Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Γ ΐ Β ∎ Λ Ξ Η Ν
Ζ Δ Ι Α Ε Θ Κ ά
Σ ί Ϋ ή Χ έ ℮
K_FEJAJGÅC GPFKGC
OKA ^JBC@[ACPFJ
@FJAÒGFBJ
OP. @P[HJ GÑH_MKP
γ ΰ β ο λ ξ η ν ζ δ ι »
»
ε θ κ ό σ ς-π Ϗ ϋ ώ χ ύ φ
[HF^KPRFOCO OK BMFAK
NCB[A_CO OK NFAJRJNFC V M[ECHFOCOKR
BKH_PJ OK KR_[OFJR @FTCH_FHJR V HKJMKAKHFBJR
"NJ_JR ECAAKPJR"
BCRFAAC 3<32> Rchtfcgj
BJHR_CHBFC
EfgukaOfrkbtjr
Bcstfaaj Ofofkr
0
CGPCOKBFEFKH_JR
Kh prfekr augcr okskj kxprkscr efs eãs sfhbkrjs cgrcokbfefkhtjs ca skójr Djrgk Pczfs, c
ac sczòh ^fbkbjhsua ok Grkbfc kh ^capcrcåsj, qufkh ourchtk bcsf ojs cójs nuk hukstrj prjnksjr ok
grfkgj kh ka Okpcrtcekhtj ok Bfkhbfcs ok ac [hfvkrsfoco ok Bmfak kh ^capcrcåsj. Cokeãs, okskj
okdcr bjhstchbfc ok hukstrc grctftuo c ajs prjnksjrks Gfskafho Wkfgkrt y Choræs Chguaj, ojbkhtks
oka Fhstftutj ok @fjajgåc ok ac [hfvkrsfoco ok Bjhbkpbfòh, pjr su vcafjsc bjac`jrcbfòh kh ac
skakbbfòh oka vjbc`uacrfj bfkhtånfbj kh ka ãe`ftj ok ac @fjajgåc (Tjjajgåc, @jtãhfbc, Kbjajgåc y
@fjajgåc Ecrfhc).
Kh skguhoj augcr ek bjepacbk cgrcokbkr c ac skójrc Cach Mcs`ôh, ok ac Ofrkbbfòh ok
Fhvkstfgcbfòh Bfkhtånfbc ok ac [hfvkrsfoco ok Bjhbkpbfòh, pjr ac prfekrc trchsbrfpbfòh ok kstc
"ktfejajgåc grfkgc", y c acs skójrftcs Cafbfc ^fbkhtk Bjrrkc y Gkjrgfhc Bcstfaaj Oåcz, oka
\rjgrcec ok Nfsfjpctjajgåc, FB@E, Ncbuatco ok Ekofbfhc, [hfvkrsfoco ok Bmfak, pjr ac skguhoc
vkrsfòh oka ekhbfjhcoj tkxtj.
Acst `ut hjt akcst, hukstrj rkbjhjbfefkhtj ca skójr Efhfstrj ok Koubcbfòh ok Bmfak, fhg. Rkrgfj
@ftcr, pjr ka catj pctrjbfhfj pcrc ocr c bjhjbkr ac ktfejajgåc grfkgc ca kstuofchtcoj bmfakhj, y c ac
skójrc Bcrjafhc Pfvcs, csksjrc ok ksk Efhfstkrfj, pjr su vcafjsc bjac`jrcbfòh kh ac
ectkrfcafzcbfòh ok kstk prjykbtj.
2
okrfvc ok "`ktm" mk`rkj, buyj sfghfnfbcoj ks "bcsc", y ac aktrc "gceec", burfjscekhtk sfghfnfbc
"bcekaaj", j`vfcekhtk uh eceånkrj oka Jrfkhtk, y hj ok Grkbfc, tca bjej cpcrkbk faustrcoj kh ac
Nfg. 3 ok ac Mfstjrfc ok \fdjch (36><). Nfhcaekhtk, bc`k rkbjrocr, quk ka canc`ktj grfkgj y ka
skeåtfbj (nkhfbfj) bjrrkspjhokh cokeãs c ajs såe`jajs dkrjgaånfbjs ok ajs kgfpbfjs, ajs quk
puofkrjh skr oksbfnrcojs grcbfcs c Dkch-Nrchçjfs Bmcepjaafjh (376<-3=20), ourchtk ac
bcepcóc ok Kgfptj ok Hcpjakòh, qufkh kh ac pfkorc khbjhtrcoc kh ka pukrtj kgfpbfj ok Pjskttc ‒
pktrjgafnj quk kh ac cbtucafoco sk kxmf`k kh ka ‑@rftfsm Euskue― ok Ajhorks-
Ajhork s- khbjhtrò
khbj htrò ac kxcbtc
bjrrkspjhokhbfc khtrk uh tkxtj dkrjgaånfbj kgfpbfj y acs ojs vkrsfjhks kh grfkgj oka efsej tkxtj.
\crc bjeprkhokr ac ‑`fjgrcnåc― oka fofjec grfkgj, mcy quk okstcbcr ojs mkbmjs4
3¼) quk kh ka cój 3?;2 ajs kdærbftjs jtjechjs jbupcrjh Bjhstchtfhjpac, ac bcpftca oka Fepkrfj
@fzchtfhj j Fepkrfj Pjechj ok Jrfkhtk. Ac pj`acbfòh mkaæhfbc, tchtj ok ac Grkbfc
bjhtfhkhtca bjej fhsuacr, cokeãs ok ac oka Csfc Ekhjr, cabchzc`c kh cqukaac æpjbc c 2;
efaajhks ok mc`ftchtks, kh bce`fj acs nukrzcs ok jbupcbfòh turbcs ‒fhbauykhoj c ajs bfvfaks-
hj krch eãs ok ><<.<<<. \jr kstcs rczjhks hj mu`j eubmc ekzbac æthfbc khtrk grfkgjs y
jtjechjs, y ka fofjec hcbfjhca grfkgj puoj echtkhkrsk fhtcbtj, c pkscr ok ac jbupcbfòh
efaftcr turbc pjr bcsf ?<< cójs, pukstj quk ac kechbfpcbfòh grfkgc sòaj tuvj augcr kh ka cój
3=03. \jr bjhsfgufkhtk ourchtk buctrj sfgajs ac hcbfòh grfkgc hj tuvj
tuvj uhc rkprkskhtcbfòh
ofpajeãtfbc prjpfc kh ka euhoj bfvfafzcoj, pjrquk krch ajs turbjs quk ac rkprkskhtc`ch
?
Nfgurc 3
;
EJO[R J\KPCHOF.
J\KPCHOF. Kh pjbcs pcac`rcs, tchtj ac jrtjgrcnåc bjej ac
>
7
AK_PCR HJE@PK
H¼ Ecyôsbuacs Efhôsbuacs GPFKGJ KR\CÓJA \PJH[HBFCBFJH
3 C γ Ριώγ Canc c
0 @ ΰ ΰΨϏγ
ΰΨϏγ ^åtc v bjej kh Nrchbæs ‑vcbmk―
2 Β β βΡ»γ
βΡ» Gãec g sucvk, bjej kh Kspcója ‑Crcgòh
? ∎ ο οΥιϏγ
οΥιϏγ Oæatc o bjej kh Kspcója ‑ocr―
; K λ Υύζικε
Υύζικε Æpsfajh k
> T ξ ξΨϏγ
ξΨϏγ Råtc s bjej kh Ftcafchj ‑bcsc― j kh Nrchbæs ‑pjfsjh―
7 M η ΨϏγ
ΨϏγ Åtc f
= Ν ν νΨϏγ
νΨϏγ _måtc z bjej kh Kspcója ‑cazcr― j Fhgaæs ‑`jtm―
6 F Ϗ βζψ̂Ϗγ
βζψ̂ Ϗγ Fòtc f
3< I Ľ ĽΡόγ
ĽΡόγ Iãpc ķ
33 Ι ι ιΡ»»ογ
ιΡ ογ Aãe`oc
30 E » »ζ EΪ e
32 H ε
ε εζ
εζ HΪ h
3? Θ ξ ξΪ
ξΪ ]Ϊ x bjej kh Kspcója ‑kxcekh―
3; Κ j ρ»ζĽσκε
ζĽσκε Òefbrjh j
3> ά ό άζ
άζ \å p
37 \ σ πj Pò r sucvk, bjej kh Ftcafchj "rjsc"
3= ς-π ςΪβ»γ
ςΪβ» Rågec s sucvk, bjej ka kspcója ok Mfspchj-Ceærfbc.
Mcy ojs såe`jajs pcrc kstc aktrc, kh ekofj y ca
nfhca ok ac pcac`rc
36 _ Ϗ Ϗγϋ̂ _cn t
0< V ϋ
ϋ υύϋικε
υύϋικε Måpsfajh Ϊ
03 ώ ώ ώζ Nå n
00 ] χ χζ
χζ DΪ d sucvk, bjej ‑fbm― kh Cakeãh
02 έ ύ ύζ
ύζ \s
\sΪΪ ps bjej kh Kspcója ‑psfbjajgåc―
0? ℮ φ φ»Υβγ
Υβγ Jeægc j
=
CABEKJH ‟ C ιδ
ιδ -»
-»γΪφε Cab-eæjh
CHC]CGJPCR ;<<-?0= cB εγξγβρσγπ
C Chcxcgòrcs
C\JAJHFJ 0>0-3=< cB C όκιιψεζκπ
όκιιψεζκπ Cpjaòhfjs
CPFR_CPBJ 23<-02< cB C σΪςϏ
σΪςϏ-γσχκπ Cråst-crdjs
CPFR_J_KAKR 2=?-200 cB σζςϏκ-ϏΥιηπ
C σζςϏκ Crfstj-tæafs
CPS[FEFOKR 0=7-030 cB C σχζ
σχζ-»Ψοηπ Crdf-eåofs
OKEJBPF_J ?><-27< cB ∎η»ρ-δσζϏκπ Ofeò-brftjs
OFJRBJPFOKR ‟ ∎ζκπ-δκσΪοηπ Ofjsbjråofs
KE\KOJBAKR ?6<-?2; cB K»όλοκδιΨπ Ke`kojbaås
KPC_JR_KHKR 07>-36; cB KσγϏκ-ςνΥεηπ Krctj-stmæhfs
K[BAFOKR ?;<-2=< cB K ϋδιλΪοηπ Λniaåofs
K
K[OJ]FJ
GCAKHJ ?<<-2?7
32<-0<< cB
oB В υ-οκθκπ
γιηερπ Æv-ojxjs
Gcafhòs
MFKPJH ‟ FΥσφε Mfærjh
MF\CPBJ ‟ Fόό-γσχκπ Måp-crdjs
MF\JBPC_KR ?><-27; cB Fόόj-δσΡϏηπ Mfpj-brãtfs
MF\\FCR ‟ FόόΪγπ Mfpåcs
AK[BF\J ?><-27< cB Ιλυδ -ζόόjπ Aæni-fpjs
\CPEKHFOKR ;??-?;< cB όγσ»λεΪοηπ \crekhåofs
\F_CGJPCR ‟ όεν-γβòσγπ \ytm-cgòrcs
\AC_JH ?0=-2?7 cB όιΡϏφε \aãtjh
\_JAJEKJ 6<-37< oB όϏκικ»λγΪκћ \tjajeæjs
RJBPC_KR ?>=-266 cB φδσΡϏηπ Rjbrãtfs
_CAKR >0;-;?7 cB νγιΨћ _mcaås
TKHJH ?6<-?0; cB ΞΨεφε Tåhjh
6
PKNKPKHBFCR
0.- Bcrokhca, A.
Ofbbfjhcrfj _krefhjaògfbj ok Bfkhbfcs Eæofbcs. @crbkajhc, Rcavct (36><).
2.- Oåcz, G., Gñhtmkr, @.
Ktfejajgåc Grfkgc oka
oka ^jbc`uacrfj Eæofbj.Rchtfcg
Eæofbj.Rchtfcgj.
j. Kofbfjhks [hfvkrsca ok Bmfak
Bmfak (3676).
;.- Gñhtmkr, @.
Ktfejajgåc y Njhætfbc Hkjmkaæhfbc
Hkjmkaæhfbc oka ^jbc`uacrfj Eæofbj Pkvfstc
Pkvfstc Eæofbc ok Bmfak. 32343?7; -
3;3?, 0<<2.
=.- Ekhgk, M.
Grfkbmfsbm-Okutsbmks Rbmuawþrtkr`ubm
Rbmuawþrtkr`ubm (aa ^ja.) @krafh-Rbmþhk`krg4 chgkhsbmkfot (36<>).
30.- Rbmefot, E.
Grfkbmfsbm-Okutsbmks Mchowþrtkr`ubm. Akfpzfg4 Mjatzk (36=0).
3<
"C"
γ c sfh
C@
C @ F J_F BJ ΰΪκs vΪκs vfoc
CBKAJR γ c sfh
δκζιΪγ ifaåc bcvfoco
CBACEFOKC γ c sfh
χιγ» υћ daceås vkstfourc najrca
33
CGCEJGJHFC γ c sfh
βΡ»κћ gãejs uhfòh9 ectrfejhfj
βκεΨ gjhå gkhkrcr
CAKBF_J
γιΥδζνκћ caæiftmjs sfh
ykec (ok mukvj)
CEF_JRFR γ c sfh
»ΪϏκћ eåtjs mfaj
30
32
3?
3;
C\_KPFGFNJPEKR γ c sfh
όϏλσρε ptkròh cac
»иσώΨ ejrnå njrec9 nfgurc9 cspkbtj
CS[KHFJ
γδγζερφ cikhòj sfh
fhcugurcr9 brkcr ok hukvj
3>
CPCBHFOJR γσΡχεη crãdhf crcóc
37
C_KAFC Ρ c sfh
ϏλιΥφ tkaæj buepafr9 tkrefhcr
3=
"@"
36
@AKNCPJ@ACR_JR ΰιΥώγσκε
ΰιγςϏρћ vaæncrjh
`acstòs pãrpcoj
gkrekh9 ykec
0<
@J_CHFBC ΰκϏγεϋδΨ vjtchfiå bfkhbfc quk trctc ok acs pachtcs
ΰκϏΡεη vjtãhf mfkr`c9 pachtc9 pcstj9 njrrcdk
@PCS[F[PFC κϋσΡ
ΰσγχυћ vrcdås
urã bjrtj9
bjac `rkvk9 pkqukój
03
"B"
00
02
BKPC_PJ_FBJR δΥσγћ iærcs bukrhj
νσΪθ - Ϗσζχρћ tmrfx - trfdòs pkaj
BFGJOCB_FAJ ξλυβκћ
οΡδϏϋικћ zævgjs
oãitfajs yuhtc9
okoj pcr9 pcrkdc
0?
0;
BAJPJBP[JPFHC ιχφσρћ dajròs bjajr vkrok bacrj
δσϋλσρћ irfkròs nråj9 mkacoj9 kspchtjsj
BJHOPFB_FJR ζχνυћ
χρεοσκћ dòhorjs
fdtmås bctåacgj
pkz
0>
BJHOPJFOK χρεοσκћ dòhorjs bcrtåacgj
λΪοκћ åojs fecgkh9 njrec9 bjhnfgurcbfòh
BJPJAJGFC ιρβκћ
χψσγ dòrc
aògjs kspcbfj
trctcoj
07
0=
"O"
06
2<
23
OF\AJ\JOJR οζόιρκћ ofpaòjs oj`ak9 oj`acoj
όκυћ - όκορћ pôs - pjoòs pctc
20
"K"
22
KH_KAKS[FC λε kh kh
Υχλζε
ϏΥικћ tæajs
ædfh nfh9
tkhkræxftj9 okskhacbk
2?
K\FNF_J λόΪ
ώ ϋϏρε kpå
nftòh sj`rk
vkgktca
2;
2>
KR_KHJMCAFHJ ςϏλερћ - Ψ - κε stæhjs kstrkbmj
Ριћ - γιρћ ãas - caòs rjbc ok sca9 ka ecr
λΪοκћ
ξψκε zòjh
åojs chfeca
skekdchtk c
27
KR\FPJS[K_CR ςόλΪσγ spårc kspfrca9 rjsbc
χγΪϏη dætf bc`kaajs acrgjs
2=
26
"N"
NCHKPJGCHC ώ »κћ
βΡγελσρћ nchkròs
gãejs vfsf`ak9 echfnfkstj9 pctkhtk
uhfòh9 ectrfejhfj
?<
NFAJ\JOJR ώ υιικε
όκυћ
- όκορћ nåajh- pjoòs
pus mjdc
pfk
?3
"G"
GAJRCPFJ K_FEJAJGFC NJHÆ_FBC RFGHFNFBCOJ
?0
GFEHJNFJHKR ρβϋώ»ζћ ερћ
gfehòs
ònfs okshuoj
skrpfkhtk
?2
GPC\_JAF_J βσγόϏρћ grcptòs ksbrftj9 pfhtcoj
ιΪνγћ aåtmcs pfkorc
"M"
GAJRCPFJ K_FEJAJGFC NJHÆ_FBC RFGHFNFBCOJ
??
MKEF\_KPC η»Ϊ
όϏλσρε mfeå
ptkròh skef9
cac ekofc
?;
MK_KPJ\AJFOK ΥϏλσκћ mætkrjs oksfguca
όιλΪφε paåjh eãs9 ecyjråc
?>
?7
?=
"F"
?6
FOFJRJEC Ϊοζκћ åofjs sfhguacr9 pkrsjhca9 kspkbfca
ςψ»γ sòec bukrpj
;<
"I"
;3
"A"
;0
AK\_JBCPOFC ιλόϏρћ akptòs nfhj9 okagcoj9 ekhuoj
δγσοΪγ icroåc bjrczòh
;2
"E"
;?
;;
;>
;7
;7
EFEK_FREJ »ζ»Υκ»γζ efeæjek feftcr9 rkekocr9 rkprkskhtcr
HKBPJMJPEJHCR ελδσρs
HKBPJMJPEJHCR hkbròs eukrtj
κσ»Ρφ mjreãj kxbftcr9 pjhkr kh
ejvfefkhtj
HK[PJMJPEJHC
HK[PJMJPEJHC εΥϋσκε hævrjh hkrvfj
κσ»Ρφ mjreãj pjhkr kh
ejvfefkhtj
‑J―
GAJRCPFJ K_FEJAJGFC NJHÆ_FBC
RFGHFNFBCOJ
‑\―
GAJRCPFJ K_FEJAJGFC NJHÆ_FBC
RFGHFNFBCOJ
\KAKJH_JAJGJ
chtfguj όγιγζρs pcakòs vfkdj9
ρεϏφs òhtjs aj quk vfvk9 ka skr
ιρβκs aògjs trctcoj
\CPC]JH ãόγσ
ξφεΡ pcrã
ãxjh ca acoj9 duhtj c
\AKBJE\_KPJ όιΥδφ paæij trkhzcr9
khtrkbruzcr
όϏλσρε ptkròh cac
\RFBJAJGFC ύϋχΨ psfdå caec9 psfquk
ιρβκs aògjs trctcoj
7?
‑S―
GAJRCPFJ K_FEJAJGFC NJHÆ_FBC
RFGHFNFBCOJ
‑P―
GAJRCPFJ K_FEJAJGFC NJHÆ_FBC
RFGHFNFBCOJ
PCS[FGAJRJR σ χζs
βιΡψςςγ rmãdfs
gaòsc kspfhc ojrsca
akhguc
‑R―
GAJRCPFJ K_FEJAJGFC NJHÆ_FBC
RCFGHFNFBCOJ
RK[OJBKAK ύλϋοΨs pskvoås ncasj9 khgcójsj
δκΪικs ifajs vcbåj9 mukbj
‑_―
GAJRCPFJ K_FEJAJGFC NJHÆ_FBC
RFGHFNFBCOJ
_PJ\J_C]FC Ϗσρόκs tròpjs vukatc9 gfrj
ϏΡθζs tãxfs jrokh9 ofspjsfbfòh
‑[―
GAJRCPFJ K_FEJAJGFC NJHÆ_FBC
RFGHFNFBCOJ
‑]―
GAJRCPFJ K_FEJAJGFC NJHÆ_FBC
RFGHFNFBCOJ
‑T―
GAJRCPFJ K_FEJAJGFC NJHÆ_FBC
RFGHFNFBCOJ