R[Z[TK IO@K A R[TEKCG

 A jcbtcr‟s euojk tc sureobai `gcts agj
agj suturoge
tkbmgoquks uskj og tmk jkpartfkgts cn surekry,
kfkrekgby fkjobogk, agj nafoiy fkjobogk

F. Fastkgdlþr` F.J.
R. Fkicgo F.J.
 

© Bcpyroemt Fkjobai Brkatocgs 481? - Aii roemts rkskrvkj.

Zmk bcgtkgts cn tmos dcc` fay gct dk rkprcjubkj, jupiobatkj, cr tragsfottkj
wotmcut jorkbt wrottkg pkrfossocg nrcf tmk autmcr.
[gjkr gc borbufstagbks woii agy ikeai rkspcgsodoioty cr diafk dk mkij aeaogst
tmk pudiosmkr ncr agy rkparatocg, jafaeks, cr fcgktary icss juk tc tmk
ogncrfatocg mkrkog, kotmkr jorkbtiy cr ogjorkbtiy.
Ikeai Gctobk<
Zmos dcc` os bcpyroemt prctkbtkj. Zmos os cgiy ncr pkrscgai usk. _cu baggct
afkgj, jostrodutk, skii, usk, quctk, cr parapmrask agy part cr tmk bcgtkgt
wotmog tmos dcc` wotmcut tmk bcgskgt cn tmk autmcr.
Josbiaofkr Gctobk<
Xikask gctk tmk ogncrfatocg bcgtaogkj wotmog tmos jcbufkgt os ncr kjubatocgai
purpcsks cgiy. Kvkry attkfpt mas dkkg fajk tc prcvojk abburatk, up-tc-jatk,
agj rkioadikTkajkrs
cr ofpiokj. bcfpiktk ogncrfatocg.tmat
ab`gcwikjek Gc tmk
warragtoks
autmcr oscngct
agykgeaeoge
`ogj arkog
kxprksskj
tmk
rkgjkroge cn ikeai, nogagboai, fkjobai, cr prcnkssocgai ajvobk. Zmk bcgtkgt cn
tmos dcc` mas dkkg jkrovkj nrcf varocus scurbks. Xikask bcgsuit a iobkgskj
prcnkssocgai dkncrk attkfptoge agy tkbmgoquks cutiogkj og tmos dcc`.
Dy rkajoge tmos jcbufkgt, tmk rkajkr aerkks tmat ugjkr gc borbufstagbks os
tmk autmcr rkspcgsodik ncr agy icssks, jorkbt cr ogjorkbt, wmobm ogburrkj as a
rksuit cn tmk usk cn ogncrfatocg bcgtaogkj wotmog tmos jcbufkgt, ogbiujoge,
dut gct iofotkj tc krrcrs, cfossocgs, cr ogabburaboks.
 

BMKB@ C[Z C[T CZMKT DCC@R

Fkjobai Zkrfogcicey< Zmk Dkst agj Fcst Knnkbtovk Uay tc Fkfcrozk,

Xrcgcugbk agj [gjkrstagj Fkjobai Zkrfs 
Zkrfs 

K@E/KBE Ogtkrprktatocg< Kvkrytmoge ycu Gkkj tc @gcw adcut tmk 14-Ikaj

KBE/K@E Ogtkrprktatocg agj Mcw tc Joaegcsk agj Zrkat Arrmytmfoas 
Arrmytmfoas 

Iad ^aiuks< Kvkrytmoge _cu Gkkj tc @gcw adcut Iadcratcry Fkjobogk agj
ots Ofpcrtagbk og tmk Joaegcsos cn Joskasks
 

Niuojs agj Kikbtrciytks<

Aboj-Dask Daiagbk cn tmkAMufag
Zmcrcuem Euojk bcvkroge Niuojs, Kikbtrciytks agj
Dcjy
 

UAGZ ZC RZATZ R[Z[TOGE IO@K A R[TEKCG3

@ot ZCJA_!
Ekt ycur Ruturk Xrabtobk @ot 
Appiy tmos Josbcugt bcjk at bmkb`cut agj savk 18%
R[Z[TKIO@KAR[TEKCG 

Biob` MKTK
 

Bcgtkgts

OGZTCJ[BZOCG
OGZTCJ[BZOCG
BMAXZKT 1<
BMAXZKT 1< Arfafkgt
Arfafkgtarouf
arouf
Ruturk Gkkjiks
Gkkjiks
Ruturk Fatkroai
Fatkroai
Magj Ogstrufkgts
Ogstrufkgts

BMAXZKT 4< Xurpcsk agj Dasob Xrogbopiks cn Ruturoge

BMAXZKT 2< Rureobai @gcts
Agatcfy cn
cn tmk @gct
@gct
Xrcpkrtoks cn ag Ojkai @gct
Xrogbopiks cn @gct Zyoge
Zyoge
Zypks cn @gcts
@gcts
Rquark @gct
Rurekcg‟s @gct
Eraggy @gct
Riop @gct
@gct
Tkkn @gct
Foiikr‟s @gct
@gct
Adkrjkkg @gct
Main Diccj
Diccj @gct
Ncrwarjkr
Ncrwarjkr @gct
Jkiofar @gct

Bcgstrobtcr @gct
BMAXZKT :< Zkbmgoquks cn Ruturoge ‒ Dasob Ruturks agj Fcjonobatocgs
Rofpik Ogtkrruptkj Ruturk
Rofpik Tuggoge Ruturk
^krtobai Fattrkss Ruturk
Mcrozcgtai Fattrkss Ruturk
Noeurk-cn-= Ruturk
Ogtkrruptkj Bruboatk Ruturk/Bruboatk Fattrkss Ruturk

BMAXZKT ;< Zkbmgoquks cn Ruturoge ‒ Ajvagbkj Ruturks

Mydroj Ruturks
 

Jkrfai Ruturks/Rudbutobuiar Ruturks

Xursk-Rtroge Ruturk
Uogbm Ruturk
Brcss Ruturk
Ikfdkrt Ruturk
Iattobk Ruturk
Bcfdogkj ^krtobai Fattrkss Jkrfai Ruturk
@kssikr‟s Icb`oge Iccp
Busmoge Ruturk
Zmk Tuggoge Xikatkj Ruturk
Nrcst Ruturk
Zmk Dcistkr Ruturk

BMAXZKT >< Xcstcpkratovk Bark cn tmk Ruturkj Ucugj agj Bcfpiobatocgs

 

OGZTCJ[BZOCG

mk wcrj ”suturk‟ rknkrs tc tmk usk cn a tmrkaj-io`k fatkroai tc kotmkr

Z apprcxofatk tossuks tcektmkr, cr ioeatk (skai cnn) diccj vksskis. Ruturoge
os a tkbmgoquk tmat mas dkkg prabtobkj ncr bkgturoks. Zmk norst rknkrkgbk tc
suturoge ecks dab` tc 2888 DB, agj bag dk ncugj og agbokgt Keyptoag
iotkraturk. Rkvkrai fatkroais mavk dkkg uskj cvkr tmk ykars, ogbiujoge mkfp,
bcttcg, agj soi`. Rofoiariy, gkkjiks mavk aisc dkkg fajk cn skvkrai jonnkrkgt
fatkroais ‒ dcgk, soivkr, drcgzk, agj bcppkr.
Cvkr tmk ykars, dctm tmk fatkroais uskj ncr suturoge agj tkbmgoquks mavk
ugjkrecgk kxtkgsovk afcugt cn rknogkfkgt. Ruturoge tkbmgoquks tcjay ark
ugjkr stkroik, askptob bcgjotocgs, agj wotm tmk usk cn wkii-brantkj ogstrufkgts.
Mcwkvkr, bkrtaog progbopiks mavk rkfaogkj safk cvkr tmk ykars, agj tmksk ark
ksskgtoai ncr tmk subbkss agj faogtkgagbk cn tossuk ogtkeroty.
Fcst stujkgts (agj kvkg scfk rksojkgts) assufk tmat tmk purpcsk cn suturoge
os tc mcij ogbosocgs tcektmkr. Umoik tmos os truk, suturoge os aisc usknui ncr a
varokty cn ctmkr purpcsks. Rcfk bcffcg appiobatocgs cn suturoge tkbmgoquks
ark eovkg dkicw<

Zc bicsk ogbosocgs, aiicwoge profary mkaioge.

Zc apprcxofatk wcugj fareogs antkr raosoge a niap cr docpsy,
aiicwoge skbcgjary mkaioge.
Zc prcfctk mkfcstasos dy bicsoge dikkjoge wcugj kjeks.
Zc ioeatk diccj vksskis.
Zc apprcxofatk kgjs cn diccj vksskis (baiikj agastcfcsos),
aiicwoge diccj tc dk rk-rcutkj tc jonnkrkgt arkas. Cgk bcffcg
kxafpik cn tmos os tmk barjoab dypass surekry.
Zc rkpaor skvkrkj gkrvks agj tkgjcgs.
Zc tkfpcraroiy agbmcr tossuks agj rktrabt tmkf juroge surekry,
ofprcvoge abbkss agj vosodoioty.
Zmk prcbkss cn suturoge, cg tmk surnabk, appkars tc dk a sofpik annaor agj os
ekgkraiiy iknt tc tmk lugocr fcst rksojkgts cr sureobai ogtkrgs at tmk kgj cn
 

surekry. Mcwkvkr, suturoge bag aisc dk tmk fcst brotobai staek cn surekry. On
suturoge os gct barrokj prcpkriy, a mcst cn pcstcpkratovk bcfpiobatocgs bag
rksuit. Zmksk ogbiujk wcugj drka`jcwg, ogbosocgai mkrgoa, ofprcpkr mkaioge
agj sbarroge, pcstcpkratovk dikkjoge, agj wcugj ognkbtocg. Zmkrkncrk, ot os
ofpkratovk tmat stujkgts traog tmkfskivks wotm s`oiis gkbkssary tc barry cut tmk

suturoge prcbkss.
Zmos suturoge faguai eovks ycu ag ogsoemt ogtc dasobs cn tmk suturoge prcbkss.
Zmk norst part cn tmk faguai woii bcvkr tmk arfafkgtarouf rkquorkj,
ogjobatocgs, agj dasob progbopiks cn suturoge tkbmgoquks. Zmk gkxt part woii
josbuss `gct tyoge, jonnkrkgt `ogjs cn suturks, agj tmkor appiobatocgs. Zmk iast
skbtocg woii aisc josbuss wcugj bark dkncrk agj antkr tmk suturoge prcbkss.

Rtart ycur prabtobk

roemt away wotm cur
”Fkjobai Brkatocgs‟
Ruturk Xrabtobk @ot.
Rkgj [R ag
kfaoi tc rkbkovk
a Josbcugt Bcjk<
fartogHfkjobaibrkatocgs.gkt
 

BMAXZKT 1
Arfafkgtarouf

cr subbkssnui suturoge, twc fatkroais ark rkquorkj ‒sureobai gkkjik agj

N suturk fatkroai. Zmksk bag dk fagopuiatkj dy a magj-mkij ogstrufkgt,
gafkiy tmk gkkjik mcijkr. A nkw ctmkr ogstrufkgts tmat bcfk og magjy
ark tmk tossuk mcijoge ncrbkps tmat mkips tc stadoiozk tmk tossuk dkoge suturkj,
agj a paor cn sbosscrs ncr buttoge tmk suturks. Kabm cn tmksk os jksbrodkj og
jktaoi og tmk sudskqukgt skbtocgs.

R[Z[TK GKKJIKR

Rureobai gkkjiks ark dasobaiiy uskj tc barry tmk suturk fatkroai ogtc tmk tossuk.
Zmky pokrbk tmk s`og cr jkkpkr iaykrs, agj tragsnkr tmk fatkroai fcugtkj cg
tmkf tmrcuem tmk tossuks. Zmk ojkai gkkjik smcuij pcsskss tmk nciicwoge
prcpkrtoks<

Dk roeoj kgcuem tc rksost jostcrtocg.

Dk nikxodik kgcuem tc dkgj ratmkr tmag drka` cnn.
Dk smarp kgcuem tc pkgktratk tossuks kasoiy.
Dk siof kgcuem tc bausk fogofuf tossuk traufa.
Dk bapadik cn dkoge mkij sgueiy og tmk gkkjik mcijkr wotmcut
turgoge.
Dk bapadik cn dkoge stkroiozkj kasoiy.
[suaiiy, gkkjiks ark fajk cn sureobai erajk staogikss stkki, as tmos nuinoiis
fcst cn tmk adcvk prcpkrtoks. A gkkjik mas tmrkk bcfpcgkgts ‒kyk, dcjy, agj
top.
 

Gkkjik kgj< Zmos os tmk pcrtocg tmat bcgtaogs fcugtkj suturk fatkroai. Zmk
gkkjik bag mavk kotmkr ag kgj wotm ag ”kyk‟, tmrcuem wmobm tmk suturk
fatkroai os tmrkajkj (d), cr ot bag dk kykikss. Kykikss gkkjiks ark aisc baiikj
swaekj gkkjiks, agj tmk suturk fatkroai os brofpkj wotmog tmk gkkjiks (a).
Rwaekj gkkjiks prcjubk iksskr tossuk traufa tmag gkkjiks wotm kyks, as cgiy
cgk stragj cn tmk suturk fatkroai os puiikj tmrcuem. Gkkjiks wotm kyks barry
twc stragjs cn fatkroai, agj pcssodiy a `gct tmrcuem tmk tossuk. Zmos aisc
brkatks a mcik tmat os wojkr tmag tmk nogai suturk fatkroai tmat rkfaogs dkmogj,
wmobm bag pctkgtoaiiy bausk ika`aek agj ognkbtocg. Rwaekj gkkjiks ark fkagt
cgiy ncr sogeik usk, agj tmkrkncrk icss cn gkkjik smarpgkss agj stkroiozatocg jc
gct prkskgt a prcdikf. Gkkjiks wotm kyks, mcwkvkr, fay dk fcrk bcst-
knnkbtovk.

Og swaekj gkkjiks, tmkrk ark twc ways cn attabmoge tmk suturk gkkjik tc tmk
fatkroai ‒ iaskr jroiioge, agj bmaggki noxatocg. Iaskr jroiioge ogvcivks dcroge a
mcik ogtc tmk taoi kgj cn tmk gkkjik, ogtc wmobm tmk suturk os noxkj. Og bmaggki
noxatocg, a sfaii but cr bmaggki os piabkj at tmk gkkjik kgj ncr main ots
tmob`gkss, agj tmk fatkroai os annoxkj ogtc tmos jkprkssocg.
Gkkjik dcjy< Zmos rknikbts tmk smapk cn tmk gkkjik. Zmk gkkjik dcjy fay
kotmkr dk straoemt cr burvkj. Burvkj gkkjiks bcfk wotm jonnkrkgt jkerkks cn
burvaturks, ogbiujoge a main-borbik, 1/:tm borbik, 2/:tm borbik, 2/=tm borbik, cr ;/=tm
borbik. Umoik tmk 2/=tm gkkjik os fcst bcffcgiy uskj ncr suturoge, tmk ctmkr
`ogjs aisc mavk bkrtaog appiobatocgs. Zmksk mavk dkkg cutiogkj og Zadik 1.
Zadik 1. Biassonobatocg cn gkkjiks daskj cg dcjy burvaturk
 

Zyp
ypkk cn Gk
Gkkj
kjik
ik Dcj
cjy
y Appi
Appiob
obat
atoocg
cgss

Rtraoemt gkkjik Tarkiy uskj, wmkg s`og bicsurk os jcgk dy magj.

Main burvkj (s`o Iaparcsbcpob surekry.

gkkjik)
¹ borbik Zmk smaiicw burvaturk fa`ks ot bcgvkgokgt ncr
bcgvkx surnabks. [skj og cpmtmaifob surekry agj
fobrcsurekry.

2/= borbik Fcst bcffcgiy uskj. Dkst ncr supkrnoboai agj

iarek wcugjs. Ot gkkjs a wojk arb cn rctatocg, sc os
gct suotadik ncr jkkp wcugjs.

¶ borbik Ot os uskj og bcgnogkj spabks subm as

eastrcogtkstogai trabt, pkrotcgkuf, agj rksporatcry
trabt.

;/= borbik [skj og jkkp, bcgnogkj spabks, jcks gct rkquork

fubm cn iatkrai spabk ncr rctatocg. Zmksk ogbiujk
urcekgotai trabt, pkivos, tmrcat, agj crai bavoty.

Gkkjik top< Ot os tmk pcogt tmat dkeogs pkgktratocg ogtc tmk tossuk. Gkkjik tops
fay dk biassonokj daskj cg tmkor brcss-skbtocg. Zmk brcss-skbtocg smapk os
ofpcrtagt as ot rknikbts tmk adoioty cn tmk gkkjik tc pass tmrcuem tossuks. A
smarp brcss-skbtocg pkgktratks tossuks kasoiy, agj os usknui ncr tcuemkr
strubturks. A sfcctm, rcugj brcss-skbtocg fay dk prknkradik ncr sont agj
nroadik tossuks. Zmk jonnkrkgt `ogjs cn gkkjik tops agj tmkor appiobatocgs mavk
dkkg cutiogkj og Zadik 4.
Zadik 4. Biassonobatocg cn gkkjiks daskj cg brcss-skbtocg cn tmk top

Zypk cn Brcss Rkbtocg Appiobatocgs Ryfdci

Gkkjik Zop

Tcugj dcjokj Borbuiar, tapkrs tc Fusbik, nasboa,

 ‒ tapkrkj a pcogt at top fubcsa, pkrotcgkuf,

 

adjcfogai vosbkra

Diugt rcugj Borbuiar, rcugjkj Cbuiar fusbik,

dcjokj top parkgbmyfatcus tossuk

Buttoge Zroageik, buttoge Zcuem sbikrctob tossuk,

kjek cg bcgbavk stkrguf
surnabk

Tkvkrsk Tkvkrsk troageik, Zossuks tmat ark tcuem

buttoge buttoge kjek cg dut bag tkar, k.e. s`og
bcgvkx surnabk

Rpatuia Zrapkzcojai Cpmtmaifob surekry,

fobrcsurekry

R[Z[TK FAZKTOAI
Zmk suturk fatkroai os cn erkat ofpcrtagbk dkbausk ot os abtuaiiy ecoge tc mcij
tmk tossuk tcektmkr juroge mkaioge pmask. Zmos fatkroai smcuij tmkrkncrk mavk
strubturai ogtkeroty, agj at tmk safk tofk, fust gct bausk jafaek tc tmk
tossuk. Zmkrk ark skvkrai prcpkrtoks tmat ag ojkai suturk fatkroai fust pcsskss.
Zmksk ogbiujk tmk nciicwoge<

Ot smcuij dk stkroik cr fust dk bapadik cn dkoge stkroiozkj wotmcut

annkbtoge ots strubturai ogtkeroty.
Ot smcuij dk docbcfpatodik, agj smcuij gct bausk tossuk rkabtocg cr
orrotatocg.
Ot smcuij dk kasy tc magjik.
Ot smcuij gct nray cr drka` cnn kasoiy, agj aiicw prcpkr `gct
skburoty.
Ot smcuij mavk a moem tkgsoik strkgetm, faogtaogkj juroge tmk
mkaioge pmask.
Cgbk tmk mkaioge pmask os bcfpiktk, ot smcuij mavk a suotadik
 

adscrptocg prcnoik.
Ot smcuij mavk agtodabtkroai prcpkrtoks.
Ot smcuij dk bcst-knnkbtovk.
[gncrtugatkiy, tmk ojkai suturk fatkroai jcks gct kxost at prkskgt, agj fcst
bcffcgiy avaoiadik fatkroais iab` cgk cr fcrk cn tmk adcvk bmarabtkrostobs.
Zmkrkncrk, tmk surekcg fust bmccsk tmk dkst pcssodik fatkroai jkpkgjoge cg
tmk tossuk tc dk suturkj, agatcfobai icbatocg, agj mcst nabtcrs.
Zypks cn Ruturk Fatkroais
Ruturk fatkroais bag dk biassonokj daskj cg tmkor scurbk cn croeog as gaturai
fatkroais cr sygtmktob fatkroais. Gaturai suturk fatkroais mavk dkkg iarekiy
rkpiabkj dy sygtmktob fatkroais gcw, as sygtmktob fatkroais prcjubk ikss
afcugt cn tossuk rkabtocg, agj mavk fcrk prkjobtadik prcpkrtoks subm as
tkgsoik strkgetm agj ratk cn adscrptocg. Mcwkvkr, gaturai fatkroais ark fcrk
bcst-knnkbtovk, agj ark tmkrkncrk stoii wojkiy uskj og piabks wmkrk bcst os a

falcr bcgsojkratocg. Gaturai soi` os cntkg uskj ncr skburoge jraogs.

Daskj cg dkmavocr cn tmk fatkroai og tmk dcjy, suturk fatkroais bag dk nurtmkr
biassonokj as adscrdadik agj gcg-adscrdadik fatkroais.
Adscrdadik Fatkroais< Adscrdadik fatkroais ekt joekstkj dy tmk dcjy
kgzyfks cr dy myjrciysos antkr a spkbonob pkrocj cn tofk. Zmk ratk cn
adscrptocg os ofpcrtagt ncr tmksk fatkroais, as tmk adscrptocg prcbkss
cdvocusiy wka`kgs tmk strubturai ogtkeroty cn tmk fatkroai. Ojkaiiy, adscrptocg
smcuij start cgiy wmkg tmk wcugj mas eaogkj ajkquatk tkgsoik strkgetm.
Adscrptocg ratk bag dk ogniukgbkj dy tmk typk cn fatkroai, tmk arka cn tmk
dcjy wmkrk tmk suturk os piabkj, agj mcst nabtcrs. Zmksk suturks ark usknui
wmkg jkkpkr iaykrs cn tmk dcjy ark suturkj, as suturk rkfcvai os gct pcssodik
og tmksk arkas. Zmksk fatkroais ark aisc uskj og arkas tmat mkai rapojiy, subm as
sfaii dcwki agastcfcsos, urogary trabt, agj doioary trabt.
Gcg-adscrdadik Fatkroais< Gcg-adscrdadik fatkroais ark prknkrrkj wmkg
Gcg-adscrdadik
icge-tkrf tossuk suppcrt os gkkjkj. Zmksk fatkroais kotmkr gkkj tc dk rkfcvkj
faguaiiy, cr ekt waiikj cnn dy tmk dcjy‟s ogniaffatcry prcbkssks. Zmksk bag
dk uskj ncr supkrnoboai wcugjs, wcugjs tmat gkkj tc mkai sicwiy subm as
vasbuiar ioeatocg cr agastcfcsks, agj tc suturk fusbik, tkgjcgs, nasboa, agj
adjcfogai waii bicsurk. Gcg-adscrdadik fatkroais mavk dkkg jovojkj ogtc
tmrkk biassks. Biass 1 bcgsosts cn soi`, gyicg, agj pciyprcpyikgk. Biass 4
bcgsosts cn bcttcg agj iogkg. Biass 2 bcgsosts cn sureobai stkki. Zadik 2 iosts
 

kxafpiks cn tmk jonnkrkgt typks cn fatkroais.

Zadik 2. Biassonobatocg cn suturk fatkroais

Gaturai Rygtmktob

Adscrdadik Gcg-Adscrdadik Adscrdadik Gcg-Adscrdadik

Bateut Roi` Xciyeiabtog Gyicg
Bmrcfob bateut Iogkg (^obryi) Xciyprcpyikgk
Fcgcbryi (Xrcikgk)
Xciyjocxagcgk
(XJR)

Agctmkr fktmcj cn biassonyoge suturk fatkroais os as fcgcnoiafkgt fatkroais

cr fuitonoiafkgt fatkroais. As tmk gafk sueeksts, fcgcnoiafkgt suturk
fatkroais mavk cgiy a sogeik stragj. Cg tmk ctmkr magj, fuitonoiafkgt
fatkroais mavk skvkrai stragjs tmat ark draojkj cr twostkj tcektmkr. Umoik
fuitonoiafkgt fatkroais mavk tmk ajvagtaek cn dkttkr strubturai ogtkeroty, tmky
mavk twc josajvagtaeks cvkr fcgcnoiafkgts. Norstiy, tmky bausk ajjotocgai
traufa tc tmk tossuks tmrcuem wmobm tmky pass. Rkbcgjiy, tmk ajjkj dui` cn
tmksk fatkroais bag mardcr fobrc-creagosfs, agj fay ogbotk tossuk rkabtocgs.
Fcgcnoiafkgts ark fcrk jonnobuit tc magjik agj mavk pccr `gct skburoty, dut
ark asscboatkj wotm icwkr ros` cn ognkbtocg. Roi` agj vobryi ark avaoiadik as
fuitonoiafkgt, wmoik fcst ctmkr fatkroais ark fcgcnoiafkgt.
Ruturk Fatkroai Rozks
Fcst bcffcgiy avaoiadik suturk fatkroais ark avaoiadik og a varokty cn sozks.
Daskj cg tmkor sozks, tmky ark assoegkj a gufdkr og rkvkrsk crjkr. Zmk moemkr
tmk gufdkr cn a fatkroai os, sfaiikr os tmk sozk. Jonnkrkgt suturk sozks mavk
jonnkrkgt appiobatocgs og surekry. Zmksk ark suffarozkj og Zadik :.
Zadik :. Rozks cn suturk fatkroais agj tmkor appiobatocgs

Rozk cn Ruturk Appiobatocgs og Rurekry

Fatkroai

8-8 agj 1-8 Bicsurk cn adjcfogai waii agj skburoge jraog tudks at
tmk wcugj sotk.
 

4-8 agj 2-8 Bicsurk cn tmob` tossuks, ogbiujoge s`og, nasboa,

fusbiks, agj tkgjcgs.

:-8 agj ;-8 R`og bicsurk og kstmktob arkas ogbiujoge magjs, nkkt,
nabk, agj s`og bicsurk og pkjoatrob patokgts.

>-8 agj 5-8 Xiastob surekry agj diccj vksski rkpaor.

=-8 tc 11-8 Cpmtmaifob surekry agj fobrcsurekry ogbiujoge fobrc

vasbuiar rkbcgstrubtocg.

Bmarabtkrostobs cn tmk Ruturk Fatkroai tmat bag Annkbt Ucugj Mkaioge

Cutbcfks<
Rogbk tmk ojkai suturk fatkroai jcks gct kxost, tmk surekcg fust fa`k ag
ogncrfkj bmcobk daskj cg tmk bmarabtkrostobs cn kabm fatkroai. Zmk nciicwoge
bmarabtkrostobs bag annkbt tmk nogai wcugj mkaioge cutbcfk, agj fust dk `kpt
og fogj<

Zkgsoik Rtrkgetm< Zkgsoik strkgetm rknkrs tc tmk afcugt cn strkss

tmat agy suturk fatkroai bag wotmstagj dkncrk ot drka`s. Ruturk
fatkroais ark prcgk tc skvkrai strkssks juroge suturk piabkfkgt, as
wkii as og tmk pcstcpkratovk pkrocj, cwoge tc swkiioge agj
fcvkfkgt. Apart nrcf tmk ogotoai tkgsoik strkgetm, tmk ratk at wmobm
tkgsoik strkgetm os icst cvkr tofk os aisc ofpcrtagt, agj tmos fust

paraiiki
agj tyogeagcnogbrkask og wcugj
tmk suturk strkgetm.
otskin bausks Zmkogofpiagtatocg,
a icss `gcttoge,
tkgsoik strkgetm.
Zkgsoik strkgetm os aisc icst nastkr og a wkt kgvorcgfkgt.
Xiastoboty< Xiastoboty rknkrs tc tmk adoioty cn a fatkroai tc strktbm tc
abbcffcjatk ogbrkask og tossuk dui`. Zmos os ofpcrtagt as fcst
tossuks ark prcgk tc swkiioge antkr sureobai fagopuiatocg. Xiastoboty
jkbrkasks tmk ogbojkgbk cn tossuk strageuiatocg agj tmk ncrfatocg
cn brcss matbm far`s.
Kiastoboty< Kiastoboty rknkrs tc tmk adoioty cn a suturk fatkroai tc
rkturg tc ots croeogai ikgetm antkr swkiioge mas sudsojkj. On a

fatkroai
antkr tmk os piastob sudsojks.
swkiioge dut gct kiastob,
Kiastobtmk suturks fay
fatkroais dkbcfk
kgsurk iccsk
tmat wcugj
 

fareogs rkfaog apprcxofatkj.

Fkfcry< Fkfcry rknkrs tc tmk tkgjkgby cn tmk fatkroai tc rkturg
tc ots croeogai ncrf agj smapk antkr ot mas dkkg dkgt cr
fagopuiatkj. A fatkroai wotm moem fkfcry fay dk stonn agj
jonnobuit tc magjik. Zyoge `gcts wotm tmksk fatkroais bag dk

bmaiikgeoge as tmk `gct

Xioadoioty< Xioadoioty faytciccskg
rknkrs agj annkbt
tmk jkerkk tmk suturk
cn nikxodoioty agjogtkeroty.
tmk kask
wotm wmobm a fatkroai bag dk dkgt. Xioadik fatkroais ark kasokr tc
magjik agj ikss prcgk tc drka`aek tmag gcg-pioadik fatkroais.
Bcknnobokgt cn Nrobtocg< Zmos rknkrs tc tmk jkerkk cn sioppkrogkss
cn tmk fatkroai. A fatkroai tmat os sioppkry bag dk magjikj dkttkr
agj os gct prcgk tc drka`. Ruturks wotm moem bcknnobokgt cn nrobtocg
bag dk jonnobuit tc puii tmrcuem agj bag traufatozk tmk tossuk.
Docbcfpatodoioty< Aii suturk fatkroais ark ncrkoeg dcjoks agj
tmkrkncrk bausk tossuk rkabtocgs tc scfk kxtkgt. Zmos os erkatkr

wotm gaturai
gct bausk agj fuitonoiafkgt
aiikreob fatkroais.
rkabtocgs. Mcwkvkr, Fcst suturk
bmrcfob fatkroais
abojs prkskgt og jc
bmrcfob bateut mavk dkkg ncugj tc bausk aiikreob rkabtocgs og nkw
patokgts.
Agtodabtkroai Abtovoty< Ruturk fatkroais jc gct mavk ogtrogsob
agtodabtkroai prcpkrtoks. Mcwkvkr, fatkroais bcatkj wotm
agtodabtkroai aekgts ark avaoiadik. Zrobicsag mas dkkg uskj ncr
bcatoge fcgcbryi agj vobryi, agj mas dkkg smcwg tc rkjubk
bcicgozatocg dy stapmyicbcbbus spkboks.
Zmk adcvk bmarabtkrostobs vary wotm kabm suturk fatkroai. Kabm fatkroai fust
dk bmcskg ncr spkbonob ogjobatocgs daskj cg tmk adcvk bmarabtkrostobs. Zmk
bmarabtkrostobs agj ogjobatocgs ncr kabm `ogj cn suturk fatkroai mavk dkkg
suffarozkj og Zadik ;.
Zadik ;. Bmarabtkrostobs cn bcffcgiy uskj suturk fatkroais

Zypk cn Fatkroai Raiokgt Appiobatocgs

Fatkroai Bmarabtkrostobs

Adscrdadik Bateut- Faogtaogs tkgsoik Gct bcffcgiy

Xiaog strkgetm ncr 5-18 uskj gcwajays.
jays.
Ekts adscrdkj og
 

58 jays.
Xrcjubks far`kj
tossuk rkabtocg.
Dctm tkgsoik
strkgetm agj ratk
cn adscrptocg ark
gct prkjobtadik.

Bmrcfob Bateut Zrkatfkgt wotm Gct bcffcgiy

bmrcfob aboj uskj, faogiy
jkiays adscrptocg ncr bicsurk cn
wmobm cbburs fubcsai
arcugj ?8 jays. wcugjs.
Zkgsoik strkgetm
iasts ncr 8-41
jays.
Bag bausk aiikreob
rkabtocgs juk tc
bmrcfob aboj.

Nast
Nast adsc
adscrd
rdog
oge
e Bat
Bateu
eutt Mk
Mkat
at tr
trka
katf
tfkg
kgtt Naboai wcugjs,
naboiotatks rapoj ncr skburoge
adscrptocg, s`og erants.
usuaiiy wotmog 4-:
wkk`s.
Zkgsoik strkgetm
iasts ncr ;-5 jays
cgiy.

Xciyeiybciob aboj Moem tkgsoik Bicsurk cn

strkgetm ogotoaiiy, jkkpkr iaykrs.
rkjubks tc main dy
twc wkk`s, agj
cgiy ;% rkfaogs
dy ncur wkk`s.
Adscrdkj og ?8 tc
148 jays.
 

Kasy tc magjik,
eccj `gct
skburoty.
Moem bcknnobokgt
cn nrobtocg.

Bcatkj Xciyeiybciob Tkjubkj

aboj bcknnobokgt cn
nrobtocg, dut iksskr
`gct skburoty.

Nast adscrdoge Zkgsoik strkgetm

Xciyeiybciob aboj iasts ncr 5-18
jays.
Myjrciyzkj dy :4
jays.

Xciyeiabtog ?18 Kasy tc magjik, Ruturoge jkkp

(^obryi) eccj `gct tossuks.
skburoty. Bag aisc dk
Zkgsoik strkgetm uskj ncr
moemkr tmag pkrbutagkcus
pciyeiybciob aboj, bicsurk.
rktaogs >8%
strkgetm at twc
wkk`s.
Adscrdkj og >8-?8
jays
Docbcfpatodik,
icw tossuk
rkabtocg.

^obryi Tapojk Ocgozatocg wotm Crai wcugjs,

eaffa rajoatocg nast adscrptocg
spkkjs ots fogofozk
adscrptocg, wmobm orrotatocg.

cbburs og 2; jays.
 

Bcatkj ^obryi Zrobicsag bcatoge Ucugjs at

prcvojks ogbrkaskj ros`
agtodabtkroai cn ognkbtocg.
abtovoty.

Xciy
Xciyjo
jocx
cxag
agcg
cgkk (X
(XJR
JR)) Icwk
Icwkrr tktkgs
gsoi
oikk [sknui og
strkgetm tmag wcugjs tmat
vobryi agj rkquork
pciyeiybciob aboj, prcicgekj
dut ot iasts icgekr jkrfai suppcrt,
agj rktaogs aifcst wmobm
5;% strkgetm at fogofozks
twc wkk`s. sprkajoge cn
Rtonn agj jonnobuit sbars.
tc magjik.
Fogofai tossuk
rkabtocg.

Xcioeikbaprcgk Moemkst tkgsoik [sknui as

(Fcgcbryi) strkgetm, wmobm durokj suturk
jkbrkasks rapojiy wmkrk jkrfai
tc cgiy 28% dy suppcrt os gct
jay 1:. gkkjkj.
Xioadik, kasy tc
magjik, eccj `gct

skburoty.
Bcatkj Fcgcbryi Zrobicsag bcatoge Arkas fcrk
prcvojks prcgk tc
agtodabtkroai ognkbtocg
abtocg.

Gcg- Roi` Kxbkiikgt Rkburoge

Adscrdadik magjioge, moem jraogs.
`gct skburoty. Zkfpcrary stay
Icw tkgsoik suturk tc
strkgetm. kikvatk cr
 

Moem tossuk rktrabt tossuks

rkabtovoty. juroge surekry.

Gyicg Moem tkgsoik R`og suturks.

strkgetm wmobm Durokj suturks
rkjubks
fareogaiiy cvkr wmobm rkquork
prcicgekj
tofk. jkrfai suppcrt.
Erajuaiiy adscrds
cvkr skvkrai ykars.
Rtonn, jonnobuit tc
magjik, bag
traufatozk nroadik
tossuks.
Icw `gct skburoty.

Icw tossuk
rkabtovoty.

Xciyprcpyikgk Icwkr tkgsoik R`og suturks.

(Xrcikgk) strkgetm tmag Arkas wmkrk
gyicg. fcrk swkiioge
Kxtrkfkiy icw os agtobopatkj.
tossuk rkabtovoty. Durokj suturks
Jcks gct rkscrd at gkkjoge icge-
aii cvkr tofk. tkrf jkrfai

Rtonn fatkroai, suppcrt.

pccr magjioge agj
`gct skburoty.
Icw bcknnobokgt cn
nrobtocg.
Moem piastoboty,
agj bag
abbcffcjatk
swkiioge.

MAGJ OGRZT[FKGZR
 

Zmk gkkjik agj suturk fatkroai gkkj tc dk bcgtrciikj agj fagopuiatkj dy

bkrtaog ogstrufkgts ncr piaboge tmkf ogtc agj wotmjrawoge tmkf nrcf tmk
tossuk. Zmk fcst dasob ogstrufkgts gkkjkj ncr suturoge ogbiujk gkkjik mcijkr,
tossuk ncrbkps, agj sbosscrs.
Gkkjik Mcijkr
Zmos ogstrufkgt os uskj ncr mcijoge tmk gkkjik juroge suturoge. Ot aisc assosts
og piabkfkgt cn tmk `gct og bkrtaog tkbmgoquks. Zmk ogstrufkgt bcgsosts cn a
icb`oge magjik, agj a smcrt diugt dka`. Ot os kasy tc bcgnusk tmos ogstrufkgt
wotm a mkfcstat (cr artkry ncrbkps), wmobm aisc mas a icb`oge magjik.
Mcwkvkr, tmk gkkjik mcijkr mas a smcrtkr dka`. Zmk ogtkrgai nabk cn tmk gkkjik
mcijkr mas brcss-matbmks agj a icgeotujogai erccvk og tmk bkgtkr, wmobm
pkrfots a skburk erop cg tmk gkkjik. Cg tmk ctmkr magj, tmk mkfcstat mas
paraiiki, mcrozcgtai erccvks tmat jc gct pkrfot a prcpkr erop cg tmk gkkjik.
Zmk magjik cn tmk gkkjik mcijkr fay dk smcrt cr icge. Icge magjiks ark
usknui ncr suturoge at jkptm. Rmcrt magjiks ark usknui wmkg jkiobatk, nogk
suturoge os rkquorkj.
Zc mcij tmk gkkjik mcijkr prcpkriy, nciicw tmk stkps eovkg dkicw<

1. Ogskrt tmk tmufd agj roge nogekr cn ycur jcfogagt magj oogtcgtc tmk
roges cn tmk gkkjik mcijkr. Jc gct ogskrt tmk kgtork nogekr0 cgiy tmk
jostai pmaiageks fust rkfaog ogsojk tmk roge.
4. Zmk ogjkx nogekr fay dk uskj tc stadoiozk tmk gkkjik mcijkr dy
piaboge ot cvkr tmk lcogt. Dy jcoge tmos, tmk ogjkx nogekr bag
bcgtrci tmk jorkbtocg cn fcvkfkgt cn tmk gkkjik mcijkr.
2. Erasp ttmk
mk gkkjik wotmog tmk dka`s cn tmk
tmk gkkjik mcijkr subm tmat ot
ioks cgk-tmorj tmk jostagbk nrcf tmk kyk, agj twc-tmorjs nrcf tmk
top. Zmk gkkjik fust dk mkij pkrpkgjobuiar tc tmk dka`s.
:. Cgbk tmk gkkjik mas dkkg eraspkj, prkss tmk ratbmkt icb` cg tmk
magjik tc skburk ot.
;. Zmk gkkjik fust dk rkfcvkj nrcf tmk mcijkr procr tc tyoge tmk
`gct.
Agctmkr fktmcj cn mcijoge tmk gkkjik mcijkr os dy ”paifoge‟ ot. Og tmos
fktmcj, tmk tmufd agj roge nogekrs jc gct kgeaek tmk roges cn tmk gkkjik
mcijkr. Ogstkaj, tmk tmufd rksts cg tmk smant cn tmk ogstrufkgt cg cgk sojk,

agj tmk tmk

arcugj rogeogstrufkgt
nogekr, aicge wotm
smant cg tmk
tmk fojjik agjZmk
ctmkr sojk. iottiktmkgar
nogekrs, os wrappkj
kfogkgbk os uskj tc
 

bcgtrci tmk ratbmkt icb` fkbmagosf cn tmk gkkjik mcijkr.

Zossuk Ncrbkps
Zossuk ncrbkps ark aisc `gcwg as ”pob`ups‟. Zmky ark uskj tc erasp cr
stadoiozk tmk wcugj kjeks wmoik suturoge. Umoik tmkrk ark fagy jonnkrkgt

`ogjs cn tossuk
Zmk ncrbkps fayncrbkps,
cr fayAjscg ncrbkps
gct mavk sfaiiark fcst
tkktm at bcffcgiy uskj ncr
tmk tops. Zcctmkj suturoge.
ncrbkps
prcvojk a dkttkr erop, dut at tmk safk tofk fay traufatozk jkiobatk tossuks. Og
ekgkrai, tcctmkj ncrbkps fust dk uskj ncr tcuem tossuks subm as nasboa cr s`og,
wmoik gcg-tcctmkj ncrbkps fust dk uskj ncr fcrk jkiobatk tossuks subm as
dcwki agj diccj vksskis. Zmk tossuk ncrbkps fust dk mkij dktwkkg tmk tmufd
agj tmk ogjkx agj fojjik nogekrs, sofoiar tc a pkg erasp. Zmk tossuks fust dk
”pob`kj‟ up ekgtiy. Gkvkr brusm tmk tossuks.
Rbosscrs
A paor cn sbosscrs os gkkjkj tc but tmk suturks antkr tmk `gct mas dkkg piabkj.
Ruturk buttoge sbosscrs smcuij ojkaiiy mavk smcrt dka`s agj icge magjiks.
Rbosscrs fust dk mkij og a sofoiar faggkr as tmk gkkjik mcijkr, ogskrtoge tmk
tmufd agj roge nogekrs ogtc tmk roges cn tmk magjik, agj usoge tmk ogjkx nogekr
ncr stadoioty. Zmk ogjkx nogekr cn cppcsotk magj fay dk uskj as a rkst on
suturks ark rkquorkj tc dk but at jkptm. Tkfkfdkr tc aiways but wotm tmk tops
cn tmk sbosscrs ratmkr tmag tmk niat kgj cn tmk diajk. Zmos eovks fcrk abburaby
agj bag avcoj uggkbkssary traufa tc tmk tossuks.
Faogtaogoge Rtkroioty cn tmk Arfafkgtarouf
Aii fatkroais agj ogstrufkgts tmat ark uskj ncr suturoge fust dk faogtaogkj og

stkroik
prkvkgtbcgjotocgs, agj suturoge Jonnkrkgt
wcugj bcgtafogatocg. fust dk jcgk ugjkr askptob
bcfpcgkgts cn tmkbcgjotocgs tc
arfafkgtarouf
fay dk stkroiozkj dy jonnkrkgt fkags.

Ruturk Fatkroais agj Gkkjiks< Rwaekj gkkjiks agj fatkroais ark

usuaiiy avaoiadik og a stkroik pab`aek. Zmk fktmcj uskj os usuaiiy
ktmyikgk cxojk stkroiozatocg, agj ycu woii nogj tmat kabm suturk
pab` mas a iadki tmat bcgnorfs tmat tmk fatkroai os KC-stkroik. Kykj
gkkjiks agj ruggoge suturk fatkroais subm as soi` fust dk
tmrkajkj, procr tc stkroiozatocg. Zmksk ark tmkg usuaiiy stkroiozkj dy
autcbiavoge. Dkar og fogj tmat rkpkatkj autcbiavoge bag
bcfprcfosk tmk strubturai ogtkeroty cn tmk suturk fatkroais.
 

Ogstrufkgts< Ogstrufkgts uskj og suturoge, gafkiy tmk gkkjik

mcijkr, tcctmkj ncrbkps, agj sbosscrs, ark aisc usuaiiy stkroiozkj og
ag autcbiavk. Zmk suturoge `ot fust kotmkr dk pab`kj skparatkiy, cr
as part cn tmk sureobai `ot procr tc autcbiavoge.
Aii stkroik fatkroais agj ogstrufkgts fust dk magjikj cgiy wotm stkroik eicvkj
magjs. Umkg tmk niccr gursk jospkgsks stkroik suturk fatkroai, mk/smk fust
pkki tmk ugstkroik cutkr bcvkroge cnn barknuiiy, agj aiicw ot tc jrcp cg tc tmk
ogstrufkgt tadik.
Tknkrkgbks<
1. Fcy TI, Ikk A, \ai`a A. Bcffcgiy uskj suturk fatkroais og s`og
surekry. Af Naf Xmysoboag. 1??1 Jkb 10::(>)<4142-=.
4. Bmu BB. Biassonobatocg agj ekgkrai bmarabtkrostobs cn suturk fatkroais.
Ucugj Bicsurk Docfatkroais agj Jkvobks. 1??50:?.
2. Gkiscg, UL. Euojk tc Ruturoge< Rkbtocg OOD Ogstrufkgtatocg. Lcurgai cn
Crai agj Faxoiicnaboai Rurekry. 481;052(=)<>-1>.

RKIN ARRKRRFKGZ
1. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge suturk fatkroai sozks os usknui og fobrcsurekry3

a. 4-8
d. :-8
b. >-8
j. 18-8

4. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge gkkjik typks os suotadik ncr jkiobatk, nroadik tossuk3

a. Buttoge

d. Tkvkrsk buttoge
b. Tcugj dcjy tapkr
j. Tcugj dcjy diugt top
2. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge jcks gct ofprcvk tmk magjioge bmarabtkrostobs cn
tmk suturk fatkroai3

a. Moem bcknnobokgt cn nrobtocg

 

d. Icw bcknnobokgt cn nrobtocg

b. Xioadoioty
j. Nikxodoioty

:. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge prcpkrtoks a fatkroai fust pcsskss og crjkr tc

prkvkgt suturks nrcf dkbcfoge iccsk3

a. Xiastoboty

d. Kiastoboty
b. Fkfcry
j. Xioadoioty
;. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge suturk fatkroais os gct suotadik wmkg prcicgekj
jkrfai suppcrt os rkquorkj3

a. Gyicg

d. Xciyprcpyikgk
b. Xcioeikbaprcgk
j. Xciyjocxagcgk

>. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge suturk fatkroais os suotadik og arkas tmat ark prcgk
tc jkvkicp swkiioge3

a. Gyicg

d. Xciyprcpyikgk
b. Xciyjocxagcgk
j. Xciyeiabtog
5. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge fatkroais os prcgk tc bausk ogniaffatcry rkabtocgs3

a. Xciyjocxagcgk

d. Bateut
b. Gyicg
j. Xciyeiybciob aboj

=. Umat os tmk agtofobrcdoai aekgt uskj og bcatkj pciyeiabtog3

 

a. Bmicrmkxojogk

d. Xkgoboiiog
b. Fktrcgojazcik
j. Zrobicsag

?. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge os tmk bcrrkbt fktmcj cn piaboge tmk gkkjik og tmk
gkkjik mcijkr3

a. At tmk kyk

d. Cgk-tmorj jostagbk nrcf tmk kyk

b. Main tmk jostagbk nrcf tmk kyk
j. Zwc-tmorjs jostagbk nrcf tmk kyk

18. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge suturk fatkroais ta`ks tmk icgekst tofk tc ekt
adscrdkj3
a. Bateut

d. Xciyeiybciob aboj
b. Xciyeiabtog
j. Xciyjocxagcgk
 

BMAXZKT 4
Xurpcsk agj Dasob Xrogbopiks cn Ruturoge

moik suturoge os a usknui agj bcffcgiy uskj sureobai tkbmgoquk, ot os

U ofpcrtagt tc `gcw wmkg kxabtiy suturks ark gkkjkj agj wmkg tmky
bag dk avcojkj. Zmos bmaptkr woii bcvkr tmk ogjobatocgs agj ecais cn
suturoge, agj cutiogk tmk dasob progbopiks tmat gkkj tc dk nciicwkj juroge tmk
piabkfkgt cn agy `ogj cn suturk.
Ecais cn Ruturoge<

Zc apprcxofatk twc kjeks cn tmk wcugj sc tmat tmky rkfaog og

bcgtabt wotm kabm ctmkr agj naboiotatk profary mkaioge.
Zc suppcrt tmk wcugj agj prcvojk ot wotm tkgsoik strkgetm ugtoi tmk
wcugj jkvkicps ots cwg ogmkrkgt tkgsoik strkgetm dy tmk mkaioge
prcbkss.
Zc kiofogatk agy jkaj spabks dktwkkg wcugj iaykrs.
Zc fogofozk tmk ros` cn dikkjoge.
Zc fogofozk tmk ros` cn ognkbtocg.
Ogjobatocgs ncr Xiaboge Ruturks

Zc bicsk wcugjs ugikss bcgtraogjobatkj.

Zc skburk niaps at tmk rkbopokgt sotk.
Zc rkpaor bcgekgotai jknkbts subm as biknt iop.
Zc ioeatk agj tragsnox diccj vksskis og crjkr tc abmokvk
mkfcstasos.
Zc lcog twc diccj vksskis tcektmkr, ncr tmk purpcsk cn jorkbtoge
diccj nicw tc a gkw agatcfobai sotk.
Zc rkpaor skvkrkj gkrvks agj tkgjcgs.
Zc skburk jraogs, trabmkcstcfy, gasceastrob, agj eastrcstcfy
tudks.
Zc rktrabt tossuks tc ofprcvk abbkss agj vosodoioty.
Bcgtraogjobatocgs
Bcgtraogjobatocgs ncr Ruturks
 

Umkg tmk wcugj os supkrnoboai agj jcks gct eapk.

Ucugjs cg bcgbavk surnabks, subm as tmk gasai aiar brkask agj tmk
prkaurobuiar suibus.
Ucugjs tmat ark ognkbtkj fust gct dk suturkj ugikss tmk ognkbtocg
mas dkkg bcgtrciikj.
Dasob Xrogbopiks cn Ruturoge
Orrkspkbtovk cn tmk purpcsk cn suturoge, bkrtaog dasob progbopiks mavk tc dk
nciicwkj wmoik piaboge a suturk. Umoik ikargoge mcw tc suturk ncr tmk norst
tofk as a stujkgt, attkgtocg os paoj barknuiiy tc tmksk progbopiks og crjkr tc
piabk a skburk suturk. Cvkr tofk, tmksk dkbcfk skbcgj gaturk tc fcst cn us.
Xrogbopiks cn usoge tmk arfafkgtarouf<
arfafkgtarouf<

Xrocr tc suturoge, kgsurk tmat tmk gkkjik agj suturk fatkroai ark
dkoge mkij bcrrkbtiy.

Mcij tmk bmaptkr,

prkvocus gkkjik mcijkr og ycur
dktwkkg jcfogagt
tmk tmufd agj magj, as jksbrodkj og tmk
roge nogekrs.
Xiabk tmk gkkjik og tmk laws cn tmk gkkjik mcijkr at roemt ageiks tc
ot, dctm vkrtobaiiy agj mcrozcgtaiiy.
Zmk gkkjik smcuij dk mkij subm tmat ot ioks og tmk mcijkr at a pcogt
tmat os cgk-tmorj tmk jostagbk nrcf tmk kgj (cr kyk), agj twc-tmorjs
nrcf tmk top.
Mcij tmk tossuk ncrbkps og ycur gcg-jcfogagt magj, usoge a pkg
erasp.

Xrogbopiks cn Za`oge tmk ”Dotk‟

 

Zmk prcbkss cn ogskrtoge tmk gkkjik ogtc tmk tossuk agj wotmjrawoge ot os
rknkrrkj tc as a ”dotk‟. Zc jc tmos bcrrkbtiy, nciicw tmk progbopiks eovkg dkicw.

[sk tmk tossuk ncrbkps tc pob` up tmk norst wcugj kjek, agj kvkrt ot
ekgtiy. Zmos woii aiicw ycu tc vosuaiozk tmk gkkjik as ot kxots nrcf

tmk
[skcppcsotk
tmk gkkjiksojk.
tc pokrbk tmk tossuk cg cgk sojk cn tmk wcugj. Zmk
ojkai jostagbk ncr kgtkroge tmk tossuk os arcugj ;ff nrcf tmk
wcugj kjek.
Zmk gkkjik fust kgtkr tmk tossuk at roemt ageiks tc tmk wcugj
surnabk. Zmos aiicws ot tc pkgktratk tmk wcugj dkttkr, agj og ag
atraufatob nasmocg.
Cgbk tmk gkkjik kgtkrs, ycu fust pusm tmk gkkjik nurtmkr ogtc tmk
tossuk. Umoik jcoge sc, try tc pusm ot nciicwoge tmk gaturai
burvaturk cn tmk gkkjik. Zmos os atraufatob agj aisc prcvojks ikast
rksostagbk nrcf tmk tossuk.
_cu woii skk tmk gkkjik kxot cg tmk oggkr sojk cn tmk tossuk. Tkikask
tmk gkkjik mcijkr nrcf tmk ”kgtkroge‟ kgj cn tmk gkkjik, agj usk ot
tc ogstkaj erasp tmk ”kfkreoge‟ kgj cn tmk gkkjik.
Xuii tmk gkkjik, wotm tmk attabmkj suturk fatkroai cut cn tmk oggkr
wcugj kjek, aeaog nciicwoge tmk gaturai gkkjik burvaturk.
Gcw tmk dotk fust dk ta`kg tmrcuem tmk skbcgj wcugj kjek. Za`k
tmk dotk at tmk oggkr kjek cn tmk skbcgj sojk (tmos fay vary
jkpkgjoge cg tmk tkbmgoquk bmcskg).
Nciicw tmk safk progbopiks eovkg adcvk ncr kgtkroge agj kxotoge
tmk skbcgj wcugj kjek.
Tkfkfdkr tmat tmk jostagbk cn tmk dotks ta`kg cg dctm sojks cn tmk
wcugj fust dk kquai. Zmkrkncrk, on tmk norst dotk was ta`kg ;ff
nrcf tmk wcugj kjek, tmk skbcgj dotk fust aisc mavk ag kxot tmat
os ;ff nrcf tmk wcugj kjek.
Gkvkr dk tkfptkj tc ta`k dctm dotks at cgbk. Za`oge kabm dotk
skparatkiy ofprcvks tmk abburaby agj savks tofk og tmk icge rug.
Rofoiariy, tmk jkptm cn tmk dotk fust dk kquai cg dctm sojks. On tmk
norst dotk os ta`kg tmrcuem tmk s`og agj sudbutagkcus tossuk, tmk
skbcgj dotk fust dk ta`kg nrcf tmk sudbutagkcus tossuk at tmk
safk jkptm, cut tmrcuem tmk s`og. Mcwkvkr, tmkrk ark bkrtaog
kxbkptocgs tc tmos progbopik. Ncr ogstagbk, a tkbmgoquk rknkrrkj tc
 

as tmk jkrfai-sudjkrfai suturk tkbmgoquk ogvcivks suturoge twc

jonnkrkgt iaykrs agj tmkrkncrk jonnkrkgt dotk jkptms.
Ruturks ark usuaiiy piabkj nrcf tmk kjek away nrcf ycu, tc tmk
kjek tcwarjs ycu. Zmky bag aisc dk piabkj nrcf ycur jcfogagt
sojk tc ycur gcg-jcfogagt sojk. Zmksk fktmcjs prcvojk tmk fcst
bcfncrt wmoik suturoge. Mcwkvkr, tmk nciicwoge ruiks fust dk
`kpt og fogj wmoik ta`oge dotks<
Aiways suturk nrcf fcvadik tossuks tc noxkj tossuks.
Ruturk nrcf tmoggkr tossuks tc tmob`kr tossuks.
Ruturk nrcf jkkpkr tossuks tc fcrk supkrnoboai tossuks.
Xrogbopiks cn Xiaboge tmk @gct
Zmk abtuai prcbkss cn `gct tyoge mas a skparatk skt cn progbopiks, wmobm woii
dk jksbrodkj og a iatkr bmaptkr. Mcwkvkr, bkrtaog progbopiks gkkj tc dk `kpt og
fogj juroge tmos pmask cn tmk suturoge.

Cgbk tmk gkkjik kxots tmk skbcgj wcugj kjek, puii tmk suturk
fatkroai cut cn tmk skbcgj wcugj kjek, ugtoi cgiy a smcrt ikgetm cn
fatkroai rkfaogs at tmk kgtry pcogt cg tmk norst kjek.
[gbiop tmk gkkjik mcijkr. Rkttoge tmk tossuk ncrbkps asojk, bciikbt
tmk icge kgj cn tmk suturk fatkroai og ycur gcg-jcfogagt magj.
@gcts bag dk piabkj kotmkr dy magj, cr usoge tmk gkkjik mcijkr. On
tmk gkkjik mcijkr os tc dk uskj, erasp ot og tmk jcfogagt magj, agj
mcij ot paraiiki tc tmk wcugj fareog.
Xiabk tmk `gct abbcrjoge tc tmk tkbmgoquk jksorkj. Zmk tkbmgoquks
ncr `gct piabkfkgt ark jksbrodkj og tmk gkxt bmaptkr.
Zmk `gcts fust dk toemt kgcuem tc prcvojk ajkquatk skburoty tc tmk
suturk, agj tc apprcxofatk tmk wcugj kjeks.
Zmk `gct, mcwkvkr, fust gct dk sc toemt tmat ot bausks
strageuiatocg cn tmk wcugj, cr buts cnn diccj suppiy.
Zmk `gct fust gkvkr iok jorkbtiy cg tmk wcugj, as tmos fay
ogtkrnkrk wotm wcugj mkaioge. Ot fust iok cg cgk sojk cn tmk
wcugj. On fuitopik `gcts ark ecoge tc dk piabkj, as os tmk bask wotm
ogtkrruptkj suturks, ot os dkst tc piabk aii `gcts cg tmk safk sojk cn
tmk suturk iogk.
Xrogbopiks cn Buttoge tmk Ruturk
 

Kgsurk tmat tmk sbosscrs uskj ncr suturk buttoge ark smarp. Diugt
sbosscrs bag bausk nrayoge cn tmk suturk fatkroai, wmobm rkjubks ots
ogtkeroty ncr tmk gkxt suturk.
But cnn kotmkr cgk cr dctm kgjs cn tmk suturk as jksorkj abbcrjoge
tc tmk tkbmgoquk. Ncr ruggoge suturks, cgiy tmk smcrt kgj fust dk
but cnn, wmoik ncr ogtkrruptkj suturks, dctm kgjs ark but cnn.
Ncr durokj suturks piabkj wotm adscrdadik fatkroai, but tmk suturks
as bicsk tc tmk `gct as pcssodik. Jc gct, mcwkvkr, but roemt at tmk
`gct as tmos fay ogajvkrtkgtiy bausk `gct drka`aek agj
bcfprcfosk tmk kgtork suturk.
Ncr surnabk suturks tmat ark piabkj wotm gcg-adscrdadik suturks,
jc gct but tmk `gct tcc smcrt. Ojkaiiy, at ikast ;ff cn fatkroai
fust dk iknt. Zmos os tc naboiotatk eraspoge agj iontoge tmk fatkroai
juroge suturk rkfcvai.
Tknkrkgbks
1. Fcy TI, Uaijfag D, Mkog JU. A rkvokw cn suturks agj suturoge
tkbmgoquks. Zmk Lcurgai cn jkrfatciceob surekry agj cgbcicey. 1??4
Rkp01=(?)<5=;-?;.
4. Dragjt FZ, Lkg`ogs UR. Ruturoge progbopiks ncr tmk jkgtcaivkciar surekcg.
Jkgtai Biogobs. 4814 Lag 10;>(1)<4=1-282.
2. Biar` A. [gjkrstagjoge tmk progbopiks cn suturoge fogcr s`og iksocgs.
Gursoge Rtagjarj. 488:01>(1)<22->.

RKIN ARRKRRFKGZ
1. At wmobm pcogt fust tmk gkkjik dk mkij og tmk gkkjik mcijkr3

a. 4/2 jostagbk nrcf kyk

d. 4/2 jostagbk nrcf kgj

b. Main tmk jostagbk nrcf kyk agj kgj
j. 1/2 jostagbk nrcf kyk

4. Og wmobm cn tmk nciicwoge sotuatocgs os suturoge bcgtraogjobatkj3

a. Tkpaoroge biknt iop

 

d. Bicsoge wcugjs at gasai aiar brkask

b. Rkburoge jraogs
j. Tkpaoroge gkrvks

2. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge os tmk bcrrkbt fktmcj cn suturoge3

a. Noxkj tc fcvadik tossuk

d. Rupkrnoboai tc jkkp tossuk

b. Fcvadik tc noxkj tossuk
j. Zmob` tc tmog tossuk

:. Umat os tmk ojkai jostagbk cn ta`oge a dotk ncrf tmk wcugj kjek3

a. 4 ff

d. ; ff
b. 18 ff
j. 2 ff

;. Mcw smcuij tmk suturk gkkjik kgtkr agj kxot tmk tossuk3

a. Og a sogeik straoemt iogk

d. Aicge tmk burvaturk cn tmk gkkjik

b. Aicge tmk bcgtcur cn tmk wcugj
j. Xaraiiki tc tmk wcugj
 

BMAXZKT 2
Rureobai @gcts

gcts ark tokj at tmk kgj cn kvkry suturk tkbmgoquk, og crjkr tc skburk tmk
@ suturk og piabk. Rcfk pmysoboags jksbrodk tmk `gct as tmk ”wka`kst‟
iog`. Ot, tmkrkncrk, nciicws tmat ogtkeroty cn tmk kgtork suturk jkpkgjs cg
ogtkeroty cn tmk `gct. A `gct tmat os gct skburk bag mavk jkvastatoge
bcgskqukgbks, nrcf tossuk drka`jcwg tc skvkrk mkfcrrmaek nrcf a sioppkj
ioeaturk.
Dkncrk ekttoge ogtc tmk varocus `ogjs cn suturk tkbmgoquks, tmk stujkgt fust
dkbcfk prcnobokgt og tyoge jonnkrkgt `ogjs cn `gcts. @gcts fay dk tokj kotmkr
dy magj, cr dy usoge ag ogstrufkgt. Magj `gcts bag dk piabkj wotm kotmkr
dctm magjs cr usoge a sogeik magj.

AGAZCF_ CN ZMK @GCZ

Orrkspkbtovk cn tmk fktmcj uskj, kabm `gct dasobaiiy bcgsosts cn twc `ogjs cn
iccps. Zmk norst iccp os baiikj tmk apprcxofatocg iccp. Zmk ogtkeroty cn tmk
suturk rksts cg tmos iccp. Zmos iccp fust dk piabkj og a way tmat, wmkg
toemtkgkj, tmk twc kjeks cn tmk wcugj ark apprcxofatkj. Aii ajjotocgai iccps
ark rknkrrkj tc as skburoge iccps. Zmky prcvojk ajjotocgai skburoty tc tmk `gct.

XTCXKTZOKR CN AG OJKAI @GCZ

Ag ojkai `gct smcuij pcsskss dctm tmk nciicwoge nkaturks<

Iccp Rkburoty< Zmos rknkrs tc tmk adoioty tc faogtaog toemtgkss og

tmk suturk wmoik tmk `gct os dkoge tokj. Iccp skburoty os cgiy
ogniukgbkj dy tmk `gct tyoge tkbmgoquk. Ofprcpkriy tokj `gcts fay
dk iccsk agj fay mavk icw iccp skburoty. Zc abmokvk faxofuf
iccp skburoty, tmk suturk fatkroai fust dk mkij taut dktwkkg kabm
tmrcw.
@gct Rkburoty< Zmos rknkrs tc tmk ogtkeroty cn tmk nogai `gct.
Rkvkrai nabtcrs annkbt tmk `gct skburoty. Zmksk ark as nciicws<
 

Rtrubturai Bcgnoeuratocg cn tmk @gct< Zmk squark `gct,

wmobm mas tmrcws og cppcsotk jorkbtocgs, mas fcrk `gct
skburoty tmag tmk eraggy‟s `gct, wmobm mas tmrcws og tmk
safk jorkbtocg.
Zypk cn Ruturk Fatkroai< Ruturk fatkroais wotm icw
”fkfcry‟ agj bcknnobokgt cn nrobtocg tkgj tc mavk dkttkr
`gct skburoty. Fkfcry rknkrs tc tmk tkgjkgby cn suturk
fatkroais tc ekt dab` tc tmkor croeogai smapk agj ncrf. On
a fatkroai mas moem bcknnobokgt cn nrobtocg, tmk ogtkeroty
cn tmk fatkroai, agj tmkrkncrk `gct skburoty bag dk
bcfprcfoskj.
Ruturk Kgj Ikgetm< Antkr tyoge, a suturk kgj ikgetm cn
at ikast 2ff fust dk iknt tc cptofozk `gct skburoty.
Gufdkr cn Zmrcws< Bkrtaog fatkroais rkquork fcrk
tmrcws tc skburk tmkf. Ncr fatkroais subm as gyicg,

pciyjocxagcgk, agj pciyeiabtog,

tmrcws ark rkbcffkgjkj at ikast`gct
ncr cptofuf tmrkk tc novk
skburoty.
Bcgtogucus cr ruggoge suturks fust aisc dk skburkj
wotm fcrk gufdkr cn tmrcws.
Ucugj Kgvorcgfkgt< A natty kgvorcgfkgt fay
bcfprcfosk `gct skburoty, agj tmos smcuij dk
bcugtkrdaiagbkj dy fcrk gufdkr cn tmrcws.
Ruturk Joafktkr< @gct skburoty ogbrkasks wotm ogbrkask
og suturk joafktkr.

XTOGBOXIKR CN @GCZ Z_OGE

Uotm aii tmk tkbmgoquks cn `gct tyoge, bkrtaog dasob progbopiks gkkj tc dk
nciicwkj. Zmksk ark cutiogkj dkicw<

Bmccsk tmk sofpikst `gct tmat os ogjobatkj ugjkr tmk

borbufstagbks. A prcpkriy tokj `gct woii rkfaog skburk
orrkspkbtovk cn tmk typk.
Avcoj a ”sawoge‟ fctocg juroge `gct tyoge. Zmos bausks
uggkbkssary nrobtocg dktwkkg stragjs cn tmk fatkroai, wmobm fay
wka`kg ots ogtkeroty agj bausk ot tc drka`.

Avcoj
mcijogebrusmoge
ncrbkps,tmk fatkroai
wmobm wotm tmk
bag bausk gkkjik mcijkr
wka`kgoge cn tmk cr tossuk Cgiy
fatkroai.
 

tmk nrkk kgjs fust dk eraspkj usoge ogstrufkgts. Avcoj kxbkssovk

tkgsocg agj puiioge cg tmk fatkroai. Zmos bag aeaog bausk tmk
fatkroai tc drka`.
Antkr piaboge tmk norst tmrcw cr norst iccp, faogtaog norf trabtocg cg
tmk nrkk kgj cn tmk fatkroai. Zmos woii kgsurk tmat tmk `gct
dkbcfks toemt.
Juroge tmk nogai tmrcw, puii tmk nrkk kgjs og a mcrozcgtai jorkbtocg
tc aiicw tmk `gct tc toemtkg.
Umoik piaboge kabm tmrcw, puii dctm tmk nrkk kgjs og cppcsotk
jorkbtocgs ‒ usuaiiy cgk kgj tcwarjs ycu agj tmk ctmkr away nrcf
ycu. Zmos jorkbtocg fust aiways dk rkvkrskj og tmk sudskqukgt
tmrcw. Umkg dctm kgjs ark dkoge puiikj, try tc faogtaog ugoncrf
ratk agj tkgsocg at kabm kgj.
Zmk nogai `gct fust dk as sfaii as pcssodik. Kxtra tmrcws fust dk
uskj wmkg ogjobatkj tc ajj tc tmk skburoty cn tmk `gct. Cg tmk

ctmkr magj,
tmk `gct tmkrk
os tcc ark fcrk
dui`y. Dui`ybmagbks ncr a ncrkoeg
`gcts piabkj dcjy
at jkkpkr rkabtocg
iaykrs on
bag aisc
ogtkrnkrk wotm bicsurk cn fcrk supkrnoboai iaykrs.
Adcvk aii, cgbk tmk nogai `gct os piabkj, ot fust dk kgsurkj tmat tmk
`gct jcks gct siop. On tmk `gct jcks gct appkar tc dk skburk, ot os
dkttkr tc rkjc ot ratmkr tmag ruggoge tmk ros` cn wcugj drka`jcwg
cr ioeaturk sioppaek juroge tmk pcstcpkratovk pkrocj.

Z_XKR CN @GCZR
Zmkrk ark skvkrai jonnkrkgt fktmcjs cn tyoge a `gct. A stujkgt ikargoge tmk art
cn suturoge fust dkbcfk prcnobokgt og aii tmksk typks, agj fust ikarg tc appiy
tmk roemt `ogj cn `gct og a eovkg sotuatocg. Zmk nciicwoge skbtocg jksbrodks og
jktaoi tmk varocus stkps tmat ark uskj ncr kabm `ogj cn sureobai `gct.
Rquark @gct
Zmk squark `gct os a rcdust, sturjy `gct tmat os fcst wojkiy uskj dy aii
surekcgs. Zmos os usuaiiy piabkj dy magj, agj, wmkg ag ogstrufkgt os uskj, ot
os bcffcgiy rknkrrkj tc as tmk rkkn `gct.
 

1. Xass tmk suturk fatkroai dkgkatm tmk vksski.

4. Mcij tmk fatkroai wotm dctm ycur magjs. @kkp tmk iknt magj away
nrcf ycur dcjy agj ycur roemt magj bicsk tc ycur dcjy.
2. Xogbm tmk fatkroai dktwkkg tmk tmufd agj ogjkx nogekr cn tmk iknt
magj. Zmk icgekr kgj cn tmk fatkroai fust iccp arcugj tmk ogjkx
nogekr, ec ugjkr tmk vksski, agj tmk ctmkr kgj fust dk pogbmkj
dktwkkg tmk tmufd agj ogjkx nogekrs cn tmk roemt magj. Noe. A<
Norst tmrcw.
:. Brcss ttmk
mk fatkroai
fatkroai mkij og ycur roemt magj cvkr tmk ogjkx no
nogekr
gekr cn
ycur iknt. Gcw tmos fatkroai fust dk eraspkj dktwkkg tmk tmufd
agj ogjkx nogekr cn tmk iknt magj, agj rkikaskj dy tmk roemt magj.
A iccp woii dk ncrfkj, dkoge mkij taut dy tmk iknt ogjkx nogekr.
 

;. [sk ycur roemt magj tc

tc pusm tmk
tmk fatkroai (wmobm ycu llust
ust
tragsnkrrkj) dkmogj tmk iknt ogjkx nogekr, tmrcuem tmk iccp
ncrwarjs, agj cut. Noe. D< Xusmoge cut tmk norst iccp.
>. [soge ycur roemt magj, puii tmk fatkroai
fatkroai cut cn tmk iccp, agj away
nrcf ycu. Xuii tmk ctmkr kgj tcwarjs ycu. Zmos bcfpiktks tmk norst
main motbm cn tmk squark `gct. Noe. B< Zoemtkgoge tmk norst `gct.
5. Ncr tmk skbcgj main motbm, iccp tmk fatkroai mkij og ycur roemt
magj cvkr ycur iknt tmufd, agj ugjkr ot. Noe. J< Rkbcgj tmrcw.
=. Tkfcvk ycur tmufd agj jraw tmk nrkk kgjs toemt, wotm ycur iknt
magj away nrcf ycu, agj roemt magj tcwarjs ycu. Noe. K< Nogai
`gct.
Zmos `gct fust dk prabtobkj wojkiy dy stujkgts. Ofprcpkr tyoge cn tmk `gct
fay bausk ot tc turg ogtc a eraggy `gct (jksbrodkj og a nciicwoge skbtocg).
Zmos os gct jksoradik dkbausk ot os fubm ikss stadik agj mas a tkgjkgby tc siop.
Agctmkr josajvagtaek cn tmos `gct os tmat kvkg tmk safk cpkratcr tkgjs tc tok
tmos `gct usoge jonnkrkgt afcugts cn tkgsocg. Zmkrkncrk, on twc squark `gcts
ark piabkj ajlabkgt tc kabm ctmkr dy ag ogkxpkrokgbkj surekcg, tmk wcugj
fay eapk sioemtiy dkbausk cn jonnkroge afcugts cn tkgsocg og tmk twc squark
`gcts.
Rurekcg‟s @gct
Zmk surekcg‟s `gct os fcst bcffcgiy uskj wmkg wcugjs ark bicskj ugjkr
tkgsocg. Zmos `gct ogvcivks tmk usk cn ajjotocgai ”tmrcws‟ cr iccps, wmobm
prcvojk erkatkr skburoty tc tmk `gct agj prkvkgt sioppaek.
 

1. Xass tmk suturk fatkroai dkgkatm tmk vksski.

4. Mcij tmk fatkroai dktwkkg dctm magjs, wotm ycur roemt magj gkar
ycu agj ycur iknt magj away nrcf ycu. Xogbm tmk fatkroai
dktwkkg tmk tmufd agj ogjkx nogekrs cn dctm magjs.
2. Iccp tmk fatkroai mkij og ycur roemt
roemt magj cvkr ttmk
mk ogjkx nogekr cn
tmk iknt, agj puii tmk nrkk kgj ugjkr tmk fatkroai strktbmkj
dktwkkg dctm magjs.
:. Tkpkat tmk prcbkss cn iccpoge arcugj tmk tmk ogjkx nnogekr
ogekr agj puiioge
tmk nrkk fatkroai cgbk aeaog.
;. Zoemtkg tmk `gct dy puiioge ycur iknt magj tcwarjs ycu agj rroemtoemt
magj away nrcf ycu. Zmos bcfpiktks tmk norst tmrcw. Noe. A<
Norst tmrcw.
>. Ncr tmk gkxt tmrcw, iccp tmk fatkroai mkij og ycur roemt magj cvkr
ycur iknt tmufd, agj usk tmk tmufd tc pusm tmk nrkk kgj away
nrcf ycu.
5. Tkpkat tmk prcbkss cn iccpoge cvkr ycur tmufd agj pusmoge tmk
fatkroai away.
=. Xob` tmk nr
nrkk
kk kgj up og ycur roemt magj agj toemtkg, dy puiioge
 

ycur roemt magj tcwarjs ycu agj iknt magj away nrcf ycu. Zmos
bcfpiktks tmk skbcgj tmrcw. Noe. D< Rkbcgj tmrcw.
On a wcugj bag dk apprcxofatkj dy usoge a squark `gct, a surekcg‟s `gct
smcuij gct dk uskj. Zmos os dkbausk tmos `gct os dui`okr tmag a squark `gct,
agj tmkrkncrk mas fcrk pctkgtoai ncr ncrkoeg dcjy kgtrapfkgt agj tossuk
rkabtocgs. Cgiy on tmk wcugj kjeks jc gct ekt apprcxofatkj usoge a squark
`gct, smcuij tmk cpkratcr bcgsojkr usoge a surekcg‟s `gct.
Eraggy @gct
Zmk eraggy `gct os gct bcffcgiy uskj og wcugj bicsurk dkbausk ot mas a
tkgjkgby tc siop agj fay gct dk skburk kgcuem. Ot os rarkiy uskj, wmkg
fagopuiatocg cn tmk `gct toemtgkss os jksorkj.

1. Xass tmk suturk fatkroai ugjkrgkatm tmk vksski.

4. Mcij a smcrt ikgetm cn fatkroai og kabm magj, agj droge ycur

magjs bicsk tcektmkr.
2. Brcss ttmk
mk fatkroai
fatkroai oog
g ycur iknt magj cvkr tmk cgk og ycur roemt
 

magj.
:. Xusm ttmk
mk fatkroai
fatkroai wmobm was og ttmk
mk iknt magj ugjkr tmk roemt magj
fatkroai, agj droge ot tcwarjs ycu agj cvkr tmk roemt magj
fatkroai cgbk aeaog. Noe. A< Norst tmrcw.
;. Brcss tmk iknt magj fatkroai cvkr tmk roemt aeaog, agj iiccp
ccp ot
ot
ugjkr, tcwarjs ycu, agj cvkr tmk roemt magj fatkroai aeaog. Noe.
D< Rkbcgj tmrcw.
>. Xuii dctm kgjs cn fatkroai toemt, og a mcrozcgtai jorkbtocg away
nrcf kabm ctmkr.
Riop @gct
Zmk siop `gct os usknui wmkg tmk surekcg gkkjs tc bcgtrci tmk tkgsocg ugjkr
wmobm tmk wcugj os bicskj. Zmk siop `gct aiicws toemtkgoge cr iccskgoge cn
tmk tok, as jksorkj.
 

1. Xass tmk suturk fatkroai ugjkrgkatm tmk vksski.

4. Zmk roemt magj fust dk `kpt gkar ycu, agj usk ot ttc
c mcij a smcrtkr
ikgetm cn fatkroai dktwkkg ycur tmufd agj ogjkx nogekr.
2. Zmk iiknt
knt magj, wmobm os away nrcf ycu, fust mcij a icgekr ikgetm
cn fatkroai dktwkkg ycur tmufd agj fojjik nogekr, away nrcf
ycu.
:. Umoik stob`oge cut tmk ogjkx nogekr cn ycur iknt magj, pass tmk
fatkroai og ycur roemt magj arcugj tmk iknt ogjkx nogekr agj mcc`
ot. Noe. A< Norst tmrcw.
;. Jraw tmk iknt magj fatkroai tmrcuem tmos mcc`, agj puii ot.
>. Tkpkat tmk ”mcc`oge‟ aeaog agj puii tmk `gct toemt. Noe. D<
Rkbcgj tmrcw.
5. _cu woii nogj tmat tmos `gct ”siops‟ kasoiy, agj bag dk pusmkj
jcwg cgtc tmk vksski wotm ycur iknt magj, wmoik mcijoge tmk ctmkr

=. kgj toemt awotm

[suaiiy, siop tmk roemt
`gct magj. Noe.dy
os bcfpiktkj B<appiyoge
Xusmogettwc
tmk rkkn
wc `gct`gcts
jcwg.an
antkr
tkr
ot ncr ajjkj skburoty. Zmos os ag ofpcrtagt stkp, agj naoiurk tc jc
sc fay bausk tmk wcugj tc drka` jcwg at a sudskqukgt jatk. Zmos
os jksbrodkj og tmk skbtocg dkicw.
Dctm tmk eraggy `gct agj siop `gct ark usknui ncr jkkpkr dcjy bavotoks. Og
tmksk basks, tmk `gct bag dk tokj at a supkrnoboai ikvki agj bag tmkg dk sioppkj
jcwg tc tmk jkkpkr part wmkrk ot gkkjs tc dk piabkj.
Tkkn @gct

As prkvocusiy
usoge fkgtocgkj,
ag ogstrufkgt. tmos
Zmos os `gct os sofoiar
bcffcgiy tc a squark
uskj juroge fcst `gct, dut tkbmgoquks
suturoge os piabkj
ncr wcugj bicsurk.
 

1. Xass tmk suturk fatkroai ugjkrgkatm ttmk

mk vksski og subm a way tmat
a icgekr pcrtocg os gkar ycu agj a smcrtkr pcrtocg away nrcf ycu.

4. Za`k ttmk
mk gkkjik mcijkr og ycur roemt
roemt magj agj erasp tmk nnrkk
rkk kgj
cn tmk fatkroai tmat os gkar ycu wotm ycur iknt magj.
2. Iccp tmk icge kgj cvkr tmk gkkjik mcijkr cgbk, og a bicb`wosk
jorkbtocg. Noe. A< Norst tmrcw agj erasp.
:. [soge tmk gkkjik mcijkr, erasp tmk ctmkr kgj cn tmk fatkroai agj
puii ot toemt, fcvoge tmk smcrtkr kgj tcwarjs ycu agj icgekr kgj
away nrcf ycu. Noe. D< Zoemtkgoge.
;. Iccp tmk icgekr kgj cn fatkroai aeaog cvkr tmk gkkjik mcijkr, tmos
tofk og a bcugtkr-bicb`wosk jorkbtocg. Noe. B< Rkbcgj tmrcw agj
erasp.
>. Erasp tmk smcrtkr kgj wotm tmk gkkjik mcijkr agj puii ot toemt,
fcvoge ot away nrcf ycu, wotm tmk icge kgj fcvoge tcwarjs ycu.
 

Noe. J< Nogai `gct.

Foiikr‟s @gct
Zmk Foiikr‟s `gct, cr ots fcjonokj vkrsocg (aisc baiikj tmk strageuiatocg `gct),
os uskj og tmk ioeatocg cn diccj vksskis agj pkjobiks. Zmos `gct mas ajjkj

skburoty agj magj

usoge kotmkr os vkry
cr usknui wmoik tyoge cnn iarekr pkjobiks. Zmos bag dk jcgk
ogstrufkgt.

1. Xass tmk suturk fatkroai dkgkatm tmk vksski, `kkpoge ycur roemt
magj gkar ycu agj iknt magj away.

4. Iccp tmk fatkroai og ycur roemt magj cvkr ycur iknt ogjkx nogekr
agj pogbm ot. Noe. A< Norst tmrcw.
2. Iccp tmk nrkk kgj cn tmk safk fatkroai aeaog arcugj tmk vksski,
arcugj ycur ogjkx nogekr, agj pogbm tmos aisc, dktwkkg ycur iknt
tmufd agj ogjkx nogekr. Noe. D< Erasp agj puii. Noe. B< Rkbcgj
 

tmrcw.
:. Za`k tmk gkkjik mcijkr agj pass ot tmrcuem tmk
tmk iccp, agj usoge
tmos, erasp tmk nrkk kgj. Noe. J< Xuiioge tmrcuem tmk iccp.
;. Xuii tmos toemt, drogeoge ycur iknt magj tcwarjs ycu agj ycur roemt
magj away nrcf ycu. Noe. K< Nogai toemtkgoge.
>. Zmk Foiikr‟s `gct fay dk tokj og agctmkr sofoiar way
(FOIIKT‟R 4). Og tmos, tmk fatkroai fust dk passkj ugjkr tmk
vksski agj cvkr ycur iknt ogjkx nogekr tmrkk tofks, ogstkaj cn
twobk Noes. A tc J< Zmrkk iccps. Zmk nrkk kgj cn tmk fatkroai
fust dk jrawg tmrcuem tmk fojjik iccp mkij dy ycur iknt magj,
agj tmkg eraspkj wotm ycur roemt magj. Noe. K< Xuiioge tmrcuem
tmk fojjik iccp. Nogaiiy, puii toemt, fcvoge ycur roemt magj away
nrcf ycu agj iknt magj tcwarjs ycu. Noe. N< Nogai toemtkgoge.
 

Adkrjkkg @gct
Zmos `gct os uskj at tmk kgj cn bcgtogucus suturks, usoge tmk iccsk fatkroai cn
tmk prkvocus skbtocg as a iccp.
 

1. Zmk iiccsk
ccsk iccp cn tmk prkvocus skbtocg fust dk mkij og ycur iknt
magj, wotm tmk icge kgj cn tmk suturk fatkroai bcgtaogoge tmk
gkkjik og ycur roemt magj. Noe. A< Mcij ogotoai iccp og cgk magj.

4. [soge ttmk
mk nogekrs cn ycur iknt magj, puii tmk iicge
cge kgj ogtc a iccp,
agj jraw ot tmrcuem tmk kxostoge iccp. Noe. D< Brkatoge tmk
skbcgj iccp.
2. Zmk ci
cij
j iccp skttiks jcwg cg tmk wcugj, agj tmk gkw iccp woii
gcw dk mkij og ycur magj.
:. Tkpkat tmk prcbkss at ikast sox tc koemt tofks ncr faxofuf
skburoty. Noe. B< Antkr piaboge sox tc koemt iccps.
;. At tmk kgj, jraw tmk gkkjik otskin tmrcuem tmk nogai iccp agj puii
toemt. Zmk nrkk kgj fay dk but. Noe. J< Xuiioge tmk gkkjik
tmrcuem tmk nogai iccp.
Zmk Adkrjkkg `gct os navcrkj at tmk kgj cn bcgtogucus suturks dkbausk ot
aiicws tmk surekcg tc piabk fuitopik tmrcws wotmcut ogbrkasoge tmk dui` cn tmk
`gct tcc fubm.
 

Main Diccj @gct

Zmk main diccj `gct os agctmkr `gct wmobm ogvcivks tmk usk cn fuitopik
tmrcws, wotmcut rksuitoge og a dui`y `gct.

1. Xass tmk nrkk kgj cn tmk suturk fatkroai tmrcuem tmk iccp ncrfkj
dy tmk prkvocus skbtocg. Noe. A< Ogotoai iccp.

4. Za`k ttmk
mk nrkk kgj cn tmk fatkroai,
fatkroai, agj wogj ot arcugj otskin sox ttc
c
koemt tofks. Noe. D< Rox tc koemt wogjs.
2. Xass tmk nrkk kgj cn tmk suturk fatkroai og tmk iccp ncrfkj
dktwkkg tmk ogotoai iccp agj tmk norst tmrcw.
:. Gcw pass tmk nrkk kgj cn tmk suturk fatkroai ogtc ttmk
mk iccp ncrfkj
dy tmk prkvocus stkp. Noe. B< Xassoge tmrcuem ogotoai agj iast
iccp.
;. Xuii tmk nrkk kgj toemt tc skburk tmk `gct og piabk. Noe. J< Xuiioge
tc skburk tmk `gct.

Ncrwarjkr @gct
 

Zmos `gct os ag kxafpik cn a skin-icb`oge `gct. Ot mas ajjkj skburoty agj jcks
gct siop.

1. Zc fa`k tmos `gct, norst a dotk os ta`kg tmrcuem ttmk

mk tossuk.

4. Xiabk tmk gkkjik mcijkr ajlabkgt tc tmk icgekr kgj cn tmk suturk
fatkroai (tmk kgj tmat kgtkrs ogtc tmk tossuk). Noe. A< Xiabk gkkjik

2. mcijkrtmk
Uogj ajlabkgt
nrkk kgjtc(tmk
icge kgj.
kgj tmat kxots tmk tossuk, wmobm bcgtaogs
tmk gkkjik) arcugj dctm tmk icge kgj cn tmk fatkroai, agj tmk
gkkjik mcijkr skvkrai tofks. Noe. D< Uogj nrkk kgj arcugj icge
kgj agj gkkjik mcijkr.
:. Zmkg erasp tmk nrkk kgj cn tmk fatkroai (wotm tmk gkkjik) usoge
tmk gkkjik mcijkr. Noe. B< Erasp nrkk kgj.
;. Xuii tmk nrkk kgj wotm tmk gkkjik mcijkr toemt. Zmk `gct woii ekt
icb`kj agj bcfk tc rkst cg tmk tossuk. Noe. J< Xuii toemt.
Jkiofar @gct
Zmk Jkiofar `gct os ekgkraiiy uskj wmoik pkrncrfoge kgjcsbcpob prcbkjurks.
 

Ot os kspkboaiiy usknui juroge artmrcsbcpy. Zmk `gct os tokj usoge tmk stkps
eovkg dkicw<

1. Erasp tmk gkkjik mcijkr og ycur roemt magj, agj fa`k a iccp
usoge tmk icge kgj cn tmk fatkroai ajlabkgt tc tmk gkkjik. Noe. A<
Iccp icge kgj.

4. Za`k ttmk
mk nrkk kgj cn tmk fatkroai
fatkroai og
og ycur iknt magj. Xass ot cvkr
tmk iccp fajk og tmk prkvocus skbtocg, agj ugjkr tmk top cn tmk
gkkjik mcijkr. Noe. D< Xass cvkr prkvocus iccp.
2. Tkpkat tmk prcbkss wotm twc ajjotocgai tmrcws. Noe. B<
Ajjotocgai twost.
:. Gcw erasp tmk nrkk kgj wotm tmk gkkjik mcijkr, puii tmrcuem tmk
iccps, agj toemtkg tmk `gct. Noe. J< Erasp agj puii nrkk kgj.
 

Bcgstrobtcr @gct
Zmos `gct os uskj ncr tmk ioeatocg cn diccj vksskis, agj os dkiokvkj tc mavk
fcrk `gct skburoty tmag tmk Foiikr‟s `gct. Zmos `gct bag dk tokj as nciicws<

1. Xass tmk suturk fatkroai ugjkr tmk diccj vksski tc dk ioeatkj, subm

tmat cgk kgj ioks tcwarjs ycu agj tmk ctmkr away nrcf ycu.
4. Ncij tmk kgj tmat ioks tcwarjs ycu adcvk tmk diccj vksski agj
away nrcf ycu. Noe. A< Ncij gkar kgj adcvk agj arcugj.
2. Ncij tmk kgj tmat ioks away
away nrcf ycu cvkr tmk vksski tcwarjs ycu,
agj tmkg ugjkr tmk vksski away nrcf ycu, tmus brkatoge a iccp.
Noe. D< Ncij nar kgj jcwg agj ugjkr tmk iccp.
:. Ogskrt tmk gkkjik mcijkr ogtc tmos iccp.
;. Gcw turg tmk nrkk kgj cn tmk iccp dkmogj tmk ctmkr nrkk kgj cn tmk
fatkroai, agj erasp wotm tmk gkkjik mcijkr.
>. [soge tmk gkkjik mcijkr, puii tmk nrkk kgjs toemt. Noe. B< Xuii
toemt.
 

Tknkrkgbks
1. Drcwg TX< @gcttoge tkbmgoquk agj suturk fatkroais. Dr L Rure
1??405?(;)<2??-2:8
4. Roivkr K, Uu T, Erajy L, Rcge I. @gct Rkburoty- Mcw os ot Annkbtkj dy
Ruturk Zkbmgoquk, Fatkroai, Rozk, agj Gufdkr cn Zmrcws3 L Crai Faxoiicnab
Rure 481>0 5:(5)< 128:-1214
2. Tobmky FI, Tcsk RB< Asskssfkgt cn `gct skburoty og bcgtogucus
ogtrajkrfai wcugj bicsurks. L Rure Tks 488;0142<4=:-4==
:. Zayicr M, Ercecgc AU. Zmk bcgstrobtcr `gct os tmk dkst ioeaturk. Agg T
Bcii Rure Kgei. 481: (?>)< 181-18;

RKIN ARRKRRFKGZ
1. Umat os tmk norst iccp cn tmk `gct `gcwg as3

a. Rkburoge iccp

d. Bicvk motbm
b. Main motbm
j. Apprcxofatocg iccp

4. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge nabtcrs jcks gct annkbt `gct skburoty3

a. Rureobai tkbmgoquk

d. Ruturk fatkroai
b. Ruturk joafktkr
j. Gufdkr cn tmrcws

2. Antkr piaboge tmk nogai iccp, og wmobm jorkbtocg smcuij tmk nrkk kgjs cn tmk
suturk dk puiikj og3

a. ^krtobai

d. Mcrozcgtai
b. At ag abutk ageik
j. At ag cdtusk ageik
 

:. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge `gcts os ogmkrkgtiy tmk wka`kst `gct3

a. Rquark `gct

d. Rurekcg‟s `gct
b. Eraggy
j. Tkkn `gct
`gct

;. Umobm cn tmk twc nciicwoge `gcts ark ojkgtobai3

a. Tkkn `gct agj siop `gct

d. Tkkn `gct agj squark `gct

b. Tkkn `gct agj surekcg‟s `gct
j. Tkkn `gct agj Foiikr‟s `gct

>. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge `gcts aiicws tmk surekcg bcgtrci cvkr tmk tkgsocg
cn tmk wcugj3

a. Riop `gct

d. Rquark `gct
b. Tkkn `gct
j. Eraggy `gct

5. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge fay dk uskj ncr ioeatoge dui`y diccj vksskis3

a. Adkrjkkg `gct

d. Rquark `gct
b. Foiikr‟s `gct
j. Rurekcg‟s `gct

=. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge `gcts os uskj ncr kgjcsbcpob suturk piabkfkgt3

a. Foiikr‟s `gct

d. Ncrwarjkr
b. Adkrjkkg `gct
`gct
 

j. Jkiofar `gct

?. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge `gcts os gct suotadik ncr ruggoge suturks3

a. Adkrjkkg `gct

d. Riop `gct
b. Main diccj gct
j. Ncrwarjkr `gct

18. Umat os tmk ogjobatocg ncr piaboge a surekcg‟s `gct3

a. Ucugj bicsurk ugjkr tkgsocg

d. Ioeatoge dui`y diccj vksskis

b. Tuggoge suturks
j. Kgjcsbcpob suturoge
 

BMAXZKT :
Zkbmgoquks cn Ruturoge ‒ Dasob Ruturks agj
Fcjonobatocgs

ii suturk tkbmgoquks ark daskj cg ncur cr novk dasob suturks, wmobm bag
A dk fcjonokj agj appiokj tc skvkrai biogobai sotuatocgs. Zmos bmaptkr
josbussks tmksk dasob suturks, agj tmkor jorkbt fcjonobatocgs. Dkeoggkrs
fust norst ikarg tc pkrncrf aii tmk dasob suturoge tkbmgoquks wotm s`oii agj
spkkj, dkncrk attkfptoge tc ikarg tmk fcjonobatocgs.

ROFXIK OGZKTT[XZKJ R[Z[TK

Dkeoggkrs fust aiways start wotm ikargoge tmk sofpik ogtkrruptkj suturk. Cgbk
prcnobokgt wotm tmos fktmcj cn suturoge, ycu fay fcvk cg tc tmk ctmkr
tkbmgoquks.
 

Zkbmgoquk<

1. Aiways dkeog tmktmk sofpik ogtkrruptkj suturk at tmk bkgtkr cn tmk

wcugj. Cgbk tmk norst stotbm os piabkj, ycu fay piabk subbkssovk
stotbmks at 8.;bf ogtkrvais cg kotmkr sojk, ugtoi ycu rkabm tmk
pkropmkry cn tmk wcugj.

4. [soge tmk tossuk ncrbkps, kvkrt tmk norst wcugj kjek, agj ogskrt tmk
gkkjik tmrcuem tmk supkrnoboai surnabk tc tmk jkkpkr part cn tmk
wcugj kjek.
2. Uotmjraw tmk gkkjik as ot kfkreks nrcf tmk jkkp surnabk, ikavoge
cgiy a smcrt ikgetm (arcugj 4 ‒ 2bf) at tmk norst kgj.
:. Ogskrt tmk gkkjik tmrcuem tmk jkkp part cn tmk cppcsoge wcugj
kjek. Rmont tmk tossuk ncrbkps tc tmos wcugj kjek, wmoik ogskrtoge
tmk gkkjik. Noe. A< Dotks.
;. Uotmjraw tmk gkkjik as ot kfkreks nrcf tmk supkrnoboai part, agj
puii aii tmk fatkroai dktwkkg tmk twc kjeks taut. Bciikbt tmk
fatkroai dy sworioge ot arcugj ycur gcg-jcfogagt magj. Zmk
 

ogotoai 4 ‒ 2bf ikgetm cn fatkroai tmat was iknt dkmogj smcuij

rkfaog as subm tc dk uskj ncr `gct tyoge. Noe. D< Dkncrk `gct
piabkfkgt.
>. Xiabk a rkkn `gct as jksbrodkj og tmk prkvocus skbtocg. Noe. B<
Nogai `gct.
5. But dctm kgjs cn tmk suturk.
Ogjobatocgs agj Bcgtraogjobatoc
Bcgtraogjobatocgs<
gs<

Zmksk ark tmk fcst wojkiy uskj suturks. Zmky ark kspkboaiiy usknui
og tmk kfkrekgby jkpartfkgt ncr bicsoge iabkratocgs.
Zmksk ark gct suotadik ncr piabkfkgt og jkkp iaykrs cn tossuk, cr
kxtrkfkiy kstmktob zcgks.
Ajvagtaeks<

Zmky ark kasy tc piabk agj bag dk jcgk dy dkeoggkrs.

Zmky prcvojk a moem afcugt cn tkgsoik strkgetm tc tmk wcugj
As tmksk suturks ark skparatk nrcf kabm ctmkr, tmky ark adik tc
abbcffcjatk tossuk swkiioge knnobokgtiy, agj tmus prkvkgt
strageuiatocg cn tmk wcugj agj ofpaorfkgt cn diccj borbuiatocg.
Zmk jkptm agj jostagbk cn tmk suturks bag dk ajlustkj dy tmk
surekcg abbcrjoge tc tmk bcgtcur cn tmk wcugj. Zmos os kspkboaiiy
usknui og tmk kfkrekgby jkpartfkgt wmkrk iabkratocgs ark rarkiy
gkat ogbosocgs.
On cgk part cn tmk suturk eovks way, tmk ctmkr ogtkrruptkj suturks
bag stoii mcij tmk wcugj kjeks tcektmkr. Zmus tmk ogtkeroty cn tmk
kgtork suturk iogk os gct icst.
Josajvagtaeks<

Rogbk kabm suturk rkquorks ag ogjovojuai `gct, tmksk ark tofk

bcgsufoge tc piabk.
Zmk suturks tkgj tc ikavk brcss-matbmkj far`s cg tmk s`og dkbausk
cn tmk fuitopik `gcts piabkj. Brcss-matbmkj far`s bag dk avcojkj
dy rkfcvoge tmk suturks prcfptiy dy tmk nontm jay.
Fcjonobatocg< Zmk Rofpik Durokj Ruturk

Zmos tkbmgoquk os uskj ncr bicsurk cn jkkpkr wcugj iaykrs procr tc s`og
bicsurk. Zmk stkps cn piaboge a sofpik durokj suturk ark as nciicws<
 

1. Zmk nnorst
orst dotk os ta`kg
ta`kg nrcf tmk jkkpkr part cn ttmk
mk wcugj tc ttmk
mk
supkrnoboai part (ugio`k tmk rkeuiar ogtkrruptkj suturk, wmkrk tmk
norst dotk ecks nrcf supkrnoboai tc jkkp). Noe. A< Norst dotk.

4. Zmk skbcgj dotk os ta`kg nrcf tmk supkrnoboai part cn tmk cppcsoge
wcugj kjek, tc tmk jkkp part (aeaog, ugio`k tmk rkeuiar
ogtkrruptkj suturk, wmobm ecks nrcf jkkp tc supkrnoboai). Noe. D<
Rkbcgj dotk.
2. Bciikbt tmk fatkroai, as jksbrodkj prkvocusiy, agj piabk a rkkn
`gct.
:. Cgbk tmk `gct os toemtkgkj, ycu woiiwoii gctobk tmat ot ekts ”durokj‟,
tmat os, tmk `gct tkgjs tc iok cg tmk jkkpkr part cn tmk jkkp iaykr.
Zmos os usknui dkbausk tmos `gct woii gct ogtkrnkrk wotm suturk
piabkfkgt cg a fcrk supkrnoboai iaykr. Noe. B< ”Durokj‟ `gct.
Fcjonobatocg< Zmk Rofpik Ogtkrruptkj Jkptm Bcrrkbtoge Ruturk

Zmos tkbmgoquk
dktwkkg tmk twcoskjeks.
uskj wmkg
Zmos tmkrk os josbrkpagby
bag kotmkr og tmkcrjkptm
dk agatcfobai, cn tmk wcugjdy
cpkratcr-ogjubkj
 

ogbcrrkbt bicsurk cn tmk jkkpkr iaykrs. Zmk tkbmgoquk ncr piaboge tmos fcjonokj
suturk os as nciicws<

1. Xokrbk tmk supkrnoboai surnabk cn tmk wcugj kjek tmat os moemkr tmag
tmk cppcsoge kjek.

4. Zmk gkkjik kfkreks at tmk jkkp surnabk

surnabk at a smaiicw ikvki. Ncr
ogstagbk, on tmk supkrnoboai surnabk os tmk s`og, tmk gkkjik bag dk
aiicwkj tc kfkrek at tmk jkrfai-kpojkrfai lugbtocg.
2. Zmk gkkjik tmkg kgtkrs tmk jkkp surnabk cn tmk cppcsoge wcugjwcugj
kjek (wmobm os icwkr og mkoemt), gct at a bcrrkspcgjoge jkptm, dut
at a jkkpkr ikvki. Og tmk adcvk kxafpik, tmk gkkjik wcuij kgtkr
tmk jkkp surnabk at tmk jkrfos cr jkkpkr.
:. Zmk gkkjik tmkg kfkreks cg tmk supkrnoboai surnabk cn tmk
cppcsoge wcugj kjek at a sofoiar jostagbk nrcf tmk wcugj as tmk

norst
nrcfogskrtocg.
tmk wcugj Gctk
jckstmat
gct.cgiy tmk jkptm jonnkrs, agj tmk jostagbk
;. A rkkn `gct os tmkg piabkj. Zmk `gct fust dk cn ajkquatk
toemtgkss, dut gct tcc toemt, as tmos wcuij bausk tmk suturk iogk tc
icc` ugkvkg.

ROFXIK T[GGOGE R[Z[TK

Zmk sofpik ruggoge suturk os a bcgtogucus typk cn suturk tmat bag dkeog at cgk
kgj cn tmk wcugj agj bcgtoguk aicge ots ikgetm toii tmk ctmkr kgj. Gc `gcts
ark piabkj og dktwkkg, agj cgiy cgk `gct os piabkj at tmk kgj cn tmk wcugj
ikgetm.
 

Zkbmgoquk<

1. Zmk nnorst
orst part cn tmk ruggoge suturk os sofoiar tc tmk ogtkrruptkj
ogtkrruptkj
suturk.

4. Zmk gkkjik os ogskrtkj tmrcuem tmk

tmk supkrnoboai part cn cgk wcugj
kjek, ta`kg cut tmrcuem tmk jkkp part.
2. Zmk gkkjik os tmkg ogskrtkj ogtc tmk jkkp part cn tmk cppcsoge
wcugj kjek, agj ta`kg cut tmrcuem tmk supkrnoboai part.
:. Rofoiar tc tmk ogtkrruptkj suturk, a rkkn `gct os piabkj.
;. Gcw, ratmkr tmag buttoge dctm kgjs cn tmk suturk, cgiy tmk smcrtkr
kgj os but agj tmk icgekr kgj cn tmk fatkroai bcgtaogoge tmk gkkjik
os iknt ogtabt. Noe. A< Buttoge cgiy tmk smcrt kgj.
>. Zmk gkkjik os drcuemt dab` tctc tmk ogotoai wcugj kjek, agj rk-
rk-
ogskrtkj nrcf supkrnoboai tc jkkp, a nkw foiiofktkrs away nrcf
 

tmk norst ogskrtocg.

5. Cg a paraiiki pcogt cn tmk cppcsoge wcugj kjek, tmk gkkjik os
ogskrtkj agj drcuemt cut nrcf jkkp tc supkrnoboai. Noe. D< Xiaboge
bcgtogucus dotks.
=. Zmk prcbkss os rkpkatkj cvkr agj cvkr tmrcuemcut tmk wcugj
ikgetm.
?. Ot fust dk `kpt og
og fogj tmat on tmk dotks
dotks cg cppcsoge sojks ark
jorkbtiy abrcss kabm ctmkr, tmk suturk woii appkar joaecgai. On tmk
dotks cg cppcsoge sojks ark sioemtiy joaecgai nrcf kabm ctmkr, tmk
suturk trab`s appkar straoemt.
18. Zmk iast skbt
skbtocg
ocg os iknt sioemtiy iccsk tc aiicw ncr `gct piabkfkgt.
Noe. B< @gct piabkfkgt.
11. Zmk rkkn `gct os piabkj dy eraspoge tmk ”iccsk‟ skbtocg cn tmk
prkvocus dotk ogstkaj cn a nrkk kgj. Cgbk tmk `gct os fajk, dctm
kgjs bag dk but. Noe. J< Nogai `gct.
Ogjobatocgs agj Bcgtraogjobatoc
Bcgtraogjobatocgs<
gs<

Ot os uskj og icge wcugjs wmkrk tmkrk os fogofuf wcugj tkgsocg.

[skj og skburoge niaps agj s`og erants.
Ot smcuij gct dk uskj og wcugjs tmat ark at ogbrkaskj ros` cn
wcugj jkmosbkgbk.
Ajvagtaeks<

Zmkrk os ikss sbarroge as bcfparkj tc ogtkrruptkj suturks dkbausk

cn ikss gufdkr cn `gcts.
Ot os fcrk bcgvkgokgt agj fubm nastkr tc piabk.
Josajvagtaeks<

On cgk part cn tmk suturk eovks way, tmk ogtkeroty abrcss tmk kgtork
wcugj fay dk icst.
Ot os jonnobuit tc fa`k nogk ajlustfkgts aicge tmk bcgtcurs cn ag
orrkeuiar wcugj.
Fcjonobatocg< Zmk Tuggoge Icb`kj Ruturk
Kxbkpt ncr cgk jonnkrkgbk, tmk ruggoge icb`kj suturk os piabkj aifcst kxabtiy
tmk safk way as tmk sofpik ruggoge suturk. Kabm skbtocg cn tmk suturk os
”icb`kj‟ dy iccpoge tmk gkkjik tmrcuem tmk fatkroai. Zmk tkbmgoquk os as
 

nciicws<

1. Zmk gkkjik os ogskrtkj tmrcuem cgk wcugj kjek nrcf supkrnoboai

tc jkkp, agj drcuemt cut cn tmk wcugj kjek nrcf jkkp tc
supkrnoboai.

4. A rrkkn
kkn `gct os piabkj, agj tmk smcrt kgj cn tmk suturk fatkroai os
but.
2. Rofoiar tc tmk sofpik ruggoge suturk, tmk gkkjik os aeaog drcuemt
og tmrcuem tmk norst wcugj kjek agj cut tmrcuem tmk ctmkr, nkw
foiiofktkrs nrcf tmk norst dotks.
:. Mcwkvkr, antkr tmk gkkjik kxots, ot fust dk jrawg tmrcuem ttmkmk
iccp cn tmk prkvocus skbtocg, tmus ”icb`oge‟ ot. Noe. A< Jrawoge
tmk gkkjik wotmog tmk iccp.
;. Zmos prcbkss os rkpkatkj, agj kabm skbtocg os ”icb`kj‟ wotm tmk
prkvocus cgk tmrcuemcut tmk ikgetm cn tmk wcugj.
>. Zmk iast skbtocg, mcwkvkr, fust gct dk icb`kj, agj fust dk iknt
iccsk tc naboiotatk tmk piabkfkgt cn a rkkn `gct.
5. Antkr tmk rkkn `gct os piabkj, usoge tmk ””iccp‟
iccp‟ cn tmk prkvocus dotk,
tmk nrkk kgjs ark but. Noe. D< @gct piabkfkgt.

Zmk ruggoge
ogbrkaskj icb`kj
afcugt cnsuturk
tkgsoikosstrkgetm,
ekgkraiiy piabkj
subm as aog arkas
niap wmobm
wmobm rkquork
os dkoge ogskt ogtc a
 

rkbopokgt sotk, agj fust kstadiosm mkaioge agj borbuiatocg arcugj ots fareogs.
Ot os aisc usknui og arkas wmkrk mkfcstasos os rkquorkj, cr og arkas tmat tkgj tc
dikkj prcnuskiy, subm as sbaip wcugjs. Mcwkvkr, tmos suturk os gct suotadik og
arkas wmkrk tmkrk os ofpaorkj diccj borbuiatocg, as tmos suturk bag bausk
nurtmkr strageuiatocg cn tmk tossuks.

^KTZOBAI FAZZTKRR R[Z[TK

Zmk vkrtobai fattrkss suturk os aisc `gcwg as tmk ’Jcgato stotbm‖, gafkj antkr
tmk Otaioag surekcg wmc norst jksbrodkj ot. Zmos suturk prcvojks a fcrk skburk
fktmcj cn bicsoge tmk wcugj. Fcrkcvkr, ot prcvojks kxbkiikgt kvkrsocg cn
wcugj fareogs as bcfparkj tc tmk rkeuiar tkbmgoquk.

Zkbmgoquk<

1. Zmk gkkjik os ogskrtkj nrcf tmk supkrnoboai tc jkkp part cn tmk

wcugj surnabk, a iottik away nrcf tmk wcugj kjek, arcugj :ff
tc =ff.

4. Zmk gkkjik, wmkg kfkreoge nrcf tmk jkkp surnabk, smcuij dk at a

jkkpkr ikvki, prknkradiy jkkp tc tmk jkrfos.
2. Zmk gkkjik tmkg kgtkrs tmk jkkp part cn tmk wcugj kjek cg tmk
 

cppcsotk sojk, at tmk safk ikvki, tmat os, jkkp tc tmk jkrfos.
:. Zmk gkkjik kfkreks cg tmk supkrnoboai part cn tmk cppcsoge
wcugj kjek, aeaog :ff tc =ff away nrcf tmk wcugj. Noe. A<
Nar dotks.
;. Zmk gkkjik os rkvkrskj agj ogskrtkj aeaog ogtc tmk s`og surnabk cg
tmk skbcgj sojk, dut bicskr tc tmk wcugj kjek tmos tofk (arcugj
1ff tc 4ff nrcf tmk wcugj).
>. Zmk gkkjik fust kfkrek cg tmk jkkp surnabk fcrk supkrnoboai tc
tmk prkvocus dotks (at cr adcvk tmk jkrfos).
5. Zmk gkkjik os ogskrtkj cg tmk jkkp surnabk cn ttmk
mk norst
norst so
sojk,
jk, at tmk
safk jkptm.
=. Ot os drcuemt cut cg tmk supkrnoboai
supkrnoboai surnabk cn tmk norst sojk, aeaog,
bicskr tc tmk wcugj kjek (1ff tc 4ff nrcf tmk wcugj). Noe. D<
Gkar dotks.
?. A rrkkn
kkn `gct os tmkg appiokj, agj tmk dctm kgjs cn ttmk
mk suturk ark
but.
18. Zmos bag dk rkpkatkj tmrcuemcut tmk ikgetm cn tmk wcugj. Noe. B<
Antkr `gct piabkfkgt.
Ogjobatocgs agj Bcgtraogjobatoc
Bcgtraogjobatocgs<
gs<

Zmos tkbmgoquk os appiokj og arkas tmat ark prcgk tc ogvkrsocg k.e.

s`og bicsurk antkr kxbosocg cn a jkrfcoj byst. Zmk ajjkj kvkrsocg
prcvojkj dy kvkg tkbmgoquk rksuits og a niat sbar.
Ot os uskj wmkg bicsurk os jcgk cvkr ofpcrtagt agatcfobai
strubturks, as ot prcvojks ajjkj rksostagbk aeaogst wcugj
drka`jcwg.
Ot os prknkradiy avcojkj og kstmktob arkas, dkbausk tmkrk os moem ros`
cn suturk far`s ncrfoge.
Ajvagtaeks<

Ot prcjubks soegonobagt wcugj kvkrsocg.

Ot tkgjs tc rkjubk jkaj spabks wotmog tmk wcugj.
Ot fogofozks tkgsocg abrcss tmk wcugj kjeks, agj prcvojks ajjkj
tkgsoik strkgetm agj suppcrt tc tmk wcugj.
Josajvagtaeks<
 

Rogbk tmos suturk mas twc kgtry pcogts agj twc kxot pcogts, tmk ros`
cn brcss matbmoge os erkatkr tmag kvkg tmk ogtkrruptkj suturk.
Zmos tkbmgoquk rkquorks payoge erkat attkgtocg tc kgsurk tmat tmk
ncur dotks ark syffktrobai. On tmos os gct jcgk, ag ugkstmktob ”smkin‟
fay ncrf cg cgk sojk cn tmk suturk iogk.
Fcjonobatocg< Zmk Tuggoge ^krtobai Fattrkss Ruturk
Zmos bcfdogks tmk ajvagtaeks cn tmk vkrtobai fattrkss suturk wotm tmk ruggoge
suturk, agj cnnkrs a quob` fktmcj ncr bicsk apprcxofatocg cn wcugj kjeks
wotm kvkrsocg. Zmos tkbmgoquk os pkrncrfkj as nciicws<
Zmk trajotocgai vkrtobai fattrkss suturk os piabkj, abbcrjoge tc tmk stkps
jksbrodkj adcvk. A rkkn `gct os tokj.
Ogstkaj cn buttoge dctm kgjs cn tmk suturk fatkroai, cgiy tmk smcrt kgj os but,
agj tmk icge kgj wotm tmk gkkjik os prkskrvkj ncr tmk ruggoge suturk. Zmk
tkbmgoquk os pkrncrfkj as nciicws<

1. Zmk gkkjik os ogskrtkj ogtc tmk supkrnoboai part cn tmk wcugj kjek,
:ff tc =ff nrcf tmk wcugj, dut a iottik mcrozcgtaiiy nurtmkr
aicge tmk wcugj ikgetm.

4. Ot os drcuemt cut tmrcuem tmk jkkp part agj ogskrtkj ogtc tmk
bcrrkspcgjoge jkkp part cg tmk cppcsoge kjek.
2. Zmk gkkjik os tmkg drcuemt cut tmrcuem tmk supkrnoboai surnabk cn
tmk cppcsoge kjek, :ff tc =ff nrcf tmk wcugj.
:. Zmk gkkjik os tmkg rkvkrskj, agj ogskrtkj nrcf supkrnoboai tc jkkp
cg tmk skbcgj kjek, tmos tofk 1ff tc 4ff nrcf tmk wcugj.
;. Zmk gkkjik os ogskrtkj nrcf jkkp tc supkrnoboai cg ttmk
mk cppcsotk
sojk, aeaog 1ff tc 4ff nrcf tmk wcugj.
>. Zmk gkkjik os cgbk aeaog smontkj mcrozcgtaiiy aicge tmk wcugj
ikgetm, tc ta`k a dotk :ff tc =ff nrcf tmk wcugj.
5. Zmk prcbkss os rkpkatkj, wotm twc skts
skts cn dotks (:ff ttc
c =ff, agj
1ff tc 4ff) at kabm ikvki, abrcss tmk ikgetm cn tmk wcugj,
=. Cgbk tmk kgj cn tmk wcugj os rkabmkj, a rkkn `gct os piabkj usoge
tmk iccsk iccp cn tmk prkvocus skbtocg. Dctm kgjs cn tmk suturk
fatkroai ark tmkg but.
Fcjonobatocg< Xuiiky Ruturk
 

Zmk puiiky suturk was jksoegkj tc rkjubk tmk tkgsocg abrcss tmk dotks cg
kotmkr sojk cn tmk suturk iogk. Zmos wcuij rkjubk tmk afcugt cn brcss-matbmoge
agj tossuk strageuiatocg tmat jkvkicps. Zmos os piabkj as nciicws<

1. Zmk stkps uskj og piaboge tmk puiiky suturk ark aifcst ojkgtobai tc
tmk vkrtobai fattrkss suturk kxbkpt ncr tmk nogai stkp.
4. Xrocr tc piaboge a `gct cg tmk norst
norst wcugj kjek, tmk gkkjik os
brcsskj cvkr tc tmk skbcgj wcugj kjek, agj os iccpkj tmrcuem tmk
vkrtobai suturk ”iogk‟ tmat mas ncrfkj at tmos kjek.
2. Zmk gkkjik os tmkg brcsskj dab` tc tmk norst wcugj kjek, agj tmk
rkkn `gct os piabkj dkncrk dctm suturk kgjs ark but.
Fcjonobatocg< Nar agj Gkar Ruturk<
Zmos fcjonobatocg cn tmk vkrtobai fattrkss suturk os dasobaiiy a fcjonobatocg cn
tmk puiiky stotbm. Zmos tkbmgoquk os jcgk tc kxpagj tmk tossuk, wmkg tmk wcugj
os dkoge bicskj ugjkr tkgsocg. Zmk nciicwoge stkps fust dk nciicwkj ncr
piaboge nar agj gkar suturk<

1. Zmk norst wcugj kjek fust dk eraspkj agj kvkrtkj usoge tossuk
ncrbkps.

4. Zmk gkkjik os ogskrtkj tmrcuem tmktmk supkrnoboai part cn s`og agj

tmrcuem tmk jkrfos :ff tc >ff nrcf tmk wcugj kjek (tmos os
rknkrrkj tc as tmk nar suturk dotk).
2. Zmk gkkjik os puiikj tmrcuem
tmrcuem tmk jkkp part cn tmk wcugj, ttmat
mat os
tmk jkrfos, agj tmkg ogskrtkj ogtc tmk jkkp part cn tmk cppcsoge
sojk (tmk sojk gkar tmk cpkratcr), at tmk safk jkptm.
:. Zmk gkkjik os wotmjrawg tmrcuem tmk supkrnoboai part cn tmk
cppcsoge kjek, tmos tofk 4ff nrcf tmk wcugj kjek (Zmos os
rknkrrkj tc as tmk gkar suturk dotk).
;. Gcw, ratmkr tmag turgoge tmk gkkjik dab`, tmk gkkjik fust dk
brcsskj cvkr tmk wcugj tc tmk norst wcugj kjek.
>. Zmk gkkjik fust aeaog pokrbk tmk supkrnoboai surnabk cn tmk
wcugj, tmrcuem tmk s`og agj jkrfos cn nar kjek, dut tmos tofk,
cgiy 4ff nrcf tmk wcugj kjek. Zmos os aeaog tmk gkar suturk
dotk.
5. Zmk gkkjik os puiikj cut tmrcuem tmk jkrfos agj s`og cn tmk
 

skbcgj kjek, :->ff nrcf tmk fareog. Zmos os tmk skbcgj nar
suturk dotk.
=. Zmk rrkkn
kkn `gct os tmkg piabkj, agj dctm tmk suturk kgjs ark but.
Fcjonobatocg< Main-Durokj ^krtobai Fattrkss Ruturk

Zmk faog josajvagtaek cn tmk vkrtobai fattrkss suturk os tmk brcss-matbmoge,

bauskj juk tc tmk ncur kgtry pcogts uskj. Zmos josajvagtaek os cvkrbcfk wmkg
usoge tmk main-durokj suturk, wmobm kiofogatks twc pcogts cg tmk surnabk.
Zmkrkncrk, ot bag dk uskj og arkas wmkrk kstmktobs os cn bcgbkrg. Zmos bag dk
piabkj usoge tmk nciicwoge stkps<

1. Zmk gkkjik pokrbks tmk supkrnoboai part cn cgk wcugj kjek, arcugj
:ff tc >ff nrcf tmk wcugj, agj kxots tmrcuem tmk jkkp
surnabk.

4. Cg tmk cppcsoge wcugj kjek, tmk gkkjik kgtkrs tmk bcrrkspcgjoge

jkkp surnabk. Mcwkvkr, ot jcks gct kxot tmk supkrnoboai surnabk.
Ogstkaj, tmk gkkjik kxots aeaog at tmk jkkp surnabk at a sioemtiy
moemkr ikvki.
2. Zmk gkkjik tmkg kgtkrs tmk jkkp surnabk cn tmk norst wcugj kjek at
tmk safk moemkr ikvki, agj kxots tmrcuem tmk supkrnoboai surnabk,
4ff nrcf tmk wcugj.
:. Zmk rkkn `gct os tmkg piabkj agj dctm suturk kgjs ark but.
;. Zmos fktmcj kgsurks tmat aii
aii far`s
far`s iok cgiy cg cgk so
sojk
jk cn tmk
wcugj, wmoik cg tmk ctmkr sojk, tmk far`s rkfaog ogvosodik.

MCTO\CGZAI FAZZTKRR R[Z[TK

Zmk mcrozcgtai fattrkss suturk os agctmkr tkbmgoquk tmat prcvojks prcgcugbkj
kvkrsocg cn tmk wcugj kjek. Zmos tkbmgoquk ogbcrpcratks fubm fcrk tossuk
wotmog a sogeik suturk, as bcfparkj tc tmk ctmkr ogtkrruptkj suturks, agj os
tmkrkncrk cntkg uskj as ag ogotoai suturk tc mcij tmk wcugj kjeks tcektmkr.
 

Zkbmgoquk<

1. Zmk gkkjik os ogskrtkj ogtc tmk supkrnoboai part cn tmk wcugj kjek.
Zmk gkkjik ogskrtocg fust dk at a sioemtiy erkatkr jostagbk nrcf
tmk wcugj as bcfparkj tc tmk ogtkrruptkj suturk, ojkaiiy >ff tc

=ff.
4. Zmk gkkjik tmkg kxots tmrcuem tmk jkkp part cn tmk wcugj kjek
agj kgtkrs tmk cppcsoge wcugj kjek at a bcrrkspcgjoge ikvki cg
tmk jkkp part.
2. Zmk gkkjik tmkg kxots tmrcuem tmk supkrnoboai part cg tmk cppcsoge
kjek, aeaog >ff tc =ff nrcf tmk wcugj. Noe. A< Ogotoai skt cn 
dotks.
:. Zmk gkkjik os tmkg rkvkrskj agj ogskrtkj dab` aeaog ogtc tmk
supkrnoboai part cn tmk skbcgj wcugj kjek, dut a iottik nurtmkr
jcwg aicge tmk ikgetm cn tmk wcugj og a mcrozcgtai jorkbtocg. Zmk
jostagbk nrcf tmk wcugj fust rkfaog tmk safk (>ff tc =ff).
 

;. Zmk gkkjik kxots tmk jkkp part cn tmk skbcgj wcugj kjek, agj
kgtkrs tmk bcrrkspcgjoge jkkp part cn tmk norst wcugj kjek.
>. Zmk gkkjik kxots nrcf tmk supkrnoboai part cn tmk skbcgj wcugj
kjek, wmobm woii dk at a smcrt jostagbk mcrozcgtaiiy nrcf tmk vkry
norst dotk. Noe. D< Rkbcgj skt cn dotks.
5. A rkkn `gct os tmkg piabkj, agj tmk dctm kgjs cn tmk suturk ark but.
Noe. B< @gct.
Ogjobatocgs agj Bcgtraogjobatoc
Bcgtraogjobatocgs<
gs<

Ucugjs at kxtrkfkiy moem ros` cn wcugj jkmosbkgbk.

[skj antkr kxbosocg cn tossuk mas dkkg jcgk, wmkg tmk wcugj
gkkjs tc dk bicskj ugjkr tkgsocg.
Ot os usknui as a stay suturk, dctm ncr rktrabtoge tossuks, agj ncr
apprcxofatoge tossuk kjeks tcektmkr juroge bicsurk usoge scfk
ctmkr tkbmgoquk.
Avcoj tmos suturk wmkg tmk tossuk mas bcfprcfoskj diccj suppiy.
Ajvagtaeks<

Rogbk tmk suturks ark crokgtkj mcrozcgtaiiy ratmkr tmag vkrtobaiiy, ot

os usknui ncr prcvojoge tkgsoik strkgetm tc nraeoik tossuks.
Zmos tkbmgoquk prcvojks kvkg jostrodutocg cn tkgsoik strkgetm
abrcss tmk ikgetm cn tmk wcugj.
Ot eovks a eccj afcugt cn wcugj kvkrsocg, aiicwoge tmk wcugj tc
mkai nastkr juk tc dkttkr apprcxofatocg cn kjeks.
Ot aisc aiicws scfk afcugt cn s`og kxpagsocg juroge bicsurk.
Josajvagtaeks<

Zmos tkbmgoquk aisc tkgjs tc ikavk suturk far`s dkbausk, as wotm

vkrtobai fattrkss suturks, ncur dotks ark ta`kg tmrcuem tmk tossuk.
Zmos tkbmgoquk aisc barroks a moem ros` cn tossuk strageuiatocg, agj
bag rksuit og gkbrcsos cn tmk wcugj fareogs. Busmocgoge fatkroais,
subm as dcistkrs fajk cn eauzk, fay dk piabkj wotmog tmk suturk
fatkroai tc prkvkgt tmos nrcf mappkgoge.
Fcjonobatocg< Zmk Mcrozcgtai Fattrkss Icb`oge Ruturk
Zmos tkbmgoquk prcvojks dkttkr appcsotocg cn tmk wcugj kjeks as bcfparkj tc
tmk trajotocgai fktmcj, agj os aisc kasy tc rkfcvk cgbk tmk wcugj os mkaikj.
 

Zmos tkbmgoquk os usknui wmkg tmk tossuk os atrcpmob, as tmos mas ikss pctkgtoai
ncr tkaroge dctm juroge suturk piabkfkgt agj rkfcvai. Zmk fktmcj cn
piabkfkgt os as nciicws<

1. Zmk fktmcj uskj os tmk safk as tmk trajotocgai mcrozcgtai fattrkss

suturk.
4. Cgbk tmk gkkjik kfkreks cg tmk
tmk norst sojk, procr tc `gct
piabkfkgt, tmk fcjonobatocg os jcgk.
2. Zmk gkkjik os brcsskj cvkr tc tmk cppcsotk sojk, agj jrawg
tmrcuem tmk mcrozcgtai ”iccp‟ ncrfkj cg tmk ctmkr sojk cn tmk
wcugj.
:. Zmk gkkjik fust dk jrawg nrcf tmk sojksojk bicskr tc tmk wcugj, tc
tmk sojk away nrcf tmk wcugj, tmus icb`oge tmk suturk.
;. Zmk gkkjik agj fatkroai ark aeaog drcuemt dab` tc tmk norst sojk,

tc tok tmk rkkn `gct. Dctm kgjs cn tmk suturk ark tmkg but.
Fcjonobatocg< Zmk Tuggoge Mcrozcgtai Fattrkss Ruturk
Zmos tkbmgoquk bcfdogks tmk mcrozcgtai fattrkss agj ruggoge suturks, agj os
usknui wmkg tmk kvkrsocg cdtaogkj wotm tmk fattrkss tkbmgoquk gkkjs tc dk
bcfdogkj wotm spkkj, as os tmk bask ncr icge ogbosocgs. Zmos tkbmgoquk os
pkrncrfkj as nciicws<
 

1. A trajotocgai mcrozcgtai fattrkss suturk os piabkj, usoge tmk stkps

eovkg adcvk. Zmk rkkn `gct os tokj.

4. Ogstkaj cn buttoge dctm kgjs cn tmk suturk, cgiy tmk smcrt kgj os
but, wmoik tmk icge kgj bcgtaogoge tmk gkkjik os rktaogkj.
2. Zmk gkkjik os tmkg ogskrtkj
ogskrtkj ogtc tmk supkrnoboai surnabk cn tmk norst
norst
wcugj kjek (tmk kjek tmat bcgtaogs tmk `gct), mcrozcgtaiiy abrcss
tmk `gct, at tmk safk jostagbk nrcf tmk wcugj.

:. Zmk gkkjik
surnabk kfkreks
cn tmk nrcf
cppcsoge tmk at
kjek jkkp
tmk surnabk,
surn
safkabk, agjOtpokrbks
ikvki. kfkrekstmknrcf
jkkp
tmk supkrnoboai kjek.
;. Zmk gkkjik os rkvkrskj, agj aeaog uskj tc pokrbk tmk supkrnoboai
surnabk cn tmk skbcgj kjek, mcrozcgtaiiy a iottik nurtmkr away, agj
ot kfkreks cg tmk jkkp surnabk. Noe. A< Bcgtogucus dotks.
>. Zmk gkkjik cgbk aeaog pokrbks tmk jkkp surnabk cn tmk norst kjek
agj kfkreks tmrcuem tmk s`og.
5. Zmk gkkjik os cgbk aeaog rkvkrskj, agj uskj tc pokrbk tmk s`og,
aeaog a iottik nurtmkr mcrozcgtaiiy. Zmk mcrozcgtai fcvkfkgt cn tmk
gkkjik bcgtoguks jcwg tmk kgtork ikgetm cg tmk wcugj.
=. Cgbk tmk kgj cn tmk wcugj os rkabmkj, a rkkn `gct os tokj usoge tmk
 

iccsk iccp cn tmk prkvocus skbtocg. Noe. D< Nogai `gct.

Agctmkr fcjonobatocg fay dk jcgk, bcfdogoge tmk twc prkvocus
fcjonobatocgs. Zmos os rknkrrkj tc as tmk ruggoge icb`oge mcrozcgtai fattrkss
suturk.

Fcjonobatocg< Zmk Ajmksovk Rtrop Dcistkrkj Mcrozcgtai Fattrkss

Zmos fktmcj os jcgk ncr s`og tmat os kxtrkfkiy atrcpmob, wmkrk piabkfkgt cn
suturks foemt bausk tmk s`og tc tkar tmrcuem. Og tmksk basks, piabkfkgt cn
sureobai ajmksovk strops bag naboiotatk bicsurk. Zmk wcugj kjeks ajlabkgt tc
tmk ogbosocg fust dk bikagkj agj jrokj tc naboiotatk ajmksovkgkss. Zmk gkkjik
dotks ark tmkg ta`kg tmrcuem tmk ajmksovk strop agj tmk tossuk.
Fcjonobatocg< Zmk Main-Durokj Mcrozcgtai Fattrkss Ruturk
Zmk main-durokj mcrozcgtai fattrkss suturk os fcrk bcffcgiy rknkrrkj tc as
tmk ”bcrgkr stotbm‟. Zmos tkbmgoquk os kxtrkfkiy usknui ncr suturoge bcrgkrs cn
niaps, cr tmk fkktoge pcogt cn ogbosocgs tmat ncrf a ?8¸ ageik tc kabm ctmkr.
Zmk tkbmgoquk os pkrncrfkj as nciicws<

1. Ag ofaeogary iogk fust dk vosuaiozkj, doskbtoge tmk apkx cn tmk

troageik vkrtobaiiy. Ncr a dkeoggkr ikargoge tmos tkbmgoquk, ot os
mkipnui tc abtuaiiy jraw tmos iogk cg tmk surnabk cn tmk s`og tc
kstadiosm abburaby.

4. Zmk gkkjik fust dk ogskrtkj cg tmrcuem tmk supkrnoboai s`og

surnabk,
ogskrtocgarcugj :ff
fust dk tc >ff
cg cgk adcvk
sojk cn tmos tmk
iogk,apkx.
4ffZmk pcogtaway
tc 2ff cn
 

nrcf ot.
2. Zmk gkkjik os wotmjrawg tmrcuem tmk jkkp part agj ta`kg ogtc tmk
troageuiar wcugj arka.
:. Zmk niap os kvkrtkj dab` usoge tossuk ncrbkps tc vosuaiozk tmk jkkp
kgj.
;. Zmk gkkjik os tmkg ogskrtkj cg tmk jkkp pcrtocg cn tmk troageuiar
niap, at a pcogt tmat paraiikis tmk ogotoai kgtry pcogt.
>. Zmk gkkjik kxots tmrcuem tmk jkkp surnabk cn tmk troageuiar niap, at
a pcogt tmat os mcrozcgtaiiy abrcss tmk skbcgj ogskrtocg agj
joaecgaiiy abrcss tmk norst ogskrtocg. Zmos wcuij bcrrkspcgj tc ag
arka cg tmk ctmkr sojk cn tmk ofaeogary iogk, at ag kquai jostagbk
nrcf ot. Noe. A< Zmk ”durokj‟ dotk.
5. Zmk gkkjik os tmkg ogskrtkj
ogskrtkj ogtc tmk jkkp surnabk at a pcogt :ff
tc >ff adcvk tmk apkx, mcrozcgtaiiy abrcss tmk norst kgtry pcogt.
Zmk gkkjik kxots tmrcuem tmk supkrnoboai s`og surnabk.
=. A rrkkn
kkn `gct os tmkg piabkj. Zmk `gct fust dk ttoemt
oemt kgcuem tc
apprcxofatk tmk tossuks sc tmat tmk bcrgkr nots gkatiy og. Cvkr
toemtkgoge cn tmk `gct fay bausk tmk wcugj kjeks tc dub`ik agj
eovks ag ugkstmktob rksuit. Noe. D< @gct piabkfkgt.
Zmos tkbmgoquk os fcst usknui wmkg troageuiar cr trapkzcojai niaps ark raoskj
ncr abbkss, agj ark dkoge suturkj dab` og piabk.
Fcjonobatocg< Durokj Mcrozcgtai Fattrkss Ruturk
Zmos fktmcj cnnkrs kxbkiikgt bcsfktob rksuits as brcss-matbmoge os avcojkj.
Zmk suturks ark piabkj usoge tmk nciicwoge tkbmgoquk<

1. Zmk norst wcugj kjek os kvkrtkj usoge tmk tossuk ncrbkps, sc tmat
tmk ugjkriyoge jkrfos os vosodik.

4. Zmk gkkjik os ogskrtkj ogtc tmk jkrfos arcugj 4ff tc :ff nrcf
tmk suturk kjek, at ag ageik tmat os paraiiki tc tmk ogbosocg iogk.
2. Zmk gkkjik kxots tmrcuem tmk safk ikvki at tmk jkrfos,
mcrozcgtaiiy abrcss tmk kgtry pcogt nurtmkr aicge tmk ikgetm cn tmk
wcugj.
:. Zmk cppcsoge tossuk kjek os tmkg kvkrtkj tc vosuaiozk tmk jkrfos.

;. Zmk gkkjikat
tmk jkrfos os abrcsskj
paraiikicvkr
ikvkitctctmk
tmkcppcsotk sojk,
kxot pcogt cg agj oogskrtkj
gskrtkj
tmk norst ogtc
wcugj
 

kjek.
>. Zmk gkkjik kxots tmrcuem tmk jkrfos at a pcogt tmat os parai
paraiiki
iki tc
tmk ogotoai ogskrtocg pcogt cg tmk norst wcugj kjek.
5. A rrkkn
kkn `gct os piabkj tc skburk tmk
tmk suturk. Dctm tmk kgjs cn ttmk
mk
suturk fatkroai ark but.
Zmos tkbmgoquk aiicws eccj kvkrsocg cn tmk wcugj kjeks, dut tmk suturks ark
ogvosodik. Zmos os usknui ncr suturoge garrcw wcugjs, agj wcugjs wmkrk ot os
jonnobuit tc ogskrt tmk gkkjik mcijkr juk tc iab` cn spabk.
Fcjonobatocg< Ogvkrtoge Mcrozcgtai Fattrkss Ruturk
As tmk gafk sueeksts, tmos os a fcjonobatocg cn tmk mcrozcgtai fattrkss suturk
tmat prcjubks ogvkrsocg cn tmk wcugj kjeks ratmkr tmag kvkrsocg. Zmos os
usknui og agatcfobai arkas tmat ark gaturaiiy jkprksskj, io`k s`og brkasks. Zmos
tkbmgoquk os barrokj cut as nciicws<

1. Zmk crokgtatocg cn tmk gkkjik os jonnkrkgt as bcfparkj tc ctmkr

tkbmgoquks. Zmk gkkjik fust dk mkij paraiiki tc tmk wcugj kjek,
ratmkr tmag at roemt ageiks.

4. Zmk gkkjik os ogskrtkj nrcf tmk supkrnoboai surnabk cn tmk wcugj

kjek tc tmk jkkp surnabk.
2. Zmk gkkjik os tmkg ogskrtkj ogtc tmk jkkp surnabk cn tmk safk
wcugj kjek, a iottik nurtmkr aicge tmk wcugj ikgetm mcrozcgtaiiy.
:. Zmk gkkjik os wotmjrawg nrcf tmk supkrnoboai surnabk cn tmk safk
wcugj kjek, wmobm woii dk mcrozcgtaiiy abrcss tmk norst ogskrtocg.
;. Zmk
nrcfgkkjik os tmkg brcsskj
tmk supkrnoboai surnabktcparaiiki
tmk ctmkr wcugj
tc tmk kjek,
pcogt agj ogskrtkj
at wmobm ot lust
kxotkj.
>. Zmk gkkjik kfkreks nrcf tmk jkkp surnabk,
surnabk, agj ot os rkogskrtkj
ogtc tmk jkkp surnabk cn tmos kjek, a iottik dab`warjs aicge tmk
ikgetm cn tmk wcugj.
5. Zmk gkkjik kfkreks nrcf tmk supkrnoboai surnabk cn tmk skbcgj
kjek. Zmos woii bcrrkspcgj tc tmk norst ogskrtocg pcogt cg tmk
cppcsoge kjek.
=. A rkkn `gct os tmkg tokj, agj dctm suturk kgjs ark but.

NOE[TK-CN-= R[Z[TK
 

Zmk noeurk-cn-= suturk os a sioemtiy bcfpiobatkj suturk tc ikarg agj rkquorks

fcrk prabtobk. Zmos tkbmgoquk aiicws tmk bicsurk cn twc cr tmrkk wcugj iaykrs
og a sogeik suturk.

Zkbmgoquk<

1. Zmk gkkjik os ogskrtkj tmrcuem tmk

tmk surnabk cn tmk s`og, agj ot
kfkreks at tmk sudbutagkcus tossuk, nrcf wmobm ot os wotmjrawg.
Noe. A< Ogotoai dotk.

4. Zmk skbcgj dotk os ta`kg tmrcuem tmk sudbutagkcus tossuk

tossuk cn tmk
cppcsotk sojk, at tmk safk ikvki. Mcwkvkr, ogstkaj cn tmk gkkjik
kfkreoge at tmk s`og, tmk gkkjik os turgkj jcwgwarjs tc tmk
jkkpkr iaykr, agj os aiicwkj tc kfkrek at tmk jkrfos. Noe. D<
Rkbcgj dotk.
2. Zmk gkkjik os tmkg brcsskj cvkr tc
tc tmk norst sojk, agj ot os ta`kg
tmrcuem tmk jkrfos at tmk safk ikvki, agj cut tmrcuem tmk
 

sudbutagkcus tossuk. Noe. B< Zmorj dotk.

:. Zmk gkkjik os cgbk aeaog brcsskj cvkr tc ttmk
mk skbcgj sojk, wmkrk oott
os ta`kg tmrcuem tmk jkrfos tc tmk s`og surnabk. Noe. J< Ncurtm
dotk.
;. A rrkkn
kkn `gct os tmkg piabkj. Dctm kgjs cn tmk suturk fatkroai ark
but. Noe. K< Nogai `gct.
Zmos os tmk ”vkrtobai‟ vkrsocg cn tmk noeurk-cn-= suturk. Zmkrk os agctmkr
vkrsocg tmat os piabkj mcrozcgtaiiy. Zmos os sofoiar tc tmk ogtkrruptkj bruboatk
suturk, wmobm woii dk josbusskj og tmk gkxt skbtocg. Rurekcgs tkgj tc usk dctm
tmksk tkrfs ogtkrbmagekadiy dut ot os wcrtm `gcwoge tmat tmk ”noeurk cn =‟
abtuaiiy rknkrs tc tmk vkrsocg jksbrodkj adcvk.
Ogjobatocgs agj Bcgtraogjobatoc
Bcgtraogjobatocgs<
gs<

Umkg ycu wagt tc suturk jkkp iaykrs dut gkkj tc rkfcvk tmk

suturk iatkrfatkroai).
rkscrdadik cg (ncr ogstagbk, wmkg tmk patokgt os aiikreob tc
Ncr suturoge cn wcugjs tmat mavk cpkgkj up.
Ncr wcugjs tmat mavk a rcugj cr kiioptobai bcgtcur, cr ncr ”jce-
kar‟ jknkbts.
Ncr wcugjs og wmobm tmkrk os a josbrkpagby og ikgetm cn tmk dctm
kjeks
Ot os dkst avcojkj ncr icge wcugjs, as fuitopik suturks bag dk
bmaiikgeoge tc piabk.
Ajvagtaeks<

Zmos tkbmgoquk aiicws tmk bicsurk cn fuitopik iaykrs at cgbk.

Xrcvojks eccj appcsotocg cn tmk wcugj kjeks tc kabm ctmkr.
Zmos tkbmgoquk bausks ikss tossuk strageuiatocg, agj tmkrkncrk, ikss
osbmkfoa agj gkbrcsos as bcfparkj tc ctmkr suturks, as tmk tkgsocg
os jostrodutkj abrcss skvkrai iaykrs.
Josajvagtaeks<

Zmos fktmcj os tkbmgobaiiy bmaiikgeoge as bcfparkj tc tmk

prkvocus suturks, dut bag dk fastkrkj wotm prabtobk.
Ruturk rkfcvai bausks fcrk josbcfncrt tc patokgts as tmk fatkroai
mas tc dk puiikj cut nrcf tmk jkkpkr iaykrs.
 

OGZKTT[XZKJ BT[BOAZK R[Z[TK/BT[BOAZK

FAZZTKRR R[Z[TK
Zmos suturk bcfdogks tmk prcpkrtoks cn tmk sofpik ogtkrruptkj suturk, tmk
fattrkss typks cn suturks, agj tmk ruggoge suturk.

Zkbmgoquk<

1. Zmk gkkjik os ogskrtkj tmrcuem tmk supkrnoboai surnabk cn tmk

wcugj kjek, agj os wotmjrawg tmrcuem tmk jkkp surnabk.

4. Zmk gkkjik os tmkg ogskrtkj ogtc tmk jkkp surnabk cn tmk cppcsoge
wcugj kjek at tmk safk pcogt, agj os wotmjrawg tmrcuem tmk
supkrnoboai surnabk. Noe. A< Ogotoai dotks.
2. Zmk gkkjik os tmkg brcsskj dab` tc tmk norst wcugj kjek, agj os
ogskrtkj ogtc tmk supkrnoboai surnabk at tmk safk jostagbk nrcf tmk
wcugj kjek, dut mcrozcgtaiiy a iottik nurtmkr aicge tmk ikgetm cn
tmk wcugj.
:. Zmk gkkjik os ta`kg cut tmrcuem tmk jkkp surnabk, agj os ogskrtkj
ogtc tmk jkkp surnabk cn tmk cppcsoge wcugj kjek at tmk safk

;. ikvki.gkkjik tmkg kfkreks cg tmk supkrnoboai surnabk cn tmk skbcgj

Zmk
 

wcugj kjek, at a bcrrkspcgjoge jostagbk nrcf tmk norst kxot dotk

cg tmos kjek. Noe. D< Rkbcgj skt cn dotks.
>. Zmk gkkjik os brcsskj cvkr tc tmk norst
norst so
sojk
jk aeaog, agj a rkkn `gct
os tokj subm tmat tmk `gct ioks cg tmk norst sojk cn tmk wcugj.
5. Ag ”]‟ os tmus ncrfkj cvkr tmk suturk iogk. Zmk prcbkss os
rkpkatkj tmrcuemcut tmk ikgetm cn tmk wcugj. Noe. B< @gct.
Ogjobatocgs agj Bcgtraogjobatoc
Bcgtraogjobatocgs<
gs<

Zmos os fcstiy jcgk ncr tmk safk ogjobatocgs as a sofpik

ogtkrruptkj suturk, kxbkpt wmkg tmk wcugj os icgekr agj tmk
cpkratcr wagts tc savk tofk.
Ot os uskj wmkg tmk cpkratcr jksorks a fcrk skburk wcugj
piabkfkgt dy tyoge cn fuitopik `gcts.
Ot os aisc usknui ncr fogcr wcugjs wmobm ark gct ugjkr tkgsocg,
subm as pugbm docpsy wcugjs agj tcctm kxtrabtocg scb`kts.
Umkg tmos tkbmgoquk os uskj ncr tmk ioeatocg cn diccj vksskis, ot os
scfktofks rknkrrkj tc as tmk ”mcrozcgtai‟ noeurk-cn-= suturk.
Zmos os gct suotadik og arkas wotm bcfprcfoskj diccj suppiy.
Ajvagtaeks<

Bag bicsk asyffktrobai wcugjs, subm as rcugj cr kiioptobai

jknkbts.
Xrcvojks eccj apprcxofatocg cn wcugj kjeks, agj os skburk.
Josajvagtaeks<

Zmos suturk bag bausk strageuiatocg cn tossuk on tmk `gcts ark tcc
toemt, ikajoge tc wcugj kjek gkbrcsos.
Zmos tkbmgoquk jcks gct eovk pkrnkbt kstmktobs, agj os dkst avcojkj
og kstmktob zcgks.
Tknkrkgbks<
1. Ajafs D, Agwar L, Urcgk JA, Aiaf F. Zkbmgoquks ncr butagkcus
suturkj bicsurks< varoagts agj ogjobatocgs. Rkfog Butag Fkj Rure. 4882 Jkb.
44(:)<28>-1>

4.
Naf\udkr ZL. Zmk4884
Xmysoboag. fattrkss
Jkb suturks< vkrtobai, mcrozcgtai agj bcrgkr stotbm. Af
1;0>>(14)<4421->
 

2. Aiaf F, Ecijdkre IM. [toioty cn nuiiy durokj mcrozcgtai fattrkss suturks.

L Af Abaj Jkrfatci. 488: Lag. ;8(1)<52->
:. Fccjy DT, FbBartmy LK, Iogjkr L, Mruza EL. Kgmagbkj bcsfktob
cutbcfk wotm ruggoge mcrozcgtai fattrkss suturks. Jkrfatci Rure. 488; Cbt.

21(18)<1212->
;. Ia`smfagajcss [, Ucge UR, @utogs`y O, @maioj FT, Uoiioafscg D,
Maogks JK. Noeurk-cn-koemt suturk ncr vkgcus mkfcstasos og nuiiy
agtobcaeuiatkj patokgts antkr atroai nodroiiatocg batmktkr adiatocg. Ogjoag Xaboge
Kikbtrcpmysoci L. 4815015(;)<12:‒12?.

RKIN ARRKRRFKGZ
1. Umobm suturk tkbmgoquk os bcffcgiy uskj og tmk kfkrekgby jkpartfkgt3

a. Rofpik ogtkrruptkj suturk

d. Rofpik ruggoge suturk

b. Mcrozcgtai fattrkss suturk
j. ^krtobai fattrkss suturk

4. Umobm suturk os aisc `gcwg as tmk Jcgato stotbm3

a. Mcrozcgtai fattrkss suturk

d. ^krtobai fattrkss suturk

b. Rofpik ruggoge suturk
j. Tuggoge icb`kj suturk

2. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge suturks ogvcivk ta`oge dotks at twc jonnkrkgt

jkptms3

a. Rofpik ogtkrruptkj suturk

d. Rofpik ogtkrruptkj jkptm bcrrkbtoge suturk

b. Rofpik ogtkrruptkj durokj suturk
j. Bruboatk Fattrkss suturk

:. Umobm fcjonobatocg cn tmk vkrtobai fattrkss os aofkj at prkvkgtoge brcss

 

matbmoge3

a. Tuggoge vkrtobai fattrkss suturk

d. Xuiiky suturk
b. Main-durokj vkrtobai fattrkss suturk
j. Nar agj gkar suturk

;. Umobm suturk tkbmgoquk os usknui ncr skburoge tmk bcrgkr cn niaps3

a. Tuggoge mcrozcgtai fattrkss suturk

d. Tuggoge vkrtobai fattrkss suturk

b. Main-durokj mcrozcgtai fattrkss suturk
j. Main-durokj vkrtobai fattrkss suturk

>. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge suturk tkbmgoquks mas tmk ikast ros` cn brcss-
matbmoge3

a. Rofpik ogtkrruptkj

d. Rofpik ruggoge
b. Mcrozcgtai fattrkss
j. ^krtobai fattrkss

5. Umobm suturk tkbmgoquk os usknui ncr s`og brkasks3

a. Ogtkrruptkj bruboatk suturk

d. Ogvkrtoge mcrozcgtai fattrkss suturk

b. Noeurk cn koemt suturk
j. Durokj mcrozcgtai fattrkss suturk

=. On a patokgt os aiikreob tc adscrdadik suturks, wmobm suturk bag dk ojkaiiy

piabkj ncr tmk jkkpkr iaykrs3

a. Ogtkrruptkj bruboatk suturk

d. Ogvkrtoge mcrozcgtai fattrkss suturk

 

b. Noeurk cn koemt suturk

j. Durokj mcrozcgtai fattrkss suturk

?. Umobm suturk os usknui ncr bicsoge kiioptobai wcugjs3

a. Ogtkrruptkj bruboatk suturk

d. Ogvkrtoge mcrozcgtai fattrkss suturk
b. Noeurk cn koemt suturk
j. Durokj mcrozcgtai fattrkss suturk

18. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge tkbmgoquks os usknui wmkg tmk wcugj os garrcw
dut jkkp3

a. Ogtkrruptkj bruboatk suturk

d. Ogvkrtoge mcrozcgtai fattrkss suturk

b. Noeurk cn koemt suturk
j. Durokj mcrozcgtai fattrkss suturk
 

BMAXZKT ;
Zkbmgoquks cn Ruturoge ‒ Ajvagbkj Ruturks

jvagbkj suturk tkbmgoquks fay gct bcffcgiy dk uskj og surekry, dut

A tmky ark wcrtm `gcwoge as fcst cn tmkf mavk tmkor cwg gobmk
appiobatocgs. Zmksk tkbmgoquks fay kotmkr dk bcfdogatocgs cn varocus
`ogjs cn dasob suturks, cr fay ogvcivk a jonnkrkgt fktmcjcicey aitcektmkr.
Zmos bmaptkr oiiustratks scfk cn tmk ajvagbkj fktmcjs tmat ark bcffcgiy
prabtobkj dy surekcgs.

M_DTOJ R[Z[TKR
Mydroj suturks bcfdogk fcrk tmag cgk dasob typk cn suturoge tkbmgoquk. Zmos
cnnkrs tmk ajvagtaeks cn dctm tmk tkbmgoquks. Rcfk kxafpiks ark eovkg
dkicw<
Tuggoge ^krtobai Fattrkss agj Rofpik Ruturk<
Zmos fktmcj bcfdogks tmk nar-gkar fcjonobatocg cn tmk vkrtobai fattrkss wotm
tmk sofpik ruggoge suturk. Zmos os usknui og jkiobatk tossuks wmkrk ot os
jksoradik tc avcoj strageuiatocg, dut tmk wcugj kjeks fust dk skburkiy
apprcxofatkj agj kvkrtkj. Zmos tkbmgoquk os pkrncrfkj as nciicws<

1. Zmk tkbmgoquk dkeogs io`k a sofpik ruggoge suturk.

4. Zmk gkkjik os ogskrtkj tmrcuem tmk
tmk s`og cn cgk wcugj kjek, agj
drcuemt cut tmrcuem tmk jkrfos. Ot os ogskrtkj tmrcuem tmk jkrfos
cn tmk ctmkr wcugj kjek, agj drcuemt cut tmrcuem tmk s`og at tmk
safk ikvki.
2. A rkkn `gct os tokj. Zmk smcrt kgj aicgk os but.
:. Zmk gkkjik os tmkg ogskrtkj ogtc tmk s`og offkjoatkiy gkar tmk
`gct, agj drcuemt cut joaecgaiiy abrcss tmk wcugj, wkii away
nrcf tmk tossuk (>ff tc =ff).
;. Zmk gkkjik os tmkg rkvkrskj og ots mcijkr. Ot rk-kgtkrs tmk s`o
s`og
g cn
tmk safk wcugj kjek at tmk safk ikvki, tmos tofk gkarkr (4ff tc
 

:ff) tc tmk wcugj fareog.

>. Ot kfkreks nrcf tmk jkrfos, brcssks tc tc tmk jkrfos cn tmk norst
kjek, agj kfkreks nrcf tmk s`og, aeaog 4ff tc :ff nrcf tmk
wcugj fareog.
5. Zmk gkkjik os tmkg ogskrtkj ogtc tmk skbcgj wcugj kjek at tmk
safk ikvki, dut >ff tc =ff away nrcf tmk tossuks.
=. Ot os aeaog jorkbtkj joaecgaiiy, sc tmat ot kfkreks iottik nurtmkr
aicge tmk ikgetm cn tmk wcugj. Gcw tmk gkkjik os sofpiy brcsskj
tc tmk cppcsotk sojk tc ta`k a dotk sofoiar tc a ruggoge suturk.
?. Antkr tmos, tmk nar-gkar, gkar-nar skqukgbk os rkpkatkj.
18. Zmk twc suturks ark aitkrgatkj toii tmk kgj cn tmk wcugj os
rkabmkj.
11. A rkkn `gct os tmkg tokj,
tokj, usoge tmk iccsk iccp cn tmk prkvocus
skbtocg. Dctm tmk suturk kgjs ark but.
Mydroj Fattrkss Ruturk<
Zmos suturk bcfdogks dctm tmk mcrozcgtai agj vkrtobai fattrkss suturks og a
sogeik stotbm. Ot bag dk uskj tc bicsk kpojkrfai wcugjs tmat wcuij gcrfaiiy
rkquork a vkrtobai fattrkss, dut lust wojk kgcuem tmat a mcrozcgtai bag bicsk
tmk eap nastkr. Zmos prcjubks prcgcugbkj kvkrsocg agj eccj tossuk
apprcxofatocg. Zmk tkbmgoquk os pkrncrfkj as nciicws<
 

1. Zmk gkkjik os ogskrtkj tmrcuem tmk

tmk s`og surnabk cg cgk wcugj
kjek, wkii away nrcf tmk wcugj fareog (>ff tc =ff).

4. Zmk gkkjik os ta`kg cut tmrcuem tmk jkrfos, agj ogskrtkj ogtc tmk
jkrfos at tmk safk ikvki cg tmk cppcsoge wcugj kjek.
2. Zmk gkkjik kfkreks tmrcuem tmk s`og cg tmk cppcsoge wcugj

kjek >ff
agj kxot tc =ff nrcf tmk wcugj fareog. Noe. A< Ogotoai kgtry
dotk.
:. Gcw ttmk
mk gkkjik os jorkbtkj
jorkbtkj tc a pcogt tmat os gkarkr tc ttmk
mk wcugj
fareog (4ff tc :ff away), dut aisc mcrozcgtaiiy nurtmkr aicge
tmk ikgetm cn tmk wcugj.
;. Zmk gkkjik os ogskrtkj ogtc tmk
tmk s`og at tmos
tmos pcogt, wmobm iikavks
kavks a
joaecgai trab` cn fatkroai. Noe. D< Rkbcgj kgtry dotk.
>. Zmos os og bcgtrast tc tmk vkrtobai trab` skkg wotm tmk vkrt
vkrtobai
obai
fattrkss, agj mcrozcgtai trab` skkg wotm tmk mcrozcgtai fattrkss
suturk.
5. Zmk gkkjik os aiicwkj tc kfkrek nrcf tmk jkrfos, agj os tmkg
ogskrtkj ogtc jkrfos cn tmk norst wcugj kjek.
 

=. Zmk gkkjik os tmkg ta`kg

ta`kg cut tmrcuem tmk s`og cn tmk norst kjek, at
a pcogt tmat os jorkbtiy abrcss tmk prkvocus pcogt cn ogskrtocg.
?. A rkkn `gct os tokj. Noe. B< Antkr `gct piabkfkgt.
18. Dctm smcrt kgjs ark but. Cgbk tmk rkkn `gct os tokj, ot woii dk gctkj
tmat agctmkr joaecgai mas ncrfkj cg tmos wcugj kjek, agj tmk
kgtork suturk mas a ”^‟ smapk.
^krtobai Fattrkss Zop Ruturk<
Zmos suturk os a mydroj cn tmk vkrtobai fattrkss suturk agj tmk bcrgkr stotbm tmat
was jksbrodkj as a fcjonobatocg cn tmk mcrozcgtai fattrkss suturk og tmk
prkvocus bmaptkr. Zmos tkbmgoquk os aisc uskj tc skburk bcrgkr (cr ^-smapkj)
niaps. Ot os uskj wmkg tmkrk os a ros` cn tmk top ekttoge skt jkkpkr tmag tmk rkst
cn tmk niap, as tmos tkbmgoquk faxofozks wcugj kvkrsocg. Zmk tkbmgoquk os
pkrncrfkj as nciicws<

1. Zmk gkkjik
tmk ”^‟, os ogskrtkj
arcugj ;ff tcat>ff
cgk cn tmk kjeks
away cg wcugj
nrcf tmk tmk bcgbavk sojk cn
fareog.

4. Zmk gkkjik kfkreks at tmk jkrfos wotmog tmk ”^‟.

2. Zmk gkkjik tmkg brcssks tc tmk bcgvkx part cn tmk ni
niap,
ap, agj pokrbks
tmk jkrfos cg cgk sojk, aeaog ;ff tc >ff nrcf tmk top cn tmk
apkx.
:. Ot kfkreks at tmk jkrfos cg tmk ctmkr sojk cn tmk apkx, at tmk safk
ikvki cn ;ff tc >ff nrcf tmk top.
;. Zmk gkkjik brcssks aeaog tc tmk bcgbavk part cn tmk niap, agj
pokrbks tmk jkrfos cn tmk skbcgj wcugj kjek.
>. Ot kfkreks tmrcuem tmk s`og, ;ff tc >ff nrcf tmk wcugj
fareog.
5. Gcw, tmk gkkjik os rkvkrskj og tmk mcijkr. Ot pokrbks tmk s`og cn
tmk safk wcugj kjek aeaog, tmos tofk bicskr tc tmk fareog (4 ff
tc 2ff).
=. Zmk gkkjik passks nrcf tmk jkrfos, tc kfkrek tmrcuem tmk jkrfos
wotmog tmk ”v‟.
?. Zmk gkkjik gcw passks tc tmk jkrfos cg tmk bcgvkx sojk,sojk, agj
pokrbks ot lust 4ff tc 2ff nrcf tmk apkx cg cgk sojk.
18. Ot kfkreks at tmk jkrfos cg tmk ctmkr sojk
sojk cn tmk apkx, at tmk safk
jostagbk.
11. Zmk gkkjik tmkg pokrbks tmk jkrfos cn tmk vkry norst wcugj kjek,
 

agj kfkreks nrcf tmk s`og 4ff tc 2ff nrcf tmk wcugj fareog.
14. A rkkn `gct os tmkg appiokj. Dctm kgjs cn tmk suturk fatkroai ark
but.
Mydroj Fattrkss Zop Ruturk

Zmos suturk os a usknui tkbmgoquk ncr skburoge _-smapkj ogbosocgs. Zmos os

ekgkraiiy rkstrobtkj tc s`og ogbosocgs, agj tmk jkkpkr iaykrs ark usuaiiy bicskj
usoge ctmkr tkbmgoquks. Zmos tkbmgoquk os pkrncrfkj as nciicws<

1. Zmk gkkjik os norst mkij pkrpkgjobuiar tc tmk vkrtobai iofd cn tmk

”_‟.

4. Zmk gkkjik os ogskrtkj nrcf tmk s`og surnabk arcugj 2 tc :ff

nrcf tmk fareog, kfkreks nrcf tmk jkrfos, agj pokrbks tmk
jkrfos cg tmk ctmkr sojk cn tmk vkrtobai iofd.

2. Ot kfkreks
gct tmrcuem
dk crokgtkj tmk s`og at tc
pkrpkgjobuiar tmktmk
safk ikvki.arf
joaecgai Zmkcn
gkkjik fust
tmk ”_‟ cg
tmk sojk tmat ot mas kxotkj.
:. Ot pokrbks ttmk
mk s`og cg tmk safk sojk,
sojk, 2ff tc :ff nrcf tmk
joaecgai wcugj kjek. Ot kfkreks at tmk jkrfos og tmk
”^‟bcfpcgkgt cn tmk ”_‟.
;. Gcw, sofoiar tc tmk bcrgkr suturk, tmk gkkjik os crokgtkj paraiiki
tc tmk jkrfos.
>. Ot passks tmrcuem tmk jkrfos cg cgk sojk cn tmk apkx cn tmk
cppcsotk kjek, agj kfkreks at tmk safk ikvki cn tmk jkrfos, cg
tmk ctmkr sojk cn tmk apkx.
5. Zmk gkkjik os gcw mkij pkrpkgjobuiar tc tmk joaecgai iofd cn tmk
”_‟ cg tmk ctmkr sojk, agj ogskrtkj tmrcuem tmk jkrfos.
=. Ot kfkreks cg tmk s`og cn tmos sosojk,
jk, 2ff tc :ff nrcfnrcf tmk fareog.
?. A rrkkn
kkn `gct os appiokj, usoge tmk smcrt kgj cn tmk fatfatkroai
kroai at tmk
dkeoggoge cn tmk suturk. Dctm kgjs cn tmk fatkroai ark but.

JKTFAI R[Z[TKR/R[DB[ZOB[IAT R[Z[TKR

Jkrfai suturoge os a spkboai tkbmgoquk wmkrk suturks jc gct drkabm tmk s`og,
agj rkfaog bcgnogkj tc tmk jkrfai iaykr. Zmos os kxtrkfkiy usknui og kstmktob

zcgks, as suturk trab`s jc gct appkar cg tmk s`og. Zmk tkbmgoquk os pkrncrfkj
as nciicws<
 

1. Zmk gkkjik fust dk crokgtkj paraiiki tc tmk ogbosocg tmrcuemcut

tmos tkbmgoquk.

4. Zmk gkkjik os ogskrtkj tmrcuem tmk

tmk s`og surnabk a nkw foiiofktkrs
adcvk tmk wcugj apkx at cgk kgj cn tmk wcugj. Noe. A< Dotk
nrcf wcugj apkx tc cgk sojk.
2. Zmk gkkjik os drcuemt cut ogtc tmk jkrfos, paraiiki tc tmk ogbosocg
iogk. Noe. D< Dotk tmrcuem jkrfos cg cgk sojk.
:. Zmk gkkjik tmkg brcssks tc tmk cppcsotk jkrfos,
jkrfos, agj ooss ogskrtkj at
tmk safk ikvki, faogtaogoge tmk paraiiki crokgtatocg. Zmk gkkjik
kxots nrcf tmk jkrfos cn tmk safk sojk, a iottik nurtmkr aicge tmk
ikgetm cn tmk wcugj, faogtaogoge a paraiiki crokgtatocg tc tmk
wcugj. Noe. B< Dotk tmrcuem jkrfos cg tmk ctmkr sojk.
;. Zmk gkkjik aeaog brcssks dab` tc tmk jkrfos
jkrfos cn tmk norst sojk, agj
os ogskrtkj og a sofoiar paraiiki jorkbtocg, tc kfkrek aeaog a iottik
nurtmkr aicge tmk ikgetm cn tmk wcugj cg tmk safk sojk.
>. Zmos prcbkss os aeaog rkpkatkj, og a bcgtogucus nasmocg cg dctm
sojks.
5. Cgbk tmk kgj cn tmk wcugj os rkabmkj, tmk
tmk gkkjik os drcuemt cut
 

tmrcuem tmk cppcsotk wcugj apkx. Noe. J< Bicskj wcugj procr
tc `gct piabkfkgt.
=. Adkrjkkg `gct, cr agy `gct ncr a bcgtogucus suturoge tkbmgoquk os
piabkj. Zmk nrkk kgj os but.
?. Adkrjkkg `gct fay aisc dk appiokj at tmk dkeoggoge tc prkvkgt
tmk fatkroai nrcf ecoge bcfpiktkiy ogtc tmk wcugj.
Aitkrgatovkiy, tmk fatkroai fay dk skburkj wotm sureobai tapk at
dctm kgjs, ogstkaj cn a `gct.

X[TRK-RZTOGE R[Z[TK
Zmk pursk-stroge suturk os sc gafkj dkbausk ot rkskfdiks tmk stroge tmat os
puiikj tc bicsk tmk fcutm cn a bcog pursk. Ot os usknui ncr rcugj jknkbts, agj
dasobaiiy bcgsosts cn a ruggoge suturk piabkj aii arcugj tmk jknkbt. Zmk jknkbt
fay kotmkr dk bicskj cnn bcfpiktkiy, cr smrug` tc a gkeioeodik sozk usoge tmos
suturk. Zmos os kspkboaiiy usknui ncr skaioge cnn sfaii ogtkstogai jknkbts. Zmos
tkbmgoquk os pkrncrfkj as nciicws<

1. Zmk w
wcugj
cugj kjek cg tmk sojk cn tmk jknkbt tmat os gkarkst tc
tc tmk
cpkratcr os eraspkj usoge tossuk ncrbkps, agj kvkrtkj.
 

4. Zmk gkkjik os uskj tc pokrbk tmk supkrnoboai surnabk, agj os ta`kg

cut tmrcuem tmk jkkp surnabk.
2. Zmk gkkjik os aeaog pokrbkj, tmrcuem ttmk mk jkkp surn
surnabk
abk cn tmk
tossuk, agj os aiicwkj tc kfkrek tmrcuem tmk supkrnoboai surnabk,
paraiiki tc agj a iottik tc tmk roemt cn tmk croeogai dotk. Zmk jostagbk
nrcf tmk wcugj smcuij rkfaog tmk safk. Noe. A< Norst kgtry agj
kxot dotk.
:. Zmos prcbkjurk os rkpkatkj og ag agto-bicb`wosk jorkbtocg arcugj
tmk wcugj, toii tmk nogai kxot dotk os rkabmkj, bicsk tc tmk ogotoai
pcogt. Noe. D< Rubbkssovk dotks.
;. Dctm kgjs cn tmk
tmk tmrkaj ark puiikj tcektmkr tc bicsk tmk jknkbt. A
rkkn `gct os piabkj agj toemtkgkj. Ajjotocgai tmrcws ark rkquorkj
og tmos tkbmgoquk ncr ajjkj skburoty. A icb`oge `gct fay dk uskj
ncr dkttkr rksuits. Noe. B< Xuiikj agj bicskj.
>. Ag ogstrufkgt fay dk uskj tc ogvkrt tmk kjeks cn tmk wcugj
wmoik piaboge tmk `gct, sc tmat tmk jknkbt os cdiotkratkj cg puiioge
tmk twc kgjs cn tmk suturk tmrkaj tcektmkr.
Zmos tkbmgoquk bausks tmk surrcugjoge tossuks tc pub`kr, agj sc fust gct dk
uskj og kstmktob arkas.
UOGBM R[Z[TK
Zmk wogbm stotbm os jksoegkj tc bicsk wcugjs tmat mavk kxbkss jkerkk cn
tkgsocg. Ot os a tkfpcrary ogtracpkratovk stotbm, agj ots purpcsk os tc mcij tmk
tossuks og apprcxofatocg wmoik ctmkr suturks ark dkoge piabkj. Zmos tkbmgoquk
aiicws tmk tossuks tc jraw tcektmkr dy fkbmagobai ”brkkp‟ agj tmus rkjubks
wcugj tkgsocg og tmk nogai suturkj wcugj. Zmk tkbmgoquk os pkrncrfkj as
nciicws<
 

1. Zmk gkkjik pokrbks tmk supkrnoboai surnabk cn tmk norst wcugj kjek,
away nrcf tmk wcugj.

4. Ot kfkreks nrcf tmk jkkp surnabk, agj pokrbks tmk jkkp surnabk cg
tmk cppcsoge kjek at tmk safk ikvki. Ot os tmkg jrawg cut tmrcuem
tmk supkrnoboai surnabk. Noe. A< Norst dotk.
2. Cgiy a nkw bkgto
bkgtofktkrs
fktkrs cn fatkroai ark iknt at tmk ogotoai
ogotoai kjek, agj
tmos os eraspkj usoge a mkfcstat.
:. Zmk gkkjik os aeaog uskj tc pokrbk tmk supkrnoboai surnabk cn tmk
norst kjek, kfkreks nrcf tmk jkkp, agj aeaog ta`kg tmrcuem tmk
cppcsotk sojk. Zmk prcbkss os rkpkatkj :-; tofks. Noe. D< Rkbcgj
dotk.
;. Zmk icge kgj cn tmk fatkroai os tmkg but, ikavoge a nkw
bkgtofktkrs dkmogj.
>. Zmk mkfcstat eraspoge tmk smcrt kgj cn fatkroai os rkikaskj, agj
tmos kgj os aisc eraspkj aicge wotm tmk norst kgj cn fatkroai. Noe.
B< Antkr subbkssovk dotks agj `gct.
A fcjonobatocg cn tmos tkbmgoquk os rknkrrkj tc as tmk ”jygafob wogbm suturk‟.
 

Og tmos fktmcj, tmk safk stkps as adcvk ark nciicwkj. Mcwkvkr, tmk twc
fatkroai kgjs ark mkij wotm twc jonnkrkgt mkfcstats. Cgbk scfk afcugt cn
tossuk brkkp mas cbburrkj, tmk fatkroai os puiikj toemt wotm tmk mkfcstat, tc
droge tmk wcugj kjeks bicskr tcektmkr. Agctmkr mkfcstat os piabkj at tmk
ugbtocg cn tmk s`og agj tmk fatkroai, agj tmk mkfcstat tmat was puiikj os
rkfcvkj. Zmos prcbkss os rkpkatkj a nkw tofks ugtoi tmk wcugj kjeks
apprcxofatk wotm fogofai tkgsocg.

BTCRR R[Z[TK
Zmos os a fcjonokj sofpik ruggoge suturk, uskj wmkg bicsk apprcxofatocg cn
wcugjs os rkquorkj. Ot os aisc usknui ncr dikkjoge wcugj kjeks, as ot bag
abmokvk eccj mkfcstasos. Mcwkvkr, tmos jcks gct prcvojk ajjkj skburoty tc
tmk suturk, agj ot bag kasoiy bcfk apart kvkg on cgk part cn tmk fatkroai drka`s
jcwg. Zmos tkbmgoquk os pkrncrfkj as nciicws<

1. Zmk suturk starts io`k a sofpik ruggoge suturk.

4. Zmk gkkjik ogotoaiiy kgtkrs tmk s`og surnabk, passks tmrcuem tmk
jkkp surnabk cn dctm kjeks, agj kxots cut aeaog tmrcuem tmk s`og
surnabk cn tmk cppcsoge kjek.
 

2. At tmos pcogt, usuaiiy a rkkn `gct wcuij dk piabkj. Zmos os,

mcwkvkr, gct jcgk, agj tmk smcrt kgj os ogstkaj eraspkj wotm a
mkfcstat.
:. Zmk ruggoge suturk os bcgtogukj ugtoi tmk kgtork ikgetm cn tmk
wcugj mas dkkg bcvkrkj. Noe. A< Ogotoai sofpik ruggoge
pattkrg.
;. Zmk gkkjik os gcw rkvkrskj, agj a ruggoge suturk os bcgtogukj
dab`warjs abrcss tmk ikgetm cn tmk wcugj.
>. Kabm dot
dotkk cn tmk skbcgj ruggoge pmask smcuij dk piabkj og subm a
way tmat ot ncrfs ag ”]‟ wotm kabm dotk cn tmk prkvocus ruggoge
pmask. Noe. D< Tuggoge suturk bcgtogukj og dab`warj
jorkbtocg.
5. Cgbk tmk dkeoggoge cn tmk wcugj os rkabmkj, tmk mkfcstat os
rkikaskj agj tmk smcrt kgj os uskj tc tok a rkkn `gct. Noe. B< @gct
piabkj.
=. Dctm tmk suturk kgjs ark but. On barrokj cut prcpkriy, tmos
tkbmgoquk bag eovk kxbkiikgt kstmktob rksuits.

IKFDKTZ R[Z[TK
Zmos os a spkboaiozkj suturk tmat os uskj tc rk-brkatk agatcfobai strubturks tmat
ark gaturaiiy ogvkrtkj. Ncr ogstagbk, tmk aiar brkask cn tmk dask cn gcsk, agj
tmk mkiobai rof cn tmk kar bag dk suturkj usoge tmos tkbmgoquk. Zmos os aisc
usknui og suturoge tmk eut. Zmos tkbmgoquk kgbcuraeks ogvkrsocg cn tmk wcugj
kjeks. Ot os pkrncrfkj as nciicws<
 

1. Zmk gkkjik os ogskrtkj ogtc tmk jkkp surnabk,

surnabk, wmobm os tmk jkrfos,
agj os drcuemt cut tmrcuem tmk supkrnoboai s`og surnabk, a iottik
away nrcf tmk wcugj kjek. Noe. A< Norst dotk.

4. Zmk gkkjik tmkg brcssks tc tmk ctmkr sojk agj os ogskrtkj oogtc
gtc tmk
supkrnoboai s`og surnabk aeaog, away nrcf tmk wcugj kjek. Ot os
tmkg drcuemt cut tmrcuem tmk jkkp jkrfos cn tmos sojk. Noe. D<
Rkbcgj dotk.
2. A rrkkn
kkn `gct os piabkj. Zmk
Zmk rkkn `gct dkbcfks durokj. DDctm
ctm kgjs cn
tmk fatkroai ark but. Noe. B< @gct.
:. Zmk Ikfdkrt suturk bag aisc dk piabkj og a ruggoge nasmocg. Og
tmos fktmcj, cgiy tmk smcrt kgj os but, agj tmk icge kgj wotm tmk
gkkjik os uskj tc rkpkat tmk prcbkss dy ta`oge aitkrgatk dotks nrcf
tmk jkrfos tc a pcogt wkii away nrcf tmk wcugj cg tmk s`og. Zmos
os rkpkatkj aicge tmk wcugj ikgetm, ugtoi tmk kgj cn tmk wcugj os
 

rkabmkj. A rkkn `gct os tmkg piabkj, dy eraspoge tmk iccskgkj iccp

cn tmk prkvocus skbtocg. Dctm tmk nrkk kgjs ark but.

IAZZOBK R[Z[TK

Zmos os agctmkrugjkr
apprcxofatkj tkbmgoquk tmat bag
soegonobagt dk uskj
tkgsocg. Ot wmkg
os aiscwcugjs gkkj tc
usknui wmkg tmkdk
tossuks ark
sc atrcpmob tmat gcrfai suturks baggct mcij tmk tossuks tcektmkr. Zmos
tkbmgoquk prcvojks ajjotocgai rkogncrbkfkgt tc tmk wcugj agj suppcrts
tossuks dkttkr. Zmk tkbmgoquk os pkrncrfkj as nciicws<

1. Nciicwoge tmk stkps jksbrodkj og tmk prkvocus bmaptkr, sofpik

ogtkrruptkj suturks ark piabkj.

4. Mcwkvkr, ratmkr tmag dkoge piabkj abrcss tmk wcugj, tmk suturks
ark piabkj paraiiki tc tmk wcugj cr ogbosocg, cg cgk sojk cn tmk
wcugj cgiy. Noe. A< Ogtkrruptkj suturk paraiiki tc wcugj.
2. Ruturks fust dk piabkj tmrcuemcut tmk ikgetm cn tmk wcugj
ogbosocg.
:. Zmk prcbkjurk os rkpkatkj cg tmk cppcsotk sojk cn tmk wcugj. Zmk
suturks cg kabm sojk cn tmk wcugj fust dk og pkrnkbt aioegfkgt
 

wotm kabm ctmkr. Noe. D< Xaraiiki suturk cg cppcsotk sojk.

;. Gcw, sofpik ogtkrruptkj suturks fust dk piabkj abrcss tmk
wcugj.
>. Zmk gkkjik os ogskrtkj cg tmk supkrnoboai surnabk cn tmk wcugj
kjek cg cgk sojk, iatkrai tc tmk prkvocusiy piabkj suturk, agj at
tmk fojpcogt cn tmk paraiiki suturk.
5. Zmk gkkjik kfkreks cg tmk jkkp surnabk, agj brcssks tc tmk jkkp
surnabk cn tmk cppcsotk wcugj kjek.
=. Ot kfkreks nrcf tmk supkrnoboai sojk, aeaog iat
iatkrai
krai ttc
c agj at ttmk
mk
fojpcogt cn tmk paraiiki suturk.
?. A rkkn `gct os piabkj, agj dctm kgjs ark but. Noe. B< Ogtkrruptkj
suturk abrcss tmk wcugj.

BCFDOGKJ ^KTZOBAI FAZZTKRR JKTFAI R[Z[TK

Zmos os awcugjs.
garrcw tofk savoge
Zmos suturk tkbmgoquk
tkbmgoquk aiicwstmag bag cn
bicsurk ojkaiiy dk appiokj
fuitopik og tmk
iaykrs at jkkp dut
safk
tofk, agj aisc aiicws ncr kvkrsocg cn tmk wcugj kjeks. Ot os sofoiar tc tmk
noeurk-cn-= suturk, dut os fcrk skburk agj prcvojks dkttkr appcsotocg. Zmk
tkbmgoquk os pkrncrfkj as nciicws<
 

1. Zmk gkkjik os ogskrtkj ogtc tmk

tmk s`og cg cgk sojk cn tmk wcugj
kjek, >ff tc =ff away nrcf tmk wcugj fareog.

4. Zmk gkkjikcvkr
os brcsskj kfkreks wotmog
tc pokrbk tmktmk jkkp
jkkp jkrfos
jkrfos cg safk
at tmk tmk
tmk safk sojk,
ikvki, cg agj
tmk
cppcsoge wcugj kjek. Noe. A< R`og tc jkkp jkrfos.
2. Zmk gkkjik os gcw ta`kg cut tmrcuem tmk supkrnoboai part cn tmk
jkrfos cg tmk skbcgj wcugj kjek, agj os rk-ogskrtkj ogtc tmk
supkrnoboai part cn tmk jkrfos, at tmk safk ikvki, cg tmk norst
wcugj kjek.
:. Zmk gkkjik os gcw fajk tc kfkrek nrcf tmk jkkp part cn tmk
jkrfos cg tmk norst kjek aeaog. Noe. D< Jkkp jkrfos tc jkkp
jkrfos.
;. Zmk gkkjik gcw kgtkrs tmk supkrnoboai jkrfos cg tmk cppcsoge
wcugj kjek, agj os ta`kg cut tmrcuem tmk s`og cn tmos kjek, >ff
 

tc =ff nrcf tmk wcugj fareog. Noe. B< Jkkp jkrfos tc s`og.
>. Zmk gkkjik os rkvkrskj, agj ogskrtkj
ogskrtkj dab` tmrcuem ttmk
mk s`og, 4ff
tc :ff nrcf tmk wcugj fareog.
5. Zmk gkkjik gcw kfkreks nrcf tmk jkrfai-kpojkrfai lugbtocg cn
tmos sojk.
=. Zmk gkkjik os tmkg brcsskj cvkr, agj ogskrtkj
ogskrtkj ogtc tmk jkrfai-
kpojkrfai lugbtocg cn tmk cppcsotk sojk at tmk safk ikvki.
?. Zmk gkkjik os drcuemt cut tmrcuem tmktmk s`og, 4ff tc 2ff nrcf
tmk wcugj fareog. Noe. J< Dab`warjs tmrcuem s`og.
18. A rkkn `gct os tmkg piabkj. Dctm kgjs cn tmk suturk ark but.

@KRRIKT‟R ICB@OGE ICCX

Zmos os a spkboaiozkj tkbmgoquk tmat os profaroiy uskj ncr tkgjcg rkpaor. Zmk
tkbmgoquk os pkrncrfkj as nciicws<
 

1. Zmk gkkjik os passkj nrcf tmk jkkp surnabk cn ttmkmk tkgjcg cg cgk
sojk, tc tmk supkrnoboai surnabk. Noe. A< Norst sojk, norst dotk.

4. Zmk gkkjik, wotm tmk suturk fatkroai, os tmkg wcugj arcugj ttmk
mk
tkgjcg, nrcf dkicw, away nrcf tmk cpkratcr, agj cvkr tmk tkgjcg
tc fa`k a iccp. Noe. D< Norst sojk iccp.
2. Zmk gkkjik os gcw ogskrtkj nrcf tmk supkrnoboai part cn tmk tkgjcg
tc tmk jkkp part, tmus ncrfoge a icb`. Noe. B< Norst sojk, skbcgj
 

dotk.
:. Zmk gkkjik os tmkg ta`kg
ta`kg tc tmk ctmkr part cn ttmk
mk skvkrkj tkgjcg,
agj tmk prcbkss os rkpkatkj, nrcf jkkp tc supkrnoboai. Noe. J<
Rkbcgj sojk, norst dotk.
;. Zmk gkkjik os aeaog iccpkj arcugj tmktmk tkgjcg, tmos tofk og tmk
cppcsotk jorkbtocg (tcwarjs tmk cpkratcr). Ot os aeaog ogskrtkj nrcf
supkrnoboai tc jkkp, agj rkfcvkj. Noe. K< Rkbcgj sojk iccp. Noe.
N< Rkbcgj sojk, skbcgj dotk.
>. Zmk nnrkk
rkk kgjs cg dctm sojks cn tmk tkgjcg ark pob`kj up, agj a
rkkn `gct os appiokj. Noe. E< @gct.

B[RMOGE R[Z[TK
Zmos os a bcgtogucus ogvkrtoge suturk pattkrg. Ot os fcst usknui ncr suturoge tmk
nogai iaykr cn ogtkstogai ogbosocgs. Zmos ogbosocg jcks gct pkgktratk tmk

ogtkstogai
sudfubcsa. iufkg,
Zmos agj ot cgiyosogvcivks
tkbmgoquk tmk as
pkrncrfkj skrcsa, fusbik iaykr, agj
nciicws<
 

1. Zmk nnorst
orst dotk os ta`kg
ta`kg lust at cr sioemtiy
sioemtiy adcvk tmk apkx cn tmk
wcugj, agj tmk suturk rugs jcwg tmk ikgetm cn tmk wcugj toii tmk
ctmkr apkx. Noe. A< Norst dotk.

4. Ogotoaiiy, tmos dkeogs io`k tmk sofpik ruggoge suturk. Zmk gkkjik
pokrbks tmk supkrnoboai surnabk cg cgk sojk cn tmk wcugj, kfkreks
nrcf tmk jkkp, pkgktratks tmk jkkp surnabk cg tmk ctmkr sojk at tmk
safk ikvki, agj kfkreks nrcf tmk supkrnoboai surnabk at tmk safk
ikvki. Noe. D< Rkbcgj dotk. Noe. B< Antkr skbcgj dotk.
2. A rkkn `gct os piabkj, agj cgiy tmk smcrt kgj ooss but. Noe. J< Antkr
 

rkkn `gct.
:. Zmk gkkjik fust tmkg dk crokgtkj paraiiki tc tmk ogbosocg. Cg cgk
sojk cn tmk wcugj kjek, a dotk os ta`kg tmrcuem tmk supkrnoboai
surnabk, agj ot rugs tmrcuem tmk jkkp surnabk tc kfkrek cg tmk
supkrnoboai surnabk cg tmk safk wcugj kjek, dut a iottik nurtmkr
jcwg tmk wcugj ikgetm.
;. Zmk gkkjik tmkg brcssks tc tmk cppcsotk sojk, agj a sofoiar dotk os
ta`kg, tmk kgtry dotk fust bcrrkspcgj tc tmk kxot dotk cg tmk
prkvocus sojk, agj tmk kxot dotk woii dk a iottik nurtmkr jcwg tmk
wcugj ikgetm.
>. Zmk prcbkss os rkpkatkj, aitkrgatoge sojks, toii tmk kgj cn tmk
wcugj os rkabmkj. Noe. K< Bcgtoguoge aicge wcugj ikgetm.
5. A rrkkn
kkn `gct fay dk piabkj usoge tmk iccsk
iccsk iccp cn tmk prkvocus
skbtocg. Ot os skkg tmat tmk wcugj kjeks ekt ogvkrtkj agj tmk `gct
ekts durokj. Noe. N< Nogai `gct.

ZMK T[GGOGE XIKAZKJ R[Z[TK

Zmk ruggoge pikatkj suturk os uskj wmkg tmk twc kjeks cn tmk wcugj ark cn
ugkquai ikgetm. Zmos cntkg cbburs juroge tmk ogskttoge cn a niap tc tmk
rkbopokgt sotk. Zmos tkbmgoquk tkgjs tc kquaiozk tmk ikgetm cg dctm sojks cn tmk
wcugj, ikajoge tc a sioemtiy fcrk kstmktob rksuit. Zmk tkbmgoquk os pkrncrfkj
as nciicws<
 

1. Zmk tkbmgoquk dkeogs at tmk wcugj apkx, wmkrk tmk icge agj
smcrt kjeks fkkt.

4. Rioemtiy adcvk tmk apkx, a sogeik ogtkrruptkj suturk os piabkj, dy

ogskrtoge agj wotmjrawoge tmk gkkjik tmrcuem tmk s`og,
pkrpkgjobuiar tc tmk wcugj.
2. A rkkn `gct os appiokj, agj cgiy tmk smcrt kgj os but. Zmk gkkjik os
tmkg ta`kg tc tmk icgekr wcugj kjek, a iottik nar away nrcf tmk
ogtkrruptkj suturk (arcugj >-5ff).
:. A dotk os tmkg ta`kg tmrcuem tmk icgekr wcugj kjek, wmobm kgtkrs
tmrcuem tmk s`og agj kfkreks rkiatovkiy supkrnoboai cg tmk jkkp
sojk (at tmk jkrfai-kpojkrfai lugbtocg). Noe. A< Kxbkss sojk‚ 
supkrnoboai agj away nrcf prkvocus.
;. Zmk gkkjik os tmkg brcsskj cvkr tctc tmk smcrtkr wcugj kjek, agj os
ogskrtkj at a sioemtiy jkkpkr ikvki (jkkp jkrfos).
>. Zmk gkkjik os ta`kg cut tmrcuem tmk s`og, bicskr tc tmk ogotoai
ogtkrruptkj suturk (arcugj 4-2ff). Noe. D< Gcg-kxbkss sojk‚ 
jkkp agj bicskr dotk.
5. Zmk gkkjik os aeaog brcsskj cvkr tc tmk icge kjek, agj a wo
wojk
jk dut
supkrnoboai dotk os ta`kg as dkncrk.
 

=. Zmk gkkjik aeaog brcssks tc tmk smcrt kjek, wmkrk a garrcw dut
jkkp dotk os ta`kg.
?. Zmos prcbkss os bcgtogukj io`k a ruggoge suturk, toii suturoge os
bcfpiktkj abrcss tmk ikgetm cn tmk wcugj.
18. A rkkn `gct os tmkg piabkj usoge tmk iccsk iccp nrcf tmk prkvocus
skbtocg. Dctm tmk kgjs ark but. Noe. B< Antkr wcugj bicsurk.

NTCRZ R[Z[TK
Zmk nrcst suturk os uskj kxbiusovkiy antkr crdotai surekry. Ot os uskj tc
faogtaog tmk icwkr kykioj og pcsotocg, agj prkvkgt pcstcpkratovk kbtrcpocg
(kvkrsocg cn tmk icwkr kykioj), tmat bag cbbur juk tc kjkfa. Zmos tkbmgoquk os
pkrncrfkj as nciicws<

1. Zmk gkkjik os ogskrtkj tmrcuem tmk s`og at tmk kjek cn, cr lust
dkicw tmk fkjoai part cn tmk icwkr kykioj.
 

4. Zmk gkkjik kfkreks at tmk bcglugbtovai iaykr cn tmk kykioj. Zmk

dotk fust dk garrcw, arcugj 2 ff. Zmk cpkratcr fust dk barknui
tc avcoj tmk ognkrocr pugbtuf agj bagaiobuius at aii bcsts. Noe. A<
Norst dotk.
2. Zmk gkkjik os tmkg ogskrtkj agj rkfcvkj ttmrcuem
mrcuem tmk s`og lust
fkjoai tc tmk kykdrcw. Noe. D< Rkbcgj dotk.
:. A rkkn `gct os piabkj agj dctm tmk kgjs ark but. Noe. B< Antkr
`gct piabkfkgt.
;. Zmos suturk skrvks as a sioge tmat suspkgjs tmk
tmk icwkr kykioj, agj
prkvkgts ot nrcf kvkrtoge jcwgwarjs og tmk pcstcpkratovk pkrocj.
>. Zmk `gct at tmk supkrocr pcrtocg bag aisc dk rkpiabkj wotm
sureobai ajmksovk strops. Zmos aiicws bcgtrci cvkr tmk toemtgkss cn
tmk sioge og tmk pcstcpkratovk pkrocj.

ZMK DCIRZKT R[Z[TK

Zmos suturk tkbmgoquk os uskj tc skburk a pokbk cn eauzk cg tcp cn tmk sureobai
sotk. Zmos os usknui og s`og erantoge, wmkrk tmk s`og erant gkkjs tc ajmkrk
norfiy tc tmk ugjkriyoge jcgcr sotk. Zmos os aisc usknui og prcvojoge suppcrt tc
tmk aiar bartoiaeks nciicwoge rmogcpiasty. Zmos tkbmgoquk os pkrncrfkj as
nciicws<

1. A pokbkpiabk
smcuij cn eauzk os piabkj
suturks arcugjcgtmk
tmkpokbk
s`ogcn
surnabk.
eauzk,Zmk cpkratcr
cg ag ofaeogary
 

borbik.

4. Zmk gkkjik os ogskrtkj tmrcuem tmk

tmk s`og at tmk > c‟bicb` pcsotocg,
agj os drcuemt cut at tmk ? c‟bicb` pcsotocg.
2. Zmk gkkjik os tmkg brcsskj cvkr mcrozcgtaiiy, tc tmk 2 c‟bicb`
pcsotocg.
:. Zmk gkkjik fust pokrbk tmk
tmk s`og at tmos pcogt, agj kfkrek at tmk
14 c‟bicb` pcsotocg. Noe. A< Gkkjik kfkreoge at 14 c‟bicb`.
;. Zmk gkkjik wotm tmk suturk fatkroai
fatkroai os aeaog brcsskj cvkr tc tmk >
c‟bicb` pcsotocg.
>. A rkkn `gct os piabkj, agj dctm suturk kgjs ark but.
5. Zmk sut
suturk
urk fatkroai
fatkroai skburks tmk eauzk og piabk oogg tmk smapk cn ag
”]‟ cvkr ot. Noe. D< Nogai ”]‟ smapk.
Tknkrkgbks<

1. Basparoag LF, Fcgmkot EJ. Rureobai pkari< Zmk wogbm stotbm‚a fuitopik
puiiky suturk. Lcurgai cn tmk Afkrobag Abajkfy cn Jkrfatcicey. 4881 Lag
10::(1)<11:->.
4. _ctsufctc Z, Fcro T, [bmoc _. Cptofuf icbatocgs cn tmk icb`oge iccp
agj `gct og tkgjcg suturks daskj cg tmk icb`oge @kssikr fktmcj. Lcurgai cn
crtmcpakjob Rbokgbk. 488; Rkp 1018(;)<;1;.
2. Bcggciiy @I, Aidkrtogo LE, Foiikr BL, Czce JF. Zmk suspkgsocg (Nrcst)
suturk< kxpkrokgbk agj appiobatocgs. Jkrfatciceob Rurekry. 481; Far
10:1(2)<:8>-18.

:. @cuda JL, Foiikr RL. ’Tuggoge Xikatkj‖ Ruturk Zkbmgoquk Appcsks

Ucugj Kjeks cn [gkquai Ikgetms. Jkrfatciceob surekry. 488>
Far024(2)<:11-:.
;. Rajob` GR, J‟afkioc JI, Ukogstkog B. Zmk fcjonokj durokj vkrtobai
fattrkss suturk< a gkw tkbmgoquk cn durokj adscrdadik wcugj bicsurk
asscboatkj wotm kxbkiikgt bcsfksos ncr wcugjs ugjkr tkgsocg. Zmk Lcurgai cn
jkrfatciceob surekry agj cgbcicey. 1??: Gcv048(11)<52;-?.

RKIN ARRKRRFKGZ
1. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge suturks bag dk jcgk wotmcut ikavoge agy suturk
far`s cg tmk s`og surnabk3
 

a. Rudbutobuiar suturk

d. Uogbm suturk
b. Tuggoge pikatkj suturk
j. ^krtobai fattrkss jkrfai suturk

4. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge tkbmgoquks os ojkai ncr skaioge cnn ogtkstogai

jknkbts3

a. Brcss suturk

d. Rudbutobuiar suturk
b. Xursk stroge suturk
j. @kss`kr‟s icb`oge iccp suturk

2.
tmkZmk Nrcst suturk
nciicwoge os a spkboaiozkj suturk tkbmgoquk tmat suspkgjs wmobm cn
strubturks3

a. [ppkr kykioj

d. Icwkr kykioj
b. Ruspkgscry ioeafkgt cn Icb`wccj
j. Gasciabrofai jubt

:. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge suturks os usknui ncr ogskttoge niaps ogtc tmkor
rkbopokgt sotk3

a. Ikfdkrt‟s suturk

d. Rudbutobuiar suturk
b. Tuggoge pikatkj suturk
j. Xursk stroge suturk

;. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge suturks os uskj ncr tkgjcg rkpaor3

a. Busmoge suturk

d. Ikfdkrt‟s suturk
b. @kssikr icb`oge iccp suturk
 

j. Tuggoge pikatkj suturk

>. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge suturks aiicws bicsurk cn dctm jkkp agj supkrnoboai
iaykrs og a sogeik suturk3

a. Tuggoge pikatkj suturk

d. Brcss suturk
b. Xursk stroge suturk
j. ^krtobai fattrkss jkrfos suturk

5. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge suturks os usknui tc bicsk wcugjs tmat ark ugjkr a
erkat jkai cn tkgsocg3

a. Tuggoge icb`kj suturk

d. Rudbutobuiar suturk
b. Uogbm suturk
j. @kssikr icb`oge iccp suturk

=. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge suturoge tkbmgoquks os usknui ncr atrcpmob wcugjs3

a. Busmoge suturk

d. Iattobk suturk
b. Ikfdkrt suturk
j. Uogbm suturk
?. Zmk Busmoge suturk os lust io`k tmk sofpik ruggoge suturk kxbkpt ncr tmk
nciicwoge ofpcrtagt jonnkrkgbk

a. Zmk rkkn `gct os gct tokj og tmk dkeoggoge

d. Zmk stot
stotbmks
bmks ark crokgtkj paraiiki tc tmk wcugj fareogs
b. Zmk rkkn `gct os rkpiabkj wotm
wotm tmk Adkrjkkg `gct
j. Kabm ogjovojuai stotbm
stotbm os icb`kj dy iccpoge ot
ot..

18. Zmos suturoge tkbmgoquk prcvojks eccj kstmktobs agj mkfcstasos dut os gct
vkry skburk.
 

a. Brcss suturk

d. Rudbutobuiar suturk
b. Xursk stroge suturk
j. Uogbm suturk
 

BMAXZKT >
Xcstcpkratovk Bark cn tmk Ruturkj Ucugj
agj Bcfpiobatocgs

gy suturkj wcugj tmat os kxpcskj tc tmk kxtkrgai kgvorcgfkgt rkquorks

A pcstcpkratovk bark. Zmos cdvocusiy jcks gct appiy tc tkfpcrary suturks,
subm as stay suturks wmobm wcuij mavk dkkg rkfcvkj at tmk kgj cn tmk
sureobai prcbkjurk. Ioeatkj diccj vksskis aisc jc gct gkkj bark cgbk tmk
prcbkjurk os cvkr, ugikss tmk ioeaturk siops. Mcwkvkr, prkbautocgs fay gkkj
tc dk ta`kg wotm rkearj tc agastcfcskj diccj vksskis.
Xcstcpkratovk Bark cn Ruturkj Ogbosocgs agj Iabkratocgs
Jrkssoge tmk Ucugj<

Offkjoatkiy antkr tmk nogai suturk os piabkj, tmk wcugj fust dk

jrksskj tc prctkbt ot nrcf just agj bcgtafogatocg.
Gkvkr usk jry eauzk cg tmk wcugj, as ot bag ajmkrk tc tmk
skbrktocgs nrcf tmk wcugj, agj woii dk paognui tc rkfcvk at a iatkr
jatk.
Xarannog eauzk, ofprkegatkj wotm agtodoctobs (subm as Rcnra-Zuiik
cr Dabtoeras) ark ojkai cptocgs.
Aitkrgatovkiy, ag agtodoctob cogtfkgt, subm as nrafybktog brkaf
fay dk appiokj cg tmk wcugj as a tmog iaykr, agj eauzk bag
cvkriok tmos.
Zmk fkjobatkj eauzk os tmkg mkij og piabk usoge sureobai tapk.
Xrkssurk jrkssoges fay dk uskj on swkiioge os agtobopatkj at tmk
wcugj sotk.
Ncr s`og erants, a eauzk dcistkr fay dk skburkj cvkr tmk erant
usoge tok-cvkr suturks. Zmos woii mkip tmk erant ajmkrk tc tmk
ugjkriyoge tossuk. Nurtmkr jrkssoge fay dk jcgk cg tcp cn tmk
dcistkr usoge parannog eauzk.
Bark cn tmk Ruturkj Ucugj og tmk Norst Nkw Jays<
 

Zmk wcugj fust dk `kpt bikag agj jry ncr tmk norst 4: mcurs.
Zmk jrkssoges fust dk iknt ugjosturdkj ncr at ikast := mcurs, ugikss
tmkrk os kxbkssovk sca`aek nrcf diccj cr ogniaffatcry niuoj.
Antkr := mcurs, tmk wcugj fay dk ekgtiy bikagkj wotm saiogk cr
scap agj bikag watkr. Agtodoctob cogtfkgt fust dk appiokj
pkrocjobaiiy.
Tkfcvai cn Ruturks<

Adscrdadik suturks jc gct rkquork rkfcvai. Gcg-adscrdadik suturks gkkj tc

dk rkfcvkj antkr a spkbonokj pkrocj cn tofk, jkpkgjoge cg wcugj mkaioge agj
tmk agatcfobai icbatocg. Arkas wotm eccj diccj suppiy woii mkai nastkr, agj
tmkrkncrk suturks at tmksk icbatocgs bag dk rkfcvkj sccgkr. Og ekgkrai, tmk
nciicwoge ruiks ark nciicwkj ncr suturk rkfcvai nrcf varocus parts cn tmk
dcjy<

Ruturks
Ruturks nrcf
nrcf tmk nabk
sbaip bag dkbag
wcugjs rkfcvkj og twcogtcnovk
dk rkfcvkj tmrkk jays.
jays.
Ruturks nrcf tmk uppkr iofd, ercog, agj crai bavoty bag dk
rkfcvkj og skvkg jays.
Ruturks nrcf tmk adjcfkg bag dk rkfcvkj og tkg jays.
Ruturks nrcf tmk jcrsai arka cn tmk dcjy, tmk icwkr trug`, agj
iofds bag dk rkfcvkj og tkg tc ncurtkkg jays.
Zmk tkbmgoquk tc dk nciicwkj ncr rkfcvai cn suturks os as nciicws<

1. Zmk wcugj fust norst dk bikagkj wotm saiogk sca`kj eauzk, tc

rkfcvk nroadik sbar tossuk agj agy kgbrustkj diccj.

4. [soge tmk tossuk ncrbkps, tmk `gct cn tmk suturk fust dk ekgtiy
iontkj nrcf tmk surnabk cn tmk wcugj.
2. Zmk sut
suturk
urk buttoge sbosscrs os tmkg uskj tc but cgk kgj cn tmk
suturk fatkroai lust dkicw tmk `gct.
:. Zmk ncrbkps os uskj tc puii tmk `gct ekgtiy, wmobm aiicws tmk
suturk fatkroai tc siojk cut nrcf tmk tossuk bcfpiktkiy.
;. Zmk prcbkjurk os rkpkatkj toii aii tmk suturks ark rkfcvkj.
>. Ncr ruggoge suturks, buttoge cgiy tmktmk `gct woii gct sunnobk. Kabm
iccp cn tmk ruggoge suturk fust dk iontkj agj but, agj kabm skbtocg
fust dk rkfcvkj ogjovojuaiiy.
5. Ncr rkfcvoge sudbutobuiar suturks, tmk `gct at tmk apkx cg kotmkr
 

kgj fust dk but. Zmk suturk bag dk ekgtiy wotmjrawg nrcf wotmog
tmk wcugj.
Bcfpiobatocgs
Zmk nciicwoge bcfpiobatocgs bag cbbur og a wcugj tmat mas dkkg suturkj.

Ucugj Ognkbtocg<
Zmos cbburs wmkg tmk suturk sotk ekts bcgtafogatkj wotm fobrc-creagosfs.
Roegs tmat a wcugj mas dkkg ognkbtkj ogbiujk paog, warftm, agj rkjgkss
arcugj tmk wcugj sotk, agj ugkxpiaogkj nkvkr. Ucugj jkmosbkgbk fay dk
prkskgt wotm pus josbmareoge nrcf tmk wcugj. Zc fagaek tmos, a nkw suturks
fust dk rkfcvkj tc aiicw tmk pus tc dk kvabuatkj bcfpiktkiy. Zmk ognkbtkj
wcugj fust dk trkatkj wotm tmcrcuem jkdrojkfkgt agj agtodoctob orroeatocg.
Zmk patokgt fay aisc dk eovkg systkfob agtodoctobs.

Ucugj Jkmosbkgbk<
Aitmcuem tmos bag cbbur as a rksuit cn ognkbtocg, gcg-ognkbtocus bausks bag
aisc rksuit og wcugj jkmosbkgbk. Ogajkquatk tossuk ugjkrfogoge procr tc
bicsurk, agj suturoge tmk wcugj ugjkr tkgsocg bag ikaj tc jkmosbkgbk. On tmk
wcugj smcws gc soegs cn ognkbtocg, agj on ikss tmag 4: mcurs mavk kiapskj
sogbk suturk piabkfkgt, rk-suturoge fay dk attkfptkj. Ctmkrwosk, ot os dkst tc
ikt tmk wcugj mkai dy skbcgjary ogtkgtocg wotmcut suturk piabkfkgt.

Rbarroge<

Kstmktob suturks
gct rkfcvkj jc gct ikavk
prcfptiy, dkmogj
cr on tmk fubm
suturk cn a sbar.
fatkroai Mcwkvkr,
mas gct on suturks
kxpagjkj ark
wotm wcugj
swkiioge, ”raoircaj trab`‟ sbars fay ncrf juk tc brcss-matbmoge cn tmk suturk.

@kicoj Ncrfatocg<
@kicojs ark norf fassks cn sbar tossuk tmat prcionkratk nar dkycgj tmk
dcugjaroks cn tmk croeogai wcugj fareogs. Zmos os bauskj as a mypkr-rkspcgsk
cn tmk dcjy tc wcugj mkaioge. Aitmcuem `kicojs bag dk sureobaiiy rkfcvkj,
tmky bag rkbur. Rtkrcoj oglkbtocgs bag mkip jkbrkask tmkor ncrfatocg.

Mypkrtrcpmob Rbar<
Zmksk ark sofoiar tc `kicojs, fust ark gct as prcionkratovk, agj iofot
 

tmkfskivks tc tmk wcugj fareogs. Zmky ark bcffcg og lcogt rkeocgs, agj
ugio`k `kicojs, bag rkjubk og sozk cvkr a pkrocj cn tofk. Kxbosocg cn
mypkrtrcpmob sbars, nciicwkj dy norf prkssurk jrkssoges bag iofot tmkf nrcf
ncrfoge aeaog.

RKIN ARRKRRFKGZ
1. Umobm part cn tmk suturk fust dk but juroge suturk rkfcvai3

a. Zmk `gct

d. Zmk suturk fatkro

fatkroai
ai lust
lust dkicw tmk `gct
b. Zmk suturk fatkroai lust adcvk tmk `gct
j. Zmk suturk fatkroai tmat
tmat kgtkrs ogtc tmk tossuk

4. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge fust gct dk piabkj jorkbtiy cg a suturkj wcugj3

a. Xarannog eauzk

d. Agtodoctob ofprkegatkj eauzk

b. Jry eauzk
j. Agtodoctob cogtfkgt

2. Umkg smcuij suturks cn tmk uppkr iofd dk rkfcvkj3

a. 2 jays

d. ; jays
b. 5 jays
j. ? jays

:. Umobm trkatfkgt bag prkvkgt rkburrkgbk cn `kicojs3

a. Agtodoctob brkaf

d. Rtkrcoj brkaf
b. Rtkrcoj oglkbtocgs
j. Rureobai kxbosocg
 

;. Umobm cn tmk nciicwoge os gct a biogobai nkaturk cn wcugj ognkbtocg

a. Tkjgkss cn tmk wcugj

d. Xus josbmarek nrcf tmk wcugj

b. Taoircaj trab` ncrfatocg
j. Ucugj jkmosbkgbk
 

AGRUKT @K_

BMAXZKT 1
1. j
4. j
2. a
:. d
;. b
>. d
5. d
=. j
?. d
18. d
BMAXZKT 4
1. j
4. d
2. b
:. d
;. d
BMAXZKT 2
1. j
4. a
2. d
:. b
;. d
>. a
5. b
=. j
?. d
18. a
BMAXZKT :
1. a

4.
2. d
d
 

:. b
;. b
>. d
5. d
=. b
?. a
18. j
BMAXZKT ;
1. a
4. b
2. d
:. b
;. b
>. j
5. b
=. d
?. d
18. a
BMAXZKT >
1. d
4. b
2. b
:. b

;. b
 

LCOG C[T BCFF[GOZ_

Fkjobai Brkatocgs os ag kjubatocgai bcfpagy ncbuskj cg prcvojoge stujy

tccis ncr Mkaitmbark stujkgts.

_cu bag nogj aii cn cur prcjubts at tmos iog`<

www.afazcg.bcf/smcp/fkjobaibrkatocgs
Uk wagt tc dk as bicsk as pcssodik tc cur bustcfkrs, tmat‟s wmy wk ark abtovk
cg aii tmk faog Rcboai Fkjoa piatncrfs.
_cu bag nogj us mkrk<
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