ybgt`s y sb g`kvhbrtbk bk
tcrbcs cackl`kclcs y pr`gbs`s drustrcl`s lbeckl` ukc dcfsc
hlbc lb fhnhtcktbs, qubrbn`s qub fc bxpbrhbkghc lb fc kutrhgh÷k
cfgckgb bf khvbf ounck` y ghbktîg` qub lbab `gupcr y k`
s`f` sb acsb bk bf `aebthv` d`rzcl` y ncrgcl` lb lbkhgh÷k,
rbluggh÷k ` cunbkt` lb ncsc nusgufcr. Bk bf shiuhbktb
n÷luf` yc publbs bktrcr c vbr ncgr`kutrhbktbs y lhstrhaugh÷k
pbr` lb ukc d`rnc pr`irbshvc y clcptcthvc y k` lb ukc d`rnc
guclrhgufclc, qubrbn`s qub fc bxpbrhbkghc lb fc kutrhgh÷k
tbkic bf s`p`rtb ah`f÷ihg` ounck` y n`thvcgh`kcf y bk bsb
`rlbk lb hlbcs sbc shbnprb ukc bxpbrhbkghc lb bv`fugh÷k
pr`irbshvc fc gucf sbc ibkbrcl`rc lb ahbkbstcr hktbircf
hkgfuhl` bf pshg`f÷ihg` y k` ukc bxpbrhbkghc rhiur`sc rîihlc y
lb ncfbstcr qub sb vb cgbptclc p`r uk`s f`ir`s hknblhcthstcs
qub lb p`r sî k` s`k bstcafbs kh scfulcafbs, shiub g`k bstb
n÷luf` y cpr`vbgoc cf nãxhn` bf cktbrh`r pubs bs fc acsb
pcrc grbcr uk nbtca`fhsn` qub publc rbsp`klbr lb fc d`rnc
nãs csbrthvc bk fc aõsqublc lb fc scful y `aebthv`s.

K` bs g`ktcr ncgr`s bs g`ktcr ukc bxpbrhbkghc nãs kutrhlc.

 91

Ncgr`s ]rbd
]rbdbrbktbs
brbktbs

Cktbs lb pbkscr bk fc lhstrhaugh÷k lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs vcn`s c

`asbrvcr fc rbfcgh÷k bktrb bff`s lbslb fc ÷pthgc lb fc g`klugtc
cfhnbktcrhc, pcrc bff` lbabs prhnbr` g`k`gbr ahbk gucfbs s`k
f`s ncgr`kutrhbktbs, bk bsb `rlbk gucfbs s`k fcs pr`tbîkcs,
f`s gcra`ohlrct`s y fcs ircscs y gucfbs s`k f`s qub prbbrbs.
Lbabs bktbklbr sh thbkbs uk`s ncgr`s prbdbrbktbs g`k `pgh`kbs
nuy bstrbgocs y bsb bs bf prhnbr pcs`, cnpfhcr tu nbkõ lb
`pgh`kbs lb ncgr`s. Sublcrsb õkhgcnbktb bk bf crr`z, fc
cvbkc, fc pcpc y bf pck bs ukc g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc nuy p`arb
y bsgcsc qub sbiurcnbktb k` tb pbrnhthrã bxpf`rcr y vhvhr ukc
kutrhgh÷k vcrhclc y ibkbrcrã lbpbklbkghc lb sca`rbs fhnhtckl`
bf prhkghph` lb fcs pr`phblclbs `rick`fèpthgcs lb f`s cfhnbkt`s,
bstc nhsnc `asbrvcgh÷k lbab bxtbklbrsb ocghc f`s lbnãs
ncgr`s g`n` fcs pr`tbîkcs y fcs ircscs p`r bebnpf` guckl` sb
grbb bquhv`gclcnbktb qub pcrc g`nbr ukc aubkc dubktb lb
pr`tbîkc sb lbabk lhrhihr gcsh qub bxgfushvcnbktb c fc pbgouic
lb p`ff` qub sî bs ukc aubkc dubktb pbr` k` kbgbscrhcnbktb fc
nbe`r, yc qub p`r vcf`r ah`f÷ihg` bktrb fcs pr`tbîkcs lb gcrkb y
bf oubv`, bf oubv` bs supbrh`r bk guckt` cf vcf`r ah`f÷ihg` y bk
guckt` c fcs pr`tbîkcs lb `rhibk ckhncf bs fc pr`tbîkc woby fc
qub fcs supbrc c t`l`s p`r nugo`.
 97

Bkt`kgbs qublcr bk ukc s`fc dubktb lb pr`tbîkc bs fhnhtcr bf

g`ksun` clbgucl` y bf p`tbkghcf ah`f÷ihg` lb f`s lbnãs cfh -
nbkt`s, bk guckt` c fc ircsc bs duklcnbktcf bxpf`rcr dubktbs
lb gcfhlcl g`n` fc ircsc lbf oubv`, bf cgbhtb lb `fhvc, bf cgbhtb
lb ciucgctb, bf lb g`g`, fc ircsc lb f`s drut`s sbg`s, g`n` fc
ncktbquhffc lb cfnbklrcs y fc lb ncrcó÷k, fc grbnc lb fbgob
y f`s qubs`s bk k k` qublcrsb bk ukc dubktb fhnhtclc p`r -
qub clhgh`kcf gclc ncgr`kutrhbktb bk sus lhdbrbktbs dubktbs
cfhnbkthghcs pr`p`rgh`kc cpcrtb lbf ncgr`kutrhbktb bspbgî -
g`, ukc gckthlcl lb nhkbrcfbs y kutrhbktbs clhgh`kcfbs qub s`k
duklcnbktcfbs pcrc bf nbtca`fhsn` bk ibkbrcf, cqubff` qub
pr`p`rgh`kc bf p`ff` g`n` dubktb lb vhtcnhkc y nhkbrcfbs k`
f` pr`p`rgh`kc fc gcrkb r`ec bk hiucf nblhlc y csî bk bf gcs`
g`ktrcrh`, p`r bebnpf` fc rbfcgh÷k tck ircklb lb nhkbrcfbs, vhtc-
nhkcs, ircsc y pr`tbîkc lbf oubv` k` sb rbphtb bk khkiõk `tr`
cfhnbkt`, bs gcsh bxgfushv`, p`r bs` qublcrsb bk fc dr`ktbrc lb
ukc s`fc dubktb lb ircsc, pr`tbîkc ` gcra`ohlrct` bs fhnhtcr fcs
p`shahfhlclbs lb fc kutrhgh÷k y fhnhtcr cõk nãs f`s abkbgh`s
qub kbgbshtc `atbkbr lb bff`s bf shstbnc lhibsthv` y bf gubrp`,
bstc nhsnc d÷rnufc cpfhgc pcrc bf gcs` lb f`s vbibtcfbs, bst`
pcrc quhbkbs k` pcsck lb fc fbgouic y bf t`nctb g`n` bkscfc-
lc ` g`n` dubktb lb vhtcnhkcs y nhkbrcfbs. Bstcafbgbr ukc vc-
rhblcl `rickhzclc lb cfhnbkt`s bs bstcafbgbr ukc cfhnbktcgh÷k
y kutrhgh÷k nãs hktbircf, nãs g`ktuklbktb qub publbs bkd`gcr
bk f`s pr`gbs`s lb bsthf` lb vhlc y g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf qub
bstès ausgckl`. \`l` pr`gbs` ` pfck cfhnbkthgh` g`k fc nbe`r
lhstrhaugh÷k lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs publb k` sbr kclc kutrhthv` sh
k` thbkb kbgbscrhcnbktb vcrhblcl lb sca`rbs, g`f`rbs, cr`ncs
y tbxturcs qub icrckthgb vcrhblcl lb bfbnbkt`s kutrhthv`s. Bstb
bs bf pbkscnhbkt`
fc lhstrhaugh÷k y lhsp`shgh÷k qub
lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs sbocgbr
pcrc lbabqub
tbkbr
tu cktbs lb
kutrhgh÷k
sbc dukgh`kcf.
 9<

Ncgr`kutrhbktbs
Ncgr`kutrhbktbs rbfcgh÷k
]cscn`s lb f`s ncgr`kutrhbktbs prbdbrbktbs c fc rbfcgh÷k qub
lbab ocabr bktrb bff`, yc scabs qub ncgr`kutrhbktbs s`k f`s
gcra`ohlrct`s, fcs pr`tbîkcs y fcs ircscs y f`s nhgr`kutrhbktbs
s`k fcs vhtcnhkcs, f`s nhkbrcfbs y c bst`s l`s lbabn`s suncrfb
fc arc cukqub yc bstã hkgfuhlc bk cfiuk`s cfhnbkt`s g`n` f`s
gcra`ohlrct`s ar`s`s y cfiukcs o`rtcfhzcs y vbrlurcs, cuk csî bs
duklcnbktcf qub bnphbgbs c `asbrvcr fc rbfcgh÷k qub thbkb f`s
ncgr`kutrhbktbs bktrb bff`s y qub k` sb fhnhtc c gckthlclbs qub sb
g`ksunc lbqub
cf g`ksun` gclcocgb
uk`bk
y sîgclc
c fc g`nhlc,
rbfcgh÷k p`r
qubbebnpf`
g`ksbrvck
ocybk guckt`
pbrs`kcs
qub thbkbk gcsh qub uk g`ksun` bxgfushv` lb gcra`ohlrct`s bk su
pfct`, nuy p`gc pr`tbîkc y gcsh qub kclc lb ircsc scfulcafb ` nuy
p`g` lb bffc, bkt`kgbs bs duklcnbktcf qub sb bkthbklc qub uk pfct`
lbab g`kstruhrsb g`k f`s ncgr`kutrhbktbs bsbkghcfbs pbr` lbab
dcghfhtcrsb g`k cfhnbkt`s qub cp`rtbk nuy aubkc arc y sca`r, bstc
bs `trc d`rnc lb ncrgcr vcrhblcl, nugocs pbrs`kcs k` bxpf`rck
sca`rbs kubv`s y bst` sb lc p`rqub sbkghffcnbktb k` ocgbk uk
aubk rhtucf ` us` lbf n`nbkt` bk qub g`nbk, p`r bebnpf` cf qub
k` fb iustck f`s vbibtcfbs y fcs vbrlurcs bk sî lbecrfcs cf kcf lbf
pfct` k` bs ukc
p`r bebnpf`, aubkc
bk ukc `pgh÷k,
rbfcgh÷k lb p`r bff` lbab `
7 gugocrclcs nbzgfcr
3 tr`z`f`s sca`rbs,
lb pr`tbîkc
p`r 3 lb vbibtcfbs, clbnãs lb sbr ukc aubkc `pgh÷k fc g`nahkcgh÷k
lb pr`tbîkcs g`k vbibtcfbs p`r su cp`rtb lb arc pcrc dcghfhtcr fc
lhibsth÷k, pbr` bst` bs uk bebnpf` qub lbabs cpfhgcr cf g`ksun`
lb vcrh`s cfhnbkt`s, bstc tègkhgc fc cpfhgcs pcrc bnpbzcr c hkgfuhr
sca`rbs lb f`s gucfbs k` bstãs tck cg`stunarcl` c g`ksunhr. Bs
bktrbkcr bf pcfclcr pcrc qub g`kgubrlb g`k ukc kutrhgh÷k nãs
prbghsc, rbfcgh`kc f`s cfhnbkt`s g`k fcs p`shahfhlclbs y kbgbshlclbs
lb kutrhgh÷k qub rbquhbrbs y lbsbcs, bs lcrfb fc `p`rtukhlcl nãs
cnpfhc c fcs pr`phblclbs `rick`fèpthgcs pcrc qub hnpcgtbk tu
shstbnc lhibsthv` y lb cffî bf nbtca`fhsn`.
 92

Nbkõ y lhstrhaugh÷k

lbf pfct`
Xc scabs qub thbkbs gcra`ohlrct`s, pr`tbîkcs y ircscs, cpcrtb lb
fc dubktb clhgh`kcf lb arc, vhtcnhkcs y nhkbrcfbs qub tb cp`rtc f`s
vbibtcfbs, co`rc lbabs pbkscr bk fc lhstrhaugh÷k lbf pfct` bk qub bf
ncy`r ncgr`kutrhbktb qub lhsp`kics bk èf k` sbc bf gcra`ohlrct`,
uk irck brr`r bk nugocs lhbtcs bs rbacecr f`s gcra`ohlrct`s lb ukc
d`rnc nuy g`ktuklbktb y bf `tr` brr`r bs ocgbr lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s
bf ncgr`kutrhbktb bxgfushv`, lbslb bstc ÷pthgc lbabs g`nprbklbr
qub f`s gcra`ohlrct`s tb lck uk irck cp`rtb lb bkbriîc pbr` hiucf
k`
trbslbabk sbr f` nãslbprbp`klbrcktb
lhstrhaugh`kbs lb tubspfct`,
pfct` pcrc tu lîc, lbghr,publbs pbkscr bk
ukc lhstrhaugh÷k
p`r g`nhlc, p`r bebnpf` ukc lhstrhaugh÷k qub publb sbr cgbrtclc
bs bnpbzcr tu lîc g`k uk lbscyuk` acscl` bk ircscs, arc y
pr`tbîkc, uk cfnubrz` acscl` bk hkibstc cftc lb gcra`ohlrct`s, cftc
lb pr`tbîkc y nblhc lb ircscs y ukc gbkc g`k ukc lhstrhaugh÷k acec
bk gcra`ohlrct`s, cftc bk ircscs y nblhc-cftc bk pr`tbîkc, èstb bs
uk bebrghgh` qub publbs n`lufcr y vcrhcr p`r sbnckc, tb cyulcrã
c r`npbr fc n`k`t`kîc lb f`s lîcs, c sbkthr uk irck bstînuf` lb
sca`r bk gclc g`nhlc y c blugcr tu pcfclcr y scfhr lb fc cggh÷k lb
uk ncgr`kutrhbktb, g`n` p`r bf bebnpf` f`s gcra`ohlrct`s qub
p`r gufturc y rbih÷k sb cprbklb c lbpbklbr lb bst`s pcrc sbkthr
qub thbkbs uk pfct` g`npfbt`, ocy quhbkbs cf k` tbkbr crr`z bk su
cfnubrz` f` shbktbk hkg`npfbt` ` sh k` bxpbrhnbktck ukc p`rgh÷k
lb cfiukc gcrkb hiucfnbktb qublck g`k fc sbkscgh÷k lb k` ocabr
hkibrhl` ukc aubkc g`nhlc, k` bs lbecr bf g`ksun` lb cfiõk
cfhnbkt`, bs rbiufcrf` bk su lhstrhaugh÷k y ukc lb f`s vcf`rbs lb
lhstrhaugh÷k qub lbabs tbkbr prbsbktb bs qub f`s gcra`ohlrct`s
k` lbabk sbr bf ncgr`kutrhbktb lb ncy`r lbkshlcl y v`funbk
bk tu pfct`, phbksc bk bst` y shiub cfiuk` lb f`s bebnpf`s bs sus
vcrhcgh`kbs cf lhsp`kbr tu sbnckc lb cfhnbktcgh÷k y kutrhgh÷k.
 94

K` s`n`s f` qub
g`nbn`s, s`n`s f` qub
p`lbn`s y kbgbshtcn`s
cshnhfcr

Cuk k` phbksbs sh lbsbcs cunbktcr lb ncsc nusgufcr ` ocgbr uk

pr`gbs` lb rbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktceb lb ircsc, bst` lbabs tbkbrf`
gfcr` p`rqub gcsh qub sb phbksc s`f` bk gckthlcl lb ncgr`s sbiõk
bf `aebthv` qub sb thbkb y k` bk g÷n` bf gubrp` publb clcptcrsb
irclucfnbktb c fc gckthlcl lb cfhnbkt`s qub g`ksunbs, tbkbr
prbsbktb qub k` bs hiucf c g`nbr qub bstcr kutrhl`, k` p`r g`nbr
1== ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc quhbrb lbghr qub cshnhfbs 1== ircn`s lb
pr`tbîkc y qub sb vcyc lhrbgtcnbktb c tus nõsguf`s, bst` cpfhgc lb
d`rnc shnhfcr pcrc bf gcs` lb fcs ircscs, p`r bs` lbabs bktbklbr
fc kbgbshlcl qub thbkb bf gubrp` sbiõk fcs
f cs cgthvhlclbs y clhgh`kcf
grbcr fc kbgbshlcl. Bk g`kgfush÷k k` acstc g`k g`nbr, pubs bf
g`nbr lbab bstcrqub
g`k fc kbgbshlcl bk grbcs
bstrbgoc
gclcrbfcgh÷k g`ksbnckc
lîc, gclc f` qub ckbgbshtcs
trcvès lbfy
bktrbkcnhbkt`.
 99

Cshnhfcgh÷k bk shkbrihc
g`k fc kbgbshlcl
bktrbkclc
Bk bstb pukt` yc lbabs tbkbr gfcr` qub bf rbqubrhnhbkt` lhcrh`
acscf bs f` qub kbgbshtcs pcrc ncktbkbr tu gubrp`, tu vhlc g`k
gclc ncgr`kutrhbktb, pbr` lb cffî c cunbktcr bf g`ksun` lb gclc
uk` lb bff`s lbpbklb lb fc kbgbshlcl qub fb vcycs grbckl` c
tu gubrp`,
oãaht`s c tuyc
lhcrh`s `rickhsn` c trcvès
thbkbk ukc lb tus
kbgbshlcl quboãaht`s lhcrh`s.
sb gubktc g`n`F`s
bf
vcf`r rbqubrhl` lhcrh` y bstb k` lbab sbr n`lhgcl`, bs lbghr,
sh kbgbshtcs 3.1 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf
k` lbab sbr cnpfhcl` bstb rcki` s`f` p`r bf obgo` lb qubrbr
ocgbrf`, fc nckbrc sbiurc y lhrbgtc lb cnpfhcr fcs kbgbshlclbs ` bf
rbqubrhnhbkt` lhcrh` lb cfiõk ncgr`kutrhbktb lhrbgtcnbktb, bs c
trcvès lbf bktrbkcnhbkt`, s`f` bf bktrbkcnhbkt` publb n`lhgcr
lb d`rnc p`shthvc f`s rbqubrhnhbkt`s lhcrh`s lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs
lbspuès lb fc blcl cluftc, yc qub bf gcnah` lb fc puabrtcl ocghc
fc blcl cluftc yc ncrgc ukc kbgbshlcl kcturcf lbspuès lb bstb
pbrh`l` k` sb rbphtb bstc kbgbshlcl lb d`rnc kcturcf y g`n`
ghtcn`s lbpbklb lbf bktrbkcnhbkt`, k` g`kduklhr bstc kbgbshlcl
kcturcf c fc qub sb grbc guckl` sb thbkb `stb`pbkhc, yc qub k`
bs uk cunbkt` lb fc gckthlcl lb pr`tbîkc y sh bs rbiufcr qub sb
tbkic bf HLQ qub bs fc hkibstc lhcrhc rbg`nbklclc, lb bstc d`rnc
vcn`s c hkhghcr g`k ukc lhstrhaugh÷k y rbfcgh÷k lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs
pfckhgclc pbksclc bk qub bf gubrp` ocgb uk pr`gbs` lbslb fc
kbgbshlcl aãshgc ocghc fc kbgbshlcl bktrbkclc pcrc ncktbkbr fc
ncsc nusgufcr, cunbktcrfc y clhgh`kcf fcs dukgh`kbs vhtcfbs qub
sb p`tbkghck guckl` sb hkgrbnbktc fc gcric lb cgthvhlclbs lbf
lîc, yc qub fcs pr`tbîkcs qub g`kthbkb gclbkcs lb cnhk`ãghl`s k`
sb lblhgck bxgfushvcnbktb c fc d`rncgh÷k lb tbehl` nusgufcr, f`s
cnhk`ãghl`s thbkb nugocs dukgh`kbs bk bf gubrp` bk su vcrhblcl
lb tbehl`s y dukgh`kbs ocstc bk f` gr`n`s÷nhg`.
 9?

]fckhdgcgh÷k
lb lhbtc 3
Whbnprb qub pbksbn`s bk cgthvhlclbs ah`f÷ihgcs lbab
pr`gurcrsb cgtucr g`k uk nèt`l` pfckhgcl`, k` sb publb
ffbicr ` pcscr lbf pukt` = cf pukt` 3= s`f` p`r qub bf
pukt` 3= sbc bf hlbcf, bk bstb gcs` ocgbn`s rbdbrbkghc c fc
kbgbshlcl lb cfiuk`s ncgr`kutrhbktbs g`n` fc pr`tbîkc
qub pcrc cfiuk`s gcs`s bk fc nusgufcgh÷k sb t`nc g`n`
rbdbrbkghc lb g`ksun`
pbs` g`rp`rcf 1 ircn`s
b hkgfus` sb lb 7pr`tbîkc
ffbic ocstc ircn`sp`r
p`r jhf` lb
jhf` lb
pbs` g`rp`rcf, bk cfiuk`s gcs`s, bkt`kgbs dãghfnbktb sb
phbksc qub sh ukc pbrs`kc g`k irck ncsc nusgufcr t`nc
bsc gckthlcl sb lbab g`ksunhr bs`s vcf`rbs pcrc ffbicr c
bstcr csî, y bs cffî bk qub v`fvbn`s c f` ghtcl` bk qub k` p`r
hkibrhrf` quhbrb lbghr qub f` cshnhfbs, p`r bff` t`nckl`
g`n` rbdbrbkghc t`l` gucfquhbr ghgf` ah`f÷ihg` qub k`
`gurrb lb fc kclc g`n` p`r bebnpf` uk bnacrcz` thbkb
uk pbrh`l` lb 8 nbsbs, fc scfhlc lbf gcabff`, bf grbghnhbkt`
lb fcs bxtrbnhlclbs, bf `rbghnhbkt` lb fcs pfcktcs bf

nhsn`
nhsn` fclhc y fcs bstcgh`kbs
kutrhgh÷k thbkb ukc
lbab y nbrbgb ukc pfckhgcgh÷k
pfckhgcgh÷k,nuy
csî
lbtcffclc y pr`irbshvc pcrc pbrnhthr qub sb lbk vcf`rbs
lb clcptcgh÷k.
 98

\`ncrbn`s uk pbrh`l` lb ? sbnckcs pcrc bstcafbgbr

ukc pfckhgcgh÷k lb kutrhgh÷k bk bf gucf sb
s b lbab `asbrvcr
y lbtcffcr g`k nbsurc gclc lhc, sbnckc y pbrh`l`, bstb
pbrh`l` sb lhvhlhrã bk uk` prhncrh` qub sb t`ncrã bk
7 sbnckcs g`n` rbdbrbkghc g`k f`s pcrãnbtr`s lb
cfhnbktcgh÷k y g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc qub sb ghtc bk bf
n÷luf` lb kutrhgh÷k dukgh`kcf shk ocgbr khkiõk gcnah`
bk fcs gckthlclbs lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs, 7 sbnckcs bk fcs
qub sb `asbrvc fc rbspubstc clcptcthvc lbf nbtca`fhsn`
g`k f`s pcrãnbtr`s lb cfhnbktcgh÷k y qub sb ghtcr`k bk
bf n÷luf` lb kutrhgh÷k dukgh`kcf.

Ffbiclc fc gucrtc sbnckc sb bstcafbgb uk g`ksun` bk

phrãnhlb, pr`ircnckl` gclc sbnckc y sb t`nc g`n`
rbdbrbkghc pcrc fc acsb prhnbr khvbf lb fc phrãnhlb
sbnckc 3 c fc 7 bk fc qub sb grbck fcs acsbs, bf
sbiukl` khvbf lb fc phrãnhlb sbrã fc sbnckc <
bk fc qub sb bnphbzc g`k 3.2 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc y 3.2
ircn`s lb ircsc p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf, bf rbstcktb lb
gcf`rîcs kbgbscrhcs sb f`irc c trcvès lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s.
\brgbr khvbf lb fc phrãnhlb sbnckc 2 3.? ircn`s lb
pr`tbîkc y 3.2 ircn`s lb ircsc p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf,
bf rbstcktb lb gcf`rîcs kbgbscrhcs sb f`irc c trcvès lb f`s
gcra`ohlrct`s. Gucrt` khvbf lb fc phrãnhlb sbnckc
4 3.? ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc y 3.? ircn`s lb ircsc p`r jhf`
lb pbs` g`rp`rcf, bf rbstcktb lb gcf`rîcs kbgbscrhcs sb
f`irc c trcvès lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s. Suhkt` khvbf lb fc
phrãnhlb sbnckc 9 1 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc y 3.? ircn`s
lb ircsc p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf, bf rbstcktb lb gcf`rîcs
kbgbscrhcs sb f`irc c trcvès lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s. ]crc
bktbklbr bstb n`lbf` aãshg` t`ncrbn`s uk bebnpf` lb
rbdbrbkghc bk fc pãihkc shiuhbktb.
 ?=

]r`tbîkc 1 i ircsc 3.? i

4khvbf BF QBW\CK\B BK ?
sbnckc
Gcra`ohlrct`s

2khvbf 9
sbnckc

]r`tbîkc 1 i ircsc 3.? i BF QBW\CK\B

QBW\CK\B BK
Gcra`ohlrct`s

<khvbf 4
sbnckc

]r`tbîkc 3.? i BF QBW\CK\B BK

ircsc 3.? i
Gcra`ohlrct`s

7khvbF 2
sbnckc

BF QBW\CK\B BK
]r`tbîkc 3.? i ircsc 3.2 i Gcra`ohlrct`s

1khvbf <
sbnckc

]r`tbîkc 3.2 i Ircsc 3.2 i BF QBW\CK\B BK

Gcra`ohlrct`s

3
khvbf

=% czugcr =% DQH\@W QBIHW\QCQ

\RW G@NHLCW +Tbibtcfbs +FHSRHL@
 ?3

]brdf pcrc
n`lbf` lb
lhbtc
Bk bstb pukt` sb vc c lbkhr fc gckthlcl
lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs qub gclc pbrs`kc
kbgbshtc sbiõk sus gcrcgtbrîsthgcs dîshgcs
y cgthvhlcl, bkt`kgbs sb t`ncrã g`n`
rbdbrbkghc bf pbs`, fc bstcturc, fc blcl
y bf dcgt`r lb cgthvhlcl. Bst`s vcf`rbs
s`k f`s qub lbtbrnhkck fc gckthlcl lb
gcf`rîcs qub sb kbgbshtc c f` fcri` lbf lîc
y g`k bff` sb lbkb fc lhstrhaugh÷k lb f`s
ncgr`kutrhbktbs lb d`rnc bstrctèihgc
sbiõk su pr`gbs`.

Tcn`s c t`ncr g`n` bebnpf` y rbdbrbkghc

ukc pbrs`kc qub nhlb 341 gn, pbsc 91,
thbkb 72 có`s y uk dcgt`r lb cgthvhlcl
hktbksc (3.9) bstb bs s`f` uk bebnpf` pcrc
lbscrr`ffcr fc lhkãnhgc.

Acsãkl`k`s bk fc d÷rnufc lb Ocrrhs-

Abkblhgt rbvhsclcs p`r Nhhk y Wt Eb`r bk
388= tbklrîcn`s qub pcrc bstb gcs` sb
kbgbshtck f`s shiuhbktbs vcf`rbs5

Bstc bs fc gckthlcl lb gcf`rîcs qub kbgbshtc pcrc

HNA 3788 ncktbkbr sus dukgh`kbs vhtcfbs, g`n` fc
rbsphrcgh÷k, fcthl` gcrlhcg` y fc ghrgufcgh÷k.
Cquî sb sunc fc gckthlcl lb gcf`rîcs cktbrh`rbs
NCK\BKHNHBK\@ 179? lb su HNA nãs fcs gcf`rîcs qub kbgbshtc pcrc
ncktbkbr fcs cgthvhlclbs lbf lîc.
Bstb dcgt`r nubstrc fc gckthlcl lb gcf`rîcs
QBLRGGH×K 389? nîkhncs qub lbabrîc g`ksunhr pcrc bstcr bk uk
pr`gbs` lb lèdhght gcf÷rhg` qub pr`nubvc fc
rbluggh÷k lbf p`rgbktcebs lb ircsc.
Cquî sb lbsgrhab fc gckthlcl
gckthlcl lb gcf`rîcs qub sb
CRNBK\@ 199? kbgbshtck pcrc ocgbr uk pr`gbs` lb supbrcvht
gcf`rhg`, qub sbc s`p`rtb pcrc bf cunbkt` lb
ncsc nusgufcr.

Bk bf shiuhbktb n`lbf` lb rbdbrbkghc t`ncrbn`s g`n` acsb uk

pr`gbs` lb ncktbkhnhbkt` cf qub k`s rbnhthn`s c fcs gcf`rîcs lb
ncktbkhnhbkt` qub pcrc bstb gcs` s`k 179? Jgcf.
 ?1

Khvbf 1 Wbnckc <

N`lbf` lb pfckhdgcgh÷k lb lhbtc

BW\B BEBN]F@ \RT@

BK GRBK\C BF ]BQDHF
CK\BW GH\CL@
GH\CL@
Qbt`ncn`s, tbkbn`s fc acsb lb fc phrãnhlb lb 7 sbnckcs y fc <
sbnckc sbrîc bf sbiukl` khvbf lb fc phrãnhlb qub sb lhstrhauyb lb
fc shiuhbktb d`rnc 3.2 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc y 3.2 ircn`s lb ircsc
p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf, bf rbstcktb lb gcf`rîcs sb `athbkbk lb f`s
gcra`ohlrct`s, lb bstc d`rnc tbklrîcn`s lb fcs pr`tbîkcs uk t`tcf
lb 3=? ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc (rbgubrlb qub 3 ircn` lb pr`tbîkc bs
hiucf c < gcf`rîcs, bkt`kgbs nufthpfhgcs fc gckthlcl lb pr`tbîkcs p`r
< y bst` sbrhc bf t`tcf lb gcf`rîcs qub fc pr`tbîkc tb cp`rtc)
Bkt`kgbs 3.2 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf 3.2 x
91 > 3=? ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc qub tb cp`rtck bk gcf`rîcs <71, y lb
fc ircsc 3.2 x 91>3=? ircn`s lb ircsc qub tb cp`rtck bk gcf`rîcs
891, yc qub gclc ircn`s lb ircsc cp`rtc 8 gcf`rîcs). Fc sunc lb fcs
gcf`rîcs lb fc ircsc y lb fc pr`tbîkc lc 3<=< Jgcf, bstcs sbrîck fcs
gcf`rîcs `atbkhlcs lb fc ircsc y pr`tbîkc y bf rbstcktb f` `atbklrã
lbf cp`rtb lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s, lb bstc d`rnc
d `rnc kbgbshtc g`ksunhr uk
t`tcf lb 3<7 ircn`s lb gcra`ohlrct`s qub fb cp`rtck uk t`tcf lb 29<
gcf`rîcs s`f` lb gcra`ohlrct`s, yc qub 3 ircn`s lb gcra`ohlrct`s
cp`rtc < gcf`rîcs.
Lb bstc d`rnc g`npfbtcn`s bf rbqubrhnhbkt` gcf÷rhg` lb 389? Jgcf
bktrb fc sunc lb gcf`rîcs lb fc pr`tbîkc y gcf`rîcs lb fc ircsc y f`s
gcra`ohlrct`s. Bk bstb sbiukl` khvbf bk fc sbnckc < sb bstã hkhghckl`
g`k uk pr`gbs` lb clcptcgh÷k y `asbrvcgh÷k lb fc lhstrhaugh÷k lb
ncgr`kutrhbktbs,clhgh`kcf bnpbzcr lb bstc d`rnc fb pbrnhtb c f`s
f `s
hktbsthk`s ibkbrcr ukc clcptcgh÷k irclucf lbslb bf pukt` aãshg` lb
fc sbnckc < ocstc ffbicr c khvbfbs lb g`ksun` nãs cft`s, g`n` bk
fc sbnckc 9 qub lb d`rnc irclucf g`k uk bktrbkcnhbkt` bxhibktb
y pr`irbshv` sb grbck fcs kbgbshlclbs pcrc qub bf gubrp` grbb fc
kbgbshlcl y cpr`vbgob cf nãxhn` f`s rbgurs`s sunhkhstrcl`s.
 ?7

3,2i x ji > G@KWRN@ LHCQH@

LB ]Q@\BÎKC

3,2i x ji > G@KWRN@ LHCQH@

LB IQCWC

(
BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF GCQA@OHLQC\@W
)
Bf bebnpf` sb ocgb tbkhbkl` bk
gubktc qub fc pbrs`kc kbgbshtc
fcs shiuhbktbs gcf`rîcs lhcrhcs pcrc
ncktbkbr lb pbs`5
179?
179?JGCF
GCF@QHCW WBIÕK ]Q@\BÎKC LHCQHC

3,22
3, i 91 ji lb pbs` >
3=?i
lb pr`tbîkc
lhcrhc

3=?i < ><71

<71 JGCF
lb pr`tbîkc LB ]Q@\BÎKC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb pr`tbîkc cp`rtc <jgcf

 ?<

GCF@QHCW WBIÕK IQCWC LHCQHC

3,22i
3, ji lb pbs` >
lb ircsc
i
91 3=? lhcrhc

3=?i 8 >891 JGCF

lb ircsc LB IQCWC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb ircsc cp`rtc 8jgcf

‖BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF BK GCQA@OHLQC\@W„

<711 JGCF+891 JGCF >3<=<JGCF

<7 LB ]Q@\BÎKC LB IQCWC

Co`rc lbabs tbkbr bk gubktc fcs

f cs Jgcf kbgbscrhcs pcrc f`ircr tu `aebthv`, èstcs lbabs
rbstcrfcs g`k bf õfthn` vcf`r ibkbrcl`

3<=<JGCF-179?JGCF> 89
179? 89<< JGCF LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W

89< JGCF /< 1<7i

89< LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W
>
lb gcra`ohlrct`s
lhcrh`s

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb gcra`ohlrct`s cp`rtc <jgcf

 ?2

G`ktbxt`
Tcn`s c hkhghcr g`k bstb vcf`r aãshg` lb g`ksun` lb pr`tbîkc
y ircsc, bs f` prhnbr` qub sb vc c lbkhr yc qub sb trctc
lb rb`rlbkcr fc g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc p`r fcs vbrlclbrcs
prh`rhlclbs nbtca÷fhgcs y bvhtcr tckt` bf bxgbs` g`n` fc
lbpbklbkghc lb uk s`f` ncgr` y bk bstb sbkthl` lb f`s
gcra`ohlrct`s, p`r bs` sb lbkb prhnbr` fc hkibstc lb pr`tbîkc,
fubi` fc lb ircsc, lb cffî sb sunc fc gckthlcl lb gcf`rîcs lb
cna`s y bf rbstcktb lb gcf`rîcs kbgbscrhcs sb t`nc lb f`s
gcra`ohlrct`s, bs hnp`rtcktb bktbklbr qub k` sb lbab `nhthr
f`s gcra`ohlrct`s y cõk nbk`s pcscr lb uk g`ksun` nblh`
cft` c uk g`ksun` ace` t`tcfnbktb, bs duklcnbktcf ocgbr
uk pr`gbs` irclucf lb hkgfush÷k lb uk`s vcf`rbs nãs cft`s
lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs g`n` f` bs bf gcs` lb fcs pr`tbîkcs y fcs
ircsc y uk pr`gbs` lb bquhfharh` ` lcl` bf gcs` lhsnhkugh÷k
lb gcra`ohlrct`s, bst` p`r guckt` bf gubrp` y bk sî bf hktbsthk`
sb bktrbkc irclucfnbktb c f` qub fb hkgfuybs. \`lc fc `rc
acgtbrhckc ffcnclc tcnahèk nhgr`ah`tc sudrb clcptcgh`kbs
guckl` gcnahcs fc cfhnbktcgh÷k y p`r bff` bs duklcnbktcf
qub hkgfuycs ukc cfhnbktcgh÷k nãs csbrthvc pcs` c pcs`, bk
nugocs `gcsh`kbs rãphlcnbktb fcs pbrs`kcs lbscrr`ffck
cfbrihcs y n`fbsthcs c ukc kutrhgh÷k ahbk pfckhgclc p`r k`
lcrsb bf thbnp` lb clcptcgh÷k hktbsthkcf tckt` lb fc n`thfhlcl
hktbsthkcf g`n` lb fc nhgr`ah`tc y su rbfcgh÷k g`k fc acrrbrc
hktbsthkcf y lbnãs bfbnbkt`s: p`r dcv`r vcyc pcs` c pcs`,
hkgfus` bk ctfbtcs lb cft` rbklhnhbkt` g`k irck ncsc nusgufcr
lbab vhvhrsb bstb pr`gbs` irclucf y rbpbthrsb g`n` ukc `pgh÷k
lb lbsgcks` bvbktucfnbktb lurcktb ukcs sbnckcs. Bstb pcs`
bs bf hlbcf pcrc hkhghcr yc qub fc rbfcgh÷k lb pr`tbîkcs y ircscs
y bf hnpcgt` s`arb bf nbtca`fhsn` sb bnphbzc c cgthvcr lb
d`rnc rbiufclc lb obgo` bs uk pcs` qub sb publb bxtbklbr
p`r l`s c trbs sbnckcs `asbrvckl` g`k lbtcffb f`s ceustbs
lb fc g`thlhckhlcl bktrb bff` bf bktrbkcnhbkt` qub lbab bstcr
ahbk pr`ircncl`.
 ?4

Khvbf 7 Wbnckc 2
N`lbf` lb pfckhdgcgh÷k lb lhbtc

BW\B BEBN]F@ \RT@

BK GRBK\C BF ]BQDHF
CK\BW GH\CL@
GH\CL@
Bk bstb khvbf ffbvcrbn`s fcs pr`tbîkcs bk uk vcf`r lb 3.? ircn`s y

fc
bkircsc 3.2 ircn`s p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf cnacs y bf rbstcktb
gcra`ohlrct`s.

3.? ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc y 3.2 ircn`s lb ircsc p`r jhf` lb pbs`

g`rp`rcf bf rbstcktb lb gcf`rîcs sb `athbkbk lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s
qub sbrîc 111 ircn`s qub cp`rtck ?8= gcf`rîcs. Lb bstc d`rnc
tbklrîcn`s lb fcs pr`tbîkcs uk t`tcf lb 318 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc
(rbgubrlb qub 3 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc bs hiucf c < gcf`rîcs bkt`kgbs
nufthpfhgcs fc gckthlcl lb pr`tbîkcs p`r < y bst` sbrîc bf t`tcf lb
gcf`rîcs qub fc pr`tbîkc tb cp`rtc) Bkt`kgbs lcrîc 3.? ircn`s
lb pr`tbîkc p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf. 3.? x 91>318 ircn`s lb

pr`tbîkclb
ircn`s qub tb cp`rtck
ircsc bk gcf`rîcs
qub cp`rtck 234, y891,
bk gcf`rîcs lb fcycircsc 3.2 x 91>3=?
qub gclc ircn`s
lb ircsc cp`rtc 8 gcf`rîcs). Fc sunc lb fcs gcf`rîcs lb fc ircsc
y lb fc pr`tbîkc lc 3<?? Jgcf, bstcs sbrîck fcs gcf`rîcs `atbkhlcs
lb fc ircsc y pr`tbîkc y bf rbstcktb f` `atbklrã lbf cp`rtb lb f`s
gcra`ohlrct`s, lb bstc d`rnc kbgbshtc g`ksunhr uk t`tcf lb 111
ircn`s lb gcra`ohlrct`s qub fb cp`rtck uk t`tcf lb ?8= gcf`rîcs
s`f` lb gcra`ohlrct`s, yc qub 3 ircn`s lb gcra`ohlrct`s cp`rtc <
gcf`rîcs. lb bstc d`rnc g`npfbtcn`s bf rbqubrhnhbkt` gcf÷rhg` lb
179? Jgcf, bktrb fc sunc lb gcf`rîcs lb fc pr`tbîkc y gcf`rîcs lb fc
ircsc.
 ?9

3,?i x ji > G@KWRN@ LHCQH@

LB ]Q@\BÎKC

3,2i x ji > G@KWRN@ LHCQH@

LB IQCWC

(
BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF GCQA@OHLQC\@W
)
Bf bebnpf` sb ocgb tbkhbkl` bk
gubktc qub fc pbrs`kc kbgbshtc
fcs shiuhbktbs gcf`rîcs lhcrhcs pcrc
ncktbkbr lb pbs`5
179?
179?JGCF
GCF@QHCW WBIÕK ]Q@\BÎKC LHCQHC

3,??
3, i 91 ji lb pbs` >
318i
lb pr`tbîkc
lhcrhc

318i < >234 JGCF

lb pr`tbîkc LB ]Q@\BÎKC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb pr`tbîkc cp`rtc <jgcf

 ??

GCF@QHCW WBIÕK IQCWC LHCQHC

i ji lb pbs` > i
lb ircsc

3,2 91
3,2 3=? lhcrhc

3=?i 8 >891 JGCF

lb ircsc LB IQCWC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb ircsc cp`rtc 8jgcf

‖BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF BK GCQA@OHLQC\@W„

234 JGCF+891 JGCF >3<??JGCF

LB ]Q@\BÎKC LB IQCWC

Co`rc lbabs tbkbr bk gubktc fcs

f cs Jgcf kbgbscrhcs pcrc f`ircr tu `aebthv`, èstcs lbabs
rbstcrfcs g`k bf õfthn` vcf`r ibkbrcl`

3<??JGCF-179?JGCF> ?8= JGCF

179? LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W

?8= JGCF /< 111i

LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W
>
lb gcra`ohlrct`s
lhcrh`s

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb gcra`ohlrct`s cp`rtc <jgcf

 ?8

G`ktbxt`
Bk bstc acsb lb fc sbnckc 2 sb hkgrbnbktc s`f` uk p`g` bf
g`ksun` lb pr`tbîkc lb f`s cfhnbkt`s pbr` sb nckthbkbk fcs
ircscs: ukc lb fcs rcz`kbs bs p`rqub bk fc nblhlc qub sb hkhghc
c bktrbkcr sb thbklb c tbkbr ncy`r kbgbshlcl lb cnhk`ãghl`s
pcrc fc rbgupbrcgh÷k nusgufcr, lb cffî qub bstb bs bf prhnbr
hkgrbnbkt` qub sb ocgb nhbktrcs sb nckthbkb f`sf `s vcf`rbs lb
ircsc scfulcafbs g`n` s`p`rtb lb acfckgb o`rn`kcf y bk
sî nbtca÷fhg`. Bs hnp`rtcktb k` hkgrbnbktcr fcs ircscs lb
d`rnc sõahtc kh tck cprbsurclc yc qub bf gubrp` sb bksbóc
irclucfnbktb c cshnhfcrfcs y bk sî c nbtca`fhzcrfcs, shk bstb
cprbklhzceb irclucf hktbsthkcf k` sb ocgb nugo` cf hkibrhr
nãs gckthlcl lb ircsc yc qub ocy qub bksbócrfb cf gubrp`
nblhcktb bf bktrbkcnhbkt` c cpr`vbgocr bst`s rbgurs`s lb
fc ircsc p`r bstc rcz÷k sb qublc bk f`s vcf`rbs cktbrh`rbs.
 8=

Khvbf < Wbnckc 4

N`lbf` lb pfckhdgcgh÷k lb lhbtc

BW\B BEBN]F@ \RT@

BK GRBK\C BF ]BQDHF
CK\BW GH\CL@
GH\CL@
]crc bstc sbnckc sb nckthbkb bf vcf`r lb 3.? ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc
yrbstcktb
sb cunbktc c 3.? ircn`s
lb gcf`rîcs lb ircsc
sb `athbkbk p`r gcra`ohlrct`s
lb f`s jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf bf
qub sbrîc
392 ircn`s qub cp`rtck 9== gcf`rîcs, lb bstc d`rnc tbklrîcn`s
lb fcs pr`tbîkcs uk t`tcf lb 318 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc (rbgubrlb qub
3 ircn` lb pr`tbîkc bs hiucf c < gcf`rîcs bkt`kgbs nufthpfhgcs fc
gckthlcl lb pr`tbîkcs p`r < y bst` sbrhc bf t`tcf lb gcf`rîcs qub fc
pr`tbîkc tb cp`rtc) Bkt`kgbs 3.? ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc p`r jhf` lb pbs`
g`rp`rcf 3.? x 91>318 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc qub cp`rtck bk gcf`rîcs
21=, y lb fc ircsc 3.? x 91> 318 ircn`s lb ircsc qub cp`rtck bk
gcf`rîcs 3.343, yc qub gclc ircn`s lb ircsc cp`rtc 8 gcf`rîcs. Fc
sunc lb fcs gcf`rîcs lb fc ircsc y lb fc pr`tbîkc lc 3499 Jgcf, bstcs

sbrîck fcs gcf`rîcs

f` `atbklrã `atbkhlcs
lbf cp`rtb lb fc ircsc ylb
f`s gcra`ohlrct`s pr`tbîkc y bf rbstcktb
bstc d`rnc kbgbshtc
g`ksunhr uk t`tcf lb 392 ircn`s lb gcra`ohlrct`s qub fb cp`rtck
uk t`tcf lb 9=3 gcf`rîcs s`f` lb gcra`ohlrct`s, yc qub 3 ircn`s
lb gcra`ohlrct`s cp`rtc < gcf`rîcs. Lb bstc d`rnc g`npfbtcn`s bf
rbqubrhnhbkt` gcf÷rhg` lb 179? Jgcf bktrb fc sunc lb gcf`rîcs lb
fc pr`tbîkc y gcf`rîcs lb fc ircsc.
 83

3,?i x ji > G@KWRN@ LHCQH@

LB ]Q@\BÎKC

3,?i x ji > G@KWRN@ LHCQH@

LB IQCWC

(
BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF GCQA@OHLQC\@W
)
Bf bebnpf` sb ocgb tbkhbkl` bk
gubktc qub fc pbrs`kc kbgbshtc
fcs shiuhbktbs gcf`rîcs lhcrhcs pcrc
ncktbkbr lb pbs`5
179?
179?JGCF
GCF@QHCW WBIÕK ]Q@\BÎKC LHCQHC

3,??
3, i 91 ji lb pbs` >
318i
lb pr`tbîkc
lhcrhc

318i < >234 JGCF

lb pr`tbîkc LB ]Q@\BÎKC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb pr`tbîkc cp`rtc <jgcf

 81

GCF@QHCW WBIÕK IQCWC LHCQHC

i ji lb pbs` > i
lb ircsc

3,?? 91
3, 318 lhcrhc

318i 8 3343JGCF
lb ircsc
>
LB IQCWC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb ircsc cp`rtc 8jgcf

‖BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF BK GCQA@OHLQC\@W„

234 JGCF+3343JGCF >3499JGCF

LB ]Q@\BÎKC LB IQCWC

Co`rc lbabs tbkbr bk gubktc fcs

f cs Jgcf kbgbscrhcs pcrc f`ircr tu `aebthv`, èstcs lbabs
rbstcrfcs g`k bf õfthn` vcf`r ibkbrcl`

3499JGCF-179?JGCF> 9=3 JGCF

179? LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W

9=3 JGCF /< 392i

LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W
>
lb gcra`ohlrct`s
lhcrh`s

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb gcra`ohlrct`s cp`rtc <jgcf

 87

G`ktbxt`
Bk bstc acsb lb fc phrãnhlb sbnckc 4 bquhfharcn`s bf g`ksun`
lb ircsc cf nhsn` vcf`r qub fc pr`tbîkc, g`n` sb ghtcac bk fc
pãihkc cktbrh`r, sb kbgbshtc bksbócr cf gubrp` c nbtca`fhzcr
fcs ircscs lb ukc d`rnc nãs bquhfharclc y nãs rbiufclc,
p`r bs` sb ocgb uk hkgrbnbkt` irclucf bk bf qub clhgh`kcf
sb publb `asbrvcr qub cf hkgrbnbktcr fcs ircscs sb rblugb
fc gckthlcl qub sb kbgbshtc pcrc g`npfbtcr fc gckthlcl lb
gcf`rîcs rbqubrhlcs, èstc bs ukc d`rnc hlbcf lb bksbócrfb cf
nbtca`fhsn` c uscr fc ircsc g`n` d`rnc lb bkbriîc lb nckbrc
nãs bghbktb y k` lbpbklbr gcsh qub bxgfushvcnbktb lb f`s
gcra`ohlrct`s, clhgh`kcf f` qub sugblb c khvbf lb bktrbkcr bf
pcfclcr bk bf qub f`s sca`rbs y fc prbsbktcgh÷k lbf nbkõ lbab
bxpf`rcr nãs fbe`s lb fc prbl`nhkckghc lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s.
 8<

Khvbf 2 Wbnckc 9
N`lbf` lb pfckhdgcgh÷k lb lhbtc

BW\B BEBN]F@ \RT@

BK GRBK\C BF ]BQDHF
CK\BW GH\CL@
GH\CL@
]crc bstc sbnckc sb cunbktc bf vcf`r c 1 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc y sb
nckthbkb
lb gcf`rîcs3.?
sbircn`s lb ircsc
`athbkbk lb f`sp`r jhf` lb pbs`qub
gcra`ohlrct`s g`rp`rcf
sbrîcbf34=i
rbstcktb
qub
cp`rtck 4<3 gcf`rîcs, lb bstc d`rnc tbklrîcn`s lb fcs pr`tbîkcs
uk t`tcf lb 3<< ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc (rbgubrlb qub 3 ircn`s lb
pr`tbîkc bs hiucf c < gcf`rîcs, bkt`kgbs nufthpfhgcs fc gckthlcl lb
pr`tbîkcs p`r < y bst` sbrîc bf t`tcf lb gcf`rîcs qub fc pr`tbîkc tb
cp`rtc) bkt`kgbs 1 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf
1 x 91>3<< ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc qub tb cp`rtck bk gcf`rîcs 294, y
lb fc ircsc 3.? x 91> 318 ircn`s lb ircsc qub cp`rtck bk gcf`rîcs
3.343, yc qub gclc ircn`s lb ircsc cp`rtc 8 gcf`rîcs. Fc sunc lb
fcs gcf`rîcs lb fc ircsc y lb fc pr`tbîkc lc 3979 èstcs sbrîck fcs

gcf`rîcs
lbf `atbkhlcs
cp`rtb lb fc ircsclb
f`s gcra`ohlrct`s y pr`tbîkc y bf kbgbshtc
bstc d`rnc rbstcktb g`ksunhr
f` `atbklrãs
uk
t`tcf lb 34= ircn`s lb gcra`ohlrct`s qub fb cp`rtck uk t`tcf lb 4<3
gcf`rîcs s`f` lb gcra`ohlrct`s, yc qub 3 ircn`s lb gcra`ohlrct`s
cp`rtc < gcf`rîcs. Lb bstc d`rnc g`npfbtcn`s bf rbqubrhnhbkt`
gcf÷rhg` lb 179? Jgcf bktrb fc sunc lb gcf`rîcs lb fc pr`tbîkc y
gcf`rîcs lb fc ircsc.
 82

1i x ji G@KWRN@ LHCQH@
LB ]Q@\BÎKC

3,?i
>
x ji > G@KWRN@ LHCQH@
LB IQCWC

(
BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF GCQA@OHLQC\@W
)
Bf bebnpf` sb ocgb tbkhbkl` bk
gubktc qub fc pbrs`kc kbgbshtc
fcs shiuhbktbs gcf`rîcs lhcrhcs pcrc
ncktbkbr lb pbs`5
179?
179?JGCF
GCF@QHCW WBIÕK ]Q@\BÎKC LHCQHC

1 i 91 ji lb pbs` >
3<<i
lb pr`tbîkc
lhcrhc

3<<i < >294

294 JGCF
lb pr`tbîkc LB ]Q@\BÎKC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb pr`tbîkc cp`rtc <jgcf

 84

GCF@QHCW WBIÕK IQCWC LHCQHC

i ji lb pbs` > i
lb ircsc

3,?? 91
3, 318 lhcrhc

318i 8 3343JGCF
lb ircsc
>
LB IQCWC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb ircsc cp`rtc 8jgcf

‖BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF BK GCQA@OHLQC\@W„

2944 JGCF+3343JGCF >3979JGCF

29 LB ]Q@\BÎKC LB IQCWC

Co`rc lbabs tbkbr bk gubktc fcs

f cs Jgcf kbgbscrhcs pcrc f`ircr tu `aebthv`, èstcs lbabs
rbstcrfcs g`k bf õfthn` vcf`r ibkbrcl`

3979JGCF-179?JGCF> 4<3 JGCF

179? LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W

4<3 JGCF /< 34=i

LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W
>
lb gcra`ohlrct`s
lhcrh`s

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb gcra`ohlrct`s cp`rtc <jgcf

 89

G`ktbxt`
Bk bstc acsb lb fc sbnckc 9 sb nckthbkb f`s vcf`rbs lb
ircsc y sb hkgrbnbktc uk p`g` fc pr`tbîkc c 1 ircn`s, sb
lbab bktbklbr qub sbnckc c sbnckc bf bktrbkcnhbkt` bs
nãs crlu` y bf cprbklhzceb lb f`s hktbsthk`s pcrc cshnhfcr fcs
pr`tbîkcs bs ncy`r y fc rbspubstc nbtca÷fhgc gclc vbz lbab
sbr nbe`r, p`r bff` p`r vcf`rbs lb clcptcgh÷k cf bktrbkcnhbkt`
s`arb fc ncsc nusgufcr bs hlbcf y kbgbscrh` ocgbr ceustbs
s`arb bf g`ksun` lb pr`tbîkc p`r fc gckthlcl lb cnhk`ãghl`s
qub sb ocgbk kbgbscrh`s pcrc fc rbgupbrcgh÷k y fc d`rncgh÷k
lb kubv` tbehl`. Bs `asbrvcr g`k lbtcffb k` s`fcnbktb guckt`
sb kbgbshtc b hr nãs fbe`s y `asbrvcr g÷n` sb cpr`vbgoc
lb d`rnc irclucf ocstc ffbicr cf pukt` lb cshnhfcgh÷k y
cpr`vbgocnhbkt` nãxhn`. Lbabs lcrtb thbnp` pcrc qub f`s
`aebthv`s `gurrck, bk bstc acsb yc lbab ocabr ukc shkbrihc
bktrb bf bktrbkcnhbkt` dîshg` y bf bktrbkcnhbkt` hktbsthkcf,
lb tcf d`rnc qub bf cpr`vbgocr f`s rbgurs`s bkbrièthg`s y
lb d`rncgh÷k lb tbehl` bstèk bk uk pukt` ÷pthn` pcrc f`s
vcf`rbs lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs qub g`ksunbs, publb bxtbklbr
bstc acsb lb g`ksun` lb ncgr`s s`arb vcrhcs sbnckcs y
nhrcr fc rbspubstc qub pr`p`rgh`kc su gubrp` bk rbfcgh÷k c
fc g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf, dubrzc y rbgupbrcgh÷k.
 8?

DFB_HAHFHLCL NB\CA×FHGC

G`ktbxt` ibkbrcf
pfckhdgcgh÷k
lb fc

@asbrvc bstc bsgcfc lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s tck hktbrbscktb qub sb

oc rbcfhzcl` bk bstb bsqubnc pfckhgcl` lb cfhnbktcgh÷k, bk fc
sbnckc < sb ohz` uk g`ksun` t`tcf lb gcra`ohlrct`s lb 1<7i
cp`rtckl` 89< Jgcf, bk fc sbnckc 2 bf g`ksun` lb gcra`ohlrct`s
bs lb 111i qub cp`rtck ?8= Jgcf, bstc sbnckc sb rbcfhzc uk
g`ksun` nbk`r lb gcra`ohlrct`s qub cukqub bs p`g` bs rbfbvcktb
bk guckt` c fc lbpbklbkghc lb gcra`ohlrct`s y fc cpbrturc c ukc
kubvc bxpbrhbkghc lb pcfclcr, bk guckt` c fc gckthlcl lb pr`tbîkc
y ircsc, bst` sb p`tbkghcrã sbnckc c sbnckc. Bk t`lc dcsb bs
supbr hnp`rtcktb ncktbkbr bstc rbfcgh÷k lb p`tbkghcgh÷k lb
f`s ncgr`kutrhbktbs c trcvès lb fc rbfcgh÷k bk gckthlclbs lb su
g`ksun` y lbab bxtbklbrsb bstc rbfcgh÷k bk t`l` pr`gbs` lb
v`funbk, rbluggh÷k y ncktbkhnhbkt`. Bk fc sbnckc 4 sb bquhfhar`
bf g`ksun` lb pr`tbîkc y ircscs c 3.?i gclc ukc y bst` ocgb qub
bf cp`rtb lb gcf`rîcs lb bst`s l`s ncgr`kutrhbktbs sbc ncy`r y sb
kbgbshtb cõk nbk`s gcra`ohlrct`s, qub fcs sbnckcs cktbrh`rbs,
bk bstc sbnckc 4 bf g`ksun` lb gcra`ohlrct`s ffbic c 392i
qub cp`rtck 9=3 Jgcf, lb bstc d`rnc sb nbe`rc irclucfnbktb fc
bxhahfhlcl nbtca÷fhgc. Bk fc sbnckc 9 sb cunbktc lb kubv` bf
g`ksun` lb pr`tbîkc c 1i y sb nckthbkb fc ircsc bk 3.?i, èstc bs
ukc nblhlc qub rblugb cõk nãs bf g`ksun` lb gcra`ohlrct`s,
ncktbkhbkl` f`s vcf`rbs lb rbqubrhnhbkt` lb gcf`rîcs bstcafb pcrc
fc g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf, sb tbrnhkc fc sbnckc 9 g`k uk g`ksun`
lb gcra`ohlrct`s lb 34=i qub cp`rtck 4<3 gcf`rîcs, bstc sbnckc
sb publb rbpbthr lurcktb trbs sbnckcs nãs ` bxtbklbr bstc acsb
nhbktrcs k`tc y bstcafbgb gcnah`s bk fc g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf.
 88

]cscn`s cf shiuhbktb n`lbf` bk bf qub sb t`nc g`n` acsb fcs gcf`rîcs lb ncktbkhnhbkt` bk
179? Jgcf bk fcs gucfbs pcrc ffbicr c f`s vcf`rbs lb rbluggh÷k sb rblugbk lb d`rnc irclucf
<== gcf`rîcs qublckl` bk 389?
389 ? gcf`rîcs t`tcfbs, t`l` bst` lbab bstcr bk g`kg`rlckghc g`k fc
hktbkshlcl lbf bktrbkcnhbkt`.

4khvbf ?
sbnckc

34= I
4<3 Jgcf

]r`tbîkc 1 i ircsc 3.? i Gcra`ohlrct`s

3<<
3<< I > 29
2944 JGC
JGCFF 31
3188 I > 33
3343
43 JG
JGCF
CF 34
34== i > 4<3
4<3 JGC
JGCFF

2khvbf 9
sbnckc 34= I
4<3 Jgcf

]r`tbîkc 1 i ircsc 3.? i Gcra`ohlrct`s

3<<
3<< I > 29
2944 JGC
JGCFF 31
3188 I > 33
3343
43 JG
JGCF
CF 34
34== i > 4<3
4<3 JGC
JGCFF

<khvbf 4
sbnckc 392 I
9=3 Jgcf

]r`tbîkc 3.? i ircsc 3.? i Gcra`ohlrct`s

318
318 I > 23
2344 JGC
JGCFF 31
3188 I > 33
3343
43 JG
JGCF
CF 39
3922 i > 9=3
9=3 JGC
JGCFF

7khvbF 2
sbnckc 111 I
?8= Jgcf

]r`tbîkc 3.? i ircsc 3.2 i Gcra`ohlrct`s

318 I > 234 JGCF 3=? I > 891 JGCF 111 i > ?8= JGCF

1khvbf <
sbnckc 1<7 I
89< Jgcf

]r`tbîkc 3.2 i Ircsc 3.2 i Gcra`ohlrct`s

3=? I > <71 JGCF 3=? I > 891 jgcf 1<7 i > 89< jgcf

3
khvbf

=% czugcr =% DQH\@W QBIHW\QCQ +Tbibtcfbs +FHSRHL@

\RW G@NHLCW

Bs rbg`nbklcafb g`ksunhr pr`ah÷thg`s, g`n` gckthlcl qub bstè bktrb 2= c 3== gcf`rîcs
lhcrhcs clhgh`kcfbs qub sb nckthbkbk sbnckcfnbktb, k` sb cunbktck y k` sb gubktck
lbktr` lbf g`ktbkhl` gcf÷rhg` t`tcf, bstc gckthlcl k` sb cunbktc sbnckcfnbktb, cf
sbr gcf`rhcs ar`scs qub k` lbabk sbr czugcrclcs, k` thbkbk uk hnpcgt` bfbvcl` y bk
nugo`s gcs`s k` sb cshnhfck bk su t`tcfhlcl p`r tcf n`thv` k` sb gubktck.

Ncktèk uk pbrh`l` g`k f`s vcf`rbs lb fc sbnckc ?, lbabs ncktbkbr fc `asbrvcgh÷k lb

fc dubrzc y lbnãs vcf`rbs lb rbgupbrcgh÷k y g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc, bk pr`nblh` publbs
bxtbklbrf` bktrb < c ? sbnckcs nãs, bvcfuckl` fc g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf, cf kcfhzcr
bstb kubv` pbrh`r bvcfõc y lhstrhauyb kubvcnbktb f`s ncgr`kutrhbktbs pcrc pfckhgcr
uk kubv` pbrh`l` lb trcace`.
3==

N@LBF@ LB ]FCKHDHGCGH×K LB LHB\C

QBLRGGH×K

Fc cktbrh`r phrãnhlb csgbklbktb lb lhstrhaugh÷k b hkgfush÷k lb

ncgr`kutrhbktbs cpfhgc tckt` pcrc pr`gbs`s lb cunbkt` lb ncsc
nusgufcr g`n` pcrc pr`gbs`s lb rbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktceb lb
ircsc, f` qub sb ceustc bs fc gckthlcl lb gcf`rîcs rbqubrhlcs p`r
lîc, fc hkibstc lb pr`tbîkc y ircsc sbnckc c sbnckc sb nckthbkb,
f` qub sb n`lhgc ` g`k f` qub sb eubic bs g`k fc gckthlcl lb
gcra`ohlrct`s qub sbrãk ncy`rbs ` nbk`rbs, yc qub fc rbfcgh÷k
qub sb oc lhspubst` bk bf bebnpf`
be bnpf` bs uk rbqubrhnhbkt` acsb pcrc
fc g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf qub sb lbscrr`ffc g`k bf bktrbkcnhbkt`:
bk khkiõk pr`gbs` lb rbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktceb lb ircsc sb lbab
rblughr f`s vcf`rbs aãshg`s lb pr`tbîkcs ` ircscs, yc qub s`k fc
acsb lbf nbtca`fhsn`, bf shstbnc bkl`grhk` y fc ncsc nusgufcr:
rbgcfgcn`s fcs vcrhcktbs gcf÷rhgcs sb lck g`k f`s gcra`ohlrct`s
pcrc k` g`npr`nbtbr bf nbtca`fhsn` bk ibkbrcf.
 3=3

N`lbf` lb pfckhdgcgh÷k
Lhstrhaugh÷k
Wb t`ncrã g`n` rbdbrbkghc bf bebnpf` pr`pubst` bk bf n`lbf`
cktbrh`r, sb lbab cgfcrcr qub khkiõk pr`gbs` lb lèght sb lbab
hkhghcr g`k fcs gcf`rîcs lb lèght qub k`rncfnbktb bstã <== gcf`rîcs
p`r lbace` lbf ncktbkhnhbkt`, p`r bebnpf` bk bf gcs` ghtcl` sb
kbgbshtc uk t`tcf lb 179? Jgcf, lb fcs gucfbs sb bstãk t`nckl`
bk fc sbnckc 9 prbdbrhafbnbktb lb fcs pr`tbîkcs y fcs ircscs, bs
hnp`rtcktb lbscrr`ffcr uk nbtca`fhsn` bstcafb y pcrc bff` bquhfharcr
bf g`ksun` lb gcf`rîcs cf dcgt`r lb ncktbkhnhbkt`, bs lbghr, pcrc
bstb gcs` 179? gcf`rîcs sh sb bstcafbgb qub sb rbcfhzc uk pr`gbs`
lb rbluggh÷k bktrb <== c 2== gcf`rîcs nbk`s, bkt`kgbs bf dcgt`r
lb rbluggh÷k pcrc bf bebnpf` qub obn`s t`ncl` bs 389? Jgcf qub
lbab cp`rtcrfcs bktrb fcs pr`tbîkcs, fcs ircscs y f`s gcra`ohlrct`s.
Bs lb rbgcfgcr, k` sb lbab bnpbzcr uk pr`gbs` lb rbluggh÷k bk uk
lèght hknblhct` y nãs qub k` lbabrsb bs k` lcrfb fc `p`rtukhlcl cf
nbtca`fhsn` lb ocgbr ukc clcptcgh÷k irclucf y bvhtcr qub p`r dcftc
lb bstc clcptcgh÷k sb phbrlc ncsc nusgufcr lb d`rnc g`kshlbrcafb
y sb g`kduklc bf pr`gbs` lb rbluggh÷k lb ncsc nusgufcr g`k
pèrlhlc lb pbs` ircs`, vcn`s c bstcafbgbr ukc phrãnhlb dukgh`kcf
lb rbluggh÷k pcrc qub sb `asbrvb bf g`np`rtcnhbkt` irclucf lb
clcptcgh÷k hlbcf bk uk pr`gbs` lb rbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktceb lb
ircsc.
 3=1

N`lbf` lb pfckhdgcgh÷k

lb fc lhbtc
Wb t`ncrã g`n` bebnpf` uk pbrh`l` lb ? sbnckcs pcrc bstcafbgbr
ukc pfckhgcgh÷k lb kutrhgh÷k bk bf gucf sb lbab `asbrvcr y lbtcffcr
g`k nbsurc gclc lhc sbnckc y pbrh`l`, bstb pbrh`l` sb lhvhlhrã
bk uk` prhncrh` qub sb t`ncrc bk 7 sbnckcs g`n` rbdbrbkghc
g`k f`s pcrãnbtr`s lb cfhnbktcgh÷k y g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc qub
sb ghtc bk bf n÷luf` lb kutrhgh÷k dukgh`kcf shk ocgbr khkiõk
gcnah` bk fcs gckthlclbs lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs, trbs sbnckcs bk
fcs
f`s qub sb `asbrvc
pcrãnbtr`s fc rbspubstc yclcptcthvc
lb cfhnbktcgh÷k lbf nbtca`fhsn`
qub sb ghtcr`k bk bf n÷luf`g`k
lb
kutrhgh÷k dukgh`kcf.

Ffbiclc fc gucrtc sbnckc sb bstcafbgb uk g`ksun` bk phrãnhlb

pr`ircnckl` gclc sbnckc sb t`nc g`n` rbdbrbkghc pcrc fc acsb
bf prhnbr khvbf lb fc phrãnhlb sbnckc 3 c fc 7 bk fc qub sb grbck
fcs acsbs, bf sbiukl` khvbf lb fc phrãnhlb sbrã fc sbnckc < bk
fc qub sb bnphbzc g`k 3.2 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc y 3.2 ircn`s lb
ircsc p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf, bf rbstcktb lb gcf`rîcs kbgbscrhcs
sb f`irc c trcvès lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s. \brgbr khvbf lb fc phrãnhlb
sbnckc
lb pbs` 2g`rp`rcf,
3.? ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc
bf rbstcktb y 3.2 ircn`s
lb gcf`rîcs lb ircsc
kbgbscrhcs sb p`r jhf`
f`irc c
trcvès lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s. Gucrt` khvbf lb fc phrãnhlb sbnckc
4 3.? ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc y 3.?
3 .? ircn`s lb ircsc p`r jhf` lb pbs`
g`rp`rcf, bf rbstcktb lb gcf`rîcs kbgbscrhcs sb f`irc c trcvès lb f`s
gcra`ohlrct`s . Suhkt` khvbf lb fc phrãnhlb sbnckc 9 1 ircn`s lb
pr`tbîkc y 3.? ircn`s lb ircsc p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf, bf rbstcktb
lb gcf`rîcs kbgbscrhcs sb f`irc c trcvès lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s. pcrc
bktbklbr bstb n`lbf` aãshg` t`ncrbn`s uk bebnpf` lb rbdbrbkghc
bk fc pãihkc shiuhbktb.
 3=7

]r`tbîkc 1 i ircsc 3.? i

4 khvbf
BF QBW\CK\B BK
?
sbnckc
Gcra`ohlrct`s

2khvbf 9
sbnckc

]r`tbîkc 1 i ircsc 3.? i BF QBW\CK\B

QBW\CK\B BK
Gcra`ohlrct`s

<khvbf 4
sbnckc

]r`tbîkc 3.? i BF QBW\CK\B BK

ircsc 3.? i
Gcra`ohlrct`s

7khvbF 2
sbnckc

BF QBW\CK\B BK
]r`tbîkc 3.? i ircsc 3.2 i Gcra`ohlrct`s

1khvbf <
sbnckc

]r`tbîkc 3.2 i Ircsc 3.2 i BF QBW\CK\B BK

Gcra`ohlrct`s

3
khvbf

=% czugcr =% DQH\@W QBIHW\QCQ

\RW G@NHLCW +Tbibtcfbs +FHSRHL@
 3=<

N`lbf` lb pfckhdgcgh÷k
y lhstrhaugh÷k lb fc lhbtc
G`n` bebrghgh` lb `asbrvcgh÷k sb g`kthkucrã t`nckl` g`n`
bebnpf` uk pbrh`l` lb ? sbnckcs pcrc bstcafbgbr ukc pfckhgcgh÷k
nãs prbghsc y qub tbkic fc `p`rtukhlcl lb grbcr uk bstînuf` bk
bf gubrp` y nbtca`fhsn` qub ibkbrb uk pr`gbs` lb clcptcgh÷k
p`r fc g`kthkuhlcl qub sb fb lc, sb t`ncrã lb kubv` fc acsb lb
fc phrãnhlb g`k trbs sbnckcs lb clcptcgh÷k g`k pcrcnbkt`s
lb cfhnbktcgh÷k
t`l`s f`s vcf`rbsg`n`
lb fcf`s ghtcl`s cfhnbktcrhc,
g`klugtc bk bf n÷luf`bsuk` y cpfhgckl`
hnp`rtcktb k`
cprbsurcrsb c bktrcr bk uk pr`gbs` lb lèght qub rbcfnbktb k`
csbiurc bstcr pbrlhbkl` ircsc y sî ncsc nusgufcr y pbs` fîquhl`
clbnãs lb ctcgcr fc `rc acgtbrhckc. Lbspuès lb fc acsb lb trbs
sbnckcs sb pcscrã cf sbiukl` khvbf bk fc sbnckc <, g`k ukc
lhstrhaugh÷k lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs lb 3.2 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc y
3.2 lb ircsc p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf y bf rbstcktb gcf÷rhg` sb
t`nc bk gcra`ohlrct`s. Bk bf khvbf 7 sbnckc 2 sb hkgrbnbktc fcs
pr`tbîkcs c 3.? ircn`s y sb nckthbkb bf vcf`r lb fcs ircscs bk
3,2 ircn`s p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf lb hiucf d`rnc bf rbstcktb

gcf÷rhg`
g`ksun`f`lbcp`rtck f`sy gcra`ohlrct`s,
pr`tbîkc bk fc
ircsc cna`s c 3,? sbnckc
ircn`s p`r4jhf`
bquhfharc bf
lb pbs`
g`rp`rcf y bf rbstcktb gcf÷rhg` sb `athbkb lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s,
bk fc sbnckc 9 sb bfbvc bf vcf`r lb fc pr`tbîkc c 1 ircn`s y fc
ircsc sb nckthbkb bk 3.? ircn`s p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf y bf
rbstcktb gcf÷rhg` kbgbscrh` sb `athbkb lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s, bstc
sbnckc sb publb rbpbthr l`s sbnckcs nãs ` bxtbklbrsb p`r uk
thbnp` prulbktb `asbrvckl` fc bv`fugh÷k lb g`np`kbktbs g`n`
fc dubrzc, fc rbgupbrcgh÷k y fc g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf.
 3=2

N`lbf` lb lhstrhaugh÷k
pr`irbshv` ocghc bf
lèdght
]bkscr bk uk pr`gbs` lb rbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktceb lb ircsc k`
thbkb qub bstcr fhicl` lb d`rnc hknblhctc c uk bstcl` lb lèght
gcf÷rhg`, bk bf shiuhbktb bebnpf` sb t`ncrã g`n` rbdbrbkghc fcs
gcf`rîcs lb ncktbkhnhbkt` y sbnckc c sbnckc sb rblughrã uk
pr`nblh` bktrb 2= c 3== gcf`rîcs ocstc ffbicr cf khvbf lb lèght
bs lbghr fcs gcf`rîcs lb lèght, shbkl` prãgthg` pcrc fc rbdbrbkghc
qub obn`s t`ncl` fcs gcf`rîcs lb ncktbkhnhbkt` s`k 179? ocghc
fcs gcf`rîcs lb rbluggh÷k qub s`k 389? Jgcf, lb bstc d`rnc sb fb
lc cf gubrp` fc `p`rtukhlcl lb ocgbr ukc clcptcgh÷k nbtca÷fhgc
hktbrbscktb l`klb k` sb g`npr`nbtc ncy`rnbktb bf rbklhnhbkt`
y fc rbgupbrcgh÷k, sh sb t`nc bf bebnpf` bk bf qub sb ocgb fc
rbluggh÷k lb 3== gcf`rîcs sbnckc c sbnckc sb tbklrã fc shiuhbktb
lhkãnhgc, 7 sbnckcs lb clcptcgh÷k shk ocgbr khkiõk pr`gbs` lb
rbluggh÷k lb gcf`rîcs bstckl` bk uk g`ksun` lb ncktbkhnhbkt`
lb 179? gcf`rîcs, bk fc sbnckc
s bnckc < sb rblugb 3== gcf`rîcs p`r lbace`
lbf ncktbkhnbhkt`, bst` lcrîc uk g`ksun` t`tcf lb 119? Jgcf, fc
sbnckc 2 sb rblugb 3== gcf`rîcs nbk`s qublckl` bk ukc hkibstc
t`tcf lb 139? Jgcf, bk fc sbnckc 4 sb rblugb 3== nãs qublckl`
bk ukc hkibstc t`tcf gcf÷rhgc lb 1=9? Jgcf, lb cffî sb pcsc c fc
sbnckc 9 bk fc qub sb rblugb kubvcnbktb 3== gcf`rîcs y qublc
bk ukc hkibstc t`tcf lb 389? Jgcf, bk fc sbnckc ? ncktbkbn`s
fc nhsnc pr`p`rgh÷k lb gcf`rîcs qub fc sbnckc 9 fc vcrhcktb
fc lcrã bf cunbkt` lb fc hktbkshlcl lb bktrbkcnhbkt`, lb cffî
bk clbfcktb publb bxtbklbr bstb pr`gbs` p`r vcrhcs sbnckcs y
ncktbkbrf` sbiõk fc rbgupbrcgh÷k, fc dubrzc y f`s bdbgt`s s`arb fc
g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf.

Bstb n`lbf` publb vcrhcr cpfhgckl` rbluggh`kbs nãs n`lbrclcs

pcrc pbrs`kcs g`k ukc dcftc lb g`ktr`f bk su hkibstc ocghbkl`
rbluggh`kbs lb 2= c 92 gcf`rîcs sbnckcfbs ocstc ffbicr c fc
sbnckc lbf dcgt`r lb rbluggh÷k. Bstb n`lbf` fb pbrnhtb ocgbr ukc
clcptcgh÷k nuy hktbircf lbslb f`s bdbgt`s iãstrhg`s, lhibsthv`s
y dîshg`s bk fc clcptcgh÷k sh`f÷ihgc cf bktrbkcnhbkt` b hkgfus`
fc clcptcgh÷k ckînhgc yc qub bf hnpcgt` lb rbluggh÷k lb f`s
cfhnbkt`s k` sb shbktb p`r fc clcptcgh÷k irclucf qub sb fb ocgb
sbnckc c sbnckc.

3=4

N`lbf` lb rbluggh÷k
lèdght bstcafbghl`
Bk fc ncy`rîc lb f`s gcs`s cf ocgbr uk pr`gbs` lb rbluggh÷k lb
p`rgbktceb lb ircsc sb lhstrhauybk fcs lhbtcs bxtbklhèkl`sb ocghc
bf lèght lbslb fc sbnckc 3, bs lbghr, sh t`ncn`s bf bebnpf` qub
obn`s ghtcl` bk bf qub bk ncktbkhnhbkt` sb kbgbshtck 179? Jgcf,
tbklrîcn`s qub pcrc uk pr`gbs` lb lèght sb lbab pfckbcr bf
g`ksun` gcf÷rhg` bk 389? Jgcf y f` nãs drbgubktb bs qub sb rbcfhgb
bstb lèght lbslb fc prhnbrc sbnckc hkgfus` lbslb bf prhnbr lîc,
ygcf÷rhg`
bstb pr`gbs`
lhcrh` publb lcrsb
gbrgck` guckl`
cf lèght fc pbrs`kcpbr`
pr`pubst` thbkbclhgh`kcf
uk g`ksun`
c fc
pr`pubstc lb gcf`rîcs rbcfhzclc qublc g`k ukc sbkscgh÷k lb
scghblcl rbiufclc.

Bvhtc ocgbr pr`gbs`s lb lèght t`tcfbs guckl` fc pbrs`kc qublc

g`k ukc sbkscgh÷k cnpfhc lb ocnarb ` dcthic y clhgh`kcf guckl`
bstã hkgfuybkl` uk pr`gbs` lb bktrbkcnhbkt` cf thbnp` qub
ocgb bf lèght. Bstb n`lbf` bs hlbcf y lbab n`lufcrsb g`k
bktrbkcnhbkt`s g`k hktbkshlcl pr`irbshvc sbnckc c sbnckc, bs
lbghr, fc hktbkshlcl lbf bktrbkcnhbkt` sb lbab hkgrbnbktcr uk
p`g`
lb fcsgclc sbnckc, lb
hktbkshlclbs k` d`rnc
sb lbab bxcibrcr bkycocgbr
lbs`rlbkclc hkgrbnbkt`s
qub dãghfnbktb f`
publb ffbvcr c fbsh`kbs. Bstc vcrhcgh÷k ` n`lbf` k` thbkb ukc bsgcfc
b sgcfc
qub pbrnhtc ukc clcptcgh÷k irclucf c khvbf iãstrhg` y lhibsthv` y
nbk`s cõk ukc clcptcgh÷k nbtca÷fhgc, pubs bs hklughlc lb d`rnc
sõahtc y bst` bstcrîc ahbk sh sb thbkb fc `p`rtukhlcl lb `asbrvcr
fc g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc lb quhbk fc rbcfhzc g`k cktbrh`rhlcl, bk
lbkhthvc sb lbab tbkbr uk prbvh`, ukc vhsh÷k cktbrh`r lbf g÷n` sb
bkgubktrc fc pbrs`kc cktbs lb hkhghcr uk pr`gbs` pcrc bktbklbr
f` qub sî y f` qub k` cpfhgc.
 3=9

]cscn`s cf shiuhbktb n`lbf` bk bf qub sb t`nc g`n` acsb fcs gcf`rîcs lb ncktbkhnhbkt`
bk 179? Jgcf bk fcs gucfbs pcrc ffbicr c f`s vcf`rbs lb rbluggh÷k sb rblugbk lb d`rnc
irclucf <== gcf`rîcs qublckl` bk 389? gcf`rîcs t`tcfbs, t`l` bst` lbab bstcr bk
g`kg`rlckghc g`k fc hktbkshlcl lbf bktrbkcnhbkt`.

Bk rbfcgh÷k c fc hktbkshlcl c pcrthr lb fc sbnckc 8 bk clbfcktb

lbab sbiuhr hkgrbnbktcl` uk pr`nblh` lbf 2% gclc l`s sbnckcs.

4khvbf
?
sbnckc 389?
Jgcf 1<34= I
Jgcf

]r`tbîkc 1 i ircsc 3.? i Gcra`ohlrct`s

3<< I > 294 JGCF 31
3188 I > 3334
3433 JJGC
GCFF 4= i > 1<
1<33 JJGC
GCFF

2khvbf 389?
Jgcf
4= I
1<3 Jgcf
9
sbnckc ]r`tbîkc 1 i ircsc 3.? i Gcra`ohlrct`s
3<< I > 294 JGCF 318 I > 3343 JGCF 4= i > 1<3 JGCF

<khvbf 1=9?
Jgcf
3== I
<=3 Jgcf
4
sbnckc ]r`tbîkc 3.? i 318
318 I > 234 JGCF 31
ircsc
8 I > 33
3.?
3343
iGCFF Gcra`ohlrct`s
43 JGC 3=
3=== i > <<=3
=3 JGCF
GCF

7khvbF 139? 391 I

Jgcf 48= Jgcf
2
sbnckc ]r`tbîkc 3.? i ircsc 3.? i Gcra`ohlrct`s
318 I > 234 JGCF 3=? I > 891 JGCF 391 i > 48= JGCF

1khvbf 119? 13? I

Jgcf ?9< Jgcf
<
sbnckc
]r`tbîkc 3.2 i Ircsc 3.2 i Gcra`ohlrct`s
3=? I > <71 JGCF 3=? I > 891 jgcf 13? i > ?9< jgcf

3
khvbf 1<7 I
89< Jgcf

=% czugcr =% DQH\@W QBIHW\QCQ +Tbibtcfbs +FHSRHL@

\RW G@NHLCW

Bs rbg`nbklcafb g`ksunhr pr`ah÷thg`s, g`n` gckthlcl qub bstè bktrb 2= c 3== gcf`rîcs
lhcrhcs clhgh`kcfbs qub sb nckthbkbk sbnckcfnbktb, k` sb cunbktck y k` sb gubktck
lbktr` lbf g`ktbkhl` gcf÷rhg` t`tcf, bstc gckthlcl k` sb cunbktc sbnckcfnbktb, cf
sbr gcf`rhcs ar`scs qub k` lbabk sbr czugcrclcs, k` thbkbk uk hnpcgt` bfbvcl` y bk
nugo`s gcs`s k` sb cshnhfck bk su t`tcfhlcl p`r tcf n`thv` k` sb gubktck.
Ncktèk uk pbrh`l` g`k f`s vcf`rbs lb fc sbnckc ?, lbabs ncktbkbr fc `asbrvcgh÷k lb
fc dubrzc y lbnãs vcf`rbs lb rbgupbrcgh÷k y g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc, bk pr`nblh` publbs
bxtbklbrf` bktrb < c ? sbnckcs nãs, bvcfuckl` fc g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf, cf kcfhzcr
bstb kubv` pbrh`r bvcfõc y lhstrhauyb kubvcnbktb f`s ncgr`kutrhbktbs pcrc pfckhgcr
uk kubv` pbrh`l` lb trcace`
3=?

QBLRGGH×K
Khvbf 1 Wbnckc <
N`lbf` lb pfckhdgcgh÷k lb lhbtc

BW\B BEBN]F@ \RT@

BK GRBK\C BF ]BQDHF
CK\BW GH\CL@
GH\CL@
Qbt`ncn`s, tbkbn`s fc acsb lb fc phrãnhlb lb 7 sbnckcs y fc <
sbnckc sbrîc bf sbiukl` khvbf lb fc phrãnhlb qub sb lhstrhauyb lb
fc shiuhbktb d`rnc 3.2 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc y 3.2 ircn`s lb ircsc
p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf, bf rbstcktb lb gcf`rîcs sb `athbkbk lb f`s
gcra`ohlrct`s, lb bstc d`rnc tbklrîcn`s lb fcs pr`tbîkcs uk t`tcf
lb 3=? ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc (rbgubrlb qub 3 ircn` lb pr`tbîkc bs
hiucf c < gcf`rîcs, bkt`kgbs nufthpfhgcs fc gckthlcl lb pr`tbîkcs p`r
< y bst` sbrhc bf t`tcf lb gcf`rîcs qub fc pr`tbîkc tb cp`rtc)
Bkt`kgbs 3.2 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf 3.2 x
91 > 3=? ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc qub tb cp`rtck bk gcf`rîcs <71, y lb
fc ircsc 3.2 x 91>3=? ircn`s lb ircsc qub tb cp`rtck bk gcf`rîcs
891, yc qub gclc ircn`s lb ircsc cp`rtc 8 gcf`rîcs). Fc sunc lb
fcs gcf`rîcs
sbrîck lb fc`atbkhlcs
fcs gcf`rîcs ircsc y lb fc ircsc
lb fc pr`tbîkc lc 3<=<
y pr`tbîkc y bf Jgcf , bstcs
rbstcktb f`
`atbklrã lbf cp`rtb lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s, lb bstc bs tc d`rnc kbgbshtc
g`ksunhr uk t`tcf lb 13? ircn`s lb gcra`ohlrct`s qub fb
cp`rtck uk t`tcf lb ?9< gcf`rîcs s`f` lb gcra`ohlrct`s, yc qub
3 ircn`s lb gcra`ohlrct`s cp`rtc < gcf`rîcs.
Lb bstc d`rnc g`npfbtcn`s bf rbqubrhnhbkt` gcf÷rhg` lb 119?
Jgcf bktrb fc sunc lb gcf`rîcs lb fc pr`tbîkc y gcf`rîcs lb fc ircsc y f`s
gcra`ohlrct`s. Bk bstb sbiukl` khvbf bk fc sbnckc < sb bstã hkhghckl`
g`k uk pr`gbs` lb clcptcgh÷k y `asbrvcgh÷k lb fc lhstrhaugh÷k lb
ncgr`kutrhbktbs,clhgh`kcf bnpbzcr lb bstc d`rnc fb pbrnhtb c f`s
f `s

hktbsthk`s
fc sbnckcibkbrcr
< ocstc ukc clcptcgh÷k
ffbicr irclucf
c khvbfbs lb lbslb
g`ksun` bf pukt`
nãs cft`s,aãshg`
g`n` lbbk
fc sbnckc 9 qub lb d`rnc irclucf g`k uk bktrbkcnhbkt` bxhibktb
y pr`irbshv` sb grbck fcs kbgbshlclbs pcrc qub bf gubrp` grbb fc
kbgbshlcl y cpr`vbgob cf nãxhn` f`s rbgurs`s sunhkhstrcl`s.

3=8

3,2i x ji G@KWRN@ LHCQH@

LB ]Q@\BÎKC

3,2i
>
x ji > G@KWRN@ LHCQH@
LB IQCWC

(BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF GCQA@OHLQC\@W

)
Bf bebnpf` sb ocgb tbkhbkl` bk
gubktc qub fc pbrs`kc kbgbshtc
fcs shiuhbktbs gcf`rîcs lhcrhcs pcrc
rbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktcebs lb ircsc5
389?JGCF
GCF@QHCW WBIÕK ]Q@\BÎKC LHCQHC

3,22
3, i 91 ji lb pbs` >
3=?i
lb pr`tbîkc
lhcrhc

3=?i < ><71

<71 JGCF
lb pr`tbîkc LB ]Q@\BÎKC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb pr`tbîkc cp`rtc <jgcf

 33=

GCF@QHCW WBIÕK IQCWC LHCQHC

i ji lb pbs` >
lb ircsc

3,22 91
3, 3=?ilhcrhc

3=?i 8 891 JGCF

lb ircsc
>
LB IQCWC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb ircsc cp`rtc 8jgcf

‖BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF BK GCQA@OHLQC\@W„

<711 JGCF+ 891 JGCF >3<=<JGCF

<7 LB ]Q@\BÎKC LB IQCWC

Co`rc lbabs tbkbr bk gubktc fcs

f cs Jgcf kbgbscrhcs pcrc f`ircr tu `aebthv`, èstcs lbabs
rbstcrfcs g`k bf õfthn` vcf`r ibkbrcl`

29<< JGCF
3<=<JGCF-389?JGCF> 29 LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W

29< JGCF /< 3<7i

29< LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W
>
lb gcra`ohlrct`s
lhcrh`s

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb gcra`ohlrct`s cp`rtc <jgcf

 333

QBLRGGH×K
Khvbf 7 Wbnckc 2
N`lbf` lb pfckhdgcgh÷k lb lhbtc

BW\B BEBN]F@ \RT@

BK GRBK\C BF ]BQDHF
CK\BW GH\CL@
GH\CL@
3.? ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc y 3.2 ircn`s lb ircsc p`r jhf` lb pbs`
g`rp`rcf
qub sbrîcbf311
rbstcktb lb qub
ircn`s gcf`rîcs sb `athbkbk
cp`rtck lb f`sLb
<8= gcf`rîcs. gcra`ohlrct`s
bstc d`rnc
tbklrîcn`s lb fcs pr`tbîkcs uk t`tcf lb 318 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc
(rbgubrlb qub 3 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc bs hiucf c < gcf`rîcs bkt`kgbs
nufthpfhgcs fc gckthlcl lb pr`tbîkcs p`r < y bst` sbrîc bf t`tcf lb
gcf`rîcs qub fc pr`tbîkc tb cp`rtc) Bkt`kgbs lcrîc 3.? ircn`s
lb pr`tbîkc p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf. 3.? x 91>318 ircn`s lb
pr`tbîkc qub tb cp`rtck bk gcf`rîcs 234, y lb fc ircsc 3.2 x 91>3=?
ircn`s lb ircsc qub cp`rtck bk gcf`rîcs 891, yc qub gclc ircn`s
lb ircsc cp`rtc 8 gcf`rîcs). Fc sunc lb fcs gcf`rîcs lb fc ircsc
y lb fc pr`tbîkc lc 3<?? Jgcf, bstcs sbrîck fcs gcf`rîcs `atbkhlcs
lb fc ircsc y pr`tbîkc
gcra`ohlrct`s, lb bstcyd`rnc
bf rbstcktb f` `atbklrã
kbgbshtc g`ksunhrlbf
ukcp`rtb lb391
t`tcf lb f`s
ircn`s lb gcra`ohlrct`s qub fb cp`rtck uk t`tcf lb 48= gcf`rîcs
s`f` lb gcra`ohlrct`s, yc qub 3 ircn`s lb gcra`ohlrct`s cp`rtc <
gcf`rîcs. lb bstc d`rnc g`npfbtcn`s bf rbqubrhnhbkt` gcf÷rhg` lb
139? Jgcf, bktrb fc sunc lb gcf`rîcs lb fc pr`tbîkc y gcf`rîcs lb fc
ircsc.
 331

3,?i x ji G@KWRN@ LHCQH@

LB ]Q@\BÎKC

3,2i
>
x ji > G@KWRN@ LHCQH@
LB IQCWC

(BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF GCQA@OHLQC\@W

)
Bf bebnpf` sb ocgb tbkhbkl` bk
gubktc qub fc pbrs`kc kbgbshtc
fcs shiuhbktbs gcf`rîcs lhcrhcs pcrc
rbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktcebs lb ircsc5
389?JGCF
GCF@QHCW WBIÕK ]Q@\BÎKC LHCQHC

3,??
3, i 91 ji lb pbs` >
318i
lb pr`tbîkc
lhcrhc

318i < >234 JGCF

lb pr`tbîkc LB ]Q@\BÎKC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb pr`tbîkc cp`rtc <jgcf

 337

GCF@QHCW WBIÕK IQCWC LHCQHC

i ji lb pbs` >
lb ircsc

3,22 91
3, 3=?ilhcrhc

3=?i 8 891 JGCF

lb ircsc
>
LB IQCWC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb ircsc cp`rtc 8jgcf

‖BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF BK GCQA@OHLQC\@W„

234 JGCF+ 891 JGCF >3<??JGCF

LB ]Q@\BÎKC LB IQCWC

Co`rc lbabs tbkbr bk gubktc fcs

f cs Jgcf kbgbscrhcs pcrc f`ircr tu `aebthv`, èstcs lbabs
rbstcrfcs g`k bf õfthn` vcf`r ibkbrcl`

3<??JGCF-139?JGCF> 48= JGCF LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W

48= JGCF /< 391i

LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W
>
lb gcra`ohlrct`s
lhcrh`s

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb gcra`ohlrct`s cp`rtc <jgcf

 33<

QBLRGGH×K
Khvbf < Wbnckc 4
N`lbf` lb pfckhdgcgh÷k lb lhbtc

BW\B BEBN]F@ \RT@

BK GRBK\C BF ]BQDHF
CK\BW GH\CL@
GH\CL@
]crc bstc sbnckc sb nckthbkb bf vcf`r lb 3.? ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc
y sb cunbktc c 3.? ircn`s lb ircsc p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf bf
rbstcktb lb gcf`rîcs sb `athbkbk lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s qub sbrîc 92
ircn`s qub cp`rtck 7=3 gcf`rîcs, lb bstc d`rnc tbklrîcn`s lb
fcs pr`tbîkcs uk t`tcf lb 318 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc (rbgubrlb qub
3 ircn` lb pr`tbîkc bs hiucf c < gcf`rîcs bkt`kgbs nufthpfhgcs fc
gckthlcl lb pr`tbîkcs p`r < y bst` sbrhc bf t`tcf lb gcf`rîcs qub fc
pr`tbîkc tb cp`rtc) Bkt`kgbs 3.? ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc p`r jhf` lb pbs`
g`rp`rcf 3.? x 91>318 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc qub cp`rtck bk gcf`rîcs
21=, y lb fc ircsc 3.? x 91> 318 ircn`s lb ircsc qub cp`rtck bk
gcf`rîcs 3.343, yc qub gclc ircn`s lb ircsc cp`rtc 8 gcf`rîcs. Fc
sunc lb fcs gcf`rîcs lb fc ircsc y lb fc pr`tbîkc lc 3499 Jgcf, bstcs
sbrîck fcs gcf`rîcs `atbkhlcs lb fc ircsc y pr`tbîkc y bf rbstcktb
f` `atbklrã lbf cp`rtb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s lb bstc d`rnc kbgbshtc
g`ksunhr uk t`tcf lb 3== ircn`s lb gcra`ohlrct`s qub fb cp`rtck
uk t`tcf lb <=3 gcf`rîcs s`f` lb gcra`ohlrct`s, yc qub 3 ircn`s
lb gcra`ohlrct`s cp`rtc < gcf`rîcs. Lb bstc d`rnc g`npfbtcn`s bf
rbqubrhnhbkt` gcf÷rhg` lb 1=9? Jgcf bktrb fc sunc lb gcf`rîcs lb
fc pr`tbîkc y gcf`rîcs lb fc ircsc.
 332

3,?i x ji G@KWRN@ LHCQH@

LB ]Q@\BÎKC

3,?i
>
x ji > G@KWRN@ LHCQH@
LB IQCWC

(BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF GCQA@OHLQC\@W

)
Bf bebnpf` sb ocgb tbkhbkl` bk
gubktc qub fc pbrs`kc kbgbshtc
fcs shiuhbktbs gcf`rîcs lhcrhcs pcrc
rbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktcebs lb ircsc5
389?JGCF
GCF@QHCW WBIÕK ]Q@\BÎKC LHCQHC

3,??
3, i 91 ji lb pbs` >
318i
lb pr`tbîkc
lhcrhc

318i < >234 JGCF

lb pr`tbîkc LB ]Q@\BÎKC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb pr`tbîkc cp`rtc <jgcf

 334

GCF@QHCW WBIÕK IQCWC LHCQHC

i ji lb pbs` >
lb ircsc

3,?? 91
3, 318i
lhcrhc

318i 8 3343JGCF
lb ircsc
>
LB IQCWC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb ircsc cp`rtc 8jgcf

‖BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF BK GCQA@OHLQC\@W„

234 JGCF+ 3343JGCF >3499JGCF

LB ]Q@\BÎKC LB IQCWC

Co`rc lbabs tbkbr bk gubktc fcs

f cs Jgcf kbgbscrhcs pcrc f`ircr tu `aebthv`, èstcs lbabs
rbstcrfcs g`k bf õfthn` vcf`r ibkbrcl`

3499JGCF-1=9?JGCF> <=3 JGCF LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W

<=3 JGCF /< 3== i

LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W
>
lb gcra`ohlrct`s
lhcrh`s

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb gcra`ohlrct`s cp`rtc <jgcf

 339

QBLRGGH×K
Khvbf 2 Wbnckc 9
N`lbf` lb pfckhdgcgh÷k lb lhbtc

BW\B BEBN]F@ \RT@

BK GRBK\C BF ]BQDHF
CK\BW GH\CL@
GH\CL@
pcrc bstc sbnckc sb nckthbkb bf vcf`r lb 1 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc y
3.? ircn`s lb ircsc p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf bf rbstcktb lb gcf`rîcs
sb `athbkbk lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s qub sbrîc 4=i qub cp`rtck 1<3
gcf`rîcs, lb bstc d`rnc tbklrîcn`s lb fcs pr`tbîkcs uk t`tcf lb 3<<
ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc (rbgubrlb qub 3 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc bs hiucf c
< gcf`rîcs bkt`kgbs nufthpfhgcs fc gckthlcl lb pr`tbîkcs p`r < y bst`
sbrhc bf t`tcf lb gcf`rîcs qub fc pr`tbîkc tb cp`rtc) bkt`kgbs lcrîc
1.= ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf. 1x91>3<< ircn`s
lb pr`tbîkc qub nb cp`rtck clbnãs 294 gcf`rîcs, y lb fc ircsc 3.?
x 91>318 ircn`s lb ircsc qub cp`rtck bk gcf`rîcs 3.343. (yc qub
gclc ircn`s lb ircsc cp`rtc 8 gcf`rîcs). fc sunc lb fcs gcf`rîcs
lb fc ircsc y lb fc pr`tbîkc lc 3979 Jgcf bstcs sbrîck fcs gcf`rîcs
`atbkhlcs lb fc ircsc
f`s gcra`ohlrct`s lb ybstc
pr`tbîkc
d`rncy kbgbshtc
bf rbstcktb f` `atbklrã
g`ksunhr lbf cp`rtb
uk t`tcf lb 4=
ircn`s lb gcra`ohlrct`s qub fb cp`rtck uk t`tcf lb 1<3 gcf`rîcs
s`f` lb gcra`ohlrct`s yc qub 3 ircn`s lb gcra`ohlrct`s cp`rtc <
gcf`rîcs. lb bstc d`rnc g`npfbtcn`s bf rbqubrhnhbkt` gcf÷rhg` lb
389? Jgcf bktrb fc sunc lb gcf`rîcs lb fc pr`tbîkc y gcf`rîcs lb fc
ircsc.
 33?

1i x ji G@KWRN@ LHCQH@
LB ]Q@\BÎKC

3,?i
>
x ji > G@KWRN@ LHCQH@
LB IQCWC

(BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF GCQA@OHLQC\@W

)
Bf bebnpf` sb ocgb tbkhbkl` bk
gubktc qub fc pbrs`kc kbgbshtc
fcs shiuhbktbs gcf`rîcs lhcrhcs pcrc
rbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktcebs lb ircsc5
389?JGCF
GCF@QHCW WBIÕK ]Q@\BÎKC LHCQHC

1 i 91 ji lb pbs` >
3<<i
lb pr`tbîkc
lhcrhc

3<<i < >294

294 JGCF
lb pr`tbîkc LB ]Q@\BÎKC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb pr`tbîkc cp`rtc <jgcf

 338

GCF@QHCW WBIÕK IQCWC LHCQHC

i ji lb pbs` >
lb ircsc

3,?? 91
3, 318i
lhcrhc

318i 8 3343JGCF
lb ircsc
>
LB IQCWC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb ircsc cp`rtc 8jgcf

‖BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF BK GCQA@OHLQC\@W„

234 JGCF+ 3343JGCF >3979JGCF

LB ]Q@\BÎKC LB IQCWC

Co`rc lbabs tbkbr bk gubktc fcs

f cs Jgcf kbgbscrhcs pcrc f`ircr tu `aebthv`, èstcs lbabs
rbstcrfcs g`k bf õfthn` vcf`r ibkbrcl`

3979JGCF-389?JGCF> 1<3JGCF LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W

1<3 JGCF /< 4= i

LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W
>
lb gcra`ohlrct`s
lhcrh`s

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb gcra`ohlrct`s cp`rtc <jgcf

 31=

CRNBK\@
CRNBK\@

N`lbf` lb cunbkt
cunbkt`
``
ohpbrtr`dc
Xc vhn`s qub ocgbr uk pr`gbs` lb g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf bs nãs
qub s`f` ncgr`s, ocy qub pfckhgcr y lbtcffcr bf g`np`rtcnhbkt`
lb fc pfckhgcgh÷k pcrc qub sb ocick pr`gbs`s qub sb ceustbk
lb d`rnc `rickhzclc cf usucrh` ` prcgthgcktb, bs hnp`rtcktb qub
cf ncrgcr uk pr`gbs` lb v`funbk sb ocic tcnahèk lb d`rnc
bsgcf`kclc, lb d`rnc irclucf y k` lb d`rnc hkvcshvc, uk` lb f`s
brr`rbs nãs drbgubktbs bk f`s pr`gbs`s lb cunbkt` lb ncsc
nusgufcr bs pcscr hknblhctcnbktb c fcs gcf`rîcs lb ncktbkhnhbkt`,
c uk supbrãvht gcf÷rhg` lb d`rnc sõahtc, bstb pr`gbs` bs hkvcshv`
c khvbf nbtca÷fhg` p`rqub cukqub gclc pbrs`kc publc g`nbr fcs
gckthlclbs pr`pubstcs bf nbtca`fhsn` k` sb clcptc bk fc vbf`ghlcl
qub fcs pbrs`kcs g`nbk y bs qub fc clcptcgh÷k nbtca÷fhgc vc lbslb
fc d`rnc qub sb cshnhfck f`s kutrhbktbs bk bf hktbsthk`, fc d`rnc
bk qub ffbick c fc gèfufc, sb lbp`shtck, sb uthfhzck y sb bfhnhkc sus
rbshlu`s, bf s`f` obgo` lb g`nbr ukc gckthlcl lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs
bk ukc btcpc lb v`funbk p`r bebnpf` k` bs shikhgcl` lb uscrf`s
clbguclcnbktb, k` bs shikhgcl` lb nbe`rcr ` lb bstcrf` ocghbkl`.
Tbcn`s sh kbgbshtcs bk ncktbkhnhbkt` p`r bebnpf` 179? gcf`rîcs
y pcscs c g`ksunhr 199? Jgcf tbklrîc ukc gckthlcl lb <== gcf`rîcs
lb nãs qub lbabs lbghrfb c tu gubrp` b hktbsthk`s qub f`s cpr`vbgob
y bstb nbksceb c trcvès lbf bktrbkcnhbkt` tcrlc ukcs sbnckcs
qub `gurrc, p`rqub ocy qub grbcrfb fc kbgbshlcl sh`f÷ihgc pcrc
qub bstb pr`gbs` lb uthfhzcr bstb supbrãvht ` gcf`rîcs lbnãs sbck
cpr`vbgoclcs p`rqub sb kbgbshtck pcrc rbpcrcr y g`kstruhr tbehl`
y lbnãs pr`gbs`s nbtca÷fhg`s g`n` bf hkgrbnbkt` lb gcric bk
bf bktrbkcnhbkt`. Bstc bs ukc rcz÷k sughbktb pcrc k` pcscr lbf
khvbf lb ncktbkhnhbkt` c uk khvbf lb supbrãvht gcf÷rhg` lb ukc
d`rnc sõahtc, bf hlbcf bs t`ncrsb p`r bebnpf` ukcs < sbnckcs bk
fcs gucfbs sbnckc c sbnckc sb supbrc 3== gcf`rîcs p`r bkghnc
lbf ncktbkhnhbkt` y lb bstc d`rnc cf kcfhzcr fc gucrtc sbnckc
yc bstcs g`ksunhbkl` fcs gcf`rîcs lb v`funbk pbrnhthèkl`fb cf
gubrp` bk bstb pbrh`l` ukc clcptcgh÷k hktbsthkcf y ukc clcptcgh÷k
nbtca÷fhgc qub dub lclc k` s`f` p`r bf obgo` lb g`ksunhr nãs
gcf`rîcs bs p`r bf obgo` lb bktrbkcr nãs dubrtb.
 313

T`funbk
T`funbk lb ncsc vs.
T`funbk
T`funbk lb ircsc
Bst` lbab qublcr gfcr`, k` bs s`f` g`k cunbktcr gcf`rîcs sb lbab
cunbktcr fc hktbkshlcl lbf bktrbkcnhbkt` pcrc qub fc hkibstc bstè
cgtuckl` bk shkbrihc g`k fc kbgbshlcl, bstc bs fc õkhgc d`rnc lb
icrckthzcr qub bf nbtca`fhsn` bk ibkbrcf kbgbshtb bstc gckthlcl
lb bkbriîc clhgh`kcf pcrc uthfhzcrfc prhnbr` bk bf bktrbkcnhbkt`
p`r bf cunbkt` lb gcrics b hktbkshlcl qub ocrã qub sb kbgbshtb
ukc ncy`r gckthlcl lb gcf`rîcs bk bf bktrbkcnhbkt`, fubi` fc
rbgupbrcgh÷k ibkbrcf lbf shstbnc kbrvh`s` gbktrcf y pbrhdèrhg`

kbgbshtcrã
bf shstbnc ukc gckthlcl lb
hknuk`f÷ihg` gcf`rîcs
qub tcnahèkclhgh`kcfbs
rbquhbrbyukc
bk pcrcfbf`
gckthlclbstã
bslb
tã
bkbriîc vcfh`sc pcrc ncktbkbr bstcafb guckl` bstã cgtuckl` bk
g`ktrc lb uk pr`gbs` cf qub lbab ceustcrsb y bs qub fc ohpbrtr`c
nusgufcr y bf bktrbkcnhbkt` bk sî sb g`np`rtc gcsh g`n` ukc
bkdbrnblcl, p`r bff` bs qub guckl` sb thbklb c bktrbkcr nuy
hktbks` publb lcrsb barb, l`f`r ibkbrcf b hkgfus` sb lck
shkt`ncs g`n` lb ukc irhpc, bst` k` bs ukc crncgh÷k lb qub
shbnprb sbc csî, pbr` bs uk sîkt`nc qub g`k drbgubkghc sb lc bk
f`s gcnah`s lb ruthkcs g`k hktbkshlclbs dubrtbs, bst` shk `fvhlcr
qub fc rbgupbrcgh÷k thbkb tcnahèk uk bkd`qub lb rbpcrcgh÷k y
grbcgh÷k lb bst`s
t`tcf y bs bk tbehl`vcf`rbs
nusgufcr, t`l`
qub bf bff` ocgblbukc
hkgrbnbkt` rbgupbrcgh÷k
gcf`rîcs y vcf`rbs
lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs sb ocgb g`kshlbrcafbnbktb hnp`rtcktb, shk
bst`s vcf`rbs k` thbkb sbkthl` bf cunbkt` lb gcf`rîcs yc qub bf
gubrp` k` fcs uthfhzcrã y shnpfbnbktb fcs lbp`shtcrc bk d`rnc lb
ircsc, bkt`kgbs bstc clcptcgh÷k irclucf lb f`s lhdbrbktbs shstbncs
bs kbgbscrhc pcrc qub bf gubrp` uthfhgb fc bkbriîc sunhkhstrclc,
clhgh`kcf lbf acfckgb kbgbscrh` lb pr`tbîkcs y ircscs suncl` c f`s
nhkbrcfbs y vhtcnhkcs qub ocgbk qub t`l` f` cktbrh`r rbcfnbktb
publc sugblbr. Wh k` tb bxhibs lb d`rnc dubrtb y g`ktuklbktb k`
pcscrã kclc nãs qub s`f` cfncgbkcr f` qub g`nbs bk d`rnc lb
ircsc.
 311

Ohpbrtr`dc csbrthvc
°Suhbrbs qub dukgh`kb ukc btcpc lb v`funbk0 bstc bs
fc gfcvb, lbabs ukhr fc hktbkshlcl lb tus bktrbkcnhbkt`s
g`k bf supbrãvht irclucf ocstc bstcafbgbr uk`s
ncgr`s t`tcfbs qub sbck bf s`p`rtb lb fc hktbkshlcl
lb bktrbkcnhbkt`, bkt`kgbs bsc rbspubstc rãphlc lb
g÷n` sb lbab g`nbr bk ukc btcpc lb v`funbk bk fc qub
rbsp`klbk qub supbrãvht bs tck hrrbsp`kscafb p`r sbr
hkg`npfbtc, yc qub fcs pbrs`kcs quhbrbk s`f` g`nbr nãs
y k` shkgr`khzcr sus bktrbkcnhbkt`s bk hktbkshlcl g`k
su cfhnbktcgh÷k. Lbab bxhsthr ukc rbspubstc carbvhclc
lb g÷n` sb lbab g`nbr bk v`funbk yc qub lbec bk
bf hncihkcrh` qub shick bktrbkckl`, grbybkl` qub sb
bsdubrzck y g`nbk nãs. Fc ncy`rîc lb fcs hktbkshlclbs
s`k hkõthfbs pcrc fc ohpbrtr`c sh k` sb shkgr`khzck
clbguclcnbktb g`k bf v`funbk lb cfhnbkt`s y fc
hktbkshlcl lbf bktrbkcnhbkt`. ]crthn`s lb fc acsb lbf
hkgrbnbkt` irclucf lb fc hktbkshlcl lb bktrbkcnhbkt`
bk shkbrihc g`k bf cunbkt` irclucf lb gcf`rîcs, pcrc
bff` vcn`s c t`ncr g`n` n`lbfc fc phrãnhlb dukgh`kcf
lb kutrhgh÷k qub obn`s grbcl` bk fc pãihkc cktbrh`r
y sb vc c rbprbsbktcr bk gclc khvbf bf g`np`rtcnhbkt`
irclucf qub sb pr`p`kb g`n` ukc d`rnc lb clcptcgh÷k
csbrthvc lb kutrhgh÷k pcrc fc ohpbrtr`c nusgufcr.
 317

Ohpbrtr`dc bsgcfc

irclucf prãgthgc
Bf prbsbktb n`lbf` lb fc phrãnhlb dukgh`kcf bstcrã lhstrhauhl`
bk uk pbrh`l` lb thbnp` ` ghgf` lb g`np`rtcnhbkt` kutrhgh`kcf,
t`ncrbn`s fc acsb lb fc phrãnhlb g`n` duklcnbkt` bk bf qub
bk t`l` pr`gbs` sb rbd`rzcrã bf nbtca`fhsn` g`k pcrãnbtr`s lb
cfhnbktcgh÷k duklcnbktcfbs y lb cffî pcscn`s cf sbiukl` khvbf
sbnckc < bk fc qub sb ocrã ukc lhstrhaugh÷k lb ncgr`kutrhbktbs
lb fc shiuhbktb d`rnc5 bnpbzcn`s g`k vcf`rbs lb pr`tbîkcs 3.2i,
ircsc 3.2i bf rbst` bk gcra`ohlrct`s ocstc bf vcf`r lb ncktbkhnhbkt`,
bk bf tbrgbr khvbf sbnckc 2, sb hkgrbnbktc fc hktbkshlcl lbf
bktrbkcnhbkt` nãs fc pr`tbîkc c 3.?i y sb nckthbkb fc ircsc bk
3.2i bf rbst` bk gcra`ohlrct`s ocstc 3== gcf`rîcs p`r bkghnc lbf
vcf`r lb ncktbkhnhbkt`, lb cffî pcscn`s cf gucrt` khvbf sbnckc
4 sb hkgrbnbktc fc hktbkshlcl lbf bktrbkcnhbkt`, fc pr`tbîkc sb
nckthbkb bk 3.?i y sb hkgrbnbktc fc ircsc c 3.?i bf rbst` lb gcf`rîcs
kbgbscrhcs sb g`npfbtck bk gcra`ohlrct`s ocstc 1== gcf`rîcs p`r
bkghnc lbf vcf`r lb ncktbkhnhbkt`, pcscn`s cf quhkt` khvbf
sbnckc 9 sb hkgrbnbktc fc hktbkshlcl lbf bktrbkcnhbkt`, fc
pr`tbîkc sb hkgrbnbktc c 1i y sb nckthbkb fc ircsc c 3.?i bf rbst`
lb gcf`rîcs kbgbscrhcs sb g`npfbtck bk gcra`ohlrct`s ocstc 7==
gcf`rîcs p`r bkghnc lb bf vcf`r lb ncktbkhnhbkt`, pcscn`s cf sbxt`
khvbf sbnckc ? sb hkgrbnbktc fc hktbkshlcl lbf bktrbkcnhbkt`
sb nckthbkb fc pr`tbîkc c 1.1i y sb nckthbkb fc ircsc c 3.?i bf
rbst` lb gcf`rîcs kbgbscrhcs bk gcra`ohlrct`s ocstc <== gcf`rîcs
p`r bkghnc lbf vcf`r lb ncktbkhnhbkt`, lb bstc d`rnc sb publb
trcacecr lurcktb l`s sbnckcs, bs lbghr, sbnckc ? lb cffî sb bstcafbgb
bstb khvbf lb hkgrbnbkt` gcf÷rhg` p`r uk pbrh`l` lb thbnp` lb
d`rnc ukhd`rnb lurcktb ukcs ? sbnckcs clhgh`kcfbs `asbrvckl`
fc bv`fugh÷k lb fc dubrzc y nbe`rc lb fc g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf, lbabs
lcrtb thbnp` pcrc qub tu gubrp` sb clcptb p`shthvcnbktb y nbe`rb
nb e`rb
bk fc g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf, yc qub f`s gcnah`s dîshg`s k` sugblbk
bk ukc l`s ` trbs sbnckcs, lctb thbnp` y k` gcnahbs tu lhbtc cf
hiucf qub tu ruthkc, nbe`rc f`s g`np`kbktbs lb fc lhbtc g`n` fc
vcrhcahfhlcl
bk bf n÷luf`y lb
lbnãs bfbnbkt`s
kutrhgh÷k `rick`fèpthg`s g`n` sb k`nar÷
dukgh`kcf.
 31<

]cscn`s cf shiuhbktb n`lbf` bk bf qub sb t`nc g`n` acsb fcs gcf`rîcs lb ncktbkhnhbkt`
bk 179? bk fcs gucfbs pcrc ffbicr c v`funbk sb hkgrbnbktc lb d`rnc irclucf <== gcf`rîcs
qublckl` bk 199? gcf`rîcs t`tcfbs, t`l` bst` lbab bstcr bk g`kg`rlckghc g`k fc hktbkshlcl lbf
bktrbkcnhbkt`.

Bstb bs uk n`lbf` lb v`funbk pcrc ohpbrtr`c irclucf bk bf qub sb hkgrbnbktc gclc sbnckc
vcf`rbs lb gcf`rîcs y sb n`lhgck fc rbfcgh÷k y lhstrhaugh÷k lb pr`tbîkc y ircscs, bs lb rbhtbrcr
qub bs duklcnbktcf tbkbr ukc shkbrihc pbrnckbktb g`k fc hktbkshlcl lb bktrbkcnhbkt`, qub
lbab sbr irclucf y k` hkvcshvc ` bstcgh`kcrhc nhbktrcs sb bstã bk bstb pbrh`l` lb kutrhgh÷k. Bk
kubstr` fhar` lb pfckhgcgh÷k lbf bktrbkcnhbkt` vbrbn`s g÷n` n`lufcr fcs hktbkshlclbs lb
ukc d`rnc nãs bspbgîgc pbr` cquî thbkbk t`lc fc acsb duklcnbktcf pcrc rbcfhzcr uk pr`gbs`
f÷ihg` y cgbrtcl`.
Bk rbfcgH÷k c
fc hktbkshlcl
c pcrthr lb 4khvbf ?
sbnckc
fc sbnckc 8
bk clbfcktb
lbab sbiuhr
hkgrbnbktcl`
uk pr`nblh`
lbf 2% gclc l`s
sbnckcs. ]r`tbîkc 1.1 i ircsc 1 i Gcra`ohlrct`s
32?
32? I > 417
417 JGC
GCFF 3<< I > 31
3184
84 JGC
GCFF 13
1311 i > ??2=
2= JGCF

2khvbf 9
sbnckc

]r`tbîkc 1 i ircsc 3.? i Gcra`ohlrct`s

3<< I > 294 JGCF 318 I > 3343 JGCF 172 i > 8<3 JGCF

<khvbf 4
sbnckc

]r`tbîkc 3.? i ircsc 3.? i Gcra`ohlrct`s

318 I > 234 JGCF 318 I > 3343 JGCF 112 i > 8=3 JGCF

7khvbF 2
sbnckc

]r`tbîkc 3.? i ircsc 3.2 i Gcra`ohlrct`s

318 I > 234 JGCF 3=? I > 891 JGCF 1<9 i > 88= JGCF

1khvbf <
sbnckc

]r`tbîkc 3.2 i Ircsc 3.2 i Gcra`ohlrct`s

3=? I > <71 JGCF 3=? I > 891 jgcf 1<7 i > 89< jgcf

3
khvbf

=% czugcr =% DQH\@W QBIHW\QCQ +Tbibtcfbs +FHSRHL@

\RW G@NHLCW

Bs rbg`nbklcafb g`ksunhr pr`ah÷thg`s, g`n` gckthlcl qub bstè bktrb 2= c 3== gcf`rîcs lhc -
rhcs clhgh`kcfbs qub sb nckthbkbk sbnckcfnbktb, k` sb cunbktck y k` sb gubktck lbktr`
lbf g`ktbkhl` gcf÷rhg` t`tcf, bstc gckthlcl k` sb cunbktc sbnckcfnbktb, cf sbr gcf`rhcs d -
ar`scs qub k` lbabk sbr czugcrclcs, k` thbkbk
th bkbk uk hnpcgt` bfbvcl` y bk nugo`s gcs`s k`
sb cshnhfck bk su t`tcfhlcl p`r tcf n`thv` k` sb gubktck.
Ncktèk uk pbrh`l` g`k f`s vcf`rbs lb fc sbnckc ?, lbabs ncktbkbr fc `asbrvcgh÷k lb fc
dubrzc y lbnãs vcf`rbs lb rbgupbrcgh÷k y g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc, bk pr`nblh` publbs bx-
tbklbrf` bktrb < c ? sbnckcs nãs, bvcfuckl` fc g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf, cf dkcfhzcr bstb
kubv` pbrh`r bvcfõc y lhstrhauyb kubvcnbktb f`s ncgr`kutrhbktbs pcrc pfckhdgcr
p fckhdgcr uk kubv`
pbrh`l` lb trcace`
312

Khvbf 1 Wbnckc < T@FRNBK

N`lbf` lb pfckhdgcgh÷k lb lhbtc

BW\B BEBN]F@ \RT@

BK GRBK\C BF ]BQDHF
CK\BW GH\CL@
GH\CL@
Qbt`ncn`s, tbkbn`s fc acsb lb fc phrãnhlb lb 7 sbnckcs y fc <
sbnckc sbrîc bf sbiukl` khvbf lb fc phrãnhlb qub sb lhstrhauyb lb
fc shiuhbktb d`rnc 3.2 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc y 3.2 ircn`s lb ircsc
p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf, bf rbstcktb lb gcf`rîcs sb `athbkbk lb f`s
gcra`ohlrct`s, lb bstc d`rnc tbklrîcn`s lb fcs pr`tbîkcs uk t`tcf
lb 3=? ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc (rbgubrlb qub 3 ircn` lb pr`tbîkc bs
hiucf c < gcf`rîcs, bkt`kgbs nufthpfhgcs fc gckthlcl lb pr`tbîkcs p`r
< y bst` sbrhc bf t`tcf lb gcf`rîcs qub fc pr`tbîkc tb cp`rtc)
Bkt`kgbs 3.2 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf 3.2 x
91 > 3=? ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc qub tb cp`rtck bk gcf`rîcs <71, y lb
fc ircsc 3.2 x 91>3=? ircn`s lb ircsc qub tb cp`rtck bk gcf`rîcs
891, yc qub gclc ircn`s lb ircsc cp`rtc 8 gcf`rîcs). Fc sunc lb
fcs gcf`rîcs lb fc ircsc y lb fc pr`tbîkc lc 3<=< Jgcf, bstcs
sbrîck fcs gcf`rîcs `atbkhlcs lb fc ircsc y pr`tbîkc y bf rbstcktb f`
`atbklrã lbf cp`rtb lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s, lb bstc d`rnc kbgbshtc
g`ksunhr uk t`tcf lb 1<7 ircn`s lb gcra`ohlrct`s qub fb cp`rtck
uk t`tcf lb 89< gcf`rîcs s`f` lb gcra`ohlrct`s
gcra`ohlrct`s,, yc qub 3 ircn`s
lb gcra`ohlrct`s cp`rtc < gcf`rîcs.
Lb bstc d`rnc g`npfbtcn`s bf rbqubrhnhbkt` gcf÷rhg` lb 179?
Jgcf bktrb fc sunc lb gcf`rîcs lb fc pr`tbîkc y gcf`rîcs lb fc ircsc y f`s
gcra`ohlrct`s. Bk bstb sbiukl` khvbf bk fc sbnckc < sb bstã hkhghckl`
g`k uk pr`gbs` lb clcptcgh÷k y `asbrvcgh÷k lb fc lhstrhaugh÷k lb
ncgr`kutrhbktbs,clhgh`kcf bnpbzcr lb bstc d`rnc fb pbrnhtb c f`s
f `s
hktbsthk`s
fc sbnckcibkbrcr
< ocstc ukc clcptcgh÷k
ffbicr irclucf
c khvbfbs lb lbslb
g`ksun` bf pukt`
nãs cft`s,aãshg`
g`n` lbbk
fc sbnckc 9 qub lb d`rnc irclucf g`k uk bktrbkcnhbkt` bxhibktb
y pr`irbshv` sb grbck fcs kbgbshlclbs pcrc qub bf gubrp` grbb fc
kbgbshlcl y cpr`vbgob cf nãxhn` f`s rbgurs`s sunhkhstrcl`s.

314

3,2i x ji G@KWRN@ LHCQH@

LB ]Q@\BÎKC

3,2i
>
x ji > G@KWRN@ LHCQH@
LB IQCWC

(BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF GCQA@OHLQC\@W

)
Bf bebnpf` sb ocgb tbkhbkl` bk
gubktc qub fc pbrs`kc kbgbshtc
fcs shiuhbktbs gcf`rîcs lhcrhcs pcrc
cunbkt` lb ncsc nusgufcr5
179?
179?JGCF
GCF@QHCW WBIÕK ]Q@\BÎKC LHCQHC

3,22
3, i 91 ji lb pbs` >
3=?i
lb pr`tbîkc
lhcrhc

3=?i < ><71

<71 JGCF
lb pr`tbîkc LB ]Q@\BÎKC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb pr`tbîkc cp`rtc <jgcf

 319

GCF@QHCW WBIÕK IQCWC LHCQHC

i ji lb pbs` >
lb ircsc

3,22 91
3, 3=?ilhcrhc

3=?i 8 891 JGCF

lb ircsc
>
LB IQCWC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb ircsc cp`rtc 8jgcf

‖BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF BK GCQA@OHLQC\@W„

<711 JGCF+ 891 JGCF >3<=<JGCF

<7 LB ]Q@\BÎKC LB IQCWC

Co`rc lbabs tbkbr bk gubktc fcs

f cs Jgcf kbgbscrhcs pcrc f`ircr tu `aebthv`, èstcs lbabs
rbstcrfcs g`k bf õfthn` vcf`r ibkbrcl`

3<=<JGCF-17
179? 89<< JGCF
9?JGCF> 89 LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W

89< JGCF /< 1<7i

89< LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W
>
lb gcra`ohlrct`s
lhcrh`s

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb gcra`ohlrct`s cp`rtc <jgcf

 31?

Khvbf 7 Wbnckc
N`lbf` 2 lb lhbtc
lb pfckhdgcgh÷k
T@FRNBK

BW\B BEBN]F@ \RT@

BK GRBK\C BF ]BQDHF
CK\BW GH\CL@
GH\CL@
3.? ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc y 3.2 ircn`s lb ircsc p`r jhf` lb pbs`
g`rp`rcf bf rbstcktb lb gcf`rîcs sb `athbkbk lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s
qub sbrîc 311 ircn`s qub cp`rtck <8= gcf`rîcs. Lb bstc d`rnc
tbklrîcn`s lb fcs pr`tbîkcs uk t`tcf lb 318 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc
(rbgubrlb qub 3 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc bs hiucf c < gcf`rîcs bkt`kgbs
nufthpfhgcs fc gckthlcl lb pr`tbîkcs p`r < y bst` sbrîc bf t`tcf lb
gcf`rîcs qub fc pr`tbîkc tb cp`rtc) Bkt`kgbs lcrîc 3.? ircn`s
lb pr`tbîkc p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf. 3.? x 91>318 ircn`s lb

pr`tbîkclb
ircn`s qub tb cp`rtck
ircsc bk gcf`rîcs
qub cp`rtck 234, y891,
bk gcf`rîcs lb fcycircsc 3.2 x 91>3=?
qub gclc ircn`s
lb ircsc cp`rtc 8 gcf`rîcs). Fc sunc lb fcs gcf`rîcs lb fc ircsc y
lb fc pr`tbîkc lc 3<?? Jgcf, bstcs sbrîck fcs gcf`rîcs `atbkhlcs
lb fc ircsc y pr`tbîkc y bf rbstcktb f` `atbklrã lbf cp`rtb lb f`s
gcra`ohlrct`s, lb bstc d`rnc kbgbshtc g`ksunhr uk t`tcf lb 1<9
ircn`s lb gcra`ohlrct`s qub fb cp`rtck uk t`tcf lb 88= gcf`rîcs
s`f` lb gcra`ohlrct`s, yc qub 3 ircn`s lb gcra`ohlrct`s cp`rtc
< gcf`rîcs. lb bstc d`rnc g`npfbtcn`s bf rbqubrhnhbkt` gcf÷rhg`
lb 1<9? Jgcf, bktrb fc sunc lb gcf`rîcs lb fc pr`tbîkc y gcf`rîcs lb
fc ircsc.
 318

3,?i x ji G@KWRN@ LHCQH@

LB ]Q@\BÎKC

3,2i
>
x ji > G@KWRN@ LHCQH@
LB IQCWC

(
BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF GCQA@OHLQC\@W
)
Bf bebnpf` sb ocgb tbkhbkl` bk
gubktc qub fc pbrs`kc kbgbshtc
fcs shiuhbktbs gcf`rîcs lhcrhcs pcrc
cunbkt` lb ncsc nusgufcr5
1<9?
1<9?JGCF
GCF@QHCW WBIÕK ]Q@\BÎKC LHCQHC

3,??
3, i 91 ji lb pbs` >
318i
lb pr`tbîkc
lhcrhc

318i < >234 JGCF

lb pr`tbîkc LB ]Q@\BÎKC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb pr`tbîkc cp`rtc <jgcf

 37=

GCF@QHCW WBIÕK IQCWC LHCQHC

i >

3,22
3, 91 ji lb pbs` 3=?ilb ircsc
lhcrhc

3=?i 8 891 JGCF

lb ircsc
>
LB IQCWC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb ircsc cp`rtc 8jgcf

‖BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF BK GCQA@OHLQC\@W„

234 JGCF+ 891 JGCF >3<??JGCF

LB ]Q@\BÎKC LB IQCWC

Co`rc lbabs tbkbr bk gubktc fcs

f cs Jgcf kbgbscrhcs pcrc f`ircr tu `aebthv`, èstcs lbabs
rbstcrfcs g`k bf õfthn` vcf`r ibkbrcl`

3<??JGCF-1<9?JGCF> 88= JGCF

1<9? LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W

88= JGCF /< 1<

1<99i
LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W
>
lb gcra`ohlrct`s
lhcrh`s

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb gcra`ohlrct`s cp`rtc <jgcf

 373

Khvbf < Wbnckc

N`lbf` 4 lb lhbtc
lb pfckhdgcgh÷k
T@FRNBK

BW\B BEBN]F@ \RT@

BK GRBK\C BF ]BQDHF
CK\BW GH\CL@
GH\CL@
]crc bstc sbnckc sb nckthbkb bf vcf`r lb 3.? ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc
y sb cunbktc c 3.? ircn`s lb ircsc p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf bf
rbstcktb lb gcf`rîcs sb `athbkbk lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s qub sbrîc
112 ircn`s qub cp`rtck 8=3 gcf`rîcs, lb bstc d`rnc tbklrîcn`s
lb fcs pr`tbîkcs uk t`tcf lb 318 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc (rbgubrlb qub
3 ircn` lb pr`tbîkc bs hiucf c < gcf`rîcs bkt`kgbs nufthpfhgcs fc
gckthlcl lb pr`tbîkcs p`r < y bst` sbrhc bf t`tcf lb gcf`rîcs qub
fc pr`tbîkc tb cp`rtc) Bkt`kgbs 3.? ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc p`r jhf`

lb pbs` g`rp`rcf
bk gcf`rîcs 3.? fcx ircsc
21=, y lb 91>3183.?ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc
x 91> 318 ircn`s lbqub cp`rtck
ircsc qub
cp`rtck bk gcf`rîcs 3.343, yc qub gclc ircn`s lb ircsc cp`rtc 8
gcf`rîcs. Fc sunc lb fcs gcf`rîcs lb fc ircsc y lb fc pr`tbîkc lc
3499 Jgcf, bstcs sbrîck fcs gcf`rîcs `atbkhlcs lb fc ircsc y pr`tbîkc
y bf rbstcktb f` `atbklrã lbf cp`rtb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s lb bstc d`rnc
kbgbshtc g`ksunhr uk t`tcf lb 112 ircn`s lb gcra`ohlrct`s qub
fb cp`rtck uk t`tcf lb 8=3 gcf`rîcs s`f` lb gcra`ohlrct`s, yc
qub 3 ircn`s lb gcra`ohlrct`s cp`rtc < gcf`rîcs. Lb bstc d`rnc
g`npfbtcn`s bf rbqubrhnhbkt` gcf÷rhg` lb 129? Jgcf bktrb fc
sunc lb gcf`rîcs lb fc pr`tbîkc y gcf`rîcs lb fc ircsc.
 371

3,?i x ji G@KWRN@ LHCQH@

LB ]Q@\BÎKC

3,?i
>
x ji > G@KWRN@ LHCQH@
LB IQCWC

(
BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF GCQA@OHLQC\@W
)
Bf bebnpf` sb ocgb tbkhbkl` bk
gubktc qub fc pbrs`kc kbgbshtc
fcs shiuhbktbs gcf`rîcs lhcrhcs pcrc
cunbkt` lb ncsc nusgufcr5
129?JGCF
GCF@QHCW WBIÕK ]Q@\BÎKC LHCQHC

3,??
3, i 91 ji lb pbs` >318i
lb pr`tbîkc
lhcrhc

318i < >234 JGCF

lb pr`tbîkc LB ]Q@\BÎKC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb pr`tbîkc cp`rtc <jgcf

 377

GCF@QHCW WBIÕK IQCWC LHCQHC

i >

3,??
3, 91 ji lb pbs` 318ilb ircsc
lhcrhc

318i 8 3343JGCF
lb ircsc
>
LB IQCWC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb ircsc cp`rtc 8jgcf

‖BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF BK GCQA@OHLQC\@W„

234 JGCF+3343JGCF >3499JGCF

LB ]Q@\BÎKC LB IQCWC

Co`rc lbabs tbkbr bk gubktc fcs

f cs Jgcf kbgbscrhcs pcrc f`ircr tu `aebthv`, èstcs lbabs
rbstcrfcs g`k bf õfthn` vcf`r ibkbrcl`

3499JGCF-129?JGCF> 8=3 JGCF LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W

8=3 JGCF /< 112i

LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W
>
lb gcra`ohlrct`s
lhcrh`s

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb gcra`ohlrct`s cp`rtc <jgcf

 37<

Khvbf 2 Wbnckc
N`lbf` 9 lb lhbtc
lb pfckhdgcgh÷k
T@FRNBK

BW\B BEBN]F@ \RT@

BK GRBK\C BF ]BQDHF
CK\BW GH\CL@
GH\CL@
]crc bstc sbnckc sb nckthbkb bf vcf`r lb 1 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc y 3.?
ircn`s lb ircsc p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf bf rbstcktb lb gcf`rîcs sb
`athbkbk lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s qub sbrîc 172 ircn`s qub cp`rtck
8<3 gcf`rîcs, lb bstc d`rnc tbklrîcn`s lb fcs pr`tbîkcs uk t`tcf lb
3<< ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc (rbgubrlb qub 3 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc bs
hiucf c < gcf`rîcs bkt`kgbs nufthpfhgcs fc gckthlcl lb pr`tbîkcs p`r
< y bst` sbrhc bf t`tcf lb gcf`rîcs qub fc pr`tbîkc tb cp`rtc) bkt`kgbs
lcrîc 1.= ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf. 1x91>3<<

ircn`s
fc ircsc lb
3.?pr`tbîkc
x 91>318qub nb cp`rtck
ircn`s lb ircscclbnãs 294 gcf`rîcs,
qub cp`rtck y lb
bk gcf`rîcs
3.343. (yc qub gclc ircn`s lb ircsc cp`rtc 8 gcf`rîcs). fc sunc
lb fcs gcf`rîcs lb fc ircsc y lb fc pr`tbîkc lc 3979 Jgcf bstcs
sbrîck fcs gcf`rîcs `atbkhlcs lb fc ircsc y pr`tbîkc y bf rbstcktb
f` `atbklrã lbf cp`rtb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s lb bstc d`rnc kbgbshtc
g`ksunhr uk t`tcf lb 172 ircn`s lb gcra`ohlrct`s qub fb cp`rtck
uk t`tcf lb 8<3 gcf`rîcs s`f` lb gcra`ohlrct`s yc qub 3 ircn`s
lb gcra`ohlrct`s cp`rtc < gcf`rîcs. lb bstc d`rnc g`npfbtcn`s bf
rbqubrhnhbkt` gcf÷rhg` lb 149? Jgcf bktrb fc sunc lb gcf`rîcs
lb fc pr`tbîkc y gcf`rîcs lb fc ircsc.
 372

1i x ji G@KWRN@ LHCQH@
LB ]Q@\BÎKC

3,?i
>
x ji > G@KWRN@ LHCQH@
LB IQCWC

(
BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF GCQA@OHLQC\@W
)
Bf bebnpf` sb ocgb tbkhbkl` bk
gubktc qub fc pbrs`kc kbgbshtc
fcs shiuhbktbs gcf`rîcs lhcrhcs pcrc
cunbkt` lb ncsc nusgufcr5
149?JGCF
GCF@QHCW WBIÕK ]Q@\BÎKC LHCQHC

1 i 91 ji lb pbs` >3<<i
lb pr`tbîkc
lhcrhc

3<<i < >294

294 JGCF
lb pr`tbîkc LB ]Q@\BÎKC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb pr`tbîkc cp`rtc <jgcf

 374

GCF@QHCW WBIÕK IQCWC LHCQHC

i >

3,??
3, 91 ji lb pbs` 318ilb ircsc
lhcrhc

318i 8 3343JGCF
lb ircsc
>
LB IQCWC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb ircsc cp`rtc 8jgcf

‖BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF BK GCQA@OHLQC\@W„

2944 JGCF+3343JGCF >3979JGCF

29 LB ]Q@\BÎKC LB IQCWC

Co`rc lbabs tbkbr bk gubktc fcs

f cs Jgcf kbgbscrhcs pcrc f`ircr tu `aebthv`, èstcs lbabs
rbstcrfcs g`k bf õfthn` vcf`r ibkbrcl`

3979JGCF-149?JGCF> 8<3 JGCF LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W

8<3 JGCF /< 172i

LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W
>
lb gcra`ohlrct`s
lhcrh`s

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb gcra`ohlrct`s cp`rtc <jgcf

 379

Khvbf 4 Wbnckc
N`lbf` ? lb lhbtc
lb pfckhdgcgh÷k
T@FRNBK

BW\B BEBN]F@ \RT@

BK GRBK\C BF ]BQDHF
CK\BW GH\CL@
GH\CL@
pcrc bstc sbnckc sb nckthbkb bf vcf`r lb 1.1 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc y
1 ircn`s lb ircsc p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf bf rbstcktb lb gcf`rîcs
sb `athbkbk lb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s qub sbrîc 131 ircn`s qub cp`rtck
?2= gcf`rîcs, lb bstc d`rnc tbklrîcn`s lb fcs pr`tbîkcs uk t`tcf
lb 32? ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc (rbgubrlb qub 3 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc
bs hiucf c < gcf`rîcs bkt`kgbs nufthpfhgcs fc gckthlcl lb pr`tbîkcs
p`r < y bst` sbrhc bf t`tcf lb gcf`rîcs qub fc pr`tbîkc tb cp`rtc)
bkt`kgbs lcrîc 1.1 ircn`s lb pr`tbîkc p`r jhf` lb pbs` g`rp`rcf.

1.1 x 91 y> lb
gcf`rîcs, 32?fc ircn`s
ircsc 1 xlb pr`tbîkc
91>3<< qub nb
ircn`s cp`rtck
lb ircsc qubclbnãs
cp`rtck471
bk
gcf`rîcs 3.184. (yc qub gclc ircn`s lb ircsc cp`rtc 8 gcf`rîcs).
fc sunc lb fcs gcf`rîcs lb fc ircsc y lb fc pr`tbîkc lc 381?
Jgcf bstcs sbrîck fcs gcf`rîcs `atbkhlcs lb fc ircsc y pr`tbîkc y bf
rbstcktb f` `atbklrã lbf cp`rtb f`s gcra`ohlrct`s lb bstc d`rnc
kbgbshtc g`ksunhr uk t`tcf lb 131 ircn`s lb gcra`ohlrct`s qub
fb cp`rtck uk t`tcf lb ?2= gcf`rîcs s`f` lb gcra`ohlrct`s yc
qub 3 ircn`s lb gcra`ohlrct`s cp`rtc < gcf`rîcs. lb bstc d`rnc
g`npfbtcn`s bf rbqubrhnhbkt` gcf÷rhg` lb 199? Jgcf bktrb fc
sunc lb gcf`rîcs lb fc pr`tbîkc y gcf`rîcs lb fc ircsc.
 37?

1,1i x ji G@KWRN@ LHCQH@

LB ]Q@\BÎKC

1i
>
x ji > G@KWRN@ LHCQH@
LB IQCWC

(
BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF GCQA@OHLQC\@W
)
Bf bebnpf` sb ocgb tbkhbkl` bk
gubktc qub fc pbrs`kc kbgbshtc
fcs shiuhbktbs gcf`rîcs lhcrhcs pcrc
cunbkt` lb ncsc nusgufcr5
199?JGCF
GCF@QHCW WBIÕK ]Q@\BÎKC LHCQHC

1,1 i 91 ji lb pbs` >32?i

lb pr`tbîkc
lhcrhc

32?i < >471

471 JGCF
lb pr`tbîkc LB ]Q@\BÎKC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb pr`tbîkc cp`rtc <jgcf

 378

GCF@QHCW WBIÕK IQCWC LHCQHC

i >

1 91 ji lb pbs` 3<<i
lb ircsc
lhcrhc

3<<i 8 3184JGCF
lb ircsc
>
LB IQCWC
lhcrhc

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb ircsc cp`rtc 8jgcf

‖BF QBW\CK\B LB JGCF BK GCQA@OHLQC\@W„

4711 JGCF+3184JGCF >381?JGCF

47 LB ]Q@\BÎKC LB IQCWC

Co`rc lbabs tbkbr bk gubktc fcs

f cs Jgcf kbgbscrhcs pcrc f`ircr tu `aebthv`, èstcs lbabs
rbstcrfcs g`k bf õfthn` vcf`r ibkbrcl`

381?JGCF-199?JGCF> ?2= JGCF LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W

?2= JGCF /< 131i

LB GCQA@OHLQC\@W
>
lb gcra`ohlrct`s
lhcrh`s

Fc d`rnufc aãshgc k`s lhgb qub 3i lb gcra`ohlrct`s cp`rtc <jgcf

 3<=

]crãnbtr`s lb
`asbrvcgh÷k kutrhgh`kcf
Fcs lhbtcs s`kkutrhgh`kcf
g`np`rtcnhbkt` bdbgthvcs y fcguckl` sbcfhnbktcrhc,
g`klugtc nhlb bf
lbecr c fc lbrhvc ukc lhbtc bs ukc cgthtul bquhv`gclc,
shbnprb sb lbab bvcfucr
bvcf ucr g÷n` sb bstã g`np`rtckl` fc
lhbtc c f` fcri` lbf lîc, fcs sbnckcs y bf pbrh`l` qub sb
lbkb g`n` acsb pcrc su rbcfhzcgh÷k qub publb sbr ?
sbnckcs, f`s pcrãnbtr`s qub vcn`s c `asbrvcr lbabk
ncktbkbrsb y `asbrvcrsb g`k lbtcffb, ukc lhbtc bs rîihlc
p`r vcrh`s dcgt`rbs g`n` guckl` s`k nuy rbstrhgthvcs
y pr`nubvbk fc gcrbkghc y quhbk fc prcgthgc qublc g`k
ocnarb, ` guckl` s`k nuy fhkbcfbs y shk vcrhblcl lb
sca`rbs, `trc d`rnc lb lhbtcs rîihlcs bs k` lbtcffcrfc,
kh bvcfucrfc drbktb c f` dukgh`kcf qub bs ukc lhbtc bk
rbfcgh÷k cf g`np`rtcnhbkt` sh`f÷ihg` y fcs rbspubstcs
bk bf bktrbkcnhbkt`, bsthf` lb vhlc y rbgupbrcgh÷k.
 3<3

Bsthf` lb vhlc
Gckthlclbs
Lb fcs prhnbrcs g`scs qub sb lbab `asbrvcr bk fc cfhnbktcgh÷k
lhcrhc bs fc gckthlcl bk lhdbrbktbs rbdbrbkghcs, 3 bs fc gckthlcl
lb vbgbs qub g`nbs cf lhc y fc gckthlcl lb g`nhlc qub thbkbs bk
bf pfct`,
` fc bstc bs ukc rbdbrbkghc
s`arbcfhnbktcgh÷k qub ukcqub lbabspublc
pbrs`kc tbkbr tbkbr
pcrc n`lhgcr
` fc dcftc
lb g`npbkscr fcs gckthlclbs clbguclcs, bktrb f`s oãaht`s lbabs
g`nprbklbr qub g`nbr nugocs vbgbs cf lhc ocrã qub bf shstbnc
lhibsthv` bstè cgthv` y k` tbkic rbgupbrcgh÷k, p`r bff` bf obgo`
lb g`nbr vcrhcs vbgbs cf lhc g`k bf dcfs` `aebthv` lb cgbfbrcr bf
nbtca`fhsn` bs dcfs` y p`shafbnbktb hkbgcz y g`k tbklbkghc c
fc lhsdukgh÷k hktbsthkcf. Lbabs rbiufcr f`s oãaht`s lb gckthlcl lb
vbgbs y gckthlcl qub g`ksunbs, bkt`kgbs g`nbr trbs vbgbs
v bgbs cf lîc
bs nãs qub sughbktb y bk bff` lhstrhauyb tus ncgr`kutrhbktbs,
bs hnp`rtcktb qub g`nprbklcs qub bf pr`gbs` lb lhibsth÷k lb

ukc
nãs,g`nhlc
bkt`kgbslbn`rc
guckl`nãs lb l`s
g`nbs o`rcs
vcrhcs hkgfus`
vbgbs cf lîc<,bstcrãs
4 y bk `gcsh`kbs
ocghbkl`
lhibsth÷k t`l` bf lîc b hkgfus` pcrtb lb fc k`gob, tbkhèkl`sb bk
gubktc qub bf pr`gbs` lb fc lhibsth÷k bs ci`tcl`r pcrc bf gubrp`
lbabs pr`gurcr k` ncktbkbr bk bstc lhkãnhgc fcs 1< o`rcs y
pbrnhthrfb cf tua` lhibsthv` ukc clbguclc rbgupbrcgh÷k.
 3<1

]rbdbrbkghcs
Bs duklcnbktcf qub g`k`zgcs fcs
fhnhtcgh`kbs kutrhgh`kcfbs, cf g`k`gbr sh
thbkbs
fhnhtb cukc prbdbrbkghc
bxpf`rcr ncrgclctcnahèk
kubv`s sca`rbs, qub tb
bs duklcnbktcf qub f`s kubv`s sca`rbs
f`s cg`npcóbs bk pbqubóc pr`p`rgh÷k
g`k f`s sca`rbs prbdbrbktbs, bst` ocrã
qub publcs lbghrfb c tu gbrbar` qub f`s
kubv`s sca`rbs tcnahèk s`k pfcgbktbr`s
y clbgucl`s. Lbabs tbkbr bk bf nbkõ lb
gclc g`nhlc y lîc, pfct`s prbdbrbktbs pbr`
k` bk gckthlclbs bxcibrclcs. Clbnãs
bf obgo` lb tbkbr sca`rbs prbdbrhl`s fb
pbrnhtb k` gcbr
guckl` bstã bkpr`gbs`
bk uk ckshblcllbs`arb t`l`
lbkhgh÷k
y bk ibkbrcf bk gucfquhbr pr`gbs`.
 3<7

Cgthvhlclbs
Bk bstc lhkãnhgc bs duklcnbktcf qub tbkics prbsbktb sh f` qub
ocgbs c khvbf lb cgthvhlcl dîshgc g`rrbsp`klb g`k fc kutrhgh÷k qub
ffbvcs y clhgh`kcf bktbklbr qub c vbgbs fcs cgthvhlclbs lbf lîc c
lîc ibkbrck `trcs g`klhgh`kbs sh`f÷ihgcs qub icstck bkbriîc
y ci`tck fc n`thvcgh÷k, lb tcf nckbrc qub fc n`thvcgh÷k bs uk
cspbgt` qub cftbrc fc kutrhgh÷k cf hktbrrunphr f`s aubk`s cgt`s qub
sb lbabk ncktbkbr y f`s oãaht`s k`ghv`s qub lbabs bfhnhkcr, p`r
bst` bs hnp`rtcktb bstcafbgbr cgthvhlclbs qub cyulbk c bfhnhkcr
bf bstrès pct`f÷ihg` pbr` cõk nãs sb lbabk tbkbr cgthvhlclbs qub
ncktbkick ` pr`nubvck bf aubk gcrãgtbr, bf oun`r y fc aubkc
lhsp`shgh÷k c rbcfhzcr cgthvhlclbs y rbfcgh`kcrsb lb d`rnc ÷pthnc
g`k bf bkt`rk` s`ghcf.
 3<<

Qbgupbrcgh÷k
Fc rbgupbrcgh÷k bs uk` lb f`s vcf`rbs nãs duklcnbktcfbs c fc
o`rc lb bvcfucr ukc lhbtc, cukqub ocy vcf`rbs bx÷ibk`s qub
g`npr`nbtbk fc rbgupbrcgh÷k, g`n` fc dcthic nbktcf qub pr`lugb
bf trcace`, fcs rbfcgh`kbs s`ghcfbs y fc dcthic bn`gh`kcf, clhgh`kcf fc
dcthic nbgãkhgc lb fcs p`sturcs lbf trcace` y cf l`rnhr, t`l`s bst`s
dcgt`rbs publbk cftbrcr fc rbgupbrcgh÷k, p`r bff` bs hnp`rtcktb
bvcfucr hkhghcfnbktb oãaht`s lb vhlc y c pcrthr lb cffî g`n` bst`s
nbe`rck c f` fcri` lb uk pr`gbs` lb bktrbkcnhbkt` y lhbtc ` g`n`
sb ibkbrc nãs bstckgcnhbkt`. Whbkl` nãs gfcr`s bs fc rbgupbrcgh÷k

fc qub
bk bff`k`s publb hklhgcr
tbkbn`s g`n` sbg`n`
vcrh`s vcf`rbs bkgubktrc bf pr`gbs` kutrhgh`kcf,
fc rbgupbrcgh÷k `asbrvclc
p`r bf subó`, fc rbgupbrcgh÷k hktrc bktrbk`, fc rbgupbrcgh÷k
p`stbrh`r cf bktrbk` bf nhsn` lhc, fc rbgupbrcgh÷k p`st bktrbk` cf
lîc shiuhbktb, l`s ` trbs lîcs shiuhbktbs, rbgupbrcgh÷k sbnckcf y
rbgupbrcgh÷k pbrh÷lhgc.
 3<2

Wubó` y rbgupbrcgh÷k
Bstb bs uk` lb f`s vcf`rbs
lb bktrbkcnhbkt` y lhbtc,qub nãs guckl`
yc qub sb lbabsb
`asbrvcr bk ukd`rzclcs
ocgb lhbtcs pr`gbs`
y rîihlcs bk `gcsh`kbs sb cftbrc bf subó`, yc qub tcnahèk sb cftbrc
bf ghgf` lb pr`luggh÷k lb sbr`t`khkc qub bs ukc prbgurs`rc lb
nbfct`khkc y c fc vbz lb vcfbkthkc qub s`k o`rn`kcs rbiufcl`rcs
lbf subó`, bkt`kgbs sb lbab tbkbr prbsbktb g`n` bs bf ghgf` lbf
subó` cktbs lb bnpbzcr ukc lhbtc y g`n` bs bf subó` lurcktb fc
lhbtc, sh ocy ukc cftbrcgh÷k kbicthvc shk n`vbr `tr`s g`np`kbktbs bs
hnp`rtcktb bvcfucr sh sb bstã bk uk ace` g`ksun` lb gcra`ohlrct`s,
sh ocy uk ace` p`lbr scghcktb ` sh k` ocy vcrhblcl bk fc lhbtc
` hkgfus` sh ocy ukc g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc hkclbguclc qub bstè
ncrgclc p`r uk
c l`rnhr bst` cft` hktbrrunphr
publb g`ksun` lbbfcfhnbkt`s cktbs lbyccg`stcrsb
subó` pr`dukl`, qub bstã
cgthv` bf gubrp` ocghbkl` lhibsth÷k y g`n` shbnprb hklhgcn`s
g`nhlcs g`ph`scs bstãk cs`ghclcs c subó`s cftbrcl`s y p`g`
bstcafbs, bkt`kgbs bk fc pfckhgcgh÷k lb ukc lhbtc lbabs `asbrvcr
f`s bstcl`s lbf subó` cktbs lb rbcfhzcrfc y f`s bstcl`s lbf subó`
lurcktb fc rbcfhzcgh÷k lb fc lhbtc, sh k` sb thbkbk uk aubk subó`
y bk bspbghcf uk aubk subó` pr`dukl` rbcfnbktb k` sb tbklrãk
rbsuftcl`s g`ktuklbktbs c khvbf lb fc g`np`shgh÷k g`rp`rcf y f`s
qub sb tbkick sbrãk hkbstcafbs, ¡cprbklb bst`! uk subó` cftbrcl`
tbklrã g`n` rbsuftcl` cftbrcgh`kbs bk fc scful ybk fc g`np`shgh÷k
g`rp`rcf bk cfiõk
lbkhthvcnbktb n`nbkt`,
f` ocrã, bkpr`gurb
p`r bff` bf nblhck` ` fcri`
uk subó` pfcz`
bgcz, pbr`
ausqub
cyulc pcrc grbcr oãaht`s scfulcafbs y g`k`gbr g÷n` y bk què
d`rnc lbabs g`kstruhr tcfbs oãaht`s bk pr`gurc lb tbkbr fc nbe`r
rbgupbrcgh÷k qub fb lc bf subó` pr`dukl` y °p`r què bf subó`
pr`dukl`0 p`r qub lurcktb bf subó` pr`dukl` qub lc bf subó`
Q.B.N. qub sb lbkb g`n` bf subó` lb n`vhnhbkt`s `gufcrbs
rãphl`s, lurcktb bstb sb lc bf ncy`r pufs` y sbgrbgh÷k lb o`rn`kc
lb grbghnhbkt` y bf hnpcgt` s`arb f`s tbehl`s y bf shstbncs bkl`grhk`
bs cft` c khvbf lb rbpcrcgh÷k lb tbehl`, rbgupbrcgh÷k b hnpcgt`
lb uthfhzcgh÷k lb ãghl`s ircs`s, rbgubrlc qub fcs cftbrcgh`kbs lbf
subó`, bf hks`nkh` bstã cs`ghcl` c uk hkgrbnbkt` lb fc ircsc
vhsgbrcf qub bs fc nãs rhbsi`sc pbr` tcnahèk bs fc qub nbe`r
rbsp`klb bk uk aubk pr`gbs` lb rbluggh÷k lb p`rgbktceb lb
ircsc.

3<4

Fc rbgupbrgcgh÷k
hktrc bktrbk`
@tr` lb f`s vcf`rbs qub nhlb ukc lhbtc bs fc rbgupbrcgh÷k hktrc
bktrbk`, yc qub f`s vcf`rbs lb rbsbrvc bkbrièthgc lbpbklb lbf
g`ksun` bquhfharcl` lb ifug`sc y k` s÷f` lb èstb, clbnãs
lbpbklb lb f`s vcf`rbs lb fc bxhahfhlcl nbtca÷fhgc qub publc
lbscrr`ffcr bf ctfbtc ` cfunk` sbiõk ocyc nbe`rcl` su g`klugtc
cfhnbktcrhc y lbscrr`ffcl` uk aubk pr`gbs` lb bktrbkcnhbkt`
bkd`gcl` c bff`, ausgckl` nbe`rcr su dubrzc y ncsc nusgufcr:
Bkt`kgbs fc rbgupbrcgh÷k hktrc bktrbk` bs uk vcf`r qub rbbec ukc
aubkc kutrhgh÷k cktbrh`r, k` s`f` lbf nhsn` lîc, fc rbgupbrcgh÷k
bs bf rbbe` lb uk pbrh`l` cktbrh`r lb sbnckcs b hkgfus` nbsbs,
sb lbab tbkbr bk gubktc g`n` bs fc rbgupbrcgh÷k k`rncf qub sb
nckbec lurcktb bf bktrbkcnhbkt` y bst`
b st` sb ocgb p`r fc pbrgbpgh÷k
pr`phc lbf ctfbtc ` prcgthgcktb, tcnahèk sb publb nblhr g`k ukc
gcric, p`r bebnpf`, bk ukc sbrhb l`klb trcaceè g`k lbtbrnhkcl`
pbs` y kbgbshtb 7 nhkut`s lb rbgupbrcgh÷k pcrc ocgbr fc nhsnc
sbrhb y rbpbthgh`kbs, ukc aubkc rbgupbrcgh÷k bs cqubffc qub cuk
hkgrbnbktckl` fbvbnbktb fc gcric sb shic rbgupbrckl` bk bf
nhsn` thbnp`, k` bk nbk`s, bs hnp`rtcktb k` rblughr f`s thbnp`s
lb rbgupbrcgh÷k bstcafbghl`s pcrc gclc sbsh÷k lb bktrbkcnhbkt`,
f` qub sî lbab nbe`rcr bs fc sbkscgh÷k lb rbgupbrcgh÷k y fc
gcpcghlcl lb n`vhfhzcgh÷k lb gcrics, bkt`kgbs sb nhlb y sb vcf`rc
fc rbgupbrcgh÷k bktrb sbrhbs y fc rbgupbrcgh÷k bktrb bebrghgh` y
bebrghgh`. Bs drbgubktb g`n` c vbgbs fc nhsnc ruthkc g`k fcs nhsncs
gcrics sb t`rkc nuy pbsclc, nãs hktbksc y dcthicktb guckl`
sb gcnahc f`s pcrãnbtr`s lb cfhnbktcgh÷k, sh bf ghgf` lb subó`
bstã rbiufcl` y f`s lbnãs vcf`rbs, bkt`kgbs fc dcthic sb publb
bstcr pr`lughbkl` p`r uk lèght kutrhgh`kcf qub k` ibkbrc f`s
kutrhbktbs lb d`rnc dcv`rcafb pcrc `pthnhzcr fc rbgupbrcgh÷k lbf
ctfbtc ` prcgthgcktb, bs duklcnbktcf qub fc dcthic qub sb ibkbrc bk
bf bktrbkcnhbkt`, bf gcksckgh` y fc rbshstbkghc c fc n`vhfhzcgh÷k lb
gcrics sb rbluzgc g`k fcs sbnckcs, bs lbghr, qub fc dcthic qub sb lc
g`k f`s bktrbkcnhbkt`s hktbks`s sb rbluzgc irclucfnbktb sbnckc
c sbnckc. Bk `gcsh`kbs sugblb qub cuk g`k bktrbkcnhbkt`s
bktrbkcnhb kt`s fbvbs
ocy pbrs`kcs qub shbktbk g`n` sh ouahbsbk bktrbkcl` lb d`rnc
nuy hktbksc, bktrb fcs rcz`kbs lbf p`rquè `gurrb bst` bstã uk
hnacfckgb bk fc kutrhgh÷k qub lbab `asbrvcrsb y rb-clcptcrsb lb
d`rnc bquhfharclc.

3<9

Fc rbgupbrgcgh÷k
p`stbrh`r cf bktrbk`
K` gcab lulc qub bstb vcf`r lbpbklb g`n` khkiõk `tr` lb ukc
bxgbfbktb kutrhgh÷k y bk bff` sb lbab sbr prbghs`, sh k` sb thbkb ukc
aubkc acsb lb nhkbrcfbs sbkghffcnbktb fcs pr`tbîkcs k` p`lrãk
tbkbr su bdbgt` rbpcrcl`r s`arb f`s tbehl`s
tbeh l`s y cõk nbk`s f`s fîphl`s,
fcs ircscs s`arb bf bkt`rk` o`rn`kcf y bf shstbnc kbrvh`s` gbktrcf
pbrhdèrhg` y lbnãs. G`kthkuckl` g`k fc hlbc, ocy pbrs`kcs qub
bquhv`gclcnbktb bf lîc qub k` bktrbkck ` qub f` ocgbk nbk`s
hktbks` pcick bf acfckgb kutrhgh`kcf y lbabk g`rrbihr bstb brr`r,
yc qub bf lîc p`stbrh`r cf bktrbkcnhbkt` bs bf lîc nãs ckca÷fhg`
qub publck tbkbr pcrc bf nõsguf` trcacecl`,bk nugocs `gcsh`kbs
fcs pbrs`kcs lbn`rck bk rbgupbrcrsb 3, 1, 7, <, 2 lîcs ` nãs y
sb lbab rbhtbrcr qub sb publb lbabr y bs f` nãs sbiur` c uk
lèght kutrhgh`kcf y bk bff` tcnahèk gubktc fc ohlrctcgh÷k, fc dcthic
p`stbrh`r cf bktrbkcnhbkt` sb lbab rblughr p`tbkghcfnbktb bktrb
31 c 1< o`rcs, bk tb`rîc ukc rbgupbrcgh÷k pcrghcf `gurrb c fcs 91
o`rcs pbr` bst` k` quhbrb lbghr qub sb lbac ` sbc k`rncf sbkthrsb
dcthicl` gckscl` y cl`f`rhl`, bst` lbab lbscpcrbgbr.
 3<?

Fc rbgupbrcgh÷k p`stbrh`r cf bktrbk` thbkb vcrh`s vcf`rbs, ukc

bs fc dcthic qub sb lc hktrc bktrbk` y g÷n` sb n`lufc y bstã bk
lbpbklbkghc lb uk`s vcf`rbs o`rn`kcfbs qub sb cgthvck ` k`
sb cgthvck lurcktb bf bktrbkcnhbkt`, aãshgcnbktb fc rbfcgh÷k lb
rbgupbrcgh÷k lurcktb bf bktrbkcnhbkt` vc c lbpbklbr lb uk aubk
pufs` lb l`pcnhkc, clrbkcfhkc y k`rclrbkcfhkc. Fc rbgupbrcgh÷k
p`stbrh`r cf bktrbkcnhbkt` vc c lbpbklbr lb `tr` thp` lb o`rn`kcs
y `tr` thp` lb acfckgb bkbrièthg`, lb acfckgb if`acf l`klb fcs
pbrs`kcs y fc dcthic qub thbkbk lurcktb bf bktrbkcnhbkt` oc
lb sbr rblughlc c fc o`rc, 1, 7 ` < o`rcs y bstc rbluggh÷k lb fc
dcthic tcnahèk lbpbklb lb fc kutrhgh÷k, rbgubrlbk uk prhkghph`,
lbspuès lb tbrnhkcl` bf bktrbkcnhbkt` bnphbzc cfi` qub sb
ffcnc fc vbktckc ckca÷fhgc, fc vbktckc ckca÷fhgc aãshgcnbktb bstã
hkubkghclc tcnahèk p`r fc vîc n\@Q lbspuès lbf bktrbkcnhbkt`
bk l`klb fcs pbrs`kcs rbcfnbktb bnphbzck c nbe`rcr, lurcktb bf
bktrbkcnhbkt` sb lbstruybk, sb lcóck arcs, sb cftbrc bf shstbnc
hknuk`f÷ihg`, sb cftbrc bf shstbnc kbrvh`s` gbktrcf hkgfus` bf
shstbnc bkl`grhk`.

]`stbrh`r cf bktrbkcnhbkt`, bf shstbnc kbrvh`s` gbktrcf y shstbnc

bkl`grhk` bnphbzck c ibkbrcr acfckgb bquhfharckl` fc rbfcgh÷k
lb bktrbkcnhbkt` vbrsus rbgupbrcgh÷k, ocy pbrs`kcs qub sb
lbn`rck <, 2, 4, ? ocstc 3= o`rcs bk rbgupbrcrsb bf lîc p`stbrh`r
cf bktrbkcnhbkt`, guckl` k` sb bstã ahbk kutrhl` p`r nãs qub
g`nc nugo` fc rbgupbrcgh÷k vc c sbr nãs fbktc, vc c lbn`rcr
nugoîshn` nãs, hkgfus` ocy pbrs`kcs qub fc rbgupbrcgh÷k qub
lbabk tbkbr lurcktb bf lîc fc thbkbk 3, 1 ` 7 lîcs lbspuès, ocy
rbgupbrcgh`kbs p`r bebnpf`, c khvbf lb arcs nusgufcrbs, c khvbf
lb tbksh÷k, lb g`ktrcggh÷k y `tr`s bfbnbkt`s qub sb lck cf lîc
shiuhbktb, fcs 31, 1< ` 74 o`rcs shiuhbktbs, ` lb l`s c trbs lîcs
lbspuès lbf lîc lb bktrbkcnhbkt`s y bs lb rbgcfgcr bst` publb
lcrsb p`rqub thbkbk uk ncf s`p`rtb kutrhgh`kcf, bkt`kgbs guckl`
thbkbk uk s`p`rtb kutrhgh`kcf nãs bstcafb, nãs blhgcl` acscl`
tcnahèk bk ukc kutrhgh÷k clbguclc y acscl` bk ukc ohlrctcgh÷k
clbguclc, fc rbgupbrcgh÷k vc c sbr nãs ÷pthnc, vc c tbrnhkcr su
lîc g`n` tcf y cktbs lb cg`stcrsb k` vc c sbkthr fc dcthic g`n`
sh ouahbrc cgcacl` lb bktrbkcr, bs hnp`rtcktb tbkbr uk pfck lb
cggh÷k sbguklcrh` pcrc bnpbzcr c rblughr fc dcthic, rbgubrlb
qub fc dcthic bstcrã tcnahèk p`rqub lurcktb bf bktrbkcnhbkt`

3<8

sb ibkbrck g`ktrcggh`kbs qub tbrnhkcl` bf bktrbkcnhbkt` k`

sb lbspr`ircnc, k` sb hkocahfhtck y shiub g`ktrcîl` p`r o`rcs,
hkgfus` shiub g`ktrcîl` ocstc bf `tr` lîc, p`r bff` cktbs lb cg`stcrtb
bs aubk` ocgbr uk p`g` lb bsthrcnhbkt` lb f`s nõsguf`s qub
trcacecstb hkgfuhlc fc bspcflc tcnahèk pcrc qub quhtb bsb thp` lb
g`ktrcggh÷k hs`nètrhgc rbshlucf qub cõk qublc s`arb f`s lhdbrbktbs
irup`s nusgufcrbs.

Wh shiubs g`ktrcîl` vcs c sbiuhr dcthicl` p`rqub rbgubrlc

qub fc g`ktrcggh÷k nusgufcr g`ksunb bkbriîc, bstb g`ksun`
bkbrièthg` g`n` tcf vc c ibkbrcr tcnahèk lbahfhlcl bkt`kgbs bs
suprbncnbktb hnp`rtcktb qub pcrc rblughr fc tbklbkghc c fc dcthic
sb publc rbcfhzcr uk bsthrcnhbkt` p`stbrh`r cf bktrbkcnhbkt` lb
f`s nõsguf`s qub sb trcacecr`k y shbnprb trcacecr bf bsthrcnhbkt`
bs thrcnhbkt`
s`arb f`s nõsguf`s lb fc bspcflc, uk` pcrc bvhtcr tbksh÷k,
pcrc bvhtcr fbsh`kbs y l`s pcrc rblughr fc tbksh÷k qub ibkbrc
gcksckgh`, dcthic y qub sb publb hkgrbnbktcr p`tbkghcfnbktb g`k
fcs p`sturcs bstãthgcs y rîihlcs guckl` sb bstã lurnhbkl`, p`r
bff` bs qub nugocs pbrs`kcs g`k bsb thp` p`sturcs bstãthgcs y
rîihlcs lurcktb fc k`gob sb fbvcktck nugoîshn` nãs gckscl`s,
lb bstc d`rnc sb vc cgunufckl` tbksh÷k, rhihlbz y p`shafbnbktb
l`f`r y sb vc grbckl` dcthic c fc sbnckc c fcs 1 sbnckcs, cf nbs y
nugocs vbgbs sb prbiuktck p`r què bstãk dcthicl`s, bst` sugblb
p`rqub k` af`qubck fc tbksh÷k rbshlucf lbf bktrbkcnhbkt` qub
sb g`kvhbrtb p`g` c p`g` bk g`ktrcggh`kbs qub vck tcnahèk
ibkbrckl` ci`tcnhbkt`, p`rqub vck g`ksunhbkl` tcnahèk
sustrct`s bkbrièthg`s qub bf gubrp` lbaîc uscr pcrc rbgupbrcrsb:
Rk nõsguf` g`ktrcîl` pbrnckbktbnbktb bs uk nõsguf` qub k`
sb rbgupbrc ahbk, bkt`kgbs hkvbrthr bk fc rbgupbrcgh÷k p`stbrh`r cf
bktrbkcnhbkt` bs suprbncnbktb hnp`rtcktb pcrc qub rbcfnbktb
`pthnhgbk f`s rbgurs`s bkbrièthg`s.
 32=

Qbgupbrcgh÷k sbnckcf
Lb hiucf d`rnc qub fc rbgupbrcgh÷k thbkb uk bkd`qub hktrc bktrbk`
y p`stbrh`r cf bktrbkcnhbkt` tcnahèk bxhstb ukc rbgupbrcgh÷k
lbktr` lb uk nhgr`ghgf` sbnckcf, bf gubrp` f`irc irclucfnbktb
rbgupbrcrsb cktb fc dcthic cgunufclc lb 3c 1 lîcs y lb obgo`
tbrnhkckl` vcrh`s lîcs lb bktrbkcnhbkt` bf gubrp` lbab tcnahèk
bstcr bk ukc dcsb lb rbgupbrcgh÷k, bst` k` shikhgc qub lbab
bstcr rbfcecl`, f` qub lbab `asbrvcrsb bs qub bf khvbf lb dcthic k`
sbc hkgcpcghtcktb ` ffbiub cf pukt` lb k` pbrnhthrfb c fc pbrs`kc
rbcfhzcr sus cgthvhlclbs g`thlhckcs y rbt`ncr su lhc c lhc g`k fc
prblhsp`shgh÷k qub shbnprb fb `gupc ` g`k ukc nbe`r, bkt`kgbs sb
lbab tbkbr bk gubktc c pcrthr lb guãf lîc lb fc sbnckc bnphbzc fc
dcthic cgunufclc, ocy pbrs`kcs qub c pcrthr lbf eubvbs p`r bebnpf`,
yc bstãk nuy ci`tclcs y su rbklhnhbkt` lhsnhkuyb p`tbkghcfnbktb,
ocy `trcs qub lbslb bf lîc nhèrg`fbs fbs sugblb bst` ` bf lîc vhbrkbs
` sãacl`, g`n` ukc nblhlc hktbrbscktb bs hnp`rtcktb tbkbr bk
gubktc lbslb guãf lîc lb fc sbnckc cpcrbgb bstb khvbf lb dcthic
qub hnpcgtc bf rbklhnhbkt` y fc g`thlhckhlcl, cffî bs hnp`rtcktb
rbbvcfucr g`kgbpt`s lb kutrhgh÷k bk fcs gckthlclbs y sca`rbs pcrc
qub sb tbkick clhgh`kcf c f`s rbgurs`s bkbrièthg`s, f`s rbgurs`s
lb rbpcrcgh÷k y nbtca÷fhg` qub bf gubrp` kbgbshtc, bstb tbnc f`
cnpfhcrbn`s bk kubstr` fhar` ]fckhgcgh÷k lbf Bktrbkcnhbkt` y
bk bf tbxt` hnprbs` lb Kutrhgh÷k Lhdbrbkghcf.
 323

Fc bvcgucgh÷k

Fc bvcgucgh÷k bs uk pukt` duklcnbktcf qub tbkbn`s qub

bnpbzcr c `asbrvcr, nugo`s f` pcsck p`r cft`, k` fb prbstck
ctbkgh÷k clbguclc pbr` guckl` sb thbkb bstrbóhnhbkt` k`s
bstã ocafckl` qub tcnahèk sb thbkb uk`s pr`gbs`s lb lhibsth÷k
cftbrcl`s, ibkbrcfnbktb bf bstrbóhnhbkt` bstã suncl` tcnahèk c
cftbrcgh`kbs lb fc nug`sc hktbsthkcf y publb ibkbrcr pr`afbncs,
k` bstcn`s lhghbkl` qub f`s tbkic pbr` publb ibkbrcr pr`afbncs
lb cas`rgh÷k lb kutrhbktbs, rbgubrlc qub bk bf hktbsthk` irubs`
g`n` tcf sb lc uk p`rgbktceb lb cshnhfcgh÷k lb f`s kutrhbktbs y
lbnãs vcf`rbs pbr` guckl` k` sb lc bstb p`rgbktceb lb cshnhfcgh÷k
lb d`rnc clbguclc sb pr`lugb dbrnbktcgh÷k fãgtbc, l`f`r
bst`ncgcf, g÷fhg`s, cftbrcgh`kbs y `tr`s, bkt`kgbs qubrbn`s qub
bnphbgbs c tbkbr prbsbktb qub bf pr`gbs` lb bvcgucgh÷k lbab
bstcr shbnprb rbiufcl` y ausgcr fc ctbkgh÷k g`k bf pr`dbsh`kcf
hklhgcl` pcrc qub rbcfnbktb sb publck rbiufcr bst`s pr`gbs`s
lb bvcgucgh÷k qub bstcn`s rbphthbkl` nugo`, pbr` bs hnp`rtcktb
qub tcnahèk pcrc bvhtcr bstrbóhnhbkt`, cftbrcgh`kbs c khvbf lbf
trãksht` lhibsthv` bnphbgbs c uscr fc gckthlcl lb arc clbguclc,
rbgubrlc qub fc arc f` qub ocgb bs pbrnhthr qub fcs acgtbrhcs
hktbsthkcfbs, fc nhgr`ah`tc hktbsthkcf tbkic bf cnahbktb clbgucl`,
qub tbkic uk cnahbktb dcv`rcafb, uk bspcgh` dcv`rcafb pcrc qub fc
nhgr`ah`tc publc hktbrcgtucr y publc pr`fhdbrcr clbguclcnbktb:
321

bs hnp`rtcktb bktbklbr qub tcnahèk bf g`ksun` lb arc g`n`

lbgîcn`s co`rc vc c euicr uk pcpbf hnp`rtcktb bk t`l` bf trãksht`
hktbsthkcf, bk fc n`thfhlcl qub aãshgcnbktb bs bf n`vhnhbkt`, p`r
bs` ukc lb fcs nblhlcs hnp`rtcktbs qub k`s`tr`s tbkbn`s qub
bstcafbgbr bk fcs lhbtcs bs qub aãshgcnbktb sb lbabk g`ksunhr
3= ircn`s lb arc p`r gclc 3=== gcf`rîcs, bs lbghr, sh tu g`nbthl`
gcf÷rhg` s`k 17== gcf`rîcs bkt`kgbs s`k 17 ircn`s lb arc, sh s`k
7=== gcf`rîcs s`k 7= ircn`s lb arc. Bs hnp`rtcktb qub bstc arc
fc ausqubn`s
cp`rtb lb arc,g`npfbtc, rbgubrlc qubpublbk
cfiukcs fbiunhk`scs f`s vbibtcfbs lck
lcr cfi` lbghbrt`
arc
pbr` shbnprb gbrgh÷rctb tbkbr fc arc hklhgclc.

Tcn`s c vbr 1 cftbrcgh`kbs qub sb lck bk bf bstrbóhnhbkt`, fc prhnbrc

thbkb qub vbr g`k bf n`vhnhbkt`, aãshgcnbktb f`s hktbsthk`s qub
thbkb lhguftcl pcrc lbsfhzcrsb, lhicn`s bf a`f` dbgcf ocstc ffbicr
cf rbgt` g`n` tcf, sh bsb prhnbr thp` lb bstrbóhnhbkt` aãshgcnbktb
bs uk bstrbóhnhbkt` l`klb bxhstb fc lhguftcl lbf n`vhnhbkt`
pcrc qub sb lbsfhgb c trcvès lbf tua` lhibsthv`, bf sbiukl` thp`
lb bstrbóhnhbkt` bs nãs lcl` p`r bf bsdîktbr, bf a`f` dbgcf ffbic

ocstc bf rbgt`
lbf a`f` dbgcf, g`n` tcf pbr`
bkt`kgbs bf bsdîktbr
ocy vcrh`s thp`sckcf `astruyb fc scfhlcl
lb bstrbóhnhbkt` y p`r
bs` bs hnp`rtcktb ausgcr fc ctbkgh÷k clbguclc pcrc qub tbkics
rbcfnbktb fc s`fugh÷k prbghsc y clbguclc pbr` s`arb t`l` bk bstb
gcpîtuf` ` bk bstc pãihkc qubrbn`s ncrgcr fc hnp`rtckghc qub
thbkb hr cf pr`dbsh`kcf hklhgcl` y ausgcr ukc s`fugh÷k, p`rqub t`l`
thp` bstrbóhnhbkt` hklhrbgtcnbktb vc cdbgtcr fc nug`sc hktbsthkcf,
vc c cdbgtcr bf trãksht` hktbsthkcf, vc cdbgtcr fc cas`rgh÷k: t`l` c f`
qub k` fb prbstbs ctbkgh÷k o`y tb vc c pcscr dcgturc ncóckc
bkt`kgbs sî bs duklcnbktcf qub bnphbgbs c `asbrvcr bsb thp` lb
g`klhgh`kbs lb t`l` f` qub bs fc g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc, f` qub bs
bf trãksht` sh
kutrhgh÷k, lhibsthv`
bstcn`sp`rqub eubick
ocafckl` uk pcpbf hnp`rtcktîshn`
lb kutrhgh÷k bk fc
tbkbn`s qub ocafcr
tcnahèk lb dukgh÷k hktbsthkcf y nugocs vbgbs f`s csbs`rcl`, f`s
ctfbtcs ` f`s prcgthgcktbs tkbss fb prbstck nugoîshnc ctbkgh÷k c
f` qub bktrc c su gubrp` pbr` k` fb prbstck ctbkgh÷k c f` qub scfb
lb su gubrp`.
 327

Wbkscgh÷k icstrhgc
Rk` lb f`s vcf`rbs nblhafbs bk fcs lhbtcs y qub lbab tbkbrsb nuy
prbsbktb bk fc grbcgh÷k lb nbkõ bs fc sbkscgh÷k iãstrhgc, bstc
sbkscgh÷k lbtbrnhkc y ncrgc vcrhcafbs qub sb publbk hlbkthgcr
bk ukc g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc clbguclc ` hkclbguclc. Fc shiuhbktb
sbkscgh÷k iãstrhgc sb lbab bvhtcr lbtbrnhkcktbnbktb, qub bs fc
sbkscgh÷k lb qublcr ffbk` y bstc sbkscgh÷k k` bs fc scthsdcggh÷k
lb ocabr g`nhl` cfhnbkt`s, bf qublcr ffbk` lb d`rnc bquhv`gclc
bs fc sbkscgh÷k qub bstã cg`npcóclc g`k pfbkhtul cal`nhkcf,
g`k fc sbkscgh÷k lb tbkbr bf cal`nbk bk ukc dubrtb tbksh÷k ` fc
tbksh÷k lbf bst÷nci` s`arb bf cal`nbk, bstb thp` lb sbkscgh÷k
n`fbstc lbab bvhtcrsb y bs shikhgcl` bktrb vcrhcs `trcs lb qub bf
v`funbk lb cfhnbkt`s qub sb bstã t`nckl` bs nuy cft`, guckl`
bstb sîkt`nc bs drbgubktb guckl` g`nbs tcnahèk pulhbsb hklhgcr
pct`f`iîc iãstrhgc lb vcrhcs îkl`fbs, pbr` bk bsbkghc guckl` s`f`
bs ukc sbkscgh÷k p`r bf v`funbk lb cfhnbkt`s qub g`ksunbs
sb publb g`ktr`fcr g`nhbkl` gckthlclbs nãs p`gcs y lb d`rnc
nãs fbktc, pcrc qub bf gbrbar` y fcs o`rn`kcs fbpthkc y irbfhkc
publck ncktbkbr bf acfckgb bktrb fc scghblcl, sh g`nbs rãphl`
p`lrãs g`nbr nugoc gckthlcl lb cfhnbkt` bk p`g` thbnp` g`k fc
sbkscgh÷k lb qub tb dcftc g`nbr nãs, qublcs ffbk` y c f`s p`g`s
nhkut`s quhbrbs g`nbr nãs. @trc sbkscgh÷k iãstrhgc bs tbkbr
rbue` qub publb prbsbktcrsb g`n` ukc sbkscgh÷k lb cghlbz c fc
cfturc lbf bs÷dci` ` bf bstbrk÷k, ocy vcrh`s sîkt`ncs pbr` bst` lbab
g`ksuftcrsb prbghscnbktb g`k bf pr`dbsh`kcf lb scful hklhgcl`
pcrc rbg`k`gbr qub sî y qub k` bs uk sîkt`nc, ukc n`fbsthc ` ukc
pct`f`iîc, kukgc bs g`rrbgt` cut`lhcik`sthgcrsb, pbr` sh sb lbab
prbstcr ctbkgh÷k pcrc g`ksuftcr c thbnp` y bvhtcr n`fbsthcs, lb
hiucf d`rnc bst`s sîkt`ncs lbabk tbkbrsb prbsbktb pcrc pr`n`vbr
uk`s nbe`rbs o`rcrh`s lb hkibstc lb cfhnbkt`s y uk`s pr`gbs`s
lb ncsthgcgh÷k nãs g`npfbt`s.
 32<

Bxprbscn`s bk bstb fhar` fc hlbc gbktrcf lb f`

qub bs fc kutrhgh÷k y fc g`klugtc cfhnbktcrhc
g`k bf sbkthl` qub sb cgbrqub y sb bkd`qub
lb ukc d`rnc qub sbc
s bc uhl` bf g`k`ghnhbkt`,
tckt` pcrc fcs pbrs`kcs qub thbkb duklcnbkt`s
y cft` g`k`ghnhbkt` bk kutrhgh÷k g`n` pcrc
cqubff`s qub bstãk hkhghckl`, c quhbkbs
lbkhthvcnbktb bspbrcn`s fbs sbc ukc
dubktb lb g`k`ghnhbkt` y fbs bxtbklbn`s
fc rbg`nbklcgh÷k lb uscr tbxt`s ckbx`s
y nblh`s lb hkvbsthicgh÷k g`kcafbs pcrc
g`npfbnbktcr tckt` bf g`k`ghnhbkt` qub fbs
qublc gfcr` g`n` f`s vcgî`s qub c vbgbs
v bgbs lbec
uk pr`gbs` lb fbgturc ` cprbklhzceb, pbr` bk
t`l`s f`s gcs`s k` prbtbklck `nhthr bf bkd`qub
lb uk kutrhgh`khstc pr`dbsh`kcf y fc fhtbrcturc
lbf tbnc, t`lc prãgthgc lbab bstcr lhrhihlc
p`r pr`dbsh`kcfbs gcfhgcl`s, bstb tbxt` thbkb
g`n`sbkthl`bkd`gcrg`k`ghnhbkt`,scahlurîc
yprãgthgc
cnpfhcrdrbktb
su vhsh÷k
c fclbg`klugtc
ukc vhlc cfhnbktcrhc,
scfulcafb y
rbhtbrcn`s cp`ybksb lb fc g`ksuftc lb uk
pr`dbsh`kcf pcrc qub ftrb fc d`rnc bk qub
cpfhgc gclc g`k`ghnhbkt` lcl` bk bstb fhar`
c sh nhsn` ` c gclc pbrs`kc.
 322

BK\QBKCNHBK\@ LHDBQBKGHCF