Jugnc, oúbh`i y psh`cfctrh`hbib

Trcegscr tutcr: Lhgoai Xh`gtm \ifcs

Boihaik  
Trcegscr Bhrg`tcr bg `ursc: Grhai Boihaik

I`thvhbib Hkh`hio  ‐  Eisg

 Eisg 9: \geogxhðk hkh`hio

 Kcflrg: Xuohiki Ugoésqugz @oivhjc

947=890>>2  
@ðbhnc bgo gstubhiktg: 947=890>>2 

@ck`gp`hðk Ikthcquhi/Pgpthgflrg/<4<9
 

Hktrcbu``hðk

Go jugnc fés qug uki kg`gshbib sg mi `ckvgrthbc gk uki mgrrifhgkti fuy hfpcrtiktg oi
`uio og pgrfhthré io khùc `ckc`grsg i sæ fhsfc y pcr gkbg io fukbc qug oc rcbgi, Ocs khùcs
y khùis bgsbg tgfpriki gbib hfpoikti væk`uocs oúbh`cs `ck go fhsfc, y gsti `ipi`hbib
i`cfpiùi io sgr mufikc bgsbg su ki`hfhgktc, pgrc io pisir bgo thgfpc sg vi bgsirrcooikbc,
isæ fhsfc oi psh`cfctrh`hbib gs uki tè`kh`i fuy útho gk go bgsirrcooc oúbh`c hkeiktho,
iyubikbc isæ i bgsirrcooir `ipi`hbibgs hktgog`tuiogs, `cfukh`ithvis y `cnkhthvis

Go jugnc oúbh`i y psh`cfctrh`hbib rgsuoti sgr ionc fuy hfpcrtiktg gk oi vhbi bgo khùc yi
qug `ibi uki bg goocs iyubik bg uki fikgri fuy shnkheh`ithvi io bgsirrcooc hktgnrio bgo
khùc y tiflhèk gs `ckshbgribc `cfc ukc bg ocs fgjcrgs fgbhcs gbu`ithvcs eivcrg`hgkbc
isæ go iprgkbhzijg
iprgkbhzijg y tcbc go bgsirrcooc psh`cfctcr y eæsh`c.

Gk gstg trilijc gk`cktrirgfcs ois bgehkh`hckgs bg `ibi ukc bg gstcs `ck`gptcs hk`ouygkbc
ois cphkhckgs bg ionukcs iutcrgs, tiflhèk vgrgfcs oi hfpcrtik`hi qug rgprgsgkti `ibi ukc

bg goocs tiktc piri go bgsirrcooc hktgnrio bgo khùc `cfc tiflhèk piri oi gbu`i`hðk hkeiktho
 

@uibrc `cfpirithvc

(Bhohngk`hg go `uibrc `cfpirithvc gk su tctiohbib, gs vhtio gvhbgk`hir go prc`gsc bg og`turi

bg ocs `cktgkhbcs sungrhbcs piri gsti i`thvhbib. \g`ugrbg `htir bg i`ugrbc `ck ois Kcrfis
ITI gk ocs ipirtibcs qug oc rgquhgri)  

JWGNC OÚBH@I TPH@CFCR\H@HBIB

Tiri ocs Oi oúbh`i gs uki Oi Tsh`cfctrh`hbib bg
Bgehkh`hðk  lhcocnh`hstis `ipi`hbib qug ki`g crhngk erik`ès, ki`g `ck oi
(hk`ouyi oi (Nirihncrbclho, `ck go sgr mufikc, hktgk`hðk bg rg`cfpckgr y
cphkhðk bg <440), go jugnc gs y io pisc bgo rgspgtir oi ukhbib qug
iutcrgs) uk prggjgr`h`hc thgfpc sg vi `iri`tgrhzi io sgr mufikc
 prgpiritcrhc y bgsirrcooikbc y `ck i`gptikbc oi `cfpogjhbib
 prg`hsc gk go oi rg`gp`hðk bg bgo hkbhvhbuc y
bgsirrcooc bg bhsthktcs gstæfuocs `ckshbgrékbcoc, bgktrc bg su
euk`hckgs y qug tcfi go fgbhc `cktgxtc noclio, `cfc
rgiohzi`hðk iflhgktg vi go rgsuotibc bg uk prc`gsc
bg i`thvhbibgs bg surnhgkbc uki crnékh`c-fiburithvc y
oi vhbi ibuoti. kg`gshbib qugrgr rgoi`hckio-iflhgktio qug
silgr, `ckc`gr y i`túi bg ecrfi `ckjukti. Pg

Oi pgrspg`thvi fikhpuoir hktrcbu`g gk Gspiùi

 psh`cikioæth`i bhegrgktgs (Irkihz, 98=2),
(Ilgristury, 98>8) gogfgktcs
`ck
Ergub, Aoghk y ‟Oi gs`ugoi rusi, Gstis gxpgrhgk`his fctcris
^hkkh`ctt i oi `ck Uynctsah i oi og iyubik i ukheh`ir y i
`ilgzi `ckshbgri `ilgzi, bgsirrcooi `ccrbhkir
go jugnc oi tgshs (Uynctsah, oi hfingk noclio bg su
`cfc go fgjcr 98=<) sclrg go `ugrpc pcrqug sck
fgbhc qug thgkg go crhngk `uoturio bg oi gxprgshðk
 

khùc piri ois gvhbgktg bg oi ukhbib bg su

gxprgsirsg, euk`hckgs fgktiogs  pgrsckiohbib, `rgikbc gk èo
 piri `cktir sus supgrhcrgs y oi ukhðk gktrg ois
eiktisæis, sus `ckshbgri qug oi sgksi`hckgs `crpcriogs y ocs
bgsgcs, sus i`thvhbib oúbh`i gstibcs
gxpgrhgk`his gsté rgoi`hckibi tðkh`c-gfc`hckiogs.
y sus `ckeoh`tcs bhrg`tifgktg `ck go (Iu`cuturhgr, 98=7,958)
brifithzibcs gk oi `cktgxtc
rgpgth`hðk bg sc`hc`uoturio g
fcfgktcs, tiktc mhstðrh`c gk go qug
 poi`gktgrcs `cfc go khùc `rg`g‖
`rg`g‖ 
bcocrcscs, vhvhbcs Oi hfpcrtik`hi bg
gk oi oi oúbh`i ribh`i gk
rgiohbib. qug èsti `cktrhluyg
Go jugnc gs uki bg io bgsirrcooc noclio
ois ecrfis fés g hktgnrio bgo
ikthnuis piri mcflrg, gsthfuoi oi
hktgri`tuir ‟`rgithvhbib‖ y go
sc`hiofgktg . ‟bgsgc‖
(Bcfæknugz,
Gk `ck`oushðk ois <497), isæ fhsfc

bgehkh`hckgs bg iyubi i oi
gstcs iutcrgs sclrg `ckstru``hðk bgo
go jugnc gs `ckc`hfhgktc. p.>9
`ckshbgribi `cfc
uk hkstrufgktc
rgogviktg bg
viocri`hðk hkeiktho
yi qug gstc kcs bi
i `ckc`gr `cfc go
khùc gxpgrhfgkti
 

y gstru`turi su
fukbc

Toitðk y Oi psh`cfctrh`hbib gs bg
Irhstðtgogs crhngk erik`ès, surnhð `ck oi
Bitcs (Nirihncrbclho, hktgk`hðk bg rgpirir y
mhstðrh`cs 9884) yi rgspgtir oi ukhbib qug
rg`ckc`æik go viocr `iri`tgrhzi io sgr mufikc
 pré`th`c bgo jugnc, rg`ckc`hgkbc ois
 pgrc go hktgrès pcr bheh`uotibgs qug pcsgg go
 lus`ir uki hkbhvhbuc.
gxpoh`i`hðk y ‟Pg hktrcbu`g gk Gspiùi
bgsirrcooir uki (Irkihz, 98=2), i pirthr bg
tgcræi i`gr`i ocs iùcs
bg gstg egkðfgkc sgtgkti, `ck oi oognibi bg ois
kc sg miré misti  prhfgris tribu``hckgs bg
ehkiogs bgo shnoc Th`q, Uiygr, Og Lcuo`m y
]H] Oiphgrrg y
Iu`cuturhgr‖Yuhrðs-Tèrgz,
Iu`cuturhgr‖Yuhrðs-Tèrgz,
U., & Irrégz Firtækgz, J.

F. (<497) p.<>

Oi oúbh`i sg Pgnúk @cfgoois y Tgrphkyi,

Go jugnc sg `oisheh`i `cfc (98=0)
@oisheh`i`hðk `oisheh`i gk: tcbis ois ecrfis bg oi Tsh`cfctrh`hbib `oisheh`i
  Jugnc  jugnc gk: Fctrh`hbib Nrugsi,
euk`hckio Fctrh`hbib Ehki y Gsqugfi

  Jugnc @crpcrio. 

shflðoh`c
 

   Jugnc bg
rgnois

bhvgrsis Oi Tsh`cfctrh`hbib jugni uk

\goi`hðk `ck ‟@cfc bg`æi hkvgsthni`hckgs  pipgo fuy hfpcrtiktg gk oi

oi Gbu`i`hðk Ugkbgr Zcoogr: ‟Go gk`ugktrik gk go gbu`i`hðk hkeiktho yi qug
Hkeiktho  jugnc gs `uioquhgr  jugnc y oi oúbh`i iyubi `ck go bgsirrcooc
i`thvhbib qug sg uki pugrti piri oi hktgog`tuio, ieg`thvc y sc`hio
mi`g pcr sæ fhsfi fgjcri bg oi bgo khùc, oi psh`cfctrh`hbib
shk itgkbgr i ois ecrfi`hðk bgo og pgrfhthré io khùc i tgkgr
`cksg`ugk`his‖ ioufkibc fés `ck`gktri`hðk, og
Gstc prgsgkti io @cfc iehrfik  pgrfhtg oi ibquhsh`hðk bg
 jugnc `cfc uki Gstribi, Hlirri y kugvcs iprgkbhzijgs y pcr
mgrrifhgkti útho y Tiooirgs (<49=), oi gkbg io bgsirrcooc bg sus
rg`urrgktg gk ocs oúbh`i shrvg `cfc `ipi`hbibgs.
 prc`gscs bg gstritgnhi piri
iprgkbhzijg  itrigr oi itgk`hðk
bg ocs khùcs y
birogs `ckthkuhbib
i ois i`thvhbibgs. 
Go jugnc thgkg uki Oi oúbh`i mi`g uk Oi psh`cfctrh`hbib ipcrti io

Ipcrti`hckgs nrik hfpcrtik`hi ipcrtg fuy bgsirrcooc fctcr bgo khùc,

io bgsirrcooc gk go bgsirrcooc hfpcrtiktg io `cktrhluygkbc io
hktgnrio bgo hktgnrio bgo khùc y bgsirrcooc hktgnrio `ckc`hfhgktc y bcfhkhc bg
khùc y khùi oi khùi yi qug gstg bgo khùc yi qug su prcphc `ugrpc
ipcrti bg uki iehikzi su
fikgri iutcgsthfi,
shnkheh`ithvi io iprgkbgrék i
bgsirrcooc Fctcr, `cktrcoir sus
`cnkhthvc, sc`hio y gfc`hckgs,
ieg`thvc- bgsirrcooirik oi
 

gfc`hckio gfpitæi.
Oi oúbh`i gs uki
bhfgkshðk bgo
bgsirrcooc mufikc
qug ecfgkti go
bgsirrcooc
 psh`csc`hio, oi
ibquhsh`hðk bg
silgrgs, oi
`ckecrfi`hðk bg oi
 pgrsckiohbib, gs
bg`hr gk`hgrri uki
nifi bg
i`thvhbibgs bckbg
sg `ruzi go poi`gr,
go nc`g, oi
i`thvhbib `rgithvi y
go `ckc`hfhgktc.
(Puktixh, <494,
 pén. =)
Go jugnc iyubi io Rcbcs ocs juncs Oi Tsh`cfctrh`hbib iyubi i

@crrgoi`hðk bgsirrcooc bgo `ck go `ugrpc y `ck qug go khùc y oi khùi

gktrg `ugrpc y bg ocs cljgtcs rgprgsgktik hktgri`túgk y bg hnuio ecrfi
`ck`gptcs sgkthbcs, oi eugrzi, uk pipgo sg rgoi`hckgs `ck go fgbhc,
go `cktrco eukbifgktio gk su isc`hikbc go fcvhfhgktc i
fus`uoir, go bgsirrcooc bg ois oi oúbh`i y pgrfhthgkbc
gquhohlrhc y oi i`thvhbibgs oúbh`is rgecrzir ocs iprgkbhzijgs
`ckehikzi gk go y psh`cfctcris ibquhrhbcs i trivès bgo jugnc
fhsfc, qug bg `ck ocs bgfés
hnuio ecrfi
tiflhèk iyubik io
 

bgsgkvcovhfhgktc
bg ois i`thvhbibgs
oúbh`is

\geogxhðk

\geogxhckir iorgbgbcr bg ocs shnuhgktgs gkuk`hibcs crhgktibcrgs:

  \goi`hðk gxhstgktg gktrg jugnc, oúbh`i y psh`cfctrh`hbib

  @cktrhlu`hckgs bgo jugnc io bgsirrcooc fctcr, `cnkhthvc, sc`hio y ieg`thvc  ‐  
gfc`hckio.
  Hkeougk`hi bg ois i`thvhbibgs oúbh`is gk go bgsirrcooc
b gsirrcooc psh`cfctrhz

@cfc pubhfcs vgr iktgrhcrfgktg

iktgrhcrfgktg gktrg gstcs trgs `ck`gptcs gxhstg fu`mi rgoi`hðk yi qug
Go jugnc iyubi io bgsirrcooc bgo `ugrpc y bg ocs sgkthbcs, oi eugrzi, go `cktrco fus`uoir, go
gquhohlrhc y oi `ckehikzi gk go fhsfc, qug bg hnuio ecrfi tiflhèk iyubik io
bgsgkvcovhfhgktc bg ois i`thvhbibgs oúbh`is, Oi Tsh`cfctrh`hbib iyubi i qug go khùc y oi
khùi hktgri`túgk y bg hnuio ecrfi sg rgoi`hckgs `ck go fgbhc, isc`hikbc go fcvhfhgktc i oi
oúbh`i y pgrfhthgkbc rgecrzir ocs iprgkbhzijgs ibquhrhbcs i trivès bgo jugnc `ck ocs bgfés y

Rcbcs ocs juncs `ck go `ugrpc y `ck cljgtcs rgprgsgktik uk pipgo eukbifgktio gk su
bgsirrcooc bg ois i`thvhbibgs oúbh`is y psh`cfctcris.
Go jugnc mi`g ukis ipcrti`hckgs fuy hfpcrtiktgs io bgsirrcooc fctcr yi qug gstcs sck ocs
qug og pgrfhtgk go gjgr`h`hc bg ocs gsqugfis bg i``hðk fctrhz bg ois milhohbibgs ibquhrhbis
y i oi vgz go bgspohgnug bg ois `ipi`hbibgs y kg`gshbibgs crnékh`is, pgrspg`thvis ,
shflðoh`is , gxprgshvis, `rgithvis, y gk ois fés bhvgrsis y `iflhiktgs shtui`hckgs.(Pigz,
<49=)
Gstcs jugncs fctcrgs iyubik io khùc i `cktrcoir su pcsturi, iufgktir su eugrzi, `cksgnuhr
gquhohlrhc ibquhrhr uk fiycr `cktrco bg su `ugrpc gt`.
 

Gk go bgsirrcooc `cnkhthvc gstg

gstg iyubi i bgsirrcooir ocs pr
prc`gscs
c`gscs `cnkhthvcs `cfc oc sck oi
itgk`hðk, fgfcrhi, pgksifhgktc gt`.
Gk go bgsirrcooc sc`hio vgfcs qug go jugnc mi`g uk pipgo fuy hfpcrtiktg yi qug go jugnc
hfpoh`i hktgri``hðk `ck ois bgfés pgrsckis, gstc iyubi i qug ocs khùcs iprgkbik i
hktgri`tuir `ck ctris pgrsckis, iyubik i tgkgr kcrfis bg `cfpcrtifhgktc i tgkgr
hktgr`iflhcs sc`hiogs, i sc`hiohzir i gspgrir su turkc, i `cfpirthr, gstilog`gr væk`uocs bg
ifhstib gktrg fu`mcs fis

@ipturis bg piktiooi  ‐  Tirth`hpi`hðk

 Tirth`hpi`hðk gk go ecrc
 

 
 

@ck`oushckgs

Go rg`ursc gbu`ithvc ilcrbibc kcs pgrfhtg `ckc`gr oi nrik hfpcrtik`hi qug thgkg go jugnc
oi oúbh`i y oi psh`cfctrh`hbib gk oi hkeik`hi yi qug `ibi ukc bg gstcs `ck`gptcs fgjcrik go
tiktc go bgsirrcooc hktgnrio bgo khùc `cfc tiflhèk go prc`gsc bg ecrfi`hðk, y piri kcsctrcs
`cfc euturcs bc`gktgs gs hfpcrtiktg iprgkbgr i hfpogfgktirois yi qug sck gstritgnhis
bhbé`th`is ois `uiogs trigk lgkgeh`hcs fuy hfpcrtiktgs yi qug `cfc oc bg`æi iktgrhcrfgktg
gstis `cktrhluygk gk oi ecrfi`hðk bg ocs ioufkcs. Rcbi oi hkecrfi`hðk ibquhrhbi kcs
sgkshlhohzi i kcsctrcs
kcsctrcs `cfc bc`gktgs gk ecrfi`hðk iktg `iscs qug rgquhgrik hktgri``hðk
sc`hio y gbu`ithvi `ck bhegrgktgs i`tcrgs bg oi `cfukhbib, ocs `uiogs iyubirik i ocs
 prc`gscs bg bgsirrcooc bg ocs khùcs y khùis gk sus bhegrgktgs fcfgktcs bg vhbi.
 

Ohsti bg rgegrgk`his

  Ctéovirc-Nir`ès, P. J. (<499). Go jugnc gk oi bhfgkshðk hkeiktho. \gvhsti bg



gbu`i`hðk y pgksifhgktc, (9=), <2-

00.  mttps://bhiokgt.ukhrhcji.gs/sgrvogt/irth`uoc3`cbhnc60==2202
00. mttps://bhiokgt.ukhrhcji.gs/sgrvogt/irth`uoc3`cbhnc60==2202  
 


Tiz, F. I. (<4<9). Go jugnc y oi Oúbh`i `cfc pctgk`hibcrgs bg oi Tsh`cfctrh`hbib.

QCljgtcSvhrtuioSbgSHkecrfi`hckSCUHV CUH. \gpcshtcrhc Hksthtu`hckio
WKIB.  mttps://rgpcshtcry.ukib.gbu.`c/mikbog/94785/2957= 
WKIB. mttps://rgpcshtcry.ukib.gbu.`c/mikbog/94785/2957= 

  Yuhrðs-Tèrgz, U., & Irrégz Firtækgz, J. F. (<497). Jugnc y psh`cfctrh`hbib



<2-09. mttps://bch.crn/94.2>98>/rgtcs.v4h=.0745= 
(Trhfgri pirtg). \gtcs, (=), <2-09.