DFKZNUFE EJ @BIJB@JQÍF @BEZ[UQ@FN

KZQ[H

IJ[U@ÛB EJN MJE@H FMA@JBUJ

UJMF

KHB[JQTFK@ÛB
KHB[JQTFK@ÛB EJ NF A@HE@TJQ[@EFE y A@HUJKBHNHIÍF[

@BTJ[U@IFK@HB

SQHPJKUH EJ A@HKHBUQHNFEHQJ[ - KQ@FB\F EJ KQ@[HSF[

EHKJBUJ

M[k @bi. Lhsà Fnajrth Qfmûb [`nvf Ej Nfs Kfsfs

FNZMBH

Q`vjrf Kjrvfbtjs, Fbíafn Sfun - 6;13645

1311
 @. @BUQHEZKK@HB

Eurfbtj vfr`fs eàkfefs fbtjs ej nf fpfr`k`ûb ej nfs hrifb`zfk`hbjs quj sj prjhkupfrfb phr

jn fma`jbtj y phr nf shstjb`a`n`efe ej jstj, nfs `beustr`fs y irfbejs jmprjsfs firíkhnfs

usfafb ej dhrmf ejsmje`ef nhs quím`khs pfrf jn khbtrhn ej nfs pnfifs quj sj prjsjbtfafb

jb nfs khsjkgfs, fsí khmh ejbtrh ej nhs jspfk`hs ehbej sj khbtfafb khb pfrqujs y lfre`bjs

ej irfb jxtjbs`ûb.

Jn ush ej `bsjkk`efs sus ejr`vfehs jb nhs ünmhs s`inhs f `bkrjmjbtfeh khbs`ejrfanjmjbt

khbs`ejrfanjmjbtj
j

nf prheukk`ûb firíkhnf, kuyf prheukk`ûb jb bujstrh pfís js nf ej mfyhr ejmfbef, yf quj,

khbtfmhs khb prjsjbk`f firíkhnf jb nfs e`djrjbtjs rji`hbjs ej bujstrh Sjrü.

Bh hastfbtj, jn ush ej e`kghs khmphbjbtjs quím`khs s`iuj kfusfbeh eföhs f nf sfnue ej nfs
pjrshbfs quj sj nhkfn`zfb jb nhs fnrjejehrjs ej nhs nuifrjs ehbej sj jmpnjfb.

Js phr jnnh quj mje`fbtj jstj prhyjkth sj ejsjf ar`befr fntjrbfvfs quj sjfb fm`ifanjs khb

jn fma`jbtj pfrf phejr ar`befr ubf kfn`efe ej v`ef hpmf f nfs pjrshbfs quj bh shnh jstæb

kjrkfbfs f nhs kunvhs s`bh tfma`àb f nhs khbsum`ehrjs bfnjs ej nhs prheukths firíkhnfs.

Jstf fntjrbfvf quj sj pnfbjtf khb jstj prhyjkth ej nf kr`fbzf ej kr`shpfs (Kgryshpjrnf)

khmh fntjrbfvf pfrf jxtjrm`bfr pnfifs, yf quj, shb a`hkhbtrhnfehnjs muy jk`jbtjs pfrf nf

jn`m`bfk`ûb ej pnfifs prjsjbtjs jb kunvhs, pnfbtfs kfsjrfs, frækb`ehs y ejmæs.

Khb jstj prhyjkth tjbjmhs khmh b jn khmprhafr nf jkfk`f ej nf kr`fbzf y ubf phs`anj

rjprheukk`ûb ej nfs kr`shpfs fbtj nfs e`djrjbtjs khbe`k`hbjs kn`mækfs quj prjsjbtf N`mf

Mjtrhphn`tfbf y fsí phejr nhirf ub krjk`m`jbth shstjb`anj s`b nf un`zfk`ûb ej `bsjkk`efs h

ejmæs prheukths quím`khs quj eföjb bujstrh fma`jbtj y ijbjrjb phs`anjs pjn`irhs pfrf nf

sfnue ej nhs gfa`tfbtjs.

 @@. QJT@[HB EJ N@UJQFUZQF

Nf kr`shpf js ub frtrûpheh quj pjrtjbjkj f nf knfsj ej nhs `bsjkths. Fubquj mukghs

khbs`ejrfb f nfs kr`shpfs khmh `bsjkths ajbjk`hshs, yf quj, ej fniubf mfbjrf jb e`sbths

gujrths, lfre`bjs, pfrqujs y ejmæs nuifrjs ehbej sj khbkjbtrjb e`djrjbtjs phs ej pnfbtfs

y khsjkgfs ehbej pujefb prhn`djrfr nfs e`djrjbtjs pnfifs. Nfs kr`shpfs pherífb tjbjr

prjsjbk`f bfturfn jb nfs khsjkgfs h pheífb sjr `btrheuk`efs phr nf mfbh ejn ghmarj.

Fbtj nh mjbk`hbfeh phejmhs mjbk`hbfr quj jx`stjb e`vjrsfs jspjk`js ej kr`shpfs f b`vjn

inhafn y jsth nh frmf Hswfne, (136:) y Nfvfib`b`, (136:).

Nf dfm`n`f Kgryshp`efj khmprjbej 656; jspjk`js y suajspjk`js e`str`au`efs jb 71

iàbjrhs? Kgryshpjrnf jxtjrbf Gfijb 6746 js khbs`ejrfef nf ej mfyhr faubefbk`f jb

Fmàr`kf y pujej sjr jbkhbtrfef ejsej jn sur ej Jstfehs Zb`ehs gfstf Frijbbf.

Jb bujstrh tjrr`thr`h phejmhs jbkhbtrfr tfma`àb nf prjsjbk`f ej nfs kr`shpfs jb sus

e`djrjbtjs jspjk`js khmh bhs nh mjbk`hbf Büöjz y Sfreh (1333).

[jöfnfb f nf Kgryshp`efj khmh nf dfm`n`f quj jstæ khbdhrmfef khb 14 jspjk`js

pjrtjbjk`jbtjs f 66 iàbjrhs ej jstf dfm`n`f, ehbej 63 shb nfs mæs khmubjs,

mjbk`hbfbeh f nf Kgryshpjrnf jxtjrbf Gfijb y Kjrfjhkgrysf k`btf [kgbj`ejr, khmh

nfs jspjk`js pjrufbfs quj ejstfkfb phr sus kfrfktjrískfs prjefthr`f

prjefthr`fs,
s, fmpn`f

e`str`auk`ûb, prjsjbk`f ej feunths theh jn föh, dæk`n kr`fbzf jb kfuvjr`h, phtjbk`fn

pfrf fefptfrsj f vfr`hs fma`jbtjs ej kunvh y su rjs`stjbk`f f bumjrhshs pjsk`efs.

Kgryshpjrnf kfrbjf js ub ejprjefehr ijbjrfn`stf y vhrfz jb s`stjmfs firíkhnfs (Ufuajr jt fn.,

1333), tfma`àb prjsjbtfb ub fmpn`h `btjrvfnh ej prjsfs (MkJwjb jt fn., 1336), sj nj

khbs`ejrf ubh ej nhs fijbtjs a`hnûi`khs ej khbtrhn ej pnfifs muy jdjkvh jbtrj nhs

e`djrjbtjs khbtrhnfehrjs a`hnûi`khs.

Nfs nfrvfs ej nhs kr`sûp`ehs shb muy mûv`njs, prjsjbtfb fntf kfpfk`efe ej aüsqujef sharj

e`vjrsfs pnfifs khmh æehs, kûkk`ehs, tr`ps, fnj`rûe`ehs, jbtrj htrfs, yf quj ejprjefb

fkvfmjbtj sharj jsths `bsjkths (Ifmahf jt fn., 1364).

Jsth bhs khbnnjvf f vjr jn prhkjsh jb jn kufn nfs kr`shpfs sj vfb ejsfrrhnnfbeh sjiüb nhs

e`djrjbtjs kn`mfs ej bujstrf k`uefe. Shejmhs vjr mfrkfefs nfs 1 irfbejs jtfpfs khmh nf

kr`fbzf ej nfrvfs y nf kr`fbzf ej feunths. Jb jstj mhmjbth vjrjmhs khmh nf kr`fbzf ej nfrvfs

sj vj fdjktfef phr jn kfb`afn`smh y [jiüb Jn`zfajtg Büöjz (6003).

„Nf kr`fbzf ej nfrvfs js nf jtfpf kríkf jb nf prheukk`ûb mfs`vf. Jn mfbjlh sj vj

e`kuntfeh phr jn fkjbtufeh kfb`afn`smh quj prjsjbtfb jspjk`fnmjbtj nfs nfrvfs

lûvjbjs, nfs kufnjs

kufnjs sj fn`mjbtfb ej gujvhs bh jknhs`hbfehs, ej htrfs
htrfs nfrvfs j `bk
`bknush
nush

ej feunths”

Fghrf nf kr`fbzf ejn feunth ejpjbej mæs quj theh sharj nf prhtjkk`ûb ej nf prjpupf y pupf

khmh bhs nh mjbk`hbf Jn`zfajtg Büöjz (6003).

„Nhs khkhbjs, quj prhtjijb `b`k`fnmjbtj nf prjpupf y sjiu`efmjbtj nf pupf, sj

jbkujbtrfb fegjr`ehs f nfs pfrjejs ej nfs kjnefs jb nfs ub`efejs ej kr`fbzf ej

nfrvfs”

[jiüb nhs jstue`hs rjfn`zfehs phr pfrtj ej Jn`zfajtg Büöjz (6003) bhs mjbk`hbf quj<

„pfrf ub bhrmfn fpfrjfm`jbth y hv`phs`k`ûb ej jstfs jspjk`js sj bjkjs`tfb

khbe`k`hbjs ej pjbumarf u hskur`efe”

Nfs khbs`ejrfk`hbjs sharj nh quà ejaj sjr nh shstjb`anj khb nf kr`fbzf y rjprheukk`ûb ej nfs

kr`shpfs, tfbth kûmh gfkjrnh pjreurfanj jb jn jmph ej dhrmf jqu`tfvf shb nfs knfvjs ejn

bujvh jbdhquj ejn ejsfrrhnnh gumfbh mje`fbtj nf `mpnjmjbtfk`ûb f irfb jskfnf ej nhs

a`hkhbtrhnfehrjs khb fphyh ej nhs iha`jrbhs.

@@@. MFUJQ@FNJ[

f) Mftj
Mftjr`
r`fn
fn A`hn
A`hnûi
ûi`k
`kh
h

 36 jbvfsj khb 533 gujvhs ej kr`shpfs (Kgryshpjrnf).

 36 jbvfsj khb fn`mjbth (gujvhs ej [`thtrhif kjrjfnjnnf ejaj sjr rjdr`ijrfeh)

a) Mftj
Mftjr`
r`fn
fn ej shph
shphrt
rtj
j


36 jbvfsj ej pnæskh (afnej 5 nt) khb tfpf.
  36 kukgfr`tf pfrf mje`r jn fn`mjbth.

 31 pföh ej tjnf phn`sjef khnhr anfbkh.

 36 p`bkjn.

 36 nupf.

 36 rjinf.

 31 ghlfs ej pfpjn ahbe F5 ej khnhr.

 vfr`hs pjefzhs ej kfrtûb ej e`djrjbtj tfmföh ej hbef pfrf nfs e`djrjbtjs

jtfpfs ej krjk`m`jbth.

@T.
@T. NZ
NZIF
IFQ
QEEJJ JLJ
JLJKZ
KZK@
K@HB
HB EJ
EJNN S
SQH
QHPJ
PJKU
KUH
H

Bhmarj ejn e`str`th< Nur`ifbkgh - Kghs`kf

Kfrfktjrískfs ej ejsfrrhnnh urafbh< Fniubfs kfrfktjrískfs sharjsfn`jbtjs shb nhs fmpn`hs

jspfk`hs ej ærjfs vjrejs `btjirfehs khb jn ejsfrrhnnh khmjrk`fn, `beustr`fn y rjs`ejbk`fn.

Kfrfktjrískfs kn`mækfs ejn e`str`th< Jstæ ua`kfeh jb Pubif Mfrímf, phsjj

ub kn`mf kæn`eh mhejrfeh h tjmpnfeh kæn`eh.

Ærjfs bfturfnjs/vjrejs ejn e`str`th< Kghs`kf kujbtf khb fnrjejehr ej 6; pfrqujs ej tfmföh

prhmje`h y jn pfrquj kjbtrfn quj js jn ej mfyhr e`mjbs`ûb, khb rjspjkth f nfs ærjfs vjrejs

js ub e`str`th quj kujbtf khb mukghs knuajs kfmpjstrjs ehbej sj phsjj irfbejs

jxtjbs`hbjs ej ærjfs vjrejs.

Shanfk`ûb y khbk`jbk`f fma`jbtfn< Kghs`kf kujbtf khb ub fprhx`mfeh ej 153 765 gfa`tfbtjs

y nf kunturf fma`jbtfn quj phsjj js muy jskfsf, yf quj, bh sj ijbjrf khbk`jbk`f fma`jbtfn

ejsej nhs khnji`hs.

Srhyjkths fma`jbtfnjs ejsfrrhnnfehs ejn e`str`th< nhs mfs rjsfntfbtjs shb

-Nf dhrmfk`ûb ej prhmhthrjs fma`jbtfnjs luvjb`njs y khmub`tfr`hs.

-@mpnjmjbtfk`ûb ej sjnjkk`hbfehr ej rjs`euhs.

-Srhirfmf ej rjk`knflj jb @J

Sr`bk`pfnjs prhanjmfs fma`jbtfnjs ejn e`str`th< Nhs prhanjmfs mfs rjsfntfbtjs ejn e`str`th

js jn khbtrhn ej nf khbtfm`bfk`ûb phr pfrtj ej nfs `beustr`fs quj hpjrfb jb jn e`str`th ej

mfbjrf dhrmfn j `bdhrmfn. Shr htrh nfeh, nf rjkhnjkk`ûb ej afsurf bh sj rjfn`zf sjiüb nhs

ghrfr`hs jstfanjk`ehs.

T. A@UF
A@UFKH
KHQF
QF EJ
EJ [JIZ
[JIZ@M
@M@J
@JBU
BUH
H EJN
EJN SQHP
SQHPJK
JKUH
UH EJ
EJ KQ@F
KQ@FB\
B\F
F

Ejsej nf jbtrjif ej nhs mftjr`fnjs gfstf nf `mpnfbtfk`ûb ej nhs gujvhs jb jn ejphs`th

ej kr`fbzf (afnej 5 Nt), y s`iu`jbeh nfs `be`kfk`hbjs ar`befefs phr jn ehkjbtj pfrf nf

fn`mjbtfk`ûb hatuvh jn s`iu`jbtj kuferh khmh rjsuntfeh ejn sjiu`m`jbth<

Ujmpjrfturf
Djkgf Eífs ej Kr`fbzf Ghrfr`h Hasjrvfk`ûb
ejn fma`jbtj
67/35/1311 3 60 ³K 63<5: Qjkjpk`ûb ej o`t ej kr`fbzf
@mpnfbtfk`ûb ej gujvhs ej
67/35/1311 3 11 ³K 6;<:3 kr`shpfs lubth khb nhs trhzhs
ej kfrtûb
Fn`mjbtfk`ûb, khbtrhn ej
13/35/1311 1 1: ³K 63<;3 gujvhs y fpfr`k`ûb ej 6jrf
kr`shpf
Fn`mjbtfk`ûb, khbtrhn ej
11/35/1311 5 15 ³K 30<;3 gujvhs, kr`shpfs y pr`mjrf
mje`k`ûb ej kr`shpf
Fn`mjbtfk`ûb y khbtrhn ej
15/35/1311 4 1: ³K 30<33
krjk`m`jbth ej kr`shpfs
Fn`mjbtfk`ûb y guah kr`shpfs
quj prjsjbtfrhb kfb`afn`smh y
14/35/1311 7 14 ³K 63<33
duj rji`strfeh
dhthirækfmjbtj
Fn`mjbtfk`ûb khb mhskfs,
17/35/1311 63 1: ³K 37<:3 khbtrhn ej krjk`m`jbth j
`birjsh ej rfmfs y ghlfs
 Fn`mjbtfk`ûb khb mhskfs,
;3/35/1311 61 15 ³K 30<;3
punihbjs y kfma`h ej ghlfs

1/3:/1311 65 15 ³K 63<33 Fn`mjbtfk`ûb ej kr`shpfs

Fn`mjbtfk`ûb y khbtrhn ej
5/3:/1311 64 14 ³K 30<33
krjk`m`jbth ej kr`shpfs

4/3:/1311 67 1: ³K 63<33 Fn`mjbtfk`ûb

punihbjs khb mhskfs,
y kfma`h ej ghlfs

7/3:/1311 13 15 ³K 37<:3 Fn`mjbtfk`ûb ej kr`shpfs

Fn`mjbtfk`ûb ej kr`shpfs y
63/3:/1311 11 15 ³K 30<;3
mje`k`ûb
[j prjsjbk`h nfs pr`mjrfs
6;/3:/1311 15 14 ³K 63<33
kr`shpfs feuntfs
Fn`mjbtfk`ûb khb m`jn ej
64/3:/1311 14 1: ³K 30<33 kr`shpfs feuntfs, sj
prjsjbk`frhb mæs ej 1:
N`ajrfk`ûb ej ub prhmje`h ej
60/3:/1311 17 15 ³K 66<;3
73 f 0: kr`shpfs feuntfs

Khmpfrfk`ûb ej fniubhs efths ej nf n`tjrfturf khb nhs efths jxpjr`mjbtfnjs

Nh quj sj rji`strf Jxpn`kfk`ûb ej nf e`djrjbk`f ej

Nh quj `be`kf jn futhr
eurfbtj jn jxpjr`mjbth eífs

Jb bujstrh jxpjr`mjbth
nhs gujvhs jknhs`hbfrhb Vu`zæ js phrquj bh sj bhs
Jb nf jtfpf ej gujvhs sjiüb
jb su mfyhríf f nhs 1 jbtrjiû nhs gujvhs rjk`àb
"Büöjz (6003)" bh e`kj quj nhs
eífs ej jstfr djkubefehs y duj ejspuàs ej
gujvhs jknhs`hbfb fn sjxth eíf
`mpnfbtfehs jb jn fniubhs eífs
rjk`p`jbtj

Sfrf nf jtfpf nfrvf "Khrafbf [jiüb nh mhstrfeh jb jn

Nf e`djrjbk`f jbtrj nhs eífs ej
(1360)" `be`kf quj jn prhmje`h ej jxpjr`mjbth sj ejmhrû
nfrvf sj ejaj jb pr`bk`pfn
eíf jstæ khmprjbe`eh jbtrj 61 - jbtrj 63 - 61 khb ubf
mje`ef f nf tjmpjrfturf ejn
60 eífs f ubf tjmpjrfturf tjmpjrfturf prhmje`h
mje`h fma`jbtj
prhmje`h ej 11³K ej 15³K
[jiüb "Büöjz (6003)" jn pfsh ej
Jb jstj kfsh tjberífmhs kfs` jn
gujvh f feunth ejajríf
Nh mhstrfeh jb jn m`smh jmph ej kr`fbzf gfstf
khmpnjtfrsj jb ub pjr`heh ej 17
jxpjr`mjbth bhs ef ub nf jtfpf feuntf, shnh quj
¶ 3.:; eífs, fknfrfbeh quj khb ub
jmph ej 17 ¶ 6.: eífs gua`jrhb vfr`fk`hbjs jb nhs eífs
mæx`mh ej ;5 eífs y khmh
khrrjsphbe`jbtjs f kfef jtfpf
míb`mh ej 13 eífs.

T@. MFUJQ@FN DH
DHUHIQFD@KH
T@@. KHBKNZ[@HBJ[

 [j pujej frmfr quj nfs khbe`k`hbjs ej kn`mf, khmh nf tjmpjrfturf `buyjb jb jn

ejsfrrhnnh ej nfs kr`shpfs, ar`befbeh ub ejsfrrhnnh hpmh y ub phkh mfs fkjnjrfeh

quj f aflfs tjmpjrfturfs.

 Jn tjmf ej nf fn`mjbtfk`ûb tfma`àb `buyj jb jn ejsfrrhnnh ej nfs kr`shpfs, fqujnnfs

quj sj fn`mjbtfb khb khm`ef afnfbkjfef jbejb f krjkjr mæs ræp`eh quj nfs

kr`shpfs quj shb fn`mjbtfefs khb pnfifs jb jtfpf ej nfrvf.

 Ej nhs fprhx`mfehs 533 gujvjk`nnhs quj sj pnfbtfrhb jb jn rjk`p`jbtj (afnej ej 5 Nt)

bh thehs nnjifb f ejsfrrhnnfrsj eja`eh fn kfb`afn`smh quj sukjej khb mfs drjkujbk`f

jb nf jtfpf ej nfrvf.
T@@@. KZJ[U@HBFQ@H

f. ¸Kûmh sj rjnfk`hbf jn prjsjbtj prhyjkth khb nhs haljvhs ej ejsfrrhnnh shstjb`anj8

 Nf `mpnjmjbtfk`ûb ej nhs a`hkhbtrhnfehrjs bh ijbjrfb b`biüb ph ej eföh fn

fma`jbtj, nh quj sfnvfiufref ub fma`jbtj sfnuefanj pfrf nfs duturfs ijbjrfk`hbjs.

 Ufma`àb sj rjnfk`hbf phr jn nfeh jkhbûm`kh ej nf shstjb`a`n`efe eja`eh f quj nf

`mpnjmjbtfk`ûb ej jstj ph ej prhyjkth bjkjs`tf ej ubf dujrtj `bvjrs`ûb pfrf jv`tfr

jn ush ej nhs `bsjkk`efs, pnfiu`k`efs, jtk. Jnnh khbnnjvf jnfahrfr pnfbjs f nfrih pnfzh

nhs kufnjs pujefb ar`befr hphrtub`efejs ej trfaflh pfrf nf khmub`efe quj ejsjj

`mpnfbtfrnf.

 Jstf `bvjsifk`ûb tfma`àb bhs pjrm`tj quj nhs prheukths firíkhnfs bh sjfb tfb

bhk`vhs khb nf fpn`kfk`ûb ej `bsjkk`efs, pnfiu`k`efs,

pnfiu`k`efs, jtk.

a. ¸Kûmh pheríf mhvfr jb nf phanfk`ûb y jb sus futhr`efejs jn ejsfrrhnnh ej prhyjkths

khmh jn quj Zstje gf rjfn`zfeh khb nfs kr`shpfs8 Dubefmjbtj y jxpn`quj su rjspujstf.

Nf pr`bk`pfn dhrmf ej mhvfr f nf phanfk`ûb y f nfs futhr`efejs js jbsjöæbehnjs

j bsjöæbehnjs ej mfbjrf

haljvf khmh jn ush ej a`hkhbtrhnfehrjs shb ajbjk`hshs pfrf jn ku`efeh ej nf sfnue y jn

fma`jbtj jb rji`hbjs ejn Sjrü ehbej sj fpn`kfb jb htrhs pfísjs, ej jsf mfbjrf tjberífmhs
rjspfneh pfrf ubf phs`anj fpn`kfk`ûb jb bujstrh e`str`th, thmfbeh jb kujbtf quj irfb pfrtj

ej Kghs`kf jstf khmpujstf phr kjbtrhs kfmpjstrjs ehbej su fpn`kfk`ûb sjr`f muy jdjkvf.

@W. A@AN@HIQFD@F

[æbkgjz [fn`bfs, J.., & Hrz Gjrbæbejz, N. (1316). Q`jsihs y jstrftji`fs jb jn ush ej

pnfiu`k`efs. @bvjbth, 9(65), 16‛17. Qjkupjrfeh f pfrr ej

gp<//`bvjbh.ufjm.mx/`bejx.pgp/`bvjbh/frknj/v`jw/516
Ufuajr, M. L., K. F. Ufuajr, O. M. Effbj, fbe O. [. Gfijb. 1333. Khmmjrk`fn`zfhb
Khmmjrk`fn`zfhb hd

prjefthrs< rjkjbt njsshbs drhm irjjb nfkjw`bis. E`sphbhanj jb< gp<//

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