Urkgj`t Ihohajijot7
H Ihohajrbhf Hpprkh`n =/j

Cy Gh`l S. Ijrjmbtn hom Phiujf G. Ihotjf, Gr.

Uucfbsnjm cy Gkno Qbfjy & Pkos, Bo`.

Urjsjothtbko prjphrjm cy S]CI QjcArkup

 

Urkgj`t Ihohajijot
H Ihohajrbhf Hpprkh`n

@nhptjr :

Urkgj`t Krahobzhtbko
 

Arkwtn kd Urkgj`t Krbjotjm

Krahobzhtbkos
 ]njrj hrj ihoy rjhskos dkr tnj rhpbm
arkwtn, cut ikst kd tnji `ho cj arkupjm
a rkupjm

bo

dkur ajojrhf hrjhs7
Ppjjm hom ihrljt rjspkosbvjojss nhvj
cj`kij hcskfutj rjqubrjijots dkr su``jssduf

`kipjtbtbko
 ]nj mjvjfkpijot kd ojw prkmu`ts, prk`jssjs,
kr sjrvb`js rjaufhrfy rjqubrjs boput drki mbvjrsj
hrjhs kd spj`bhfbzjm lokwfjmaj @nhptjr =-8
 

Arkwtn kd Urkgj`t Krbjotjm

Krahobzhtbkos

 Dkur rjhskos dkr arkwtn (`kot.)

 Shpbm jxphosbko kd tj`nokfkab`hf pkssbcbfbtbjs bo

hfikst jvjry hrjh kd jotjrprbsj tjoms tk
mjsthcbfbzj tnj stru`turj kd krahobzhtbkos
  H ihgkrbty kd sjobkr ihohajrs rhrjfy
rhrjfy djjf iu`n
`kodbmjo`j bo tnjbr uomjrsthomboa hom `kotrkf
` kotrkf
kd tnj h`tbvbtbjs bo tnjbr hrjhs
@nhptjr =-3
 

]ypjs kd Urkgj`t Krahobzhtbkos

 ]njrj hrj twk duomhijothffy mbddjrjot whys
kd krahobzboa prkgj`ts wbtnbo tnj phrjot
krahobzhtbko
 ]nj prkgj`t hs phrt kd tnj Duo`tbkohf Krahobzhtbko
 ]nj prkgj`t hs h drjj-sthomboa phrt kd tnj phrjot
krahobzhtbko
  H tnbrm typj, `hffjm h Ihtrbx Krahobzhtbko
Krahobzhtbko bs h
nycrbm kd tnj twk ihbo typjs
 Jh`n nhs hmvhothajs hom mbshmvhothajs
@nhptjr =-0
 

]nj Urkgj`t hs Uhrt kd tnj

Duo`tbkohf Krahobzhtbko
  Hmvhothajs kd usboa tnj duo`tbkohf j
 Hmvhothajs jfjijots
fjijots kd tnj
phrjot krahobzhtbko hs tnj hmibobstrhtbvj nkij dkr h
prkgj`t bo`fumj7
 Ihxbiui dfjxbcbfbty bo tnj usj kd sthdd 
 Bombvbmuhf jxpjrts `ho cj utbfbzjm cy ihoy mbddjrjot prkgj`ts
 Ppj`bhfbsts bo tnj mbvbsbko `ho cj arkupjm tk snhrj lokwfjmaj
hom jxpjrbjo`j
 ]nj duo`tbkohf mbvbsbko hfsk sjrvjs hs h chsj kd tj`nokfkab`hf
`kotboubty wnjo bombvbmuhfs `nkksj tk fjhvj tnj prkgj`t
 ]nj duo`tbkohf mbvbsbko `kothbos tnj okrihf phtn kd
hmvho`jijot dkr bombvbmuhfs wnksj jxpjrtbsj bs bo tnj
duo`tbkohf hrjh
@nhptjr =-=
 

]nj Urkgj`t hs Uhrt kd tnj

Duo`tbkohf Krahobzhtbko
 ]njrj hrj hfsk mbshmvhothajs tk nkusboa tnj prkgj`t
bo h duo`tbkohf hrjh7
 ]nj `fbjot bs okt tnj dk`us kd h`tbvbty hom `ko`jro
 ]nj duo`tbkohf mbvbsbko tjoms tk cj krbjotjm tkwhrm tnj
h`tbvbtbjs phrtb`ufhr tk bts duo`tbko
 K``hsbkohffy, ok bombvbmuhf bs abvjo duff rjspkosbcbfbty dkr
tnj prkgj`t
 ]njrj hrj kdtjo sjvjrhf fhyjrs kd ihohajijot cjtwjjo
tnj prkgj`t hom tnj `fbjot

]njrj bs h tjomjo`y tk suckptbibzj tnj prkgj`t
@nhptjr =-:
 

Uurj Urkgj`t Krahobzhtbko

  Hmvhothajs kd
kd h purj prkgj`t krah
krahobzhtbko7
obzhtbko7
 ]nj prkgj`t ihohajr nhs duff fboj hutnkrbty kvjr tnj
prkgj`t
  Hff ijicjrs kd tnj prkgj`t
prkgj`t wkrl dkr`j hrj mbrj`tfy
rjspkosbcfj tk tnj prkgj`t ihohajr
 Qnjo tnj prkgj`t bs rjikvjm drki tnj duo`tbkohf mbvbsbko,
tnj fbojs kd `kiiuob`htbko hrj snkrtjojm
 Qnjo tnjrj hrj sjvjrhf su``jssbvj prkgj`ts kd h sbibfhr
lbom, tnj purj prkgj`t krahobzhtbko `ho ihbothbo h
pjrihojot `hmrj kd jxpjrts wnk mjvjfkp slbffs bo spj`bdb`
tj`nokfkabjs
@nhptjr =-4
 

Uurj Urkgj`t Krahobzhtbko

  Hmvhothajs kd
kd h purj prkgj`t krah
krahobzhtbko
obzhtbko (`kot.)
  H prkgj`t tjhi
tjhi tnht nhs h strkoa hom sjphrhtj
sjphrhtj bmjotbty hom
mjvjfkps h nban fjvjf kd `kiibtijot drki bts ijicjrs
 Cj`husj tnj hutnkrbty bs `jotrhfbzjm, tnj hcbfbty tk ihlj h
swbdt mj`bsbko bs jonho`jm
 Zobty kd `kiihom jxbsts
 Uurj prkgj`t krahobzhtbkos hrj stru`turhffy sbipfj hom
dfjxbcfj, wnb`n ihljs tnji rjfhtbvjfy jhsy tk uomjrsthom
hom bipfjijot
 ]nj krahobzhtbkohf stru`turj tjoms tk suppkrt h nkfbstb`
nkfb stb`
hpprkh`n tk tnj prkgj`t @nhptjr =-1
 

Uurj Urkgj`t Krahobzhtbko

 Mbshmvhothajs kd h purj prkgj`t krahobzhtbko7
 Jh`n prkgj`t tjoms tk cj duffy sthddjm wnb`n `ho fjhm tk h
mupfb`htbko kd jddkrt bo jvjry hrjh drki `fjrb`hf sthdd tk
tj`nokfkab`hf suppkrt
 ]njrj bs h ojjm tk josurj h``jss tk tj`nokfkab`hf
lokwfjmaj hom slbffs tnht rjsufts bo ho httjipt cy prkgj`t

ihohajrs tk stk`lpbfj jqubpijot hom tj`nob`hf hssbstho`j

 ]nj duo`tbkohf mbvbsbko bs h rjpksbtkry kd tj`nob`hf fkrj, cut
bt bs okt rjhmbfy
r jhmbfy h``jssbcfj tk tjhi ijicjrs kd tnj purj
prkgj`t tjhi

@nhptjr =->
 

Uurj Urkgj`t Krahobzhtbko

 Mbshmvhothajs kd h purj prkgj`t krahobzhtbko
(`kot.)
 Uurj prkgj`t arkups sjji tk dkstjr bo`kosbstjo`y bo tnj
why bo wnb`n pkfb`bjs hom prk`jmurjs hrj `hrrbjm kut
 Bo h purj prkgj`t krahobzhtbko, tnj prkgj`t thljs ko h fbdj

kd bts kwo
 ]njrj tjoms tk cj `ko`jro hikoa tjhi ijicjrs hckut
 ‖fbdj hdtjr tnj prkgj`t
prkgj`t joms’ 

@nhptjr =-2
 

]nj Ihtrbx Krahobzhtbko

 ]nj ihtrbx krahobzhtbko bs h `kicbohtbko kd
duo`tbkohf hom purj prkgj`t

 H
kd ihtrbx
spj`bdb`krahobzhtbko
krahob
dkriszhtbko `ho thlj k
ko
o h wbmj vhrbjty
vhrbjty
  ‖Urkgj`t’kr ‖strkoa’
‖strkoa’ ihtrbx krahobzhtbko ikst
rjsjicfjs tnj purj prkgj`t krahobzhtbko
 ]nj ‖`kkrmbohtbko’ kr ‖duo`tbkohf’ kr ‖wjhl’ ihtrbx
ikst rjsjicfjs tnj duo`tbkohf dkri
 ]nj ‖chfho`jm’ ihtrbx fbjs bo cjtwjjo tnj ktnjrs

@nhptjr =-85
 

]nj Ihtrbx Krahobzhtbko

 Shtnjr tnho cjboa h sthom hfkoj krahobzhtbko,

fblj tnj purj prkgj`t, tnj ihtrbx prkgj`t bs okt
sjphrhtjm drki tnj phrjot krahobzhtbko7

@nhptjr =-88
 

]nj Ihtrbx Krahobzhtbko

  Hswbtn ktnjr krahobzhtbkohf dkris, tnj ihtrbx
krahobzhtbko nhs bts kwo uobquj hmvhothajs7



]nj prkgj`t bs tnj pkbot kd jipnhsbs
Cj`husj tnj prkgj`t bs kvjrfhbm ko tnj duo`tbkohf
mbvbsbkos, tnj prkgj`t nhs rjhskohcfj h``jss tk tnj
rjsjrvkbr kd tj`nokfkay bo hff hrjhs
 ]njrj bs fjss hoxbjty hckut wnht nhppjos wnjo
tnj prkgj`t bs `kipfjtjm

@nhptjr =-83
 

]nj Ihtrbx Krahobzhtbko

  Hmvhothajs kd h Ihtrbx (`kot.)
(`kot.)
 Sjspkosj tk `fbjot‒s ojjms bs hs rhpbm hs bo tnj purj

 prkgj`t krahobzhtbko
Ihtrbx ihohajijot abvjs tnj prkgj`t h``jss tk
rjprjsjothtbvjs drki tnj hmibobstrhtbvj uobts kd tnj
phrjot dbri
 ]nj ihtrbx krahobzhtbko hffkws h cjttjr `kiphoy-
wbmj chfho`j kd rjskur`js tk h`nbjvj akhfs
 ]njrj bs h arjht mjhf kd dfjxbcbfbty bo prj`bsjfy nkw
tnj prkgj`t bs krahobzjm wbtnbo tnj ihtrbx
@nhptjr =-80
 

]nj Ihtrbx Krahobzhtbko

 ]njrj hrj hfsk mbshmvhothajs tk usboa tnj
ihtrbx krahobzhtbko< ikst bovkfvj `kodfb`t

cjtwjjo

tnj duo`tbkohf hom prkgj`t ihohajrs7
]nj chfho`j kd pkwjr cjtwjjo tnj prkgj`t hom
duo`tbkohf hrjhs bs vjry mjfb`htj

]nj ikvjijot kd rjskur`js drki prkgj`t tk
prkgj`t ihy dkstjr pkfbtb`hf bodbantboa
 Urkcfjis hssk`bhtjm wbtn snuttboa mkwo prkgj`ts

`ho cj hs sjvjrj hs bo h purj prkgj`t @nhptjr

krahobzhtbko
=-8=
 

]nj Ihtrbx Krahobzhtbko

 Mbshmvhothajs kd h Ihtrbx (`kot.)

 ]nj mbvbsbko kd hutnkrbty hom rjspkosbcbfbty bo h
ihtrbx krahobzhtbko bs `kipfjx, hom uo`kidkrthcfj
dkr tnj prkgj`t ihohajr.
 Ihtrbx ihohajijot vbkfhtjs tnj ihohajijot
prbo`bpfj kd uobty kd `kiihom. Urkgj`t wkrljrs
nhvj ht fjhst twk ckssjs, tnjbr duo`tbkohf njhms
hom tnj prkgj`t ihohajr.

@nhptjr =-8:
 

Ibxjm Krahobzhtbkohf Pystjis

 Mbvbsbkohfbzhtbko bs h ijhos kd mbvbmboa h fhraj
krahobzhtbko botk sihffjr ikrj dfjxbcfj uobts

 ]nbs johcfjs tnj phrjot krahobzhtbko tk

`hpturj skij kd tnj hmvhothajs kd sihff,
spj`bhfbzjm krahobzhtbkohf uobts wnbfj rjthboboa
skij kd tnj
sbzj uobts hmvhothajs tnht `kij wbtn fhrajr

@nhptjr =-84
 

Ibxjm Krahobzhtbkohf Pystjis

 Uurj duo`tbkohf hom purj prkgj`t krahobzhtbkos
ihy `kjxbst bo h dbri

@nhptjr =-81
 

Ibxjm Krahobzhtbkohf Pystjis

  Hmvhothajs kd
kd h ibxjm krahobzht
krahobzhtbko7
bko7
 ]nj nycrbmbzhtbko kd tnj ibxjm dkri fjhms tk dfjxbcbfbty
 ]nj dbri bs hcfj tk ijjt spj`bhf prkcfjis cy hpprkprbhtj
hmhpthtbko kd bts krahobzhtbkohf stru`turj
 Mbshmvhothajs bo`fumj7
 Mbssbibfhr arkupboas wbtnbo tnj shij h``kuothcbfbty `jotjr
tjom tk jo`kurhaj kvjrfhp, mupfb`htbko, hom drb`tbko
cj`husj kd bo`kiphtbcbfbty kd botjrjsts
 @kombtbkos stbff jxbst tnht rjsuft bo `kodfb`t cjtwjjo
duo`tbkohf hom prkgj`t ihohajrs

@nhptjr =-8>
 

@nkksboa ho
Krahobzhtbkohf Dkri
 Pjfj`tboa tnj krahobzhtbkohf botjrdh`j cjtwjjo tnj
prkgj`t hom tnj dbri bs h mbddb`uft thsl 
 ]nj `nkb`j bs mjtjribojm cy tnj sbtuhtbko, cut bs hfsk phrtfy
botubtbvj
 Iust `kosbmjr tnj ohturj kd tnj pktjotbhf prkgj`t, tnj
`nhrh`tjrbstb`s kd tnj vhrbkus krahobzhtbko kptbkos, tnj
hmvhothajs hom mbshmvhothajs kd jh`n, tnj `ufturhf
prjdjrjo`jss kd tnj phrjot krahobzhtbko, hom tnjo ihlj tnj
prjdjrjo`j
cjst `kiprkibsj tnht `ho cj ihmj

@nhptjr =-82
 

@nkksboa ho
Krahobzhtbkohf Dkri
 @rbtjrbh dkr tnj sjfj`tbko kd h prkgj`t krahobzhtbko7
 8. Mjdboj tnj prkgj`t wbtn h sthtjijot
sthtjijot kd tnj kcgj`tbvj(s)
kcgj`tbvj(s)
tnht bmjotbdbjs tnj ihgkr kut`kijs mjsbrjm
 3. Mjtjriboj tnj ljy
ljy thsls hssk`bhtjm wbtn jh`n
jh`n kcgj`tbvj
kcgj`tbvj
hom fk`htj tnj uobts bo tnj phrjot krahobzhtbko tnht sjrvj
hs duo`tbkohf ‖nkijs’ dkr tnjsj typjs kd thsls
 0. Hrrhoaj tnj
tnj ljy thsls cy sjqujo`j hom mj`
mj`kipksj
kipksj ttnji
nji
botk wkrl ph`lhajs
@nhptjr =-35
 

@nkksboa ho
Krahobzhtbkohf Dkri
 @rbtjrbh dkr tnj sjfj`tbko kd h prkgj`t krahobzhtbko
(`kot.)7
  =. Mjtjriboj wnb`n krahobzhtbkohf
krahobzhtbkohf uobts hrj rjqubrjm
rjqubrjm tk
tk
`hrry kut tnj wkrl ph`lhajs hom wnb`n uobts wbff wkrl
phrtb`ufhrfy `fksjfy wbtn wnb`n ktnjrs

 :.. Fbst
 : hoy
hoy spj`bhf
spjwbtn
hssk`bhtjm `bhf `nhrh`tjrbstb`s
`tnj
nhrh`tjrbstb`s
prkgj`t kr hs
hssuiptbkos
suiptbkos

  4. Bo fbant kd btjis 8-:, hom

hom wbtn duff `kaobzho`j kd tnj
prks hom `kos hssk`bhtjm wbtn jh`n stru`turhf dkri,
`nkksj h stru`turj
@nhptjr =-38
 

]nj Urkgj`t Ihohajijot Kdd b`j

b`j
Qbtn tnj bo`rjhsboa rkfj kd prkgj`ts bo
tkmhy‒s krahobzhtbkos hom tnj ikvj tkwhrm
‖ihohajijot cy prkgj`ts,’ tnj ojjm nhs
hrbsjo dkr ho krahobzhtbkohf jotbty tk njfp
ihohaj tnjsj dhst-iuftbpfyboa dkris kd ajttboa
wkrl mkoj. ]nbs bs tnj rkfj kd tnj Urkgj`t
Ihohajijot Kddb`j (UIK), h.l.h. tnj Urkgj`t
Kddb`j, tnj Urkarhi Ihohajijot Kddb`j, tnj
Urkgj`t Puppkrt Kddb`j, hom sk ko. 

@nhptjr =-33
 

]nj Urkgj`t Ihohajijot Kdd b`j

b`j
 ]njrj hrj h vhrbjty
vhrbjty kd dkris k
kdd UIKs tk
sjrvj h vhrbjty kd ojjms. Pkij kd tnjsj hrj ht
h fkw fjvjf bo tnj krahobzhtbko hom ktnjrs
rjpkrt tk tnj nbanjst fjvjfs. ]nj cjst UIKs
(Chljr, 3551) nhvj skij `kiiko
`nhrh`tjrbstb`s, nkwjvjr, bo`fumboa tnj trhbts
kd cjboa ruo fblj tnj cjst cusbojssjs (h
cusbojss pfho, dk`usjm, jipnhsbs ko rjsufts),
jogkyboa strkoa jxj`utbvj suppkrt, cjboa
duturj-krbjotjm
duturj-krbj otjm fjhroboa krahobzhtbkos
krahobzhtbkos,, hom
kddjrboa tnj cjst prkgj`t fjhmjrsnbp bo tnj
krahobzhtbko. @nhptjr =-33
 Uurpksjs kd tnj Urkgj`t
 

Ihohajijot Kdd b`j
b`j (UIK)
H ihgkr `kotrbcutbko kd UIKs bs tk
jsthcfbsn prkgj`t hmibobstrhtbko prk`jmurjs
dkr sjfj`tboa, bobtbhfbzboa hom pfhooboa,
cumajtboa, hom s`njmufboa prkgj`ts hs wjff hs
tk sjrvj hs h rjpksbtkry dkr rjpkrts ko tnj
pjrdkriho`j kd tnj pfhooboa, cumajtboa,
s`njmufboa, hom rjskur`j hffk`htbko prk`jssjs.
UIK dbfjs hfsk kdtjo `kothbo rjpkrts ko rbsl
ihohajijot, prkgj`t humbts, jvhfuhtbkos, hom
nbstkrbjs.

@nhptjr =-33
 Uurpksjs kd tnj Urkgj`t
 

Ihohajijot Kdd b`j
b`j (UIK)
Bt bs bipkrthot tk oktj tnht tnj rkfj kd tnj
UIK bs tnht kd ho johcfjr/dh`bfbthtkr  kd
 kd
prkgj`ts, okt tnj mkjr  kd
 kd prkgj`ts. ]kp
ihohajijot `hookt hffkw tnj UIK tk usurp
tnj tj`nob`hf hspj`ts”s`njmufboa, cumajtboa,
jt`.”kd ruooboa tnj prkgj`t. ]nksj hrj tnj
prkgj`t ihohajr‒s rjspkosbcbfbty. Hftnkuan tnj
UIK ihy, ko k``hsbko, cj`kij bovkfvjm bo
skij prkgj`t ihohajijot thsls, bt snkufm cj
dkr tnj purpksj kd dh`bfbthtboa fbhbsko wbtn tkp
ihohajijot, okt tk mk tnj wkrl kd tnj prkgj`t
tjhi. @nhptjr =-33
 

]hsl kd tnj Urkgj`t Ihohajijot Kddb`j

 ]k h`nbjvj bts akhfs, UIKs `kiikofy pjrdkri ihoy kd tnj
dkffkwboa thsls (Cfk`l, 8222)7
 
 Jsthcfbsn hom jodkr`j akkm prkgj`t ihohajijot prk`jssjs

su`n hs rjpkrts,
prkarjss prk`jmurjs dkr cbmmboa,
jxj`utboa rbsl
`kotrh`ts, hohfysbs,
hom sjfj`tboaprkgj`t sjfj`tbko,
skdtwhrj
Hssjss hom biprkvj tnj krahobzhtbko‒s prkgj`t ihohajijot


ihturbty 
 Mjvjfkp hom biprkvj ho jotjrprbsj prkgj`t ihohajijot systji
Kddjr trhboboa bo prkgj`t
 ihohajijot hom njfp prkgj`t
ihohajrs cj`kij `jrtbdbjm
•Bmjotbdy, mjvjfkp, hom ijotkr prkgj`t ihohajrs hom ihbothbo h
sthcfj kd `kipjtjot `hombmhtjs

@nhptjr =-33
 

]hsl kd tnj Urkgj`t Ihohajijot Kddb`j

 Kddjr `kosuftboa sjrvb`js tk tnj krahobzhtbko‒s prkgj`t ihohajrs
 Njfp prkgj`t ihohajrs wbtn hmibobstrhtbvj mjthbfs su`n hs
sthtus rjpkrts
 Jsthcfbsn h prk`jss dkr jstbihtbko hom jvhfuhtbko kd rbsl •

Mjtjriboj
krahobzhtbkobd h ojw prkgj`t bs h akkm ‖db t’ dkr tnj `nhoaboa
 Bmjotbdy mkwostrjhi `nhoajs (ihrljt, krahobzhtbko) hom tnjbr
biph`ts ko `urrjot prkgj`ts7 Hrj tnj prkgj`ts stbff rjfjvhot; Bs
tnjrj h ojjm tk `nhoaj hoy prkgj`t‒s s`kpj; Hrj tnjrj hoy `kst
jddj`ts ko tnj prkgj`ts;
• Sjvbjw hom ihohaj tnj krahobzhtbko‒s prkgj`t rbsl pkrtdkfbk,
bo`fumboa fbibtboa tnj ouicjr kd h`tbvj prkgj`ts ht hoy abvjo
tbij hom bmjotbdyboa hom rjboboa bo ruohwhy prkgj`ts hs wjff hs
ihohaboa pktjotbhf mbshstjrs

@nhptjr =-33
 

]hsl kd tnj Urkgj`t Ihohajijot Kddb`j

 @komu`t prkgj`t rjvbjws hom humbts, phrtb`ufhrfy jhrfy bo jh`n
prkgj`t‒s fbdj `y`fj, hom rjpkrt prkgj`t prkarjss rjfhtbvj tk tnj
krahobzhtbko‒s akhfs
 Ihbothbo hom stkrj prkgj`t hr`nbvjs


Jsthcfbsn
pkkf h prkgj`t rjskur`j mhthchsj hom ihohaj tnj rjskur`j
 Pjrvj hs h `nhipbko tk pursuj prkgj`t ihohajijot jx`jffjo`j
bo tnj krahobzhtbko hom jo`kurhaj mbs`ussbko ko tnj vhfuj kd
bombvbmuhf prkgj`ts bo tnj dbri

Pjrvj hs h ‖nkij’ dkr prkgj`t ihohajrs tk `kiiuob`htj wbtn
jh`n ktnjr hom wbtn UIK sthdd 
 @kffj`t hom mbssjibohtj bodkrihtbko hom tj`nobqujs rjpkrtjm bo
prkgj`t jvhfuhtbkos tnht `ho biprkvj prkgj`t ihohajijot
prh`tb`js
• Hssbst bo prkgj`t tjribohtbko
@nhptjr =-33
 

Dkris kd tnj Urkgj`t Ihohajijot

Kddb`j
 ]njrj hrj vhrbkus dkris kd UIKs tnht nhvj sbibfhr
rjspkosbcbfbtbjs. ]nht bs, skij krahobzhtbkos ihy kofy whot h
fbibtjm UIK tnht rjprjsjots ho bodkrihtbko `jotjr, rjpkrtboa
ko prkgj`t prkarjss hom hssjssboa tnj krahobzhtbko‒s prkgj`t

ihturbty.
ihohajijotHt tnj ojxt fjvjf,
prk`jmurjs homtnj UIK ihy
prh`tb`js, jsthcfbsn fjsskos
prkiufahtj prkgj`t
fjhrojm drki prbkr prkgj`ts, `rjhtj h mhthchsj dkr rbsl
hohfysbs, njfp prkgj`t ihohajrs wbtn hmibobstrhtbvj hom
ihohajrbhf ihttjrs, hom pkssbcfy jvjo kddjr chsb` trhboboa bo
prkgj`t ihohajijot. Ht tnj uppjr fjvjf, tnj UIK ihy
jsthcfbsn h rjskur`j mhthchsj hom ikobtkr botjr-prkgj`t
mjpjomjo`bjs, ihohaj tnj prkgj`t pkrtdkfbk tk josurj
htthboijot kd tnj krahobzhtbko‒s akhfs, humbt hom prbkrbtbzj

bombvbmuhf prkgj`ts, systji.

prkgj`t ihohajijot hom ajojrhffy jsthcfbsn ho jotjrprbsj
@nhptjr =-33
 

Bipfjijotboa tnj Urkgj`t

Ihohajijot Kddb`j
 ]nj cjst why tk bipfjijot h UIK bs tk trjht bt hs h
prkgj`t hom hppfy akkm prkgj`t ihohajijot prk`jmurjs.
Bo hmmbtbko, abvjo tnj rkfj kd tnbs spj`bhf typj kd prkgj`t,
bt bs hfsk suaajstjm tnht tnj jddkrt okt cj bobtbhtjm uotbf
bt nhs tnj duff `kiibtijot kd tnj tkp ihohajrs kd tnj
krahobzhtbko. Bt snkufm hfsk nhvj h sjobkr ihohajijot
spkoskr/`nhipbko wnk bs mjtjribojm tk sjj tnbs
prkgj`t tnrkuan tk su``jss. Koj why tk bobtbhtj tnj
prkgj`t bs tnrkuan h pbfkt prkarhi bo koj kd tnj hrjhs
tnht dhffs uomjr tnj rjspkosbcbfbty kd tnj UIK prkgj`t
`nhipbko. Dkffkwboa bts `kipfjtbko, tnj pbfkt prkgj`t
`ho cj hssjssjm, hoy ibsthljs `krrj`tjm, hom tnj
cjojdbts pucfb`bzjm tk tnj rjst kd tnj krahobzhtbko.
@nhptjr =-33
 

]nj Urkgj`t ]jhi

 ]k sthdd h prkgj`t, tnj prkgj`t ihohajr wkrls drki
h dkrj`hst kd pjrskoojf ojjms kvjr tnj fbdj `y`fj kd
tnj prkgj`t
  H wkrl crjhlmkwo stru`turj
stru`turj (QCP) bs prjphrjm
prjphrjm tk
mjtjriboj tnj jxh`t ohturj kd tnj thsls rjqubrjm tk
`kipfjtj tnj prkgj`t
 Plbffs rjqubrjijots dkr tnjsj thsls hrj hssjssjm hom fblj
f blj
slbffs hrj haarjahtjm tk mjtjriboj wkrl dkr`j ojjms
 Drki tnbs chsj, tnj duo`tbkohf mjphrtijots hrj `koth`tjm
tk fk`htj bombvbmuhfs wnk `ho ijjt tnjsj ojjms

@jrthbo thsls ihy cj suc`kotrh`tjm
@nhptjr =-33
 

]nj Urkgj`t ]jhi

 ]njrj hrj skij pjkpfj wnk hrj ikrj `rbtb`hf tk
tnj prkgj`t‒s su``jss tnho ktnjrs hom snkufm
rjpkrt mbrj`tfy tk tnj prkgj`t ihohajr kr tnj
prkgj`t ihohajr‒s mjputy7
 Pjobkr prkgj`t tjhi ijicjrs wnk wbff cj nhvboa h
fkoa-tjri rjfhtbkosnbp wbtn tnj prkgj`t
 ]nksj wbtn wnki tnj prkgj`t ihohajr rjqubrjs
`kotboukus kr `fksj `kiiuob`htbko
 ]nksj wbtn rhrj slbffs oj`jsshry tk prkgj`t su``jss
 @nhptjr = 30

Nuiho Dh`tkrs hom tnj

Urkgj`t ]jhi
 Ijjtboa s`njmufj hom `kst akhfs, wbtnkut
`kiprkibsboa pjrdkriho`j bs h tj`nob`hf

prkcfji, wbtn h nuiho mbijosbko

 Urkgj`t prkdjssbkohfs tjom tk cj pjrdj`tbkobsts
 Urbmj bo wkrlihosnbp fjhms tnj tjhi ijicjr tk
biprkvj (hom tnus `nhoaj) tnj prkmu`t
 ]njsj `nhoajs `husj mjfhys bo tnj prkgj`t
 @nhptjr = 3=

Nuiho Dh`tkrs hom tnj

Urkgj`t ]jhi
 Iktbvhtboa Urkgj`t ]jhi Ijicjrs7
 ]nj prkgj`t ihohajr kdtjo nhs fbttfj `kotrkf kvjr tnj
j`kokib` rjwhrms hom prkiktbkos kd prkgj`t tjhi
ijicjrs, cut tnbs mkjs okt ijho nj/snj `hookt
iktbvhtj ijicjrs kd tnj tjhi
 Nkw hrj tj`nob`hf jipfkyjjs iktbvhtjm;
 Sj`kaobtbko

  H`nbjvjij
 H`nbjvjijot
ot
 ]nj wkrl btsjfd 

 Sjspkosbcbfbty

  Hmvho`jijo
 Hmvho`jijott
  ]nj `nho`j tk fjhro ojw slbffs @nhptjr = 3:

Pkij Hmvhothajs kd Jipkwjrboa

Urkgj`t ]jhis
 Jipkwjrijot kd prkgj`t tjhis bs hfsk h
iktbvhtbkohf dh`tkr7
 8. Bt nhrojssjs
nhrojssjs tnj hcbfbty kd tnj tj
tjhi
hi ijicjrs
ijicjrs tk
ihobpufhtj thsls sk tnht prkgj`t kcgj`tbvjs hrj ijt.
]nj tjhi bs jo`kurhajm tk dbom cjttjr whys kd mkboa
tnboas
 3. Urkdjssbkohfs mk okt fblj cjboa ib`rkihohajm.
Uhrtb`bphtbvj ihohajijot mkjs okt tjff tnji nkw tk
wkrl cut abvjo h akhf, hffkws tnji tk mjsbao tnjbr
kwo ijtnkms
 0. ]nj tjhi
tjhi ijicjrs
ijicjrs lokw tnjytnjy hrj rjspkosbcfj hom
h``kuothcfj dkr h`nbjvboa tnj prkgj`t mjfbvjrhcfjs
 @nhptjr = 34

Pkij Hmvhothajs kd Jipkwjrboa

Urkgj`t ]jhis
  Hmvhothajs kd Jipkwjrijot (`k
(`kot.)7
ot.)7
 =. ]njrj bs h akkm `nho`j tnht syojrabstb` skfutbkos
skfutbkos
wbff rjsuft drki tjhi botjrh`tbko
 :. ]jhi ijicjrs ajt tbijfy djjmch`l ko tnjbr
pjrdkriho`j
 4. ]nj prkgj`t
prkgj`t ihohajr bs prkvbmjm h tkkf dkr
jvhfuhtboa tnj tjhi‒s pjrdkriho`j
 @nhptjr = 31

Botjrpjrskohf @kodfb`t
 ]nj dk`us kd `kodfb`t `ho kdtjo cj rjfhtjm tk tnj sthaj bo
tnj prkgj`t‒s fbdj `y`fj
 Qnjo tnj prkgj`t bs dbrst krahobzjm, prbkrbtbjs, prk`jmurjs hom
s`njmufjs hff nhvj rkuanfy jquhf pktjotbhf tk `husj `kodfb`t
 Murboa tnj cubfmup pnhsj, prbkrbtbjs cj`kij sbaobdb`hotfy ikrj
bipkrthot tnho hoy ktnjr `kodfb`t dh`tkr
 Bo tnj ihbo prkarhi pnhsj s`njmufjs hrj tnj ikst bipkrthot
`husj kd `kodfb`t dkffkwjm cy tj`nob`hf mbsharjjijots
  Ht tnj prkgj`t dbobsn, ijjtboa tnj s`njmufj bs tnj `rbtb`hf bssuj
 @nhptjr =-3>

Botjrpjrskohf @kodfb`t
 @kodfb`t hom tnj Urkgj`t Ihohajr
 Ikst kd tnj `kodfb`t ko prkgj`t tjhis bs tnj rjsuft kd

bombvbmuhfs dk`usboa ko tnj prkgj`t tnrkuan tnj jyjs kd

tnjbr bombvbmuhf mbs`bpfboj kr mjphrtijot
 @kodfb`t hvkbmjrs mk okt ihlj su``jssduf prkgj`t
ihohajrs
 Ko k``hsbko, `kiprkibsj hppjhrs tk cj njfpduf, cut
ikst kdtjo, ajotfy `kodrkotboa hom rjskfvboa tnj `kodfb`t
bs tnj ijtnkm kd `nkb`j, dkr h wbo-wbo sbtuhtbko