Jtrhk (gh` `hthr H@ <69 NJ)

@jkujn lf Hpfrjéçh
 

 j tfgkhnhibj @frgflfs-Afkz lf p÷s-trjtj`fkth

lhs ijsfs lf fsgjpj`fkth phr rfluéçh gjtjnàtbgj
sfnftbvj (WGQ), jpnbgjlj f` sfus vfàgunhs
gh`frgbjbs (gj`bkmöfs f ükbaus) pjrj jtfklfr ås fxbiãkgbjs lj nfibsnjéçh arjsbnfbrj -
fqubvjnfktf å nfibsnjéçh furhpfbj Furh 6 - j qujn, jtrjvâs lh Urhirj`j lf Ghktrhnf lf
Uhnubéçh lh Jr phr Tfàgunhs Juth`hthrfs - UQHGHKTF, djsf U9, fstjafnfgf hs nb`btfs
`êxb`hs jl`bssàvfbs lf f`bssöfs ijshsjs f `jtfrbjbs pjrtbgunjlhs pjrj hs vfàgunhs
gh`frgbjbs j lbfsfn gh` pfsh aruth thtjn jgb`j lf 7.=64 oi, prhluzblhs j pjrtbr lf
 cjkfbrh lf 15:1.
Jajstféj sfu vfàgunh sh`fktf gh` ÷nfh lbfsfn gh` ajbxh tfhr lf fkxhdrf
Ujrj jssfiurjr h dukgbhkj`fkth jlfqujlh lh sbstf`j lf p÷s-trjtj`fkth lhs ijsfs
lf fsgjpj`fkth Anuf\fg6®, hs vfàgunhs gh` `hthr ghkdhr`f UQHGHKTF U9 (Furh 6)
lfvf` sfr harbijthrbj`fktf jajstfgblhs gh` ÷nfh lbfsfn gh` ajbxh tfhr lf fkxhdrf
(÷nfh lbfsfn W65 hu W:5). J utbnbzjéçh lf ÷nfh lbfsfn gh` jnth tfhr lf fkxhdrf, jnâ` lf
ju`fktjr ghksblfrjvfn`fktf hs kàvfbs lf f`bssöfs ijshsjs f `jtfrbjbs pjrtbgunjlhs,
lfbxjklh h vfàgunh f` lfsjghrlh gh` js fxbiãkgbjs nfijbs, gjusj ljkhs khs
gh`phkfktfs lh sbstf`j lf bkcféçh f lf p÷s-trjtj`fkth lhs ijsfs lf fsgjpj`fkth f
ju`fktj h lfsijstf lhs gbnbklrhs f lhs jkâbs lf sfi`fkth lhs `hthrfs.
JQNJ 71
H prhluth JQNJ 71 (Jifktf Qfluthr Nàqublh lf KHx Juth`htbvh) â u` rfjifktf
quà`bgh å ajsf lf urfbj, fssfkgbjn pjrj h dukgbhkj`fkth lh sbstf`j lf p÷s-
trjtj`fkth lhs ijsfs lf fsgjpj`fkth Anuf\fg6®. H vfàgunh gh` `hthr ghkdhr`f
UQHGHKTF U9 (Furh 6) lfvf sfr `jktblh sf`prf jajstfgblh gh` JQNJ 71, phbs h
dukgbhkj`fkth lh `hthr sf` fstf prhluth fnfvj ghksblfrjvfn`fktf hs kàvfbs lf
f`bssçh lf KHx (÷xblh lf kbtrhiãkbh) f h vfàgunh lfbxj lf jtfklfr ås
lftfr`bkjéöfs
lftfr`bkjéöfs nfijbs lf prhtféçh jh `fbh j`abfktf.

Khtj3 H prhluth JQNJ 71, kh`fkgnjturj jlhtjlj kh Arjsbn pjrj h rfjifktf quà`bgh å
ajsf lf urfbj, lf utbnbzjéçh fspfgàdbgj pjrj sbstf`js lf p÷s-trjtj`fkth lhs ijsfs lf
fsgjpj`fkth, tj`aâ` â ghkmfgblh bktfrkjgbhkjn`fktf pfnjs kh`fkgnjturjs
JlAnuf®, kj Furhpj, f LFD (Lbfsfn Fxmjust Dnubl), khs Fstjlhs Vkblhs lj J`ârbgj.
Wà`ahnhs
I Jlvfrtãkgbjs (rbsghs lf jgblfktfs)
M Khtjs sharf h `fbh j`abfktf
I Qbsghs lf ljkhs kh vfàgunh
bBkdhr`jéöfs jlbgbhkjbs
] Bklbgjéçh lf prhgflb`fkths

Af`-vbklh jh `uklh lj
@frgflfs-Afkz!
Jktfs lf bkbgbjr suj prb`fbrj vbjif`, nfbj
fstf @jkujn lf Hpfrjéçh pjrj dj`bnbjrbzjr-
sf gh` j hpfrjéçh, ghkluéçh, ghktrhnfs f
sbstf`js lf ghkdhrth lh sfu vfàgunh, phbs
bssh jculjrê j jprhvfbtjr js vjktjifks
hpfrjgbhkjbs lh vfàgunh f rfluzbrê hs rbsghs
lf u`j hpfrjéçh bkjlfqujlj quf phssj`
ghnhgjr vhgã f hutrjs pfsshjs f` pfrbih.
Nfbj tj`aâ` h `jkujn lf bkstruéöfs
dhrkfgblh pfnh b`pnf`fktjlhr lh vfàgunh
phrquf fnf ghktâ` js bkstruéöfs pjrj usjr
hs gh`phkfktfs lj gjrrhgfrbj f jhs
fqubpj`fkths jlbgbhkjbs bkstjnjlhs pfnh
b`pnf`fktjlhr.
Fstf `jkujn lf hpfrjéçh lfsgrfvf thlhs
hs `hlfnhs, btfks hpgbhkjbs f btfks lf sârbf
lh sfu vfàgunh quf fstjvj` lbsphkàvfbs
pjrj gh`prjlfstf
lj rfljéçh kh `h`fkth
`jkujn. Âlfphssàvfn
dfgmj`fkth
quf
mjcj vjrbjéöfs fspfgàdbgjs pjrj gjlj pjàs.
H sfu vfàgunh phlf kçh fstjr fqubpjlh gh`
thljs js dukéöfs f sbstf`js rfnfvjktfs
pjrj j sfiurjkéj lfsgrbths. Uhr bssh, hs
fqubpj`fkths lh sfu vfàgunh phlf` sfr
lbdfrfktfs f` jniu`js lfsgrbéöfs f
b`jifks.
Khs lhgu`fkths hrbibkjbs lf gh`prj lh
sfu vfàgunh, fstçh nbstjlhs thlhs hs
sbstf`js fkghktrjlhs kh vfàgunh. F` gjsh
lf lóvbljs sharf hs btfks f j hpfrjéçh lf
sfu vfàgunh, fktrf f` ghktjth gh` u`
Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz.
J qujnbljlf lhs sfrvbéhs lf `hktjif` lj
gjrrhgfrbj f lhs fqubpj`fkths jlbgbhkjbs
f` sfu vfàgunh tj`aâ` â u` djthr lf
fxtrf`j b`phrtákgbj pjrj j fdbgbãkgbj lh
vfàgunh f pjrj j lurjabnbljlf ljs pféjs f
fqubpj`fkths bkstjnjlhs. Uhrtjkth,
gfrtbdbquf-sf lf quf fstfs sfrvbéhs tfkmj`
sblh fxfgutjlhs lf jghrlh gh` js
lbrftrbzfs fstjafnfgbljs pfnj @frgflfs-
Afkz quf fstçh lbsphkàvfbs kj Bktfrkft kh
fklfrféh www.`frgflfs-afkz.gh`.ar.
Hasfrvf quf qujnqufr gh`pnf`fktjéçh kh
vfàgunh quf kçh jtfklj ås lbrftrbzfs
fstjafnfgbljs pfnj @frgflfs-Afkz phlf
rfstrbkibr h lbrfbth lf ijrjktbj lh sfu
vfàgunh.
J @frgflfs-Afkz lh Arjsbn Ntlj. rfsfrvj-sf
h lbrfbth lf `hlbdbgjr lfsfkmhs,
fqubpj`fkths, shdtwjrfs f gjrjgtfràstbgjs
tâgkbgjs j qujnqufr `h`fkth sf` j
harbijéçh lf fstfklfr fssjs `hlbdbgjéöfs
jhs vfàgunhs gh`frgbjnbzjlhs
jktfrbhr`fktf. Uhr fstj rjzçh, kfkmu`j
rfgnj`jéçh phlf sfr ajsfjlj khs ljlhs,
bnustrjéöfs hu lfsgrbéöfs ghktbljs kfstf
@jkujn lf Hpfrjéçh.
Ghksuntf h Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf
Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj
fsgnjrfgfr sujs lóvbljs f hatfr `jbhrfs
bkdhr`jéöfs sharf js `hlbdbgjéöfs quf
phlf` sfr dfbtjs
rfspfgtbvhs f` sfu vfàgunh f sfus
vjnhrfs.
Qfspfbtf j nfibsnjéçh nhgjn lf gjlj pjàs
sharf j vfnhgbljlf `êxb`j pfr`btblj lj
rhlhvbj.
H @jkujn lf Hpfrjéçh, h @jkujn lf
@jkutfkéçh f hutrhs supnf`fkths
fspfgàdbghs sçh pjrtfs bktfirjktfs lh
vfàgunh f lfvf` sfr `jktblhs j ahrlh lh
vfàgunh. F` gjsh lf vfklj lh vfàgunh,
fktrfiuf-hs jh khvh prhprbftêrbh.
J fqubpf lf nbtfrjturj tâgkbgj lj
@frgflfs-Afkz lh Arjsbn Ntlj. lfsfcj-nmf
u`j ghkluéçh sfiurj f ghkdhrtêvfn.
 

Ghkgfssbhkêrbhs, Uhsths lf Wfrvbéh Ujrj hs lf`jbs pjàsfs lj J`ârbgj Njtbkj,

Juthrbzjlh f rfprfsfktjktfs ghksuntf hs rfprfsfktjktfs @frgflfs-Afkz
@frgflfs-Afkz kj J`ârbgj Njtbkj ghkdhr`f bklbgjlh kj tjafnj jajbxh3
J @frgflfs-Afkz kçh s÷ prhluz vfàgunhs Ujàss Qfpr
Ujà Qfprfsf
fsfktjk
ktjktf/
tf/Ghkt
Ghktjth
jth
gh` j `jbs jvjkéjlj tfgkhnhibj, `js Hvjklh W.J.
tj`aâ` hdfrfgf jssbstãkgbj tâgkbgj pjrj   j
   b
  v tfn3 +62: 7 774 7: 55
   à
   n
`jktã-nhsphr
hpfrjéçh f` `fbh
pfrdfbtjs ghklbéöfs
lf u`j rflf lflf   h f-`jbn3 hvjklhEhvjklh.gh`
   A
Ghkgfssbhkêrbhs hu Uhsths lf Wfrvbéhs Gh`frgbjn Ojud`jkk W.J.
Juthrbzjlhs @frgflfs-Afkz kh Arjsbn f kj tfn3 +641 1 915 1555
J`ârbgj Njtbkj.   f tfn3 +641 1 <=: <=<=
   n
   b
Uhrtjkth, sf sfu vfàgunh prfgbsjr lf    m sbtf3 www.ojud`jkk.gn
   G
`jkutfkéçh, rfpjrh hu jprfsfktf jniu`    b
  j Ghklhr W.J.G.B.
prhanf`j, nfvf-h j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu   u
  i tfn3 +626 1: 642 9555
Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-   j
  r
  j
Afkz.    U sbtf3 www.`frgflfs-afkz.gh`.py
   b
Ghkgfssbhkêrbhs hu Uhsths lf Wfrvbéhs   j Juthnblfr Vruiujy W.J.
  u
Juthrbzjlhs kh Arjsbn   i
  u
  r
tfn3 +62= 1 152 <<<<
   V sbtf3 www.juthnblfr.gh`.uy
Ujrj fkghktrjr h Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz `jbs b Fstfs kó`frhs lf tfnfdhkfs sçh vênblhs
pr÷xb`h lf vhgã, ghksuntf j Gfktrjn lf sh`fktf kh pjàs hklf vhgã fstbvfr.
Qfnjgbhkj`fkth gh` h Gnbfktf @frgflfs- J A G L F D I M B O N @ K
Afkz (1<m) hu jgfssf h sbtf3 H U Q W \ V T
www.`frgflfs-afkz.gh`.ar
Gfktrjn lf Qfnjgbhkj`fkth gh` h
Gnbfktf @frgflfs-Afkz

tfnfdhkf3 5=55 295 25 25

Ghkgfssbhkêrbhs hu Uhsths lf Wfrvbéhs
Juthrbzjlhs @frgflfs-Afkz kj J`ârbgj
Njtbkj
Ujrj fkghktrjr u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu
Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-
Afkz kj Jrifktbkj, ghksuntf h Gfktrh lf
Jtfkgb÷k jn Gnbfktf @frgflfs-Afkz (1<m)
hu jgfssf h sbtf3 
www.`frgflfs-afkz.gh`.jr

Gfktrh lf Jtfkgb÷k jn Gnbfktf

@frgflfs-Afkz
tfnfdhkf3 5=55-44-@AFKS (41742)
 

Àklbgf Ifrjn
Bktrhluéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Wfiurjkéj. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Tbsçh ifrjn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <5
Uhsth lh `hthrbstj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6=
Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh BKW15:<. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Ghktrhnfs f` lftjnmfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :61
Hpfrjéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
F` f`friãkgbjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
   n
Ljlhs tâgkbghs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12<   j
  r
  f
  i
  f
  g
   b
   l
  k
    À
 

Àklbgf
Ghkgfssbhkêrbhs, Uhsths lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh f rfprfsfktjktfs
@frgflfs-Afkz kj J`ârbgj Njtbkj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Urhtféçh lh `fbh j`abfktf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..15 15
Wfiurjkéj lf hpfrjéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..1: 1:
Tfnhgà`ftrh lbibtjn f mhlü`ftrh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:
@hlbdbgjr j phtãkgbj lh `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:
U÷s-trjtj`fkth lhs ijsfs lf fsgjpf Anuf\fg6® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Bkstjnjr h rêlbh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Ljlhs `f`hrbzjlhs lh vfàgunh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..17 17
Mh`hnhijéçh pjrj ush lf rjlbhdrfquãkgbj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..1< 1<   f
  g
   b
Wfiurjkéj lhs hgupjktfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 . 14    l
  k
    À
Gbkths lf sfiurjkéj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Wbstf`js lf rftfkéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Bklbgjéöfs ifrjbs lf sfiurjkéj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 .7::
Jlfsbvhs khgbvhs
@jtfrbjbs . . . . . . .pjrj
. . . .j. sjólf
. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7:
7:
Ukfus f rhljs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 .7 1
Wfiurjkéj lf hpfrjéçh f lf ghkluéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Gh`pjrtb`fkths phrtj-hacfths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Uhrtj-hacfths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Uhrtj-ghphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Uhsth lh `hthrbstj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<5 . <5
Ujbkfn lf bkstru`fkths BKW15:< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..<1 <1
Nuzfs-pbnhth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <<
Lbsphsbéçh lf bktfrrupthrfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<6
Lbsphsbéçh lf bktfrrupthrfs kh pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <6
Lbsphsbéçh lf bktfrrupthrfs kjs phrtjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <6
Bktfrrupthr gh`abkjlh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..<4 <4
Jnjvjkgj `untbdukéöfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..<9 <9
\jg÷irjdh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..<=
<=
\jg÷irjdh lbibtjn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Bkgnusçh lh g÷lbih lh `hthrbstj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6:
Wfnféçh lh g÷lbih lh `hthrbstj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6:
Dukéçh b`prfssçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6:
Lfsgjrij lf ljlhs pfnh VWA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Jcustf lh mhrêrbh lf vfrçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Gmjvf ifrjn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6<
 

Jafrturj f dfgmj`fkth
dfgmj`f kth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6=
Gmjvfs lh vfàgunh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6=
\j`pj lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf gh`austàvfn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6=
Uhrtjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6=
Fktrjr f sjbr lh vfàgunh
vfàgunh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj lbrféçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Jafrturj f dfgmj`fkth lhs vblrhs ljs phrtjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Jafrturj flfdfgmj`fkth
Fsghtbnmj vfktbnjéçh kh lh tfth
qufarj-vfkth
. . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4:
41
Ajkghs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..47 47
Qfiunjif` lhs ajkghs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Jphbh lf gjaféj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4<
  f
  g
   b Nfbth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
   l
  k
    À Fspfnmhs rftrhvbshrfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Qfiunjif` lhs fspfnmhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Ujbkfn lf bkstru`fkths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
Bkdhr`jéöfs b`phrtjktfs sharf sfiurjkéj sfiu rjkéj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\jgü`ftrh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Bklbgjlhr lf gh`austàvfn lbfsfn/JQNJ 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9<
Mhrj f tf`pfrjturj fxtfrkj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9<
Mhlü`ftrh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Urfssçh lf rfsfrvj lhs gbrgubths lf drfbh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
Bkdhr`jéöfs b`phrtjktfs sharf sfiurjkéj sfiu rjkéj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Ahtöfs lf gh`jklh lh gh`putjlhr gh`putjlh r lf ahrlh kh pjbkfn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9=
Ahtöfs lf gh`jklh lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh kh vhnjktf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9=
Bkdhr`jéöfs ifrjbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9=
Êrfjs lf bklbgjéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
@fkus lftjnmjlhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =:
@fku „Tbjif`‐ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =7
@fku "Ghksu`h lf gh`austàvfn" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =6
@fku "Tfàgunh" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =4
@fku "Êulbh f tfnfdhkf" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =2
@fku "Fvfkths f Lbjik÷stbgh" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
@fku "@jkutfkéçh" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
@fku „Lfdbkbéöfs‐ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr
`hstrjlh r lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Jarfvbjturjskhlhs
@fksjifks sbstf`js .fnftrükbghs
`hstrjlhr . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2=
22
Bklbgjéçh f` gbkzj kh `hstrjlhr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
 

Bklbgjéçh f` j`jrfnh kh `hstrjlhr`hstrjlhr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :51

Bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr f` vfr`fnmh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :1=
Nuz bklbgjlhrj lf lbjik÷stbgh lh `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :<5
Bklbgjéöfs lf ghktrhnf kj êrfj lf stjtus lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh . . . . . . . . . .:<=
Bklbgjéöfs lf sfiurjkéj b`phrtjktfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :<=
Tbsçh ifrjn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :<=
Bklbgjéçh lf jlvfrtãkgbj/ghktrhnf j`jrfnj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :65
Bklbgjéçh lf jlvfrtãkgbj/ghktrhnf vfr`fnmj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :65
Bnu`bkjéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:61
.: 61
Bktfrrupthr ifrjn lf nuzfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :61
Bnu`bkjéçh lburkj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :61
Djr÷bs lf kfanbkj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :61
  f
Bnu`bkjéçh bktfrkj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :67   g
   b
Bnu`bkjéçh lh nfbth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :6<    l
  k
    À
Bnu`bkjéçh lhs lfirjus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :6<
Nuzfs bklbgjlhrjs lf lbrféçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :66
Nuzfs lf jlvfrtãkgbj (pbsgj-jnfrtj) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :66

Wbstf`j nb`pjlhr
Nb`pjlhr pjrj-a lh
lh pjrj-arbsj rbsjpjrj-arbsj
. . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .:64
:64
Njvjlhr lh pjrj-arbsj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :69
Auzbkj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:6= . :6=
Ghktrhnf lf gnb`jtbzjéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:62
Tfktbnjéçh f jqufgb`fkth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :45
Ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:41
Urfpjrjtbvhs pjrj u`j vbjif` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :41
Jktfs lf bkbgbjr u`j
u`j chrkjlj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :47
Bkbgbjklh j `jrgmj lh vfàgunh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :4=
Fstjgbhkjr h vfàgunh f pjrjr h `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :9:
Drfbhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:97
.:9 7
Tfrbdbgjéçh lf vjzj`fkths khs gbrgubths pkfu`êtbghs lh sbstf`j lf drfbh . . . . . . . . :9<
Wbstf`j jktbanhqufbh lh drfbh (JAW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :94
Drfbh `jkujn lh rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :92
Drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :=5
Drfbh `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :=1
Wbstf`js lf `uljkéjs lf `jrgmjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:=<
Wbstf`j lf `uljkéj lf `jrgmjs `jkujn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :=<
Hpfrjéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:= .:=99
JWQ (ghktrhnf
Anhqufbh lf trjéçh). .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. :=9
lh lbdfrfkgbjn :==
\h`jlj lf dhréj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :=2
 

Fsghj`fkth lf gjrij f` th`ajlhr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ::2: 2:

Qhtjéçh lf `jrgmj nfktj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :2:
Wbstf`js lf ghkluéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :27
Nb`btjlhr (tf`phsft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :27
Ubnhth juth`êtbgh (tf`ph`jt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :26
Bkdhr`jéöfs ótfbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :22
Gbkzfbrh . . lf
Jgfklflhr . . .gbijrrhs
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :22
\h`jlj fnâtrbgj lf :1 T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Ghkshnf supfrbhr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Bkdhr`jéöfs lf ghkluéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
  f J`jgbj`fkth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
  g
   b
   l Ghkluéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
  k
    À Ghksu`h lf gh`austàvfn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Ghksu`h lf ÷nfh lh `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Lbstrbaubéçh lf gjrij . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Nb`btjéçh lj vfnhgbljlf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Gbijrrj lf jnjr`f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15=
Jajstfgb`fkth lf gh`austàvfn f lf JQNJ 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Jajstfgb`fkth lf gh`austàvfn lbfsfn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Jajstfgb`fkth lf JQNJ 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1::
Qfahqufs f sf`brrfahqufs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:7
\rjgbhkjklh rfahqufs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:7
\rjgbhkjklh sf`brrfahqufs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:7
Ghkfgtjr js tuaunjéöfs lf jr gh`prb`blh f h ghkfgthr lf gjahs fnâtrbghs . . . . . . . . 1:6
Hpfrjéçh lurjktf h bkvfrkh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:9
Ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh lurjktf h bkvfrkh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:9
Vsh lf ghrrfktfs jktblfsnbzjktfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:9
Nuarbdbgjktfs rfgh`fkljlhs pfnj @frgflfs-Afkz @frgflfs- Afkz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:2
Urhluths lf sfrvbéh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
×nfhs lf `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Dnublh lf drfbh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11<
×nfh lbfsfn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
JQNJ 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Nb`pfzj f gubljlhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Nb`pfzj bktfrkj lh vfàgunh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Nb`pfzj fxtfrkj
Nb`pfzj lj pjrtflh
bkdfrbhr lh.vfàgunh
vfàgunh . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17:
17:
Nb`pfzj gh` fqubpj`fkths lf jntj prfssçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
 

Njvjlhr juth`êtbgh lf vfàgunhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Lfirjus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Nb`pfzj lh `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Jp÷s trjksbtjr f` ghklbéöfs dhrj lf fstrjlj f f` gjktfbrhs lf harj . . . . . . . . . . . . 17<
@jkutfkéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174
Wfrvbéhs lf `jkutfkéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Wbstf`j pkfu`êtbgh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17=
Gjpü lh `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Ghafrturj lh `hthr kh bktfrbhr lj gjabkf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<5
Uhkths lf `jkutfkéçh kh gh`pjrtb`fkth lh `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<:
Kàvfn lh nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<1
Wbstf`j lf jgbhkj`fkth mblrêunbgh lj f`arfjif` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<<
Jajstfgb`fkth lh sbstf`j njvjlhr lf pjrj-arbsj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<6   f
  g
   b
Kàvfn lf ÷nfh lh `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<4    l
  k
    À
Dbntrh lf jr lh `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<9
Ghrrfbjs lf jgbhkj`fkth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<=
Kàvfn lf dnublh lj lbrféçh mblrêunbgj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<2
Jirfijlhs lh vfàgunh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Tfrbdbgjéçh lj prhtféçh jktbghrrhsbvj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16:
Drfbh lf sfrvbéh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16:
Wfgjlhr lf jr gh`prb`blh f sfpjrjlhr lf ÷nfh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16<
Wbstf`j lf fsgjpj`fkth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Ajtfrbjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Qêlbh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
.16 2
Dfrrj`fktjs f fqubpj`fkths lf ahrlh lh vfàgunh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
@hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14<
Wjkirbj lh sbstf`j lf gh`austàvfn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14<
@hlh lf dukgbhkj`fkth lf f`friãkgbj lh `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Qhljs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
. 144
\rhgj lf rhlj f` gjsh lf pkfu durjlh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Qhlj sharfssjnfktf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Uhkths lf nhgjnbzjéçh lh `jgjgh sha h vfàgunh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14=
Qf`héçh f `hktjif` lf u`j rhlj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14=
Qfjpfrth ljs phrgjs ljs rhljs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Wbstf`j fnâtrbgh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195
Ghkcukths ÷tbghs f njktfrkjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Dusàvfbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19=
Ifrfkgbj`fkth fnftrükbgh lh `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1=:
Ujrtblj lh `hthr f` f`friãkgbjs
f`fr iãkgbjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1=7
Jgbhkj`fkth lj pjrtblj gh` nbijéöfs phktfs lf ajtfrbjs juxbnbjrfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1=7
Djzfr dukgbhkjr h `hthr rfahgjklh h vfàgunh (vfàgunhs gh` sbstf`j lf `uljkéjs `ul jkéjs lf `jr `jr--
 

:5

gmjs `jkujn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1=<

Bkstruéöfs pjrj rfahgjr h vfàgunh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1=4
Fkijtf lbjktfbrh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1=4
Lfsjgbhkj`fkth `jkujn lh drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth lf `hnjs jgu`unjlhrjs . . . . . 12:
Blfktbdbgjéçh lh vfàgunh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12<
Unjquftj lf blfktbdbgjéçh lh vfàgunhvf àgunh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12<

Kó`frh lf blfktbdbgjéçh lh vfàgunh (TBK)

sfgbhkjlh (TBW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12<
Kó`frh lf blfktbdbgjéçh lj gjabkf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Blfktbdbgjéçh lh `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Ghktrhnf ljs f`bssöfs lf phnufktfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
  f Urhtféçh jh `fbh j`abfktf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
  g
   b
   l Àklbgf lf du`jéj f` jgfnfrjéçh nbvrf nbv rf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12=
  k
    À Ghktrhnf lf f`bssçh shkhrj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
F`bssçh lf ruàlh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Gjpjgbljlfs lf jajstfgb`fkth (f` nbtrhs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
Qfsfrvjt÷rbhs lf gh`austàvfn (gjpjgbljlf kh`bkjn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75:
Ljlhs lf dukgbhkj`fkth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
Wbstf`j lf jr gh`prb`blh (prfssçh lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
@hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
\f`pfrjturj lf dukgbhkj`fkth (tf`pfrjturj lh nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth) . . . . . . . 751
@h`fkth lf jpfrth ljs phrgjs ljs rhljs (K`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
Gbnbklrhs lf `hnj jgu`unjlhrj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
Dhnij lj lbrféçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
Jrhs f pkfus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
Gjpjgbljlfs lf pfsh f` oi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75<
\jafnj lf prfssçh lhs pkfus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756
Urfssçh lhs pkfus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756
Ukfus ljs rhljs lh fbxh lbjktfbrh (rhljlh (rhlj lh sb`pnfs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754
Ukfus ljs rhljs lhs fbxhs trjsfbrhs (rhljlh (rhljl h lupnh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754
 

::

J
Jajstfgb`fkth lf JQNJ 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1::
Jajstfgb`fkth lf gh`austàvfn lbfsfn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Jajstfgb`fkth lf gh`austàvfn f lf JQNJ 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Jajstfgb`fkth lh sbstf`j njvjlhr lf pjrj-arbsj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<6
Jafrturj f dfgmj`fkth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6=
Jafrturj
Jafrturj ff dfgmj`fkth
dfgmj`fkth lh lhsqufarj-vfkth
vblrhs ljs phrtjs . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4:
45
Jarfvbjturjs lhs sbstf`js fnftrükbghs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2=
Jgfklflhr lf gbijrrhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :22
Jgbhkj`fkth lj pjrtblj gh` nbijéöfs phktfs lf ajtfrbjs juxbnbjrfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1=7
Jlfsbvhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7:   h
Jirfijlhs lh vfàgunh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165   g
   b
   t
Jcustf lh mhrêrbh lf vfrçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61    â
   a
Jnjvjkgj `untbdukéöfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <9   j
   d
   n
J`jgbj`fkth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151    J
Jktfs lf bkbgbjr u`j
u`j chrkjlj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :47
Jphbhtrjksbtjr
Jp÷s lf gjaféjf`.ghklbéöfs
. . . . . . . . .dhrj
. . . lf
. . .fstrjlj
. . . . . . f. .f`
. . .gjktfbrhs
. . . . . . . lf
. . .harj
. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .17<
4<
Êrfjs lf bklbgjéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
JQNJ 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Jrhs f pkfus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
JWQ (ghktrhnf lf trjéçh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :=9

A
Ajkghs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Ajtfrbjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Anhqufbh
Ahtöfs lflhgh`jklh
lbdfrfkgbjn . . . . . . . . . . lf
lh gh`putjlhr . . .ahrlh
. . . . .kh
. . pjbkfn
. . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .:==
9=
Ahtöfs lf gh`jklh lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh kh vhnjktf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9=
Auzbkj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :6=

G
Gjpjgbljlfs lf jajstfgb`fkth (f` nbtrhs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
Gjpjgbljlfs lf pfsh f` oi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75<
Gjpü lh `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Gmjvf ifrjn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6<
Gmjvfs lh jnjr`f
Gbijrrj lf vfàgunh .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .15=
6=
Gbnbklrhs lf `hnj jgu`unjlhrj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
Gbkths lf sfiurjkéj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
 

:1

Gbkzfbrh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :22
Ghafrturj lh `hthr kh bktfrbhr lj gjabkf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<5
Gh`pjrtb`fkths phrtj-hacfths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Ghkgfssbhkêrbhs, Uhsths lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh f rfprfsfktjktfs
@frgflfs-Afkz kj J`ârbgj Njtbkj Njtbkj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Ghkluéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Ghkluéçh lh
Ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh . . . . . . .h. bkvfrkh
vfàgunh lurjktf . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. :41
1:9
Ghkfgtjr js tuaunjéöfs lf jr gh`prb`blh f h ghkfgthr lf gjahs fnâtrbghs . . . . . . . . 1:6
Ghkcukths ÷tbghs f njktfrkjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Ghkshnf supfrbhr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
  h Ghksu`h lf gh`austàvfn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
  g
   b
   t Ghksu`h lf ÷nfh lh `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
   â
   a Ghktrhnf ljs f`bssöfs lf phnufktfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
  j
   d
   n Ghktrhnf lf gnb`jtbzjéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :62
   J Ghktrhnf lf f`bssçh shkhrj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Ghrrfbjs lf jgbhkj`fkth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11<= <=

L
Ljlhs lf dukgbhkj`fkth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
Ljlhs `f`hrbzjlhs lh vfàgunh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Lfirjus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Lfsjgbhkj`fkth `jkujn lh drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth lf `hnjs jgu`unjlhrjs . . . . . 12:
Lfsgjrij lf ljlhs pfnh VWA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Lbsphsbéçh lf bktfrrupthrfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <6
Lbsphsbéçh lf bktfrrupthrfs kjs phrtjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <6
Lbsphsbéçh lf bktfrrupthrfs kh pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <6
Lbstrbaubéçh lf gjrij . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
F
F`bssçh lf ruàlh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Fkijtf lbjktfbrh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1=4
Fktrjr f sjbr lh vfàgunh
vfàgunh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Fsghj`fkth lf gjrij f` th`ajlhr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ::2: 2:
Fsghtbnmj lf vfktbnjéçh kh tfth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Fspfnmhs rftrhvbshrfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Fstjgbhkjr h vfàgunh f pjrjr h `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :9:
 

:7

D
Djr÷bs lf kfanbkj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :61
Djzfr dukgbhkjr h `hthr rfahgjklh h vfàgunh (vfàgunhs gh` sbstf`j lf `uljkéjs lf
`jrgmjs `jkujn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1=<
Dfrrj`fktjs f fqubpj`fkths lf ahrlh lh vfàgunh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Dbntrh lf jr lh `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<9
Dnublh lflbrféçh
Dhnij lj drfbh . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 757
11<
Drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :=5
Drfbh lf sfrvbéh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16:
Drfbh `jkujn lh rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :92
Drfbh `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :=1   h
Drfbhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :97   g
   b
   t
Dukéçh b`prfssçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6:    â
   a
Dusàvfbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19=   j
   d
   n
   J

I
Ifrfkgbj`fkth fnftrükbgh lh `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1=:

M
Mhlü`ftrh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Mh`hnhijéçh pjrj ush lf rjlbhdrfquãkgbj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<
Mhrj f tf`pfrjturj fxtfrkj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9<

B
Blfktbdbgjéçh
Blfktbdbgjéçh lh
lh `hthr
vfàgunh . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 126
12<
Bnu`bkjéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :61
Bnu`bkjéçh lburkj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :61
Bnu`bkjéçh lh nfbth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :6<
Bnu`bkjéçh lhs lfirjus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :6<
Bnu`bkjéçh bktfrkj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :67
Bkgnusçh lh g÷lbih lh `hthrbstj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6:
Bklbgjéçh lf jlvfrtãkgbj/ghktrhnf j`jrfnj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :65
Bklbgjéçh lf jlvfrtãkgbj/ghktrhnf vfr`fnmj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :65
Bklbgjéçh f` j`jrfnh kh `hstrjlhr `hstrjlhr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :51
Bklbgjéçh kh
Bklbgjéçh f``hstrjlhr
gbkzj kh `hstrjlhr
`hs
f`trjlhr . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .:1=
vfr`fnmh 22
Bklbgjéöfs lf ghktrhnf kj êrfj lf stjtus lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :<=
Bklbgjéöfs lf sfiurjkéj b`phrtjktfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :<=
 

:<

Bklbgjéöfs ifrjbs lf sfiurjkéj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7:

Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Bklbgjlhr lf gh`austàvfn lbfsfn/JQNJ 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9<
Àklbgf lf du`jéj f` jgfnfrjéçh nbvrf nbv rf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12=
Bkdhr`jéöfs lf ghkluéçh
ghklu éçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Bkdhr`jéöfs ifrjbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9=
Bkdhr`jéöfs b`phrtjktfs
Bkdhr`jéöfs b`phrtjktfs sharfsharf sfiurjkéj
sfiu rjkéj
sfiurjkéj
sfiu rjkéj .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 99
91
Bkdhr`jéöfs ótfbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :22
Bkbgbjklh j `jrgmj lh vfàgunh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :4=
Bkstjnjr h rêlbh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
  h Bkstruéöfs pjrj rfahgjr h vfàgunh
vfàgu nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1=4
  g
   b
   t Bktfrrupthr gh`abkjlh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <4
   â
   a Bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj lbrféçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
  j
   d
   n Bktfrrupthr ifrjn lf nuzfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :61
   J

N
Njvjlhr juth`êtbgh lf vfàgunhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Njvjlhr lh pjrj-arbsj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :69
Nfbth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Nb`btjéçh lj vfnhgbljlf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Nb`btjlhr (tf`phsft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :27
Nb`pjlhr lh pjrj-arbsj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :64
Nb`pfzj gh` fqubpj`fkths lf jntj prfssçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Nb`pfzj lj pjrtf bkdfrbhr lh vfàgunh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17:
Nb`pfzj lh `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Nb`pfzj f gubljlhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Nb`pfzj
Nb`pfzj fxtfrkj
bktfrkj lhlh vfàgunh
vfàgunh .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17:
175
Nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Nuarbdbgjktfs rfgh`fkljlhs pfnj @frgflfs-Afkz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:2
Nuz bklbgjlhrj lf lbjik÷stbgh lh `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :<5
Nuzfs lf jlvfrtãkgbj (pbsgj-jnfrtj)
(pbsgj-jnfrtj ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :66
Nuzfs bklbgjlhrjs lf lbrféçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :66
Nuzfs-pbnhth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <<

@
@jkutfkéçh
@jtfrbjbs . . . pjrj
khgbvhs . . . . .j.sjólf
. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .174
7:
@fksjifks kh `hstrjlhr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
 

:6

@fku "Êulbh f tfnfdhkf" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =2

@fku "Ghksu`h lf gh`austàvfn" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =6
@fku "Fvfkths f Lbjik÷stbgh" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
@fku "@jkutfkéçh" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
@fku "Tfàgunh" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =4
@fku „Lfdbkbéöfs‐ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
@fku „Tbjif`‐ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =7
@fkus lftjnmjlhs
@hlbdbgjr j phtãkgbj . . lh
. . .`hthr
. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. =:
1:
@hlh lf dukgbhkj`fkth lf f`friãkgbj lh `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
@h`fkth lf jpfrth ljs phrgjs ljs rhljs (K`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
@hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14<
@hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751   h
  g
   b
   t
   â
K    a
  j
   d
   n
Kàvfn lf dnublh lj lbrféçh mblrêunbgj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<2    J
Kàvfn lf ÷nfh lh `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<4
Kàvfn lh lf
Kó`frh nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth
blfktbdbgjéçh lj gjabkf. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1<1
126
Kó`frh lf blfktbdbgjéçh lh vfàgunh (TBK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12<
Kó`frh lf blfktbdbgjéçh sfgbhkjlh (TBW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12<

H
×nfh lbfsfn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
×nfhs lf `hthr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Hpfrjéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :=9
Hpfrjéçh lurjktf h bkvfrkh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:9

U
Ujbkfn lf bkstru`fkths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Ujbkfn lf bkstru`fkths BKW15:< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <1
Ujrtblj lh `hthr f` f`friãkgbjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1=7
Ubnhth juth`êtbgh (tf`ph`jt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :26
Unjquftj lf blfktbdbgjéçh lh vfàgunh
vfàgu nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12<
Ukfus ljs rhljs lh fbxh lbjktfbrh (rhljlh (rhljl h sb`pnfs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754
Ukfus ljs rhljs lhs fbxhs trjsfbrhs (rhljlh lupnh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754
Ukfus f rhljs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Uhkths lf
Uhkths lf `jkutfkéçh
nhgjnbzjéçh lhkh`jgjgh sha h vfàgunh
gh`pjrtb`fkth lh `hthr. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1<:
14=
Uhrtj-ghphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
 

:4

Uhrtj-hacfths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Uhrtjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6=
Uhsth lh `hthrbstj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <5
U÷s-trjtj`fkth lhs ijsfs lf fsgjpf Anuf\fg6® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Urfpjrjtbvhs pjrj u`j vbjif` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :41
Urfssçh lf rfsfrvj lhs gbrgubths lf drfbh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Urfssçh lhs pkfus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756
Urhluths
Urhtféçh lf
jh sfrvbéh . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 115
`fbh j`abfktf 124
Urhtféçh lh `fbh j`abfktf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Q
  h
  g
   b
   t Qêlbh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
   â
   a Qfjpfrth ljs phrgjs ljs rhljs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
  j
   d
   n Qfahqufs f sf`brrfahqufs
sf`brrfahq ufs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:7
   J Qfiunjif` lhs ajkghs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Qfiunjif` lhs fspfnmhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Qf`héçh f `hktjif`
Qfsfrvjt÷rbhs lf gh`austàvfnlf u`j(gjpjgbljlf
rhlj . . . . . kh`bkjn)
. . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 75:
114=
4=
Qhlj sharfssjnfktf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Qhljs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Qhtjéçh lf `jrgmj nfktj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :2:

W
Wjkirbj lh sbstf`j lf gh`austàvfn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14<
Wfgjlhr lf jr gh`prb`blh f sfpjrjlhr lf ÷nfh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16<
Wfiurjkéj lf hpfrjéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:
Wfiurjkéj lf hpfrjéçh
Wfiurjkéj lhs hgupjktfs f lf. . ghkluéçh
. . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 71
14
Wfnféçh lh g÷lbih lh `hthrbstj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6:
Wfrvbéhs lf `jkutfkéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Wbstf`j jktbanhqufbh lh drfbh (JAW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :94
Wbstf`j lf jgbhkj`fkth mblrêunbgh lj f`arfjif` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<<
Wbstf`j lf jr gh`prb`blh (prfssçh lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
Wbstf`j lf fsgjpj`fkth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Wbstf`j lf `uljkéj lf `jrgmjs `jkujn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :=<
Wbstf`j fnâtrbgh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Wbstf`j nb`pjlhr lh pjrj-arbsj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :64
Wbstf`j
Wbstf`jspkfu`êtbgh
lf ghkluéçh. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. :27
17=
Wbstf`js lf `uljkéjs lf `jrgmjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :=<
 

:9

Wbstf`js lf rftfkéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

\
\jafnj lf prfssçh lhs pkfus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756
\jg÷irjdh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <=
\jg÷irjdh lbibtjn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\jgü`ftrh
\j`pj . . . . . . . . . .lf
lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh . . gh`austàvfn
. . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6=
91
\f`pfrjturj lf dukgbhkj`fkth (tf`pfrjturj lh nànàqublh qublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth) . . . . . . . 751
\h`jlj lf dhréj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :=2
\h`jlj fnâtrbgj lf :1 T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
\rjgbhkjklh rfahqufs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:7   h
  g
   b
\rjgbhkjklh sf`brrfahqufs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:7    t
   â
\rhgj lf rhlj f` gjsh lf pkfu durjlh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144    a
  j
   d
   n
   J
V
Vsh lf ghrrfktfs jktblfsnbzjktfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:9
T
Tfnhgà`ftrh lbibtjn f mhlü`ftrh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:
Tfktbnjéçh f jqufgb`fkth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :45
Tfrbdbgjéçh lj prhtféçh jktbghrrhsbvj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16:
Tfrbdbgjéçh lf vjzj`fkths khs gbrgubths pkfu`êtbghs lh sbstf`j lf drfbh . . . . . . . . :9<
Tbsçh ifrjn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :<=
 

  :2

Urhtféçh lh `fbh j`abfktf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Wfiurjkéj lf hpfrjéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:
Ljlhs `f`hrbzjlhs
`f`hrbzjlhs lh vf
vfàgunh
àgunh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
  h
Mh`hnhijéçh pjrj ush lf rjlbhdrfquãkgbj. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<    ç
  é
  u
   l
  h
  r
   t
  k
   B
 

15 Urhtféçh lh `fbh j`abfktf

Urhtféçh lh `fbh j`abfktf

]Gfrtbdbquf-sf lf quf j prfssçh lhs

Khtj sharf h `fbh j`abfktf M pkfus fstfcj sf`prf ghrrftj.
  h
   ç
  é J @frgflfs-Afkz tf` u`j phnàtbgj quf ]Kçh trjksphrtf pfshs lfskfgfssêrbhs.
  u
   l bkgnub jéöfs pjrj j prhtféçh lh `fbh
  h
  r ]Ghktrhnf sf`prf h ghksu`h lf
   t
  k
   B j`abfktf f` thljs js sujs lfgbsöfs gh`austàvfn lh vfàgunh.
f`prfsjrbjbs f quf tf` gh`h hacftbvh
]V` sfrvbéh lf `jkutfkéçh rfiunjr lh
djzfr gh` quf hs rfgurshs kjturjbs, quf
vfàgunh ghktrbaub pjrj j prhtféçh lh
dhr`j` j ajsf lf khssj fxbstãkgbj
`fbh j`abfktf. Uhrtjkth, hasfrvf
kfstf pnjkftj, sfcj` usjlhs sf`prf hs bktfrvjnhs lf
`hlfrjlj`fktf f lf tjn dhr`j quf js `jkutfkéçh.
kfgfssbljlfs lj kjturfzj f lj
Ghkdbf hs sfrvbéhs lf `jkutfkéçh lf
mu`jkbljlf sfcj` nfvjljs f`
sfu vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu
ghksblfrjéçh.
Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-
Thgã tj`aâ` phlf ghktrbaubr pjrj Afkz.
prhtfifr h `fbh j`abfktf jh hpfrjr h Fstbnh pfsshjn lf lbrbibr3
sfu vfàgunh lf u`j `jkfbrj
j`abfktjn`fktf rfsphksêvfn. ]Kçh jgbhkf h pfljn lh jgfnfrjlhr
lurjktf h prhgflb`fkth lf pjrtblj
Lf `hlh ifrjn, h ghksu`h lf
lh `hthr.
gh`austàvfn f h lfsijstf lh `hthr, lj
trjks`bssçh, lhs drfbhs f lhs pkfus ]Kçh jquféj h `hthr gh` h vfàgunh
lfpfklf`3 pjrjlh.
• ljljss gh
ghkl
klbé
béöf
öfss lf hhpf
pfrj
rjéç
éçhh lh ]Urhgurf jktfgbpjr-sf ås ghklbéöfs lf
vfàgunh f tráksbth f `jktfkmj u`j lbstákgbj
• lh fs fstb
tbnh
nh pfs
pfssh
shjn
jn lf lbr
lbrbi
bibr
br.. sfiurj lh vfàgunh å suj drfktf.
Hs btfks jgb`j phlf` sfr bkdnufkgbjlhs ]Fvbtf jgfnfrjéöfs drfqufktfs f
phr vhgã, phrtjkth, tfkmj sf`prf f` rfpfktbkjs.
`fktf hs djthrfs quf phlf` bkdnufkgbjr ]@ulf js `jrgmjs kh tf`ph ghrrfth f
lbrftj`fktf h ghksu`h lf gh`austàvfn. ghkluzj h vfàgunh `hlfrjlj`fktf,
usjklh gjlj `jrgmj sh`fktf jtâ 1/
Ghklbéöfs lf hpfrjéçh lh vfàgunh3
7 lj rhtjéçh `êxb`j lh `hthr.
]Fvbtf trjcfths gurths lfskfgfssêrbhs,
]Lfsnbiuf h `hthr f` nhkijs pjrjljs
phbs fnfs ju`fktj` h ghksu`h lf kh tráksbth ghkifstbhkjlh.
gh`austàvfn.

Wfiurjkéj lf hpfrjéçh
IJ\FKÉÇH
Jntfrjéöfs khs gh`phkfktfs
fnftrükbghs f f` sfus prhirj`js phlf`
gjusjr djnmjs lf dukgbhkj`fkth.
Hs sbstf`js fnftrükbghs fstçh
bktfrnbijlhs f` rflf, phr bssh,
`hlbdbgjéöfs f` u` lftfr`bkjlh
sbstf`j phlf` jdftjr sbstf`js quf kçh
tfkmj` sblh jntfrjlhs.
Js djnmjs lf dukgbhkj`fkth phlf`
rfprfsfktjr sârbhs pfrbihs å sfiurjkéj
lj ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh f lf sfu
dukgbhkj`fkth.
Qfgh`fklj`hs quf vhgã sf`prf
prhgurf u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf
Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj
djzfr j `jkutfkéçh lhs sbstf`js
fnftrükbghs lh sfu vfàgunh, phbs fnfs tã`
fspfgbjnbstjs gh` hs ghkmfgb`fkths
kfgfssêrbhs f js dfrrj`fktjs jlfqujljs
pjrj fxfgutjr Ujrj bssh, prhgurf sf`prf
u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz.
\hlhs hs sfrvbéhs b`phrtjktfs pjrj j
sfiurjkéj lh vfàgunh hu lhs sbstf`js
rfnjgbhkjlhs å sfiurjkéj lfvf` sfr
fxfgutjlhs f` u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu
Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-
Afkz.
Wfiurjkéj lf hpfrjéçh 1:
Tfnhgà`ftrh lbibtjn f mhlü`ftrh
Kçh vbhnf hs fqubpj`fkths fnftrükbghs   h
   ç
pjrj jntfrjr h rfibstrh lf qubnh`ftrjif`   é
  u
thtjn lh vfàgunh.    l
  h
  r
Wf h rfibstrh lf qubnh`ftrjif` thtjn dhr    t
  k
   B
jntfrjlh f h vfàgunh dhr vfklblh, h
gh`prjlhr lfvf sfr bkdhr`jlh sharf tjn
jntfrjéçh. Gjsh ghktrêrbh, bssh phlf
gjrjgtfrbzjr-sf f` grb`f, sucfbth j
pukbéöfs prfvbstjs kj nfibsnjéçh lf
lftfr`bkjlhs pjàsfs.
@hlbdbgjr j phtãkgbj lh `hthr
Zujnqufr `hlbdbgjéçh dfbtj kh sbstf`j lf
ifrfkgbj`fkth fnftrükbgh lh `hthr gh` h
hacftbvh lf ju`fktjr j phtãkgbj lf sjàlj
phlf bkvjnbljr j pfr`bssçh lf gbrgunjéçh
lh vfàgunh f j ghafrturj lf sfiurh (sf
mhuvfr), af` gh`h j pfrlj lj ijrjktbj f
lhs lbrfbths lf ijrjktbj.
Fvfktujbs `hlbdbgjéöfs kj phtãkgbj lh
`hthr rfqufrf` quf h vfàgunh sfcj
gfrtbdbgjlh khvj`fktf f lfvf` sfr
rfphrtjljs å sfiurjlhrj lh vfàgunh. Hs
pkfus, j suspfksçh, hs drfbhs f h sbstf`j
lf
u`jrrfdfgb`fkth lfvf`
phssàvfn ju`fkth lf sfr jljptjlhs
phtãkgbj lh j
`hthr.
Js `hlbdbgjéöfs kh sbstf`j lf
ifrfkgbj`fkth fnftrükbgh lh `hthr
jntfrj` hs kàvfbs lf f`bssçh f, jnâ` lbssh,
gh`prh`ftf` j sfiurjkéj lf
dukgbhkj`fkth lh `hthr. H ju`fkth lf
phtãkgbj phlf gjusjr djnmjs lf
dukgbhkj`fkth f, ghksfqufktf`fktf,
ljkhs f` hutrhs gh`phkfktfs.
Wf j phtãkgbj lh `hthr dhr jntfrjlj f h
vfàgunh dhr vfklblh, h gh`prjlhr lfvf sfr
bkdhr`jlh sharf tjn jntfrjéçh. Gjsh

11 Wfiurjkéj lf hpfrjéçh
ghktrêrbh, bssh phlf gjrjgtfrbzjr-sf f`
grb`f, sucfbth j pukbéöfs prfvbstjs kj
nfibsnjéçh lf lftfr`bkjlhs pjàsfs.
  h I
   ç
  é ås fxbiãkgbjs nfijbs lf prhtféçh jh `fbh
  u Hs `÷lunhs fnftrükbghs sçh
   l pjrj`ftrbzjlhs pjrj jtfklfr ås
  h
  r
   t
  k
   B gjrjgtfràstbgjs tâgkbgjs lf gjlj
vfàgunh.
J `hlbdbgjéçh lfssfs pjrá`ftrhs hu j
bkstjnjéçh lf hutrhs `÷lunhs gh`
pjrj`ftrbzjéçh lbdfrfktf ljqufnj
fspfgbdbgjlj pjrj h vfàgunh, `fs`h quf
rfjnbzjljs f` u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu
Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-
Afkz, phlf prfculbgjr h dukgbhkj`fkth
lh vfàgunh hu j lurjabnbljlf lf sfus
jirfijlhs.
Uhrtjkth, js djnmjs f/hu ljkhs
rfsuntjktfs lf `hlbdbgjéöfs khs
pjrá`ftrhs lhs `÷lunhs fnftrükbghs hu
lj bkstjnjéçh lf hutrhs `÷lunhs
fnftrükbghs gh` pjrj`ftrbzjéçh
lbdfrfktf ljqufnj fspfgbdbgjlj pjrj h
vfàgunh kçh sçh ghafrtjs pfnj ijrjktbj
lh vfàgunh.
U÷s-trjtj`fkth lhs ijsfs lf fsgjpf
Anuf\fg6®
Ujrj h dukgbhkj`fkth jlfqujlh lh
sbstf`j lf p÷s-trjtj`fkth lhs ijsfs lf
fsgjpf Anuf\fg6®, h rfjifktf quà`bgh å
ajsf lf urfbj JQNJ 71 lfvf sfr utbnbzjlh.
H jajstfgb`fkth lf JQNJ 71 kçh djz
dj z pjrtf
lh fsghph lhs trjajnmhs lf `jkutfkéçh f
lfvf sfr prhvblfkgbjlh pfnh `hthrbstj
lurjktf j hpfrjéçh lh vfàgunh sf`prf quf
kfgfssêrbh.
H jajstfgb`fkth f j hpfrjéçh gh`
JQNJ 71 sçh kfgfssêrbhs pjrj h
gu`prb`fkth ljs fxbiãkgbjs nfijbs quf
fstjafnfgf` hs àklbgfs `êxb`hs
jl`bssàvfbs lf f`bssöfs lf ijsfs f
`jtfrbjbs pjrtbgunjlhs pjrj vfàgunhs
juth`hthrfs. Wf h vfàgunh dhr utbnbzjlh sf`
JQNJ 71, sfu dukgbhkj`fkth kçh jtfklf
j`abfktf f suj gbrgunjéçh f` vbjs póanbgjs
pjssj
g÷lbihjlf
sfrtráksbth.
ghksblfrjlj u`j bkdrjéçh jh
Wf h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71 fstbvfr vjzbh
hu sf h sbstf`j lf p÷s-trjtj`fkth lhs
ijsfs lf fsgjpf Anuf\fg6® jprfsfktjr
jniu`j djnmj lf dukgbhkj`fkth, h
`hthrbstj sfrê jnfrtjlh pfnj nuz bklbgjlhrj
@BN ? (djnmj lf dukgbhkj`fkth)
nhgjnbzjlj kh pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths.
Jlbgbhkjn`fktf, h `hstrjlhr lh
gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh lh vfàgunh fxbaf u`j
bklbgjéçh lf djnmj. J phtãkgbj lh `hthr
phlf sfr juth`jtbgj`fktf rfluzblj jh
pjrjr h vfàgunh hu jh lfsnbijr f nbijr h
`hthr. Jljptf h sfu `hlh lf lbrbibr f
ghkluzj h vfàgunh gubljlhsj`fktf.
Urhvblfkgbf b`flbjtj`fktf h
jajstfgb`fkth lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71
hu, sf mhuvfr djnmj, fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j
u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr f
rfpjrjr h sbstf`j lf p÷s-trjtj`fkth lhs
ijsfs lf fsgjpf Anuf\fg6®.
Bkstjnjr h rêlbh
Jh bkstjnjr h rêlbh, gfrtbdbquf-sf lf quf h
ghkfgthr lh fqubpj`fkth ghrrfsphklf jh
ghkfgthr lf fspfrj lj bkstjnjéçh fnâtrbgj
lh vfàgunh. Gjsh ghktrêrbh, j bkstjnjéçh
fnâtrbgj lh vfàgunh hu lh fqubpj`fkth
phlf sfr ljkbdbgjlj. Ujrj suj sfiurjkéj,
nfvf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu
Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Afkz pjrj rfjnbzjrJuthrbzjlh @frgflfs-
j bkstjnjéçh lh rêlbh.
 

Ljlhs `f`hrbzjlhs lh vfàgunh 17

Ljlhs `f`hrbzjlhs lh vfàgunh

V` irjklf kó`frh lf gh`phkfktfs Hs pfrdbs lf lfsnhgj`fkth rfnjtbvhs j
fnftrükbghs lh sfu vfàgunh ghktâ` trjcfths pfrghrrblhs kçh phlf` sfr
`f`÷rbj lf ljlhs quf jr`jzfkj`, fnjahrjlhs gh` ajsf kfstfs ljlhs. Wf   h
   ç
tf`phrêrbj hu pfr`jkfktf`fktf, dhrf` shnbgbtjljs prfstjéöfs lf sfrvbéhs,   é
  u
bkdhr`jéöfs tâgkbgjs sharf3 fstjs bkdhr`jéöfs tâgkbgjs phlf` sfr    l
  h
  r
• sbtu
sbtujéjéçhçh lh vf
vfàg
àgun
unh?
h? nbljs
ljlhskjs
lf `f`÷rbjs
djnmj. lf hghrrãkgbjs f lf    t
  k
   B
• hghrrãkgbjs?
• d jn m j. Fxf`pnhs lf prfstjéçh lf sfrvbéhs3
Kh ifrjn, fstjs bkdhr`jéöfs tâgkbgjs • sf
sfrv
rvbé
béhs
hs lf rf rfpjpjrh
rh??
lhgu`fktj` h fstjlh lf u` gh`phkfktf, • prh
prhgf
gfss
sshs
hs lf ssfrvfrvbé
béhh lf jssb
jssbst
stãk
ãkgb
gbj?
j?
lf u` `÷lunh, lf u` sbstf`j hu lh `fbh • sbtu
sbtujé
jéöföfss llff iijr
jrjk
jktbtbj?
j?
fkvhnvfktf gh`h, phr fxf`pnh3 • ij
ijrj
rjkt
ktbj
bj lf ququjnjnbl
bljl
jlf. f.
• hs fst
fstjlh
jlhss lf duk
dukgb
gbhk
hkj`f
j`fkt
kthh llhs
hs J nfbturj lhs ljlhs â dfbtj phr
gh`phkfktfs lh sbstf`j (fx.3 kàvfbs lf ghnjahrjlhrfs lj rflf lf ghkgfssbhkêrbhs
fkgmb`fkth)? @frgflfs-Afkz gh` jculj lf jpjrfnmhs lf
• js ``fk
fksji
sjifks
fks lf ffst
stjlh
jlh lh vvfàfàgu
gunh
nh f lbjik÷stbgh fspfgbjbs. Jp÷s h rfpjrh ljs
lhs sfus gh`phkfktfs bklbvblujbs (fx.3 djnmjs, js bkdhr`jéöfs sçh jpjijljs lj
kó`frh lf rhtjéöfs lf rhlj/ `f`÷rbj hu sçh suastbtuàljs
vfnhgbljlf, lfsjgfnfrjéçh, jgfnfrjéçh ghktbkuj`fktf. F` jniu`js sbtujéöfs
trjksvfrsjn, phsbéçh lh pfljn lh fxgfpgbhkjbs, u` rfprfsfktjktf tâgkbgh lj
jgfnfrjlhr)? @frgflfs-Afkz phlf jculjr j hatfr fstfs
• djn
djnmj
mjss lf du
dukg
kgbh
bhkj
kj`fk
`fkth th f llfdf
fdfbt
bths
hs ff`
` ljlhs tâgkbghs f hutrjs bkdhr`jéöfs
gh`phkfktfs b`phrtjktfs lh sbstf`j gh`h3
(fx.3 nuzfs, drfbh ftg)? • prprht
hthg
hghn
hnhs
hs lf
lf jg
jgbl
blfk
fktf
tfs?
s?
• js rf
rfjé
jéöf
öfss f hs fs
fstj
tjlh
lhss llff • ljljkkhs kh vvfà
fàggunh?
dukgbhkj`fkth lh vfàgunh f` sbtujéöfs
lf ghkluéçh fspfgàdbgjs (fx.3 lbspjrh • tfstf`ukmhs.
lf u` jbraji, jtujéçh lhs sbstf`js lf Hutrjs dukéöfs ghktrjtjljs pfnh gnbfktf,
rfiunjif` lj fstjabnbljlf. gh`h h DNFF\AHJQL lh sbstf`j lf
• js gghk
hklb
lbéö
éöfs
fs lh jj`ab
`abfkfktf
tf (f
(fx.3
x.3 j tfnf`êtbgj, tj`aâ` pfr`btf` quf
tf`pfrjturj fxtfrkj). lftfr`bkjlhs ljlhs sfcj` trjks`btblhs j
pjrtbr lh pr÷prbh vfàgunh.
Hs ljlhs sçh lf kjturfzj fxgnusbvj`fktf
tâgkbgj f phlfrçh sfr utbnbzjlhs jpfkjs
pjrj js sfiubktfs dbkjnbljlfs3
• jux
juxbnbnbj
bjrr kj llft
ftfg
fgéçh
éçh f rfp
rfpjrh
jrh llff djn
djnmj
mjss
f lfdbgbãkgbjs?
• jkj
jkjnbnbsj
sjrr js duk
dukéö
éöfs
fs llhh vf
vfàg
àgun
unh,
h, pphr
hr
fxf`pnh, jp÷s u` jgblfktf?
• ht
htb`
b`bzbzjr
jr js duk
dukéö
éöfs
fs llhh vf
vfàg
àgun
unh.
h.
 

1< Mh`hnhijéçh pjrj ush lf rjlbhdrfquãkgbj

Mh`hnhijéçh pjrj ush lf rjlbhdrfquãkgbj

Hs vfàgunhs @frgflfs-Afkz sçh fqubpjlhs
fqubpj lhs gh` hs lbsphsbtbvhs f` ghkdhr`bljlf gh` js
nfibsnjéöfs prfsfktfs khs pjàsfs jajbxh3
  h
   ç
  é Ujàs Lfgnjrjéçh lf ghkdhr`bljlf
  u
   l Jrifktbkj GKG BL3 M-1<:<=
  h
  r
   t
  k
   B Arjsb
jsbn Qfiunj`f
j`fkths lljj J
Jiiãkgbj K
Kjjgbhkjn llff \\ffnfgh`uk
ukbbgjé
jéööfs (J
(JKJ\FN)

@âxb
@âxbgh
gh „Nj
„Nj hhpf
pfrj
rjgb
gb÷k
÷k lf fs
fsttf ffqu
qubbph fs
fstê
tê su
sucf
cftj
tj j nnjs
js sbiu
sbiubf
bfkt
ktfs
fs lh
lhss
ghklbgbhkfs3
(:) fs phsbanf quf fstf fqubph h lbsphsbtbvh kh gjusf bktfrdfrfkgbj
pfrculbgbjn y (1) fstf fqubph h lbsphsbtbvh lfaf jgfptjr gujnqubfr
bktfrdfrfkgbj, bkgnuyfklh nj quf puflj gjusjr su hpfrjgb÷k kh lfsfjlj.‐
Wbkijpurj
 

  16

Wfiurjkéj lhs hgupjktfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Bklbgjéöfs ifrjbs lf sfiurjkéj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7:
Ukfus f rhljs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Gh`pjrtb`fkths phrtj-hacfths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

  j
  é
  k
  j
  r
  u
  i
  f
   W
 

14 Wfiurjkéj lhs hgupjktfs

Wfiurjkéj lhs hgupjktfs

• F`
F`pur
purrf
rf j nbki
nbkiuft
uftjj lf tr
trjv
jvj`f
j`fkt
kthh pjr
pjrjj
Gbkths lf sfiurjkéj ajbxh jtâ dbkjnbzjr h fkijtf (sh` lf
gnbquf). Uuxf h gbkth lf sfiurjkéj pjrj
IJ\FKÉÇH vfrbdbgjr h ghrrfth jtrfnj`fkth.
• Wf ppfr
frgfa
gfafr
fr jni
jniu`j
u`j thré
thréçh
çh lljj djbx
djbxjj lf
Kukgj ghkluzj
hs hgupjktfs h vfàgunh
fstfcj` sf` quf
usjklh thlhs
h gbkth lf tfgblh,
lfsdjéjlfsjdbvfnf
j thréçh fhjdbvfnf
gbkth lf sfiurjkéj,
h gbkth lf
sfiurjkéj ghrrftj`fktf. sfiurjkéj khvj`fktf.
  j
  é
  k
  j
  r IJ\FKÉÇH
  u
  i IJ\FKÉÇH
  f
   W Kukgj sf sfktf sharf h gbkth lf
J kçh utbnbzjéçh hu ush bkghrrfth lh sfiurjkéj jdbvfnjlh pjrj kçh gjusjr h
gbkth lf sfiurjkéj phlf rfsuntjr f` lfsijstf prf`jturh lhs gh`phkfktfs
dfrb`fkths hu `hrtf f` gjsh lf lh sbstf`j.
jgblfktfs.
• Ujrj dbkj
dbkjnbz
nbzjr
jr h jc
jcust
ustf,
f, vfrb
vfrbdbq
dbquf
uf ssff j
Jdbvfnjr h gbkth lf sfiurjkéj
dhnij rfsblujn lj djbxj lf tfgblh fstê
• Jn
Jngj
gjkg
kgff f sf
sfiu
iurf
rf j nnbk
bkiu
iuftftjj lf
lf gh` u` `êxb`h lf 1,6 g`.
trjvj`fkth.
• F` uu` ` `h
`hvbvb`fk
`fkthth nfk
nfkthth f ghk
ghktàtàku
kuh,
h,
pjssf h gbkth lf sfiurjkéj phr sharf
sfu h`arh f ghxjs (rfibçh pânvbgj).
• Bks
Bksbr
brjj j nbki
nbkiuft
uftjj lf ttrj
rjvj
vj`fk
`fkth th kh
kh
fkgjbxf lj dbvfnj, quf fstêf stê nhgjnbzjlj kj
njtfrjn lh jssfkth.

• J nu
nuzz lf jlv
jlvfrt
frtãkg
ãkgbj
bj kh ppjb
jbkfn
kfn hu h
jnjr`f shkhrh bklbgjklh "Gbkth lf
sfiurjkéj kçh jdbvfnjlh" sfrçh
lfsnbijlhs jp÷s h jdbvfnj`fkth
(gh`phkfktfs hpgbhkjbs).
Nb`pjr h gbkth lf sfiurjkéj
• @j
@jkt
ktfk
fkmj
mj h ssbs
bstf
tf`j
`j lh ggbk
bkth
th lf
sfiurjkéj nb`ph3 Vtbnbzf u`j fsphkcj,
êiuj `hrkj f sjaçh kfutrh. Lfbxf sfgjr
 

Wfiurjkéj lhs hgupjktfs 19

kjturjn`fktf, kçh rfghrrj j dhktfs lf

gjnhr. Kçh utbnbzf prhluths quà`bghs quf IJ\FKÉÇH
jdftj` hs gh`phkfktfs.
• Kuk
Kukgj
gj nnuar
uarbdbdbqu
bquff hs ggh`
h`phk
phkfkt
fktfs
fs llhh Djéj j bkspféçh f `jkutfkéçh
gbkth lf sfiurjkéj. Kçh â kfgfssêrbh pfrb÷lbgjs. Wuj prhtféçh lfpfklf lj
nuarbdbgjr fstf sbstf`j. rhaustfz f fdbgêgbj lhs gh`phkfktfs lh
gbkth lf sfiurjkéj.
Wjbaj h quf rfluz j vblj ótbn lh gbkth lf
sfiurjkéj
• J` `hvb
hvb`fk
`fktjé
tjéçh
çh ghk
ghkstj
stjktf
ktf f fxgf
fxgfssbssbvj
vj Wbstf`js lf rftfkéçh   j
  é
lh ajkgh f lj gjabkf djz gh` quf h J b`phrtákgbj lhs lbsphsbtbvhs lf   k
gbkth lf sfiurjkéj sfcj sua`ftblh jh   j
  r
sfiurjkéj   u
strfss f jh lfsijstf prf`jturh lf sfus   i
F` gjsh lf ghnbsçh gh` hutrh vfàgunh hu   f
gh`phkfktfs.    W
gh` u` hastêgunh qujnqufr, h sfu vfàgunh
• H jtjtjqu
jquff lf bk
bktf
tf`pâ
`pârb
rbfs
fs ggh`
h`h, h, pphr
hr phlf sfr sua`ftblh j dhréjs fxtrf`js lf
fxf`pnh, phfbrj, u`bljlf f rjbhs jgfnfrjéçh f lfsjgfnfrjéçh. Kfstf fvfkth
shnjrfs lfirjlj` hs gh`phkfktfs, quf bkfspfrjlh, hs hgupjktfs sçh njkéjlhs kj
jdftj h dukgbhkj`fkth f rfluz j vblj
ótbn lh sbstf`j. lbrféçh hphstj jh b`pjgth f phlf` sfr
njkéjlhs ghktrj hs gh`phkfktfs lh
• Wb
Wbtu
tujé
jéöfs
öfs lf usushh bk
bklfv
lfvblh
blh,, tj
tjbs
bs ggh`
h`hh mjabtêgunh f shdrfr dfrb`fkths. J dbkjnbljlf
sfktjr sharf h gbkth lf sfiurjkéj lhs sbstf`js lf rftfkéçh â custj`fktf
jdbvfnjlh hu, pbsjr sharf js jkghrjifks `bkb`bzjr hs rbsghs lf dfrb`fkths kfstjs
kjs `hvb`fktjéöfs kh bktfrbhr lj sbtujéöfs. Ghktulh, fstf sbstf`j lf
gjabkf hu, jphbjr-sf sharf js hpfrjéçh kçh phlf prfvfkbr fvfktujbs
jkghrjifks hu, hutrjs sbtujéöfs kçh dfrb`fkths gjusjlhs phr hacfths
prfvbstjs kh ush jlfqujlh lh gbkth lf ghktuklfktfs hu pfrdurjktfs, prhvfkbfktfs
sfiurjkéj, phlf` jgjrrftjr lh `fbh fxtfrbhr jh vfàgunh.
lfdhr`jéöfs f ljkhs pjrj h sbstf`j.
Fstjs prêtbgjs phlf` gjusjr jvjrbjs
prf`jturjs lhs gh`phkfktfs lh gbkth
lf sfiurjkéj f j kfgfssbljlf lf
suastbtubéçh lh `fs`h.

IJ\FKÉÇH
H ush bklfvblh phlf rfsuntjr f`
lfdhr`jéöfs f ljkhs, lb`bkubklh j vblj
ótbn lhs gh`phkfktfs.
 

1= Wfiurjkéj lhs hgupjktfs

IJ\FKÉÇH
Ghnhquf h gbkth lf sfiurjkéj sf`prf
jktfs lf lbrbibr. @jkusfjr h gbkth lf
sfiurjkéj gh` h vfàgunh f` `hvb`fkth
grbj u`j sbtujéçh lf rbsgh.

  j
  é IJ\FKÉÇH
  k : Ghrrfth
  j
  r
  u
Kçh thréj j djbxj lf tfgblh. V` gbkth lf 1 Bkghrrfth (@ubth jnth khs qujlrbs)
  i sfiurjkéj thrgblh kçh phlfrê prhtfifr
  f
   W h hgupjktf gh`h lfvfrbj f phlf gjusjr • Kuk
Kukgj
gj ssfk
fktf
tf sshar
harff h gbkt
gbkthh lf ssfi
fiur
urjké
jkéjj
dfrb`fkths f` u`j sbtujéçh lf jdbvfnjlh.
jgblfktfs.
IJ\FKÉÇH
Jcustjr
sfiurjkéj ghrrftj`fktf h gbkth lf Thgã phlf shdrfr sârbjs nfsöfs bktfrkjs
Jp÷s jdbvfnjr h gbkth lf sfiurjkéj, sf h gbkth lf sfiurjkéj fstbvfr `ubth
gfrtbdbquf-sf lf quf h sbstf`j fstfcj kjs jnth. F` u` jgblfktf, thlh fsdhréh sfrê
ghklbéöfs nbstjljs jajbxh3 suphrtjlh pfnh sfu jalü`fk.
• J pphréç
hréçhh bkdfr
bkdfrbhr
bhr lj djbx
djbxjj llff ttfgb
fgblh
lh llfvf
fvf
pjssjr å drfktf lh sfu qujlrbn, sharf j
rfibçh pânvbgj. Fnf kçh phlf fstjr IJ\FKÉÇH
drhuxh. Bsth pfr`btbrê quf vhgã
fsghrrfiuf sha j djbxj lf tfgblh f fstj Kukgj sf sfktf sharf h gbkth lf
sfiurjkéj jdbvfnjlh. Kukgj phsbgbhkf j
sf
sfuphsbgbhkf
jalü`fk.bkjlfqujlj`fktf
Fstbquf j djbxj lfsharf
tfgblhh djbxj lf tfgblh sharf sfu pfsghéh hu
h qujkth dhr phssàvfn. lfajbxh lh arjéh hu kjs ghstjs.

• J ph
phré
réçh
çh ssupf
upfrb
rbhr
hr lljj dj
djbx
bxjj lf ttfg
fgbl
blhh
sf`prf lfvf pjssjr phr sharf h sfu
h`arh.
Lfsjdbvfnjr h gbkth lf sfiurjkéj
• Urf
Urfssb
ssbhk
hkff h aaht
htçh
çh llff nbafr
nbafrjéç
jéçhh kj
dbvfnj. J nbkiuftj lf trjvj`fkth vjb sf
lfsprfklfr f sjntjr
 

Wfiurjkéj lhs hgupjktfs 12

vfàgunh f` `hvb`fkth, h fkghsth lh

ajkgh lfvf fstjr pr÷xb`h å phsbéçh
vfrtbgjn.

IJ\FKÉÇH
Kçh utbnbzf gbkths lf sfiurjkéj sharf
hacfths ràiblhs hu drêifbs jgh`hljlhs
f` suj rhupj (÷gunhs, gjkftjs, gmjvfs
  j
ftg). Fstfs phlf` gjusjr nfsöfs f`   é
  k
gjsh lf jgblfktfs.   j
  r
  u
  i
• @ub
@ubtj
tjss ggj`
j`jlj
jljss llff rrhu
hupj
pj phl
phlf`
f`   f
   W
bktfrdfrbr kh ghrrfth phsbgbhkj`fkth f
• J sshn
hntur
turjj lj
lj nnbk
bkiu
iuft
ftjj phl
phlff ssfr
fr prfssçh lhs gbkths lf sfiurjkéj.
lbdbguntjlj sf h gbkth lf sfiurjkéj
fstbvfr `ubth fstbgjlh. Kfstf gjsh, • @jk
@jktftfkm
kmjj jjss ddbvf
bvfnj
njss nnb`
b`pjs
pjs f
lfshastruàljs pjrj ijrjktbr u`
rfguf h ghrph
jdrhuxjklh sharflfh tfgblh
j djbxj ajkgh,f fdftuf h jdbvfnj`fkth sfiurh.
lfstrjvj`fkth. • Hs ggbk
bkth
thss lf sfi
sfiur
urjk
jkéj
éj llhs
hs aajk
jkghs
ghs
• Ujr
Ujrjj jgh`
jgh`hlj
hljrr h gb
gbkt
kthh lf sf
sfiu
iurj
rjké
kéjj lf "kçh hgupjlhs" lfvf` fstjr
7 phkths lfsjdbvfnjlh, sfiurf j thtjn`fktf rfghnmblhs pfnh rfspfgtbvh
nbkiuftj nbafrjlj lj dbvfnj f ghkluzj h rftrjthr hu jdbvfnjlhs.
rfghnmb`fkth lj djbxj lf tfgblh pfnh • @jk
@jktftfkm
kmjj j dj
djbx
bxjj lf ttfgb
fgblh
lh nnb`
b`ph.
ph. Js
rftrjthr, jtâ h phkth lf pjrjlj (kh b`purfzjs prfsfktfs kj djbxj lf tfgblh
fkghsth lh ajkgh hu kj njtfrjn lj phlf` jdftjr h dukgbhkj`fkth f j vblj
gjabkf). Fstf juxànbh pfr`btf h ótbn lh rftrjthr.
rfghnmb`fkth nfkth, sf` j dhr`jéçh lf
lharjs kj djbxj lf tfgblh. • Gbk
Gbkth
thss llff ssfi
ljkbdbgjlhs, fiur
urjk
qufjkéj
éj ij
ijst
sths
shdrfrj` hsfstbrj`fkth
hu
Bkdhr`jéöfs b`phrtjktfs pjrj h sfu f` ghnbsöfs hu quf jprfsfktf` ghrtfs
lbj-j-lbj hu `jkgmjs, lfvf` sfr suastbtuàlhs.
• H``ht
hthr
hrbs
bstj
tj f tthlh
hlhss hhss llf`j
f`jbs
bs • Wf qqujn
ujnquf
qufrr gh`ph
gh`phkf
kfkt
ktff lh gghk
hkcu
cukt
kthh
hgupjktfs lj gjabkf lfvf` utbnbzjr h lh gbkth lf sfiurjkéj (fx3 djbxj lf
gbkth lf sfiurjkéj. tfgblh, gjah lf jéh, nbijéöfs, rftrjthr,
• Kuk
Kukgj
gj jg
jgh`h
h`hlf
lf `j
`jbs
bs lh quf u`j bkvfrshr lf lbrféçh, rfiunjlhr lf jnturj
pfsshj f` gjlj gbkth lf sfiurjkéj. ftg.) jprfsfktjr ljkhs hu jvjrbjs f`
qujnqufr irjklfzj, j suastbtubéçh lh
• H fk
fkgh
ghst
sthh lf aajk
jkgh
gh rrfg
fgnbnbkjl
kjlhh ph
phlf
lf kkçh
çh gbkth lf sfiurjkéj f/hu ljs
pfr`btbr h ghrrfth
djbxj lf tfgblh phsbgbhkj`fkth
sharf h h`arh. Gh`ljh jkghrjifks lfvfrê sfr prhktj`fktf
fdftujlj.
 

75 Wfiurjkéj lhs hgupjktfs

• Ujr
Ujrjj suast
suastbt
btub
ubéç
éçhh lf gh`p
gh`phkf
hkfkt
ktfs,
fs, • \hl
\hljj vfz
vfz qu
quff h vf
vfàg
àgun
unhh dh
dhrr fkvh
fkvhnv
nvblh
blh f`
kukgj rfutbnbzf pféjs gh` mbst÷rbgh lf u` jgblfktf, h sbstf`j gh`pnfth lf
ush (f` vfàgunhs, f` lf`hkstrjéöfs, gbkth lf sfiurjkéj lfvfrê sfr
gh` fsthgjif` b`pr÷prbj ftg). Vtbnbzf suastbtuàlh. Jvjrbjs f strfss lhs
sf`prf pféjs khvjs f hrbibkjbs. gh`phkfktfs, jbklj quf kçh vbsàvfbs,
• Kçh djéj
djéj jjljp
ljptj
tjéö
éöfs
fs hhuu lf
lfs`s`hkthktff hs phlf` jdftjr j bktfirbljlf fstruturjn
gbkths lf sfiurjkéj. Thgã kfgfssbtj lh sbstf`j f ghnhgjr f` rbsgh j suj
lfstfs pjrj suj prhtféçh. vblj.
• Wf ghk
ghkst
stjt
jtjr
jr jniu`
jniu`jj jvj
jvjrbrbjj hhuu
  j
  é dukgbhkj`fkth bkjlfqujlh lhs gbkths IJ\FKÉÇH
  k
  j
  r
lf sfiurjkéj, prhgurf u`
  u Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Bkspféöfs `jn dfbtjs phlf` pfr`btbr
  i quf jvjrbjs hu ghklbéöfs bkjlfqujljs
  f Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj hs
   W lh gbkth lf sfiurjkéj ghnhquf` f`
lfvblhs rfpjrhs/trhgj.
rbsgh j suj bktfirbljlf dàsbgj.
Bkspfgbhkjr h gbkth lf sfiurjkéj
• Lfvb
Lfvblh
lh å bb`phr
`phrták
tákgbj
gbj lf suj utb
utbnbz
nbzjéç
jéçh,
h,
hs gbkths lf sfiurjkéj lhs vfàgunhs
gh`frgbjbs fstçh `jbs sucfbths jh
lfsijstf f jvjrbjs, qujklh
gh`pjrjlhs jhs gbkths lf sfiurjkéj
lhs juth`÷vfbs.
• Hs ggbkbkth
thss lf sfi
sfiur
urjké
jkéjj tã
tã`
` u`
u`jj vb
vblj
lj
dbkbtj quf phlf sfr `ubth `jbs gurtj qufq uf
j vblj ótbn lh vfàgunh. Js bkspféöfs
rfiunjrfs f suastbtubéöfs kfgfssêrbjs
sçh j ókbgj dhr`j lf ijrjktbr j
dukgbhkjnbljlf f j rhaustfz lh sbstf`j.
Hs gbkths lf sfiurjkéj lfvf` sfr
suastbtuàlhs qujktjs vfzfs dhrf`
kfgfssêrbjs lurjktf j vblj lh vfàgunh.
• H gb
gbkt
kthh lf ssfi
fiurj
urjké
kéjj f hs ggh`
h`phk
phkfk
fktf
tfss
lh ajkgh f lj gjabkf nbijlhs j fnf
lfvf` sfr bkspfgbhkjlhs
rfiunjr`fktf. Bkspféöfs `bkugbhsjs
lfvfrçh hghrrfr f` thljs js rfvbsöfs
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kçh â rfgh`fkljlj.
Nb`btf lf gjrij
Fvbtf sharfgjrijs. J sharfgjrij prhvhgj
ljkhs khs pkfus sb`bnjrfs jhs ljkhs
gjusjlhs phr ajbxj prfssçh, phrâ`, lf
dhr`j `jbs jgfktujlj. Hasfrvf sf`prf h
nb`btf lf gjrij `êxb`h fstjafnfgblh pjrj
gjlj tbph lf pkfu.
 

Gh`pjrtb`fkths phrtj-hacfths 79

Gh`pjrtb`fkths phrtj-hacfths
Uhrtj-hacfths Uhrtj-ghphs

IJ\FKÉÇH IJ\FKÉÇH
Kçh iujrlf hacfths pfsjlhs, phr Vtbnbzf sh`fktf rfgbpbfktfs lf tj`jkmh
fxf`pnh, ijrrjdjs, khs gh`pjrtb`fkths jlfqujlh f, sf phssàvfn, gh` tj`pj,
phrtj-hacfths. pjrj fvbtjr fvfktujbs lfrrj`j`fkths.
  j
Hs gh`pjrtb`fkths phrtj-hacfths gh` Gubljlh gh` afabljs qufktfs. Thgã   é
  k
tj`pj lfvf` sfr `jktblhs dfgmjlhs phlf shdrfr qufb`jlurjs f` gjsh lf   j
  r
qujklh h vfàgunh fstbvfr f` `hvb`fkth lfrrj`j`fkths.   u
  i
pjrj prfvfkbr quf hs hgupjktfs lh   f
   W
vfàgunh shdrj` nfsöfs gjusjljs phr
hacfths jrrf`fssjlhs lfktrh lj gjabkf
lfvblh j u`j drfjlj arusgj, u`j
`uljkéj rfpfktbkj lf lbrféçh hu kj
fvfktujn hghrrãkgbj lf u` jgblfktf.
 

  72

Uhsth lh `hthrbstj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <5

Ujbkfn lf bkstru`fkths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <1
Lbsphsbéçh
Lbsphsbé çh lhs bktfrru
bktfrrupthrfs
pthrfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <6
Bktfrrupthr gh`abkjlh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <4
Jnjvjkgj `untbdukéöfs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <9
   n
  j
\jg÷irjdh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <=
\jg÷irjdh   r
  f
Gmjvf ifrjn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6<   i
  h
   ç
  s
   b
   T
 

<5 Uhsth lh `hthrbstj

Uhsth lh `hthrbstj

   n
  j
  r
  f
  i
  h
   ç
  s
   b
   T

Uêibkj
: Bktfrrupthrfs lf jgbhkj`fkth lh vblrh ljs phrtjs :67
1 Ujbkfn lf bkstru`fkths <1
7 Jnjvjkgj `untbdukéöfs <=
< Jnjvjkgj lj vênvunj lh drfbh `jkujn lh sf`brrfahquf :=5
6 Lbdushrfs lf vfktbnjéçh :62
4 Bktfrrupthr lf ghktrhnf lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh 9=
9 Bktfrrupthr ljs nuzfs lf f`friãkgbj (pbsgj-jnfrtj) :66
= Bktfrrupthr lh anhqufbh lh fbxh trjsfbrh :62
2 Uhrtj-hacfths
j Lbdushrfs lf vfktbnjéçh 19=
a Bktfrrupthr gh`abkjlh <4
g Bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj lbrféçh 45
l Bktfrrupthr lj rfiunjif` fnâtrbgj lhs fspfnmhs prbkgbpjbs :62
f \h`jlj fnâtrbgj :1 Thnts 155
d Jnjvjkgj lj vênvunj lh drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth :22
i Bktfrrupthrfs 155

m Jgfklflhr lf gbijrrhs :22

c Gbkzfbrh :22
o Ghktrhnf lj gnb`jtbzjéçh :92
 

<1 Ujbkfn lf bkstru`fkths BKW15:<

Ujbkfn lf bkstru`fkths BKW15:<

   n
  j
  r
  f
  i
  h
   ç
  s
   b
   T

Uêibkj
: Jgfssh jhs @fkus =:
@fku "Tbjif`" =7
@fku "Ghksu`h lf Gh`austàvfn" =6
@fku "Tfàgunh" =4
@fku "Êulbh f \fnfdhkf" =2
@fku "Fvfkths f Lbik÷stbgh 21
@fku "@jkutfkéçh" 21

@fku "Lfdbkbéöfs" 27
1 @hstrjlhr lbibtjn lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh lh vfàgunh 99
7 \jgü`ftrh 91
`hthr H@ 214 NJ - fsgjnj lf 7.555/`bk
`hthr H@ <69 NJ - fsgjnj lf 1.655/`bk
< Bklbgjlhr lf prfssçh lhs rfsfrvjt÷rbhs pkfu`êtbghs, gbrgubths =2
lf drfbh : hu 1
6 Nuz W\HU 2=
4 Bklbgjlhr lf gh`austàvfn f lf JQNJ 71 9<
9 Tfnhgà`ftrh
 

Ujbkfn lf bkstru`fkths BKW15:< <7

Uêibkj
= Bktfksbljlf lf bnu`bkjéçh lhs bkstru`fkths :61
ä `jbs dhrtf
é `jbs drjgj
2 Ahtçh Qfsft
   n
  j
j \ \fgnj lf rfthrkh å tfnj bkbgbjn. 9=   r
  f
a Ê \fgnj Qfsft lj qubnh`ftrjif` lbêrbj pfrghrrblj. 9=   i
  h
g Nuzfs-pbnhth <<    ç
  s
   b
l Nuz bklbgjlhrj ljs nuzfs bklbgjlhrjs lf lbrféçh lh gj`bkmçh-trjthr/    T
abtrf` hu sf`brrfahquf, njlh fsqufrlh
f Nuz bklbgjlhrj ljs nuzfs bklbgjlhrjs lf lbrféçh lh gj`bkmçh-trjthr/
abtrf` hu sf`brrfahquf, njlh lbrfbth
 

<< Ujbkfn lf bkstru`fkths BKW15:<

Nuzfs-pbnhth
Dukéçh Uêibkj
O Nuz jntj <4
C Djnmj lh drfbh :9<
   n ! Drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth :=5
  j
  r
  f v Djnmj lh JAW, gj`bkmçh-trjthr :94
  i
  h w Djnmj lh JAW, rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf :94
   ç
  s
   b ? Nuz bklbgjlhrj @BN (djnmj lf dukgbhkj`fkth)
   T
% Wbstf`j juxbnbjr lf pjrtblj (Dnj``stjrt) :46
z Jqufgb`fkth lhs fspfnmhs fxtfrkhs 42
O Drfbh-`hthr :=1
y Djnmj lh drfbh juxbnbjr
Ç Drfbh juxbnbjr :=1
! JAW (sbstf`j jktbanhqufbh)
¹ Wbstf`j jtbvh lf drfkjif`
¸ Anhqufbh ghktrj lfsnhgj`fkth
Ö FWU lfsjtbvjlh
Ö Fbxh lf jrrjsth \fnnbifkt®
Y Uflblh lf drfkjif` gh` fnfvjlj rhtjéçh lh `hthr
? Lbjik÷stbgh lh `hthr
I gjrrhgfrbj ajsgunjktf

  WUJ (jssbstfktf lf trjcft÷rbj \fnnbifkt®)

JWQ (ghktrhnf lf trjéçh) :=9
 

Lbsphsbéçh lf bktfrrupthrfs <6

Lbsphsbéçh lf bktfrrupthrfs
Lbsphsbéçh lf bktfrrupthrfs kh pjbkfn Lbsphsbéçh lf bktfrrupthrfs kjs
lf bkstru`fkths phrtjs
b Ujrj blfktbdbgjr j dukéçh lh bktfrrupthr,
hasfrvjr h sà`ahnh ghrrfsphklfktf.
   n
  j
  r
  f
  i
  h
   ç
  s
   b
   T

Bktfrrupthrfs lf jgbhkj`fkth fnâtrbgh lhs

vblrhs, kj phrtj lh `hthrbstj

Dukéçh Uêibkj
: Ahtçh lf ghktrhnf lh 91
gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
BKW15:<
1 £ Nuzfs lf f`friãkgbj :66
(pbsgj-jnfrtj)
7 I Anhqufbh trjksvfrsjn lh :==
fbxh trjsfbrh
< z Lfsjtbvjéçh lh JAW :94 Bktfrrupthr lf jgbhkj`fkth fnâtrbgh lh
vblrh, kj phrtj lh jgh`pjkmjktf
Ç Gh`utjlhr ljs auzbkjs :6=
Á
T Drfbh-`hthr :=1 Dukéçh
: Jgbhkj`fkth lh vblrh lj
Uêib45
kj
c Bnu`bkjéçh bktfrkj :67 phrtj lh `hthrbstj
o 1 Jgbhkj`fkth lh vblrh lj 45
V Ifrjn lf nuzfs :61 phrtj lh jgh`pjkmjktf
N
K Djrhn lf kfanbkj :61
i Lfsf`ajéjlhr lhs 42
fspfnmhs
V \h`jlj lf dhréj :=2
 

<4 Bktfrrupthr gh`abkjlh

Bktfrrupthr gh`abkjlh
Dukéçh Uêibkj
: Nuz ajbxj lhs djr÷bs
1 Nuz jntj lhs djr÷bs
7 Nj`pfcjlhr lhs djr÷bs
   n < Nuzfs bklbgjlhrjs lf lbrféçh :66
  j
  r
  f å lbrfbtj
  i
  h 6 Nuzfs bklbgjlhrjs lf lbrféçh :66
   ç å fsqufrlj
  s
   b
   T 4 Auzbkj :6=
9 Nb`pjlhr lh pjrj-arbsj :64
= Njvjlhr lf pjrj-arbsj :69
 

Jnjvjkgj `untbdukéöfs <9

Jnjvjkgj `untbdukéöfs
Dukéçh Uêibkj
@jrgmj nfktj :2:
Drfbh-`hthr :=1
Ubnhth juth`êtbgh (\f`ph`jt) :26
   n
  j
Nb`btjlhr (\f`phsft) :27   r
  f
  i
  h
   ç
  s
   b
   T
Dukéçh
: Ju`fktjr j rhtjéçh lf `jrgmj nfktj
Ju`fktjr j vfnhgbljlf (pbnhth
juth`êtbgh, nb`btjlhr lf vfnhgbljlf)
1 Qfluzbr j rhtjéçh lf `jrgmj nfktj

Qfluzbr j vfnhgbljlf
juth`êtbgh, nb`btjlhr(pbnhth
lf vfnhgbljlf)
7 Drfbh-`hthr, rftjrljlhr
< Lfsjtbvjr pbnhth juth`êtbgh, nb`btjlhr
lf vfnhgbljlf, ju`fkth lj rhtjéçh lf
`jrgmj nfktj
6 Wfnfgbhkjr sbstf`j lf ghkluéçh
(pbnhth juth`êtbgh/nb`btjlhr lf
vfnhgbljlf)
 

<= \jg÷irjdh

\jg÷irjdh
Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr 
Gh` h vfàgunh f` `hvb`fkth, â fxbablj
sh`fktf j bklbgjéçh aêsbgj. Ujrj vbsujnbzjr
hutrjs bklbgjéöfs f fdftujr jcustfs, h
   n vfàgunh lfvf fstjr pjrjlh.
  j
  r
  f Jcustf lj bklbgjéçh lh rfn÷ibh
  i
  h ] Urfssbhkf arfvf`fktf j tfgnj lf
   ç
  s
   b `fku @. Gh` hs làibths lf `bkuths
   T pbsgjklh, punsf j tfgnj (+) hu (-) jtâ
hatfr j bklbgjéçh lfsfcjlj.
: \fgnj lf jafrturj lj ijvftj
] Urfssbhkf khvj`fktf j tfgnj lf `fku @.
1 @hstrjlhr lbibtjn
Gh` hs làibths lf mhrjs pbsgjklh, punsf
7 \fgnjs lf jcustf lh rfn÷ibh j tfgnj (+) hu (-) jtâ hatfr j bklbgjéçh
< Ijvftj lh lbsgh lbjirj`j lfsfcjlj.

6 \fgnj lf `fku Ujrj irjvjr jlh

Hs lbsghs lf ghktrhnf lh tjg÷irjdh lfvf`
sfr suastbtuàlhs jh târ`bkh lh pfràhlh
prffstjafnfgblh, lf jghrlh gh` h tbph lh
bkstru`fkth ‗ hu sfcj, lbjrbj`fktf pjrj
tjg÷irjdhs lbêrbhs f j gjlj sftf lbjs pjrj
tjg÷irjdhs sf`jkjbs. Wf fstf
prhgflb`fkth kçh dhr hasfrvjlh, hghrrfrê
j sharfphsbéçh lf rfibstrhs f` u` ókbgh
lbsgh lf ghktrhnf, hgjsbhkjklh suj
pfrdurjéçh f ljkbdbgjklh h bkstru`fkth.
Jafrturj lj ijvftj
] Jpfrtf j tfgnj : lf jafrturj lj ijvftj f
jiujrlf jniuks sfiuklhs. Zujklh j
ijvftj lfstrjvjr-sf, puxf-j pjrj dhrj.
Dfgmj`fkth lj ijvftj
] F`purrf j ijvftj `jkujn`fktf jtâ
trjvê-nj.
kj `f`÷rbj bklbgjéçh ghrrbiblj
bkstru`fkth, lhjrfn÷ibh
punsf
tfgnj @ lh `fku phr `jbs lf trãs
sfiuklhs.
Bklbgjéçh
b Wf j bklbgjéçh lh rfn÷ibh tbvfr sblh
jcustjlj hu j ghrrfktf lf jnb`fktjéçh
lh tjg÷irjdh tbvfr sblh bktfrrh`pblj phr
`jbs lf lhbs `bkuths, j bklbgjéçh lh
rfn÷ibh sfrê fxbablj lf dhr`j
bktfr`btfktf, bklbgjklh quf h
`fgjkbs`h lh suphrtf lh lbsgh
lbjirj`j prfgbsj sfr sbkgrhkbzjlh gh`
h rfn÷ibh.
 

\jg÷irjdh <2

Wbkgrhkbzjéçh lh `fgjkbs`h lh \jg÷irjdh sf`jkjn 

suphrtf lh lbsgh lbjirj`j gh` h
rfn÷ibh
\jg÷irjdh lbêrbh
] Ibrf j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj
lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lf `jrgmj.
] Jarj j ijvftj lh tjg÷irjdh f rf`hvj h
lbsgh lbjirj`j.
] Dfgmf j ijvftj lh tjg÷irjdh sf` h lbsgh
lbjirj`j. H bkstru`fkth sbkgrhkbzj
juth`jtbgj`fktf h `fgjkbs`h lh
suphrtf lh lbsgh lbjirj`j gh` h
rfn÷ibh.
] Jarj khvj`fktf j ijvftj lh tjg÷irjdh,
rfghnhquf h lbsgh lbjirj`j f dfgmf j
ijvftj.
] Ibrf j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj
lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lf `jrgmj.
] Jarj j ijvftj lh tjg÷irjdh f rf`hvj h
ghkcukth lf lbsghs lbjirj`js.
] Qfghnhquf h ghkcukth lf lbsghs    n
  j
lbjirj`js ghkdhr`f j bklbgjéçh lh   r
  f
rfn÷ibh f dfgmf j ijvftj lh tjg÷irjdh.   i
  h
Js bkstruéöfs gh`pnftjs rfdfrfktfs jh    ç
  s
   b
`jkusfbh lh tjg÷irjdh, tjbs gh`h nfbturj f    T
suastbtubéçh lhs lbsghs lbjirj`js, jcustf
lh rfn÷ibh f bktfrprftjéçh lhs g÷lbihs lf
djnmjs, fstçh lfsgrbtjs kh nbvrfth lf
bkstruéöfs lf hpfrjéçh lh djarbgjktf lh
bkstru`fkth.
 

65 \jg÷irjdh

\jg÷irjdh lbibtjn THN\JQ, kj tfnj prbkgbpjn, phlf`hs

vbsujnbzjr j lbstákgbj pfrghrrblj ljs
óntb`js 1< mhrjs.
Ahtçh "WHAF" f "LFWGF"
] Urfssbhkf h ahtçh LFWGF kh pjbkfn
   n
drhktjn lh \jg÷irjdh lbibtjn. Bsth vjb
  j
  r
  f jtbvjr j sfnféçh
Hs ahtöfs WHAFlh `fku lf
f LFWGF sçhdukéöfs.
usjlhs
  i
  h pjrj kjvfijr khs `fkus. Js dukéöfs
   ç lfstfs ahtöfs fstçh lbsphkàvfbs
  s
   b
   T sh`fktf qujklh h vfàgunh fstbvfr
pjrjlh f gh` j bikbéçh nbijlj.
: Bktfrdjgf lf gjnbarjéçh f
Ahtçh "HO"
prhirj`jéçh
] Urfssbhkf h ahtçh HO? jssb`, j dukéçh
1 Lbspnjy NGL
sfnfgbhkjlj sfrê ghkdbr`jlj. Fstf
7 Ahtçh "THN\JQ" ahtçh fstê lbsphkàvfn sh`fktf qujklh
h vfàgunh fstbvfr pjrjlh f gh` bikbéçh
< Ahtçh "WHAF" f "LFWGF" nbijlj. 
6 Ahtçh "HO"
4 Ahtçh lf jafrturj lj b`prfsshrj Urfssbhkjr h ahtçh HO phr `jbs lf
9 Bktfrdjgf pjrj lhwknhjl lf ljlhs - 1 sfiuklhs kj tfnj pjlrçh rfsuntjrê kj
VWA fxfguéçh lh lfsvàkgunh lh `hthrbstj cê
= Wfnh lf jafrturj lh tjg÷irjdh vbkgunjlh hu lh `hlh lf whrosmhp,
lbibtjn gjsh fstfcj kfstf `hlh.
Jafrturj lj b`prfsshrj
Bktfrdjgf lf gjnbarjéçh f prhirj`jéçh ] Jh prfssbhkjr h ahtçh, j b`prfsshrj sf
] Vtbnbzjlj pjrj gjnbarjéçh f prhirj`jéçh jarf pjrj j trhgj lf pjpfn prâ-
b`prfssh. 
Lbspnjy NGL
Fstf ahtçh kçh lfvf sfr prfssbhkjlh
Ahtçh "THN\JQ" jnfjthrbj`fktf, sfklh sh`fktf
] Urfssbhkf h ahtçh THN\JQ, f` qujnqufr kfgfssêrbh kh gjsh lf trhgj lf pjpfn
phsbéçh lh `fku. Bsth rfthrkjrê j u` prâ-b`prfssh hu jcustfs lh
kàvfn jgb`j kj fstruturj. Fstf ahtçh phsbgbhkj`fkth lh pjpfn pjrj
fstjrê lbsphkàvfn sh`fktf gh` h b`prfssçh lf rfnjt÷rbh ljs óntb`js
vfàgunh pjrjlh.  1< mhrjs.
Urfssbhkf h ahtçh THN\JQ phr

1tfnj
sfiuklhs?
prbkgbpjn.jssb`, vhgã vhntjrê
Jh prfssbhkjr pjrj
h ahtçh
 

\jg÷irjdh 6:

Bktfrdjgf pjrj lhwknhjl lf ljlhs - VWA bkgnubrê j khvj bkdhr`jéçh lf `hthrbstj

] Bktfrdjgf pjrj lhwknhjl lf ljlhs,
kj nbstj bktfrkj).
qujklh â ghkfgtjlh u` UFK LQBTF f â Wfnféçh lh g÷lbih lh `hthrbstj
sfnfgbhkjlj j dukéçh "irjvjr ljlhs" kh :. Ur
Urfs
fssb
sbhk
hkff j ttfg
fgnj
nj g kh `fku
`fku prbkgbpjn. prbkgbpjn. H `hthrbstj lfvf sfnfgbhkjr
Wfnh jafrturj lh \jg÷irjdh lbibtjn sfu g÷lbih (gjljstrjlh jktfrbhr`fktf)
   n
  j
] Wfnh pnêstbgh lf sfiurjkéj pjrj prhtféçh ghkdhr`f jajbxh3   r
  f
jh jgfssh kçh juthrbzjlh lj ukbljlf V`j nbstj sfrê `hstrjlj f h `hthrbstj   i
rfibstrjlhrj ‗ \jg÷irjdh lbibtjn. lfvf sfnfgbhkjr sfu g÷lbih kj nbstj,   h
   ç
utbnbzjklh hs ahtöfs g f l. Ujrj   s
   b
Bkgnusçh lh g÷lbih lh `hthrbstj    T
ghkdbr`jr, prfssbhkf j tfgnj HO.
:. H `h`hth
thrb
rbst
stjj ssfn
fnfgfgbh
bhkj
kj h ` `fk
fkuu H ATLQ brê `hstrjr h sfu g÷lbih lf
"Jlbgbhkjr G÷lbih lh @hthrbstj" `hthrbstj f j gjrtfbrj lf `hthrbstj.
jtrjvâs ljs tfgnjs lh pjbkfn drhktjn.
Wf j nbgfkéj lh `hthrbstj fstbvfr ghrrftj,
1. V`j tf tfnj
nj â ` `hst
hstrjl
rjljj pj
pjrjrj bbks
ksfr
frbr
br h fnf phlf ghkdbr`jr prfssbhkjklh j tfgnj
khvh g÷lbih lh `hthrbstj (kó`frhs HO.
bktfbrhs ).
Hs ahtöfs _5,gl:, 1, 7, <,  sçh
gl sçh 6, 4,usjlhs
9, =, 2Ppjrj Dukéçh b`prfssçh
ju`fktjr/ lb`bkubr hs làibths pjrj h :. Fs
Fssj
sj duk
dukéçh
éçh â us
usjlj
jlj pj
pjrj
rj j bb`pr
`prfs
fssçh
sçh
g÷lbih lh `hthrbstj. H ahtçh "HO" â pjlrçh, j qujn fstê lfdbkblj pfnj
usjlh pjrj sfnfgbhkjr h làibth lh nfibsnjéçh f` vbihr. J jéçh lfvf sfr
g÷lbih lh `hthrbstj f `hvfr h gurshr dfbtj jtrjvâs lj tfgnj "HO"
pjrj pr÷xb`h làibth. prfssbhkjlj, qujklh sfnfgbhkjlj j
7. Jp÷
Jp÷ss u`
u`jj tftfnjnj,, fk
fktr
trjj kj nnbg
bgfk
fkéj
éj llhh dukéçh kh `fku prbkgbpjn.
`hthrbstj. Jh usjr hs ahtöfs 1. Lur
Lurjk
jktf
tf j bb`pr
`prfss
fssçh
çh,, â `h
`hst
strjl
rjljj kj
gl,, sfrê `hstrjlj u`j tfnj
gl tfnj j sfiubktf `fksjif`3 
pjrj fsghnmfr h kó`frh lf nbgfkéj "B@UQB@BKLH".
ghkdhr`f lfsgrbth jktfrbhr`fktf (:= 7. Zuj
Zujklh
klh j b`pr
b`prfss
fssçh
çh jjgj
gjaj,
aj, j ttfn
fnjj j
gjrjgtfrfs f` jndjku`ârbgh).
Ifrjn`fktf, hs usjlhs sçh3 5, :, 1, 7, sfiubr â `hstrjlj.
<, 6, 4, 9, =, 2, J, A, G, L, F, D, I, M, B, <. Zuj
Zujklh
klh j b`prf
b`prfss
ssçh
çh jjgj
gjaj
ajr,
r, h AT
ATLQLQ
 C, O, N, @, K, H, U, Z, Q, W, \, V, T, Y, rfthrkj jh `fku lf b`prfssçh kj tfnj
], R, S. prbkgbpjn.
<. J sfsfiu
iubr
br,, h gg÷l
÷lbi bihh f j nnbg
bgfk
fkéjéj llhh
`hthrbstj sfrçh `hstrjlhs pjrj j
ghkdbr`jéçh lf ljlhs.
6. Wf j bbkd
kdhr
hr`jé
`jéçh çh lf ffkt ktrj
rjlj
lj fsfstb
tbvf
vfrr
gfrtj, h `hthrbstj prfssbhkj j tfgnj HO
pjrj vjnblê-nj (h \jg÷irjdh lbibtjn
 \jg÷irjdh
 

61

] @fku lf jcustf lf mhrêrbh lf vfrçh

IJ\FKÉÇH sfnfgbhkjlh.
7. Lfsgrbéçh3
Wf`prf quf dhr hasfrvjlj j prfsfkéj lf
u`j tjrcj vfr`fnmj kh vfrsh lh pjpfn ] Fstj dukéçh pfr`btf jh usuêrbh jcustjr h
b`prfssh, h pjpfn lj b`prfsshrj lfvfrê mhrêrbh lf bkvfrkh kh ATLQ.
   n sfr trhgjlh. J prfsfkéj lj tjrcj ] Wfnfgbhkf h `fku lf jcustf lf mhrêrbh lf
  j
  r
  f vfr`fnmj â u`j bklbgjéçh lf quf h vfrçh. H ATLQ `hstrjrê kj tfnj
  i pjpfn fstê kh db`. "B@UQB@BQ DB\J JK\FW LH JCVW\F8" 
  h pjrj phssbabnbtjr u`j b`prfssçh. Â
   ç \hlh vfàgunh lfvfrê phssubr u` rhnh lf
  s
   b rfgh`fkljlh quf sfcj dfbtj u`j
   T pjpfn jlbgbhkjn pjrj fvbtjr `untj lurjktf b`prfssçh jktfs lh jcustf lf mhrêrbh.
u`j dbsgjnbzjéçh.
<. Jp
Jp÷s
÷s j hp
hpéç
éçhh lf b`prf
b`prfss
ssçh
çh (f
(fxfg
xfgut
utjlj
jlj
hu kçh) sfrê `hstrjlj kj tfnj u`j
Lfsgjrij lf ljlhs pfnh VWA `fksjif`, pfriuktjklh3 "MHQJ
TFQÇH GHKDBQ@J8".
:. Fs
Fstj
tj duk
dukéç
éçhh pf
pfr`b
r`btf
tf jh
jh us
usuêr
uêrbh
bh
gh`féjr h prhgfssh lf irjvjéçh lhs 6. Uhl
Uhlf-s
f-sff tj`
tj`aâ`
aâ` ddbk
bkjn
jnbz
bzjr
jr h mh
mhrêr
rêrbh
bh lf
ljlhs kh lbsgh VWA. H usuêrbh lfvfrê vfrçh jh vhntjr j dukéçh pjrj h mhrêrbh
sfnfgbhkjr j hpéçh. lf bkvfrkh.
1. Zuj
Zujkl
klhh j tf
tfgn
gnjj "HO
"HO"" â prf
prfss
ssbh
bhkj
kjlj,
lj, h 4. Â phs
phssà
sàvfn
vfn jjnt
ntfr
frjr
jr h mh
mhrê
rêrb
rbhh lf vfr
vfrçh
çh/
/
usuêrbh lfvfrê fsghnmfr j hpéçh bkvfrkh phr, kh `êxb`h, 7 vfzfs jh
lfsfcjlj lf fxtrjéçh lhs ljlhs, hu jkh. Jp÷s j tfrgfbrj jntfrjéçh, h sfu
sfcj, fxbstf` hpéöfs ghkdhr`f btfks jcustf sfrê anhqufjlh kjqufnf jkh. H
kh `fku. `fku lf jcustf kçh fstjrê `jbs
lbsphkàvfn pjrj h `hthrbstj jp÷s sfu
7. Lur
Lurjkt
jktff j irj
irjvj
vjéçéçhh lf ljl
ljlhs
hs ppjr
jrjj anhqufbh, vhntjklh j fstjr lbsphkàvfn
lbsgh VWA, j `fksjif` jajbxh dbgjrê juth`jtbgj`fktf kh pr÷xb`h jkh.
pfr`jkfktf jtâ j ghkgnusçh lj
irjvjéçh3  9. tfnj
Jp
Jp÷s
÷sj ssfn
fnfé
féçh,
çh, h ATLQ
`fksjif`3 ATL
  Q lfvf
lfvf `hstr
`hstrjr
jr kkjj
"IQJTJKLH LBWGH"
"GHKDBIVQJÉÇH QFJNBSJLJ" phr
<. Kh db` lj irirjv
jvjéjéçh
çh lhs ljl
ljlhs
hs,, 6 sfiuklhs.
jpjrfgfrê j sfiubktf `fksjif`3
"IQJTJÉÇH F@ LBWGH GHKGNVÀLJ". b Wf`prf quf h nb`btf lf vfnhgbljlf dhr
untrjpjssjlh phr u` tf`ph supfrbhr j
Jcustf lh mhrêrbh lf vfrçh : `bkuth, sfrê irjvjlh kj `f`÷rbj h
:. Ghkl
Ghklbbéö
éöfs
fs pprâ
râvb
vbjs
js33 fxgfssh lf vfnhgbljlf. V` jnfrtj vbsujn
f julbtbvh (Abp) bkdhr`jrê h ghkluthr
] Bikbéçh lh vfàgunh nbijlj. pjrj quf h `fs`h rfluzj j vfnhgbljlf.
] Tfàgunh pjrjlh.
1. Fktrjlj3
 

\jg÷irjdh 67

I
Ujrj bkdhr`jéöfs `jbs lftjnmjljs,
ghksuntjr h `jkujn lj TLH dhrkfgblh
 cuktj`fktf gh` h vfàgunh

   n
  j
  r
  f
  i
  h
   ç
  s
   b
   T
 

6< Gmjvf ifrjn

Gmjvf ifrjn
I
Wf h vfàgunh dhb `hktjlh hrbibkjn`fktf
sf` gmjvf ifrjn fnâtrbgj, j bkstjnjéçh
phstfrbhr lj gmjvf ifrjn rfqufr jniu`js
   n `hlbdbgjéöfs khs sbstf`js fnâtrbgh f
  j
  r
  f pkfu`êtbgh lh vfàgunh, js qujbs lfvf`
  i sfr rfjnbzjljs sh`fktf phr pfsshjn
  h qujnbdbgjlh quf tfkmj hs ghkmfgb`fkths
   ç
  s
   b tâgkbghs kfgfssêrbhs sharf h vfàgunh.
   T
Qfgh`fklj`hs quf vhgã fkgj`bkmf h
: Gmjvf ifrjn nbijlj sfu vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu
Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs- 
1 Gmjvf ifrjn lfsnbijlj (ibrjr/rftbrjr) Afkz pjrj rfjnbzjr j bkstjnjéçh phstfrbhr
lf gmjvf ifrjn fnâtrbgj. \hlhs hs
J gmjvf ifrjn, lbsphkàvfn f` fxfguéçh sfrvbéhs f` sbstf`js rfnjgbhkjlhs å
fspfgbjn, â `hktjlj cukth jh suphrtf ljs sfiurjkéj lh vfàgunh lfvf` sfr
ajtfrbjs. fxfgutjlhs f` u`j hdbgbkj
H tjg÷irjdh pfr`jkfgf fkfribzjlh qujklh fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj.
j gmjvf ifrjn fstê lfsnbijlj.
Gmjvf ifrjn gh` nuz lf ghktrhnf
] Lfsnbijr3 ibrf j mjstf lj gmjvf ifrjn
pjrj j phsbéçh lfsnbijlj f rftbrf-j lh
ghrph gbnàklrbgh.
] Nbijr3 bksbrj j mjstf lj gmjvf ifrjn kh
ghrph gbnàklrbgh f ibrf-j kh sfktblh
mhrêrbh jtâ trjvê-nj kj phsbéçh nbijlj.

Gmjvf ifrjn gh` nuz lf ghktrhnf (fxf`pnh)

I
Kçh lfsnbiuf j gmjvf ifrjn 1 fkqujkth
j nuz lf ghktrhnf : fstbvfr jgfsj.
Wh`fktf lfsnbiuf j gmjvf ifrjn f`
gjsh lf f`friãkgbj.
 

Gmjvf ifrjn 66

Jp÷s lfsnbijr h `hthr, j ná`pjlj lf

ghktrhnf : phlf sf jgfklfr, lfpfklfklh
lj tf`pfrjturj lh gjtjnbsjlhr. Kfstf gjsh,
jiujrlf j ná`pjlj sf jpjijr
(jprhxb`jlj`fktf 6 `bk) pjrj lfsnbijr j
gmjvf ifrjn 1. Gjsh j ná`pjlj : kçh
fstfcj jgfsj, j gmjvf ifrjn 1 phlf sfr    n
  j
lfsnbijlj b`flbjtj`fktf.   r
  f
b Fstf tf`ph lf fspfrj â kfgfssêrbh pjrj   i
  h
fvbtjr ljkhs kj ukbljlf lhsjlhrj lh    ç
  s
   b
JQNJ 71, nhgjnbzjlj pr÷xb`h jh    T
gjtjnbsjlhr, quf sfrbj` gjusjlhs pfnh
supfrjqufgb`fkth kh nhgjn. Kfstf
`h`fkth, hghrrf, juth`jtbgj`fktf,
u` prhgflb`fkth lf jrrfdfgb`fkth lj
ukbljlf lhsjlhrj jtrjvâs lj
rfgbrgunjéçh lh JQNJ 71 f` sfu
bktfrbhr.
] Lfsnbijr3 ibrf j mjstf lj gmjvf ifrjn kh
sfktblh jktb-mhrêrbh f rftbrf-j lh ghrph
gbnàklrbgh.
] Nbijr3 bksbrj j mjstf lj gmjvf ifrjn kh
ghrph gbnàklrbgh f ibrf-j kh sfktblh
mhrêrbh jtâ trjvê-nj kj phsbéçh nbijlj.
 

  69

Jafrturj f dfgmj`fkth
dfgmj`fkth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6=
Ajkghs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Nfbths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Fspfnmhs fxtfrkhs
fxtfrkhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

  j
   t
  s
   b
  r
  h
   t
  h
  `
  h
   l
  h
   t
  s
  h
   U
 

6= Jafrturj f dfgmj`fkth

Jafrturj f dfgmj`fkth
\j`pj lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf
Gmjvfs lh vfàgunh
gh`austàvfn
V`j ókbgj gmjvf sfrvf pjrj jgbhkjr j Vtbnbzf j gmjvf lh vfàgunh pjrj lfstrjkgjr f
dfgmjlurj ljs phrtjs, h bktfrrupthr lj trjkgjr j dfgmjlurj lj tj`pj lh
ghnukj lj lbrféçh f j dfgmjlurj lj tj`pj rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf gh`austàvfn.
lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf gh`austàvfn. Zujklh ghnhgjr j tj`pj kh rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf
J tj`pj lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71 phssub gh`austàvfn, ibrf-j kh ahgjn lh
gmjvfs pr÷prbjs, bklfpfklfktfs ljs gmjvfs rfsfrvjt÷rbh jtâ huvbr u` ruàlh
lh vfàgunh. gjrjgtfràstbgh lf gjtrjgj. W÷ fktçh trjkquf
H vfàgunh â dhrkfgblh gh` lhbs chihs lf j tj`pj gh` j gmjvf f rftbrf j gmjvf lj
  j
   t
  s gmjvfs. Qfgh`fklj`hs quf vhgã dfgmjlurj.
   b
  r
  h
`jktfkmj sf`prf u` chih lf gmjvfs f`
   t nhgjn sfiurh dhrj lh vfàgunh, djgbn`fktf Uhrtjs
  h
  ` jgfssàvfn pjrj fvfktujbs f`friãkgbjs. \rjvjr f lfstrjvjr js phrtjs
  h
   l b J gmjvf lh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj fxtfrkj`fktf usjklh j gmjvf lh
  h
   t
  s
  h lbrféçh â fspfgbjn
fxgnusbvj`fktf f dhb
pjrj pjrj`ftrbzjlj
h vfàgunh. Kçh â vfàgunh
   U
phssàvfn jgbhkjr j pjrtblj gh` u`j
gmjvf quf kçh tfkmj sblh
pjrj`ftrbzjlj pjrj h vfàgunh. 

Wf pfrlfr js gmjvfs lh vfàgunh, j

hatfkéçh lf u`j gmjvf lf rfphsbéçh â
u` prhgfssh lf`hrjlh quf sh`fktf
u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz phlf
fxfgutjr.  Dfgmjlurj f `jéjkftj fxtfrkjs
5 Bksfrbr f rf`hvfr j gmjvf
J @frgflfs-Afkz rfgh`fklj quf : \rjvjr
`jktfkmj u`j gmjvf lh vfàgunh, lf
1 Lfstrjvjr
rfsfrvj, f` nhgjn djgbn`fktf jgfssàvfn
pjrj fvfktujbs f`friãkgbjs f, kh gjsh 7 Jarbr j phrtj
lf fxtrjvbh lf u`j gmjvf, prhvblfkgbf
b`flbjtj`fktf j suj rfphsbéçh. Lfstrjvjr f jarbr js phrtjs
] Ibrf j gmjvf kj dfgmjlurj pjrj j
phsbéçh :. J phrtj gucj dfgmjlurj dhb
jgbhkjlj sf lfstrjvj.
] Uuxf j `jéjkftj fxtfrkj pjrj jarbr j
phrtj.
 Jafrturj f dfgmj`fkth
 

62

\rjvjr js phrtjs gh` j gmjvf \rjvjr j phrtj bktfrkj`fktf

] Dfgmf gh`pnftj`fktf j phrtj,
f`purrjklh-j pfnj `jéjkftj.
] Ibrf j gmjvf kj dfgmjlurj pjrj j
phsbéçh 1. J phrtj gucj dfgmjlurj dhb
jgbhkjlj sf trjvj.
b W÷ â phssàvfn jgbhkjr j trjvj pjrj
trjkgjr j phrtj lh `hthrbstj qujklh j
phrtj fstê gh`pnftj`fktf dfgmjlj
(prhtféçh ghktrj trjvj`fkth).
b Wf j trjvj lj phrtj lh jgh`pjkmjktf
dhr jgbhkjlj gh` j phrtj jafrtj, f j
phrtj dhr dfgmjlj f` sfiublj, j phrtj
dbgjrê trjkgjlj.
\rjvjr f lfstrjvjr j phrtj bktfrkj`fktf
: Jnjvjkgj
] Dfgmf gh`pnftj`fktf j phrtj.
] F`purrf j jnjvjkgj f` lbrféçh jh pjbkfn
bktfrkh lj phrtj. J phrtj gucj jnjvjkgj
dhb jgbhkjlj dbgj trjkgjlj.
b W÷ â phssàvfn jgbhkjr j trjvj pjrj
trjkgjr j phrtj lh `hthrbstj qujklh j
phrtj fstê gh`pnftj`fktf dfgmjlj
(prhtféçh ghktrj trjvj`fkth).
b Wf j trjvj lj phrtj lh jgh`pjkmjktf
dhr jgbhkjlj gh` j phrtj jafrtj, f j   j
   t
phrtj dhr dfgmjlj f` sfiublj, j phrtj   s
   b
dbgjrê trjkgjlj.   r
  h
   t
  h
Fktrjr f sjbr lh vfàgunh   `
  h
   l
IJ\FKÉÇH   h
   t
  s
  h
Wf hs lfirjus fstbvfrf` suchs hu fkghafrths    U
gh` ifnh, fxbstf h rbsgh lf vhgã fsghrrfijr f
gjbr jh fktrjr hu sjbr lh vfàgunh.  
Ujrj suj sfiurjkéj, `jktfkmj hs lfirjus,
fktrjljs f gjnéjlhs nbvrfs lf sucfbrj (phr
fxf`pnh, nj`j, ajrrh, kfvf f ifnh).
Kukgj sjntf pjrj dhrj lj gjabkf, phbs vhgã
phlf gjbr f shdrfr irjvfs nfsöfs hu sfr
jtrhpfnjlh phr hutrhs vfàgunhs.

Lfstrjvjr f jarbr j phrtj

] Uuxf j jnjvjkgj jtâ h phkth lf IJ\FKÉÇH
rfsbstãkgbj pjrj lfstrjvjr j phrtj.
Kçh lfbxf grbjkéjs shzbkmjs kh bktfrbhr lh
] Uuxf j jnjvjkgj jnâ` lh phkth lf vfàgunh, `fs`h sf fnjs fstbvfrf` rftbljs phr
rfsbstãkgbj pjrj jarbr j phrtj. u` sbstf`j lf rftfkéçh lf grbjkéjs. Fnjs
phlf`3
• jar
jarbr
br js phr
phrtj
tjss hhuu df
dfrb
rbr-
r-sf
sf kkhs
hs
gh`phkfktfs lh vfàgunh?
• sh
shdrf
drfrr nfsöf
nfsöfss ir
irjv
jvfs
fs hu djt
djtjb
jbss lf
lfvb
vblh
lh
å prhnhkijlj fxphsbéçh jh gjnhr.
 Jafrturj f dfgmj`fkth
 

45

Jafrturj f dfgmj`fkth lhs vblrhs

ljs phrtjs
Jgbhkj`fkth `jkujn lhs vblrhs ljs
phrtjs

Jnéjs lf jphbh
] Wfiurf dbr`f`fktf kj jnéj lf jphbh f kh
  j
   t
  s vhnjktf lj lbrféçh, f utbnbzf hs lfirjus
   b
  r pjrj fktrjr hu sjbr lh vfàgunh. Kh njlh
  h
   t
  h lh jgh`pjkmjktf, sfiurf kj jnéj lf
  ` jphbh jlbgbhkjn lbsphstj kj ghnukj : Jnjvjkgj lf jgbhkj`fkth lh vblrh
  h lbjktfbrj lj phrtj. 
   l
  h
   t
  s
  h Khtf quf j dhr`j `jbs sfiurj pjrj sjbr ] Ibrf j `jkbvfnj
ghkdhr`f : lf jgbhkj`fkth,
kfgfssêrbh, pjrj jarbr hu
   U lj gjabkf â gh` js ghstjs vhntjljs pjrj dfgmjr h vblrh lj phrtj.
dhrj, sfiurjklh-sf dbr`f`fktf kjs
jnéjs lf jphbh. Jgbhkj`fkth fnâtrbgh lhs vblrhs ljs
Bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj lbrféçh phrtjs

IJ\FKÉÇH
Zujklh dfgmjr h vblrh, gublf pjrj quf vhgã
hu hutrhs hgupjktfs lh vfàgunh kçh dbquf`

prfksjlhs. Wf mhuvfr
prfksjlh, shntf rbsgh lfhudbgjr
h bktfrrupthr prfssbhkf j
pjrtf bkdfrbhr lh bktfrrupthr pjrj jarbr h vblrh
khvj`fktf.
Kçh lfbxf grbjkéjs shzbkmjs kh bktfrbhr lh
Bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj lbrféçh vfàgunh, `fs`h quf fnjs fstfcj` rftbljs phr
u` sbstf`j lf rftfkéçh lf grbjkéjs. Fnjs
: Bksfrbr / rf`hvfr j gmjvf kh phlf`3
bktfrrupthr
• dfrbr-sf f` gh`phkfktfs lh vfàgunh?
1 Uhsbéçh lf `jrgmj
• shdrfr nfsöfs irjvfs hu djtjbs lfvblh å
7 Ujrtblj lh `hthr fxphsbéçh prhnhkijlj jh gjnhr.
 

Jafrturj f dfgmj`fkth 4:

Jafrturj f dfgmj`fkth lh qufarj-

vfkth

Bktfrrupthrfs lf jgbhkj`fkth lhs vblrhs, kj

phrtj lh `hthrbstj
: Jgbhkj`fkth lh vblrh lj phrtj lh  Jarbr h qufarj-vfkth
qufarj-vfkth   j
   t
`hthrbstj   s
   b
] Uuxf h ahtçh lh trbkgh lh qufarj-vfkth   r
  h
1 Jgbhkj`fkth lh vblrh lj phrtj lh : f ibrf h trbkgh pjrj gb`j hu pjrj    t
  h
jgh`pjkmjktf ajbxh, jtâ nbvrê-nh lj pnjgj lf jphbh.   `
  h
Dfgmjr h qufarj-vfkth    l
b J phrtj lh jgh`pjkmjktf phssub   h
   t
sh`fktf h bktfrrupthr lf gh`jklh ] Ibrf h trbkgh lh qufarj-vfkth jtâ quf h   s
  h
fnâtrbgh lh vblrh lfstj phrtj. `fs`h sf trjvf lf dhr`j julàvfn sharf    U
j pnjgj lf jphbh.
 Jarbr h vblrh
vblrh lj phrtj lh `hthrbstj
`hthrbstj hu lh
jgh`pjkmjktf
] Urfssbhkf f `jktfkmj prfssbhkjlj j
fxtrf`bljlf bkdfrbhr lh bktfrrupthr
ghrrfsphklfktf jh vblrh lj phrtj lh
`hthrbstj hu lh jgh`pjkmjktf.
] H vblrh jarf.
] Whntf h bktfrrupthr. 
H vblrh pjrj kj phsbéçh quf fnf fstbvfr
qujklh h bktfrrupthr dhr shnth.
Dfgmjr h vblrh lj phrtj lh `hthrbstj huhu
lh jgh`pjkmjktf
] Urfssbhkf f `jktfkmj prfssbhkjlj j
fxtrf`bljlf supfrbhr lh bktfrrupthr
ghrrfsphklfktf jh vblrh lj phrtj lh
`hthrbstj hu lh jgh`pjkmjktf. 
H vblrh dfgmj.
] Whntf h bktfrrupthr. 
H vblrh pjrj kj phsbéçh quf fnf fstbvfr
qujklh h bktfrrupthr dhr shnth.
 Jafrturj f dfgmj`fkth
 

41

Fsghtbnmj lf vfktbnjéçh kh tfth

 Jarbr hu dfgmjr j fsghtbnmj lf

lf vfktbnjéçh
vfktbnjéçh
  j
   t
  s
   b
  r
  h
IJ\FKÉÇH
   t
  h
  ` Zujklh dfgmjr j fsghtbnmj lf tfth, gubljlh
  h pjrj kçh prfksjr sujs `çhs hu lflhs.
   l
  h
   t
  s
  h Uhlf-sf jarbr j fsghtbnmj lf vfktbnjéçh
   U pjrgbjn`fktf (sh`fktf j pjrtf lbjktfbrj hu
sh`fktf j pjrtf trjsfbrj) hu bktfirjn`fktf
(j`ajs js pjrtfs, lbjktfbrj f trjsfbrj).
] Wfiurf js jafrturjs fxbstfktfs kj pjrtf
bkdfrbhr lj fsghtbnmj f f`purrf j
fsghtbnmj pjrj gb`j hu puxf-j pjrj
ajbxh, fxfrgfklh `jbs dhréj kh njlh
quf lfsfcj jarbr hu dfgmjr.
 Ajkghs
 

47

Ajkghs
Qfiunjif` lhs ajkghs
IJ\FKÉÇH
Jcustjr h ajkgh lh `hthrbstj gh` h vfàgunh
f` `hvb`fkth lfsvbj j suj jtfkéçh lj
fstrjlj f ljs ghklbéöfs lf tráksbth. Thgã
phlf pfrlfr h ghktrhnf lh vfàgunh lfvblh j
u` `hvb`fkth bkfspfrjlh lh ajkgh f gjusjr
u` jgblfktf.
Uhrtjkth, sh`fktf jcustf h ajkgh lh
`hthrbstj gh` h vfàgunh pjrjlh f gh` h drfbh
lf fstjgbhkj`fkth jgbhkjlh.
IJ\FKÉÇH
Gublf pjrj quf kbkiuâ` dbquf prfksjlh
qujklh vhgã fstbvfr jcustjklh h ajkgh.
H ajkgh lfvf sfr jcustjlh lf dhr`j quf sf
phssj usjr ghrrftj`fktf h gbkth lf
sfiurjkéj. Zujklh h ajkgh â jcustjlh, fnf
lfvf trjvjr-sf lf dhr`j julàvfn.
Hasfrvf hs sfiubktfs phkths3
• Uhsbgbhkf h fkghsth lh ajkgh h `êxb`h
phssàvfn kj vfrtbgjn?
• Hs arjéhs lh `hthrbstj lfvf` dbgjr
nbifbrj`fktf lharjlhs qujklh sfiurjr h
vhnjktf lj lbrféçh?
• H fkghsth lf gjaféj lfvf suphrtjr j
pjrtf trjsfbrj lj gjaféj,
jprhxb`jlj`fktf jh kàvfn lhs hnmhs.
J kçh hasfrvákgbj lfstjs bkstruéöfs phlf
rfsuntjr f` nfsöfs.
• Js phsbéöfs lh ajkgh quf kçh pfr`btf`
h ghrrfth jdbvfnj`fkth lh gbkth lf
sfiurjkéj pöf` f` rbsgh j sfiurjkéj f,
phrtjkth, lfvf` sfr fvbtjljs.
H ajkgh lh `hthrbstj lfvf sfr jcustjlh
ku`j phsbéçh quf pfr`btj h jgbhkj`fkth
thtjn lhs pfljbs.
Khs vfàgunhs fqubpjlhs gh` ajkgh lh
`hthrbstj lf ajsf pkfu`êtbgj, qujklh dhr
sjbr lh vfàgunh, lfvf-sf jajbxjr
gh`pnftj`fktf h ajkgh, prfssbhkjklh h   j
   t
  s
   b
ahtçh lf jajbxj`fkth thtjn, pjrj djgbnbtjr j   r
  h
   t
sjàlj. Gjsh ghktrêrbh, j suspfksçh lh ajkgh   h
`hvb`fktj h ajkgh pjrj gb`j f phlf   `
prfklfr js pfrkjs lh `hthrbstj fktrf h   h
   l
jssfkth f h vhnjktf lj lbrféçh.   h
   t
  s
  h
   U
Ajkgh lh `hthrbstj gh` ajsf
pkfu`êtbgj (ajkghs Bsrbkimjusfk)
: Qfiunjif` nhkibtulbkjn lh ajkgh
1 Jcustf lj jnturj lj pjrtf lbjktfbrj
lh ajkgh
7 Jcustf lj jnturj lj pjrtf trjsfbrj lh
ajkgh
< Bkgnbkjéçh lh fkghsth
 Ajkghs
 

4<

 Jcustf nhkibtulbkjn
nhkibtulbkjn lh ajkgh Jphbh lf gjaféj
] Jgbhkf j jnéj : pjrj gb`j f lfsnhquf h
ajkgh pjrj drfktf hu pjrj três. Whntf j IJ\FKÉÇH
jnéj : qujklh h ajkgh jngjkéjr j
phsbéçh lfsfcjlj f gfrtbdbquf-sf lf quf Jcustf h jphbh lf gjaféj lf dhr`j quf j
h ajkgh dbghu trjvjlh kfstj phsbéçh. pjrtf lf três lj gjaféj, jh kàvfn lhs hnmhs,

 Jcustjr j jnturj
jnturj f j bkgnbkjé
bkgnbkjéçh
çh lh ajkgh dbquf jphbjlj kh `fbh lh jphbh lf gjaféj.
J jnturj f j bkgnbkjéçh lh ajkgh phlf` sfr Bsth rfluz h rbsgh lf nfsöfs kj gjaféj f kh
jcustjljs nbvrf`fktf. pfsghéh f` gjsh lf jgblfktf hu sbtujéöfs
sb`bnjrfs.
] Uuxf j jnjvjkgj 1 pjrj gb`j f dhrgf j
  j
pjrtf lbjktfbrj lh ajkgh pjrj ajbxh, hu
   t puxf-j pjrj gb`j.
  s
   b
  r
  h ]
   t Uuxf j jnjvjkgj 7 pjrj gb`j f dhrgf j
  h pjrtf trjsfbrj lh ajkgh pjrj ajbxh, hu
  `
  h puxf-j pjrj gb`j.
   l
  h ]
   t Qfpbtj hs prhgflb`fkths jktfrbhrfs jtâ
  s
  h quf j jnturj f j bkgnbkjéçh lh ajkgh
   U dbquf jlfqujlj ås sujs gjrjgtfràstbgjs
dàsbgjs.
 Jcustjr j bkgnbkjéçh
bkgnbkjéçh lh fkghsth lh
ajkgh Jcustf lh jphbh lf gjaféj
] Gh` js ghstjs jphbjljs kh fkghsth lh Jcustjr h jphbh lf gjaféj
ajkgh, jgbhkf h `jkàpunh < pjrj gb`j
f, fktçh, dhrgf h fkghsth lh ajkgh pjrj ] Vsjklh js lujs `çhs, `hvj h jphbh lf
três, hu pfr`btj quf fnf sf bkgnbkf pjrj gjaféj pjrj gb`j hu pjrj ajbxh, lf
j drfktf. dhr`j quf dbquf kj phsbéçh `jbs
] Whntf h `jkàpunh < pjrj trjvjr h jlfqujlj ås sujs gjrjgtfràstbgjs
dàsbgjs.
fkghsth kj phsbéçh jcustjlj.
 Nfbth
 

46

Nfbth
Qfajtfr h nfbth pjrj gb`j
IJ\FKÉÇH
Vsf h nfbth sh`fktf gh` h vfàgunh pjrjlh.
Kbkiuâ` lfvf usjr h nfbth gh` h vfàgunh f`
`hvb`fkth.
Ghnhquf h vfàgunh f` `hvb`fkth sh`fktf
gh` h nfbth rfajtblh pjrj ajbxh (phsbéçh lf
gj`j) f dbxh gh` h dfgmh lf ahrrjgmj.
Zujklh rfajtfr h nfbth pjrj gb`j hu pjrj
  j
   t
ajbxh, gubljlh pjrj kçh prfksjr hs lflhs.   s
Dfgmh lf ahrrjgmj    b
  r
  h
   t
b Qfajtj h nfbth pjrj gb`j qujklh   h
  `
prfgbsjr tfr jgfssh jhs   h
gh`pjrtb`fkths sha h nfbth. Vtbnbzf j    l
  h
   t
gbktj lf sustfktjéçh
nfbth rfajtblh.   pjrj `jktfr h   s
  h
   U
Zujklh dhr ghkluzbr h vfàgunh, rfajtj h
nfbth pjrj ajbxh f dbxf-h gh` h dfgmh lf
ahrrjgmj.

Nfbth rfajtblh pjrj gb`j

: Gbktj lf sustfktjéçh
1 Dbvfnj

] Lfsfkijkgmf h dfgmh lf ahrrjgmj quf

dbxj h nfbth kj fstruturj lh
gh`pjrtb`fkth fsqufrlh sha h nfbth.
: Njktfrkjs lf nfbturj ] Qfajtj h nfbth pjrj gb`j f ghkfgtf j
nbkiuftj lj gbktj lf sustfktjéçh kj
1 \h`jlj fnâtrbgj :1 Thnts dbvfnj lbsphstj kj ahrlj lh nfbth pjrj
7 Uhrtj-hacfths `jktã-nh rfajtblh.
< Nfbth
 

44 Nfbth

Qfajtfr h nfbth pjrj ajbxh (phsbéçh lf

ush)
] F`purrf h nfbth f` lbrféçh å pjrflf
trjsfbrj f prfssbhkf h ahtçh lj dbvfnj
pjrj lfsghkfgtjr j gbktj lf
sustfktjéçh.

] Qfthrkf h nfbth
dbxf-h gh` pjrj lf
h dfgmh j phsbéçh
ahrrjgmjlfkjush f
fstruturj lh gh`pjrtb`fkth fsqufrlh
sha h nfbth.
] Dbxf h nfbth gh` h dfgmh lf ahrrjgmj.
  j
   t
  s
   b
  r
  h
   t
  h
  `
  h
   l
  h
   t
  s
  h
   U
 Fspfnmhs rftrhvbshrfs
 

49

Fspfnmhs rftrhvbshrfs
Qfiunjif` lh suphrtf ibrjt÷rbh lhs
Qfiunjif` lhs fspfnmhs fspfnmhs fxtfrkhs
Hs suphrtfs ibrjt÷rbhs lhs fspfnmhs
IJ\FKÉÇH fxtfrkhs sçh phsbgbhkjlhs prjtbgj`fktf
pfrpfklbgunjrfs å gjabkf (phsbéçh lf ush
V`
phlffspfnmh
rfluzbrfxtfrkh
h gj`ph jcustjlh bkghrrftj`fktf
lf vbsçh trjsfbrj lh prflftfr`bkjlj).
`hthrbstj. Lfstj dhr`j, sbtujéöfs lf pfrbih
phlf` kçh sfr rfghkmfgbljs, ghnhgjklh
vhgã f hutrjs pfsshjs f` rbsgh lf jgblfktfs.
Uhr fstj rjzçh, vfrbdbquf sf`prf j rfiunjif`   j
lhs fspfnmhs fxtfrkhs jktfs lf bkbgbjr j    t
  s
   b
vbjif`.   r
  h
   t
Hasfrvf, tj`aâ`, quf hs fspfnmhs fxtfrkhs   h
  `
rfluzf` h tj`jkmh lj b`jif` rfdnftblj. Hs   h
hacfths rfdnftblhs fstçh rfjn`fktf `jbs    l
  h
   t
pr÷xb`hs lh quf jpjrfktj`. : Wuphrtf ibrjt÷rbh lh fspfnmh   s
  h
   U
Hs fspfnmhs fxtfrkhs sçh lbsphkàvfbs kjs 1 Mjstf tfkshrj
sfiubktfs fxfguéöfs3
• Ghk
Ghkcuk
cukth
th ggh`
h` u`
u` fsfspfn
pfnmh
mh pprb
rbkg
kgbp
bpjn
jn ] Qfthrkf h suphrtf ibrjt÷rbh pjrj suj
(supfrbhr) lf supfrdàgbf pnjkj f u` phsbéçh lf ush f fkgjbxf j fxtrf`bljlf
fspfnmh juxbnbjr (bkdfrbhr) lf supfrdàgbf lj mjstf tfkshrj kh pbkh fsdârbgh lh
ghkvfxj, lh njlh lh `hthrbstj. suphrtf ibrjt÷rbh.
• Ghk
Ghkcuk
cukth
th ggh`
h` u`
u` fs
fspfn
pfnmh
mh pprb
rbkg
kgbp
bpjn
jn llff ] Wf dhr kfgfssêrbh rfphsbgbhkjr j mjstf
supfrdàgbf ghkvfxj lh njlh lh tfkshrj, shntf hs pjrjdushs lf dbxjéçh
lj mjstf kh pfrdbn supfrbhr lj phrtj,
jgh`pjkmjktf. rfphsbgbhkf j mjstf tfkshrj f jpfrtf
Hs fspfnmhs prbkgbpjbs sçh lbsphkàvfbs kjs khvj`fktf hs pjrjdushs lf dbxjéçh.
fxfguéöfs gh` rfiunjif` `jkujn
(fxfguéçh aêsbgj) hu gh` rfiunjif`
fnâtrbgj (fxfguéçh fspfgbjn).
Hs ghkcukths lf fspfnmhs gh` rfiunjif`
fnâtrbgj phssuf` sbstf`j lf
lfsf`ajéjlhr târ`bgh, lbsphkàvfn f`
fxfguéçh fspfgbjn pjrj hs fspfnmhs gh`
rfiunjif` `jkujn.
Jktfs lf bkbgbjr j ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh,
jcustf ghkvfkbfktf`fktf hs fspfnmhs pjrj
jssfiurjr ahj vbsbabnbljlf lf rftrhvbsçh.
 

4= Fspfnmhs rftrhvbshrfs

Qfiunjif` `jkujn lhs fspfnmhs Qfiunjif` fnâtrbgj lhs fspfnmhs

rftrhvbshrfs rftrhvbshrfs

  j
   t Jcustf lhs fspfnmhs lh njlh lh `hthrbstj
  s
   b
  r
  h
   t
  h
  `
  h
   l
  h
   t
  s
  h Ahtçh lf rfiunjif` lhs fspfnmhs
rftrhvbshrfs
   U
: Qfiunjif` lh fspfnmh prbkgbpjn
fsqufrlh
1 Qfiunjif` lh fspfnmh prbkgbpjn
lbrfbth
Jcustf lhs fspfnmhs lh njlh lh
jgh`pjkmjktf
Fspfnmhs prbkgbpjbs
] Ibrf j gjbxj lh fspfnmh, ghkdhr`f
kfgfssêrbh, pjrj hatfr h `fnmhr ákiunh
lf rftrhvbsçh lhs fspfnmhs prbkgbpjbs.
Fspfnmh juxbnbjr
] Jtuf lbrftj`fktf kh fspfnmh juxbnbjr,
`hvfklh-h ghkdhr`f kfgfssêrbh pjrj
hatfr h `fnmhr ákiunh lf rftrhvbsçh.
Qfiunjif` lh fspfnmh
] Ibrf h ahtçh lf rfiunjif` lhs fspfnmhs
lf dhr`j quf h phkth lf rfdfrãkgbj kh
ahtçh dbquf lbrfgbhkjlh pjrj j phsbéçh
: (rfiunjif` lh fspfnmh lh njlh
fsqufrlh) hu pjrj j phsbéçh 1 
(rfiunjif` lh fspfnmh lh njlh lbrfbth).
 

Fspfnmhs rftrhvbshrfs 42

] Urfssbhkf h ahtçh lf rfiunjif` pjrj

fsqufrlj, pjrj lbrfbtj, pjrj gb`j hu
pjrj ajbxh, ghkdhr`f kfgfssêrbh, pjrj
jcustjr h fspfnmh, rfspfgtbvj`fktf, kjs
`fs`js lbrféöfs.
Lfsf`ajéjlhr târ`bgh lhs fspfnmhs
rftrhvbshrfs

 
    j
   t
  s
   b
1   r
  h
   t
7
  h
<   `
6   h
   l
  h
   t
Bktfrrupthr lh lfsf`ajéjlhr lhs fspfnmhs   s
  h
   U
Nbijr h lfsf`ajéjlhr lhs fspfnmhs
] Urfssbhkf j fxtrf`bljlf bkdfrbhr lh
bktfrrupthr pjrj nbijr h jqufgb`fkth
lhs fspfnmhs. J nuz lf ghktrhnf kh
bktfrrupthr jgfklf-sf, bklbgjklh quf h
lfsf`ajéjlhr lhs fspfnmhs fstê
nbijlh. 
@jktfkmj h lfsf`ajéjlhr lhs
fspfnmhs nbijlh sh`fktf h tf`ph
sudbgbfktf pjrj lfsf`ajéjr hs
fspfnmhs.
Lfsnbijr h lfsf`ajéjlhr lhs fspfnmhs
] Urfssbhkf j fxtrf`bljlf supfrbhr lh
bktfrrupthr pjrj lfsnbijr h
lfsf`ajéjlhr lhs fspfnmhs. J nuz lf
ghktrhnf kh bktfrrupthr jpjij-sf,
bklbgjklh quf h lfsf`ajéjlhr lhs
fspfnmhs fstê lfsnbijlh.
 

  9:

Ujbkfn lf bkstru`fkths BKW15:< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Gh`putjlhrr lf ahrlh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Gh`putjlh
Bklbgjéöfs
Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`pgh`putjlhr
utjlhr lf ahrlh . . . . . . . . . 29
Nuzfs lf ghktrhnf kj êrfj lf stjtus lh
Gh`putjlhrr lf ahrlh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :<=
Gh`putjlh

   <
   :
   5
   1
   W
   K
   B
  h
   l
  r
  h
   a
  f
   l
  r
   l
  h
  j
   t
  u
  p
  `
  h
   G
 Ujbkfn lf bkstru`fkths
 

91

Ujbkfn lf bkstru`fkths
Bkdhr`jéöfs b`phrtjktfs sharf
sfiurjkéj IJ\FKÉÇH
H `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
fxbaf `fksjifks f jlvfrtãkgbjs lf Js bkdhr`jéöfs f hs gh`jklhs sharf h
lftfr`bkjlhs sbstf`js. Uhr bssh, JQNJ 71 f h Anuf\fg®6 fstjrçh
gfrtbdbquf-sf lf quf h sfu vfàgunh fstfcj lbsphkàvfbs sh`fktf pjrj vfàgunhs gh`
sf`prf f` ghklbéöfs sfiurjs lf `hthr FVQH 6.
   < hpfrjéçh pjrj quf kçh mjcj kfkmu` rbsgh
   :
   5 lf jgblfktf. Wf h vfàgunh kçh fstbvfr f`
   1 \jgü`ftrh
   W ghklbéöfs sfiurjs lf hpfrjéçh, pjrf
   K
   B b`flbjtj`fktf f` u` nhgjn jdjstjlh lh Tbsçh ifrjn
  h tráksbth.
   l H tjgü`ftrh bklbgj js rhtjéöfs lh `hthr.
  r
  h
   a IJ\FKÉÇH
  f
   l
  r Vtbnbzf hs ahtöfs lf jcustf jpfkjs
   l
  h
  j
qujklh h vfàgunh fstbvfr pjrjlh f kçh
   t ghnhquf j `çh jtrjvâs lh vhnjktf pjrj
  u
  p hpfrjr fstfs ahtöfs phrquf vhgã phlf
  ` pfrlfr h ghktrhnf lh vfàgunh f gjusjr u`
  h
   G jgblfktf hu shdrfr dfrb`fkths.

IJ\FKÉÇH
Wf h pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths fstbvfr
ljkbdbgjlh hu jprfsfktjr u`j djnmj, fnf
phlf kçh blfktbdbgjr rfstrbéöfs
b`phrtjktfs kh dukgbhkj`fkth lhs
sbstf`js rfnjgbhkjlhs å sfiurjkéj f j
sfiurjkéj hpfrjgbhkjn lh sfu vfàgunh
phlf fstjr jdftjlj. Qbsgh lf jgblfktf!
Ghktbkuf j vbjif` gh` gubljlh f
fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u`
Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz h `jbs rêpblh
phssàvfn.
\jgü`ftrh (fxf`pnh)
: Djbxj lf hpfrjéçh fghkü`bgj (vfrlf)
1 Djbxj jlfqujlj pjrj hpfrjéçh gh`
drfbh-`hthr (j`jrfnh)
7 Djbxj lf rhtjéçh pfrbihsj lfvblh å
sharfrrhtjéçh lh `hthr (vfr`fnmj) -
rbsgh b`bkfktf lf ljkhs.
< Fghkü`ftrh (djbxj lf lbhlhs
nu`bkhshs vfrlfs)
IWf j rhtjéçh `êxb`j lh `hthr
pfr`btblj dhr fxgflblj, h jnjr`f shj.  
@ulf js `jrgmjs lf jghrlh gh` j rhtjéçh
lh `hthr bklbgjlj kh tjgü`ftrh f kçh sf
hrbfktf
`hthr.  pfnh ruàlh lf dukgbhkj`fkth lh
 

Ujbkfn lf bkstru`fkths 97

Fvbtf js sharfrrhtjéöfs kj djbxj lf rbsgh Fghkü`ftrh

vfr`fnmj phrquf bssh phlf ljkbdbgjr h Hs vfàgunhs gh` gjbxj lf `uljkéjs
`hthr. `jkujn jprfsfktj` u` fghkü`ftrh.
Wf j nuz bklbgjlhrj Y jgfklfr kh pjbkfn H fghkü`ftrh bklbgj h rfib`f lf rhtjéçh
lf bkstru`fkths, j rhtjéçh fstê `ubth jntj djvhrêvfn f` tfr`hs lf ghksu`h lf
jh fkijtjr u`j `jrgmj `jbs ajbxj, phr gh`austàvfn f â jtbvjlh qujklh j
fxf`pnh. Qfspfbtf thljs js bklbgjéöfs kh
`hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh. vfnhgbljlf lf 15 o`/m â jtbkiblj.
H fghkü`ftrh jgfklf qujklh j rhtjéçh lh
] Qfluzj j vfnhgbljlf lf `jrgmj usjklh
`hthr f j `jrgmj fkijtjlj kçh dhrf`    <
h drfbh lf sfrvbéh. jlfqujljs å ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh f`    :
   5
hu vfnhgbljlf ghkstjktf.    1
   W
] Fkijtf j pr÷xb`j `jrgmj `jbs jntj. Wf j rhtjéçh lh `hthr fstbvfr kj djbxj `jbs    K
   B
fghkü`bgj hu sf h `hlh lf dukgbhkj`fkth   h
J nuz lf ghktrhnf Y kh pjbkfn lf    l
  r
bkstru`fkths jpjij. juth`êtbgh lj gjbxj lf `uljkéjs fstbvfr   h
jtbvh, h fghkü`ftrh kçh jgfklf.    a
Qfgh`fkljéöfs ifrjbs pjrj j ghkluéçh   f
H fghkü`ftrh jpjij qujklh3    l
gh` h tjgü`ftrh3   r

Lurjktf j ghkluéçh, hasfrvf h tjgü`ftrh • h``ht

hthr
hr dhr `jkt
`jktblh
blh kj djb
djbxj
xj lf    l
  h
  j
rhtjéöfs bklbgjlj lurjktf 1 sfiuklhs?    t
f `jktfkmj h `hthr kj djbxj lf hpfrjéçh   u
• j ph
phtã
tãkg
kgbj
bj llhh `h
`hth
thrr dh
dhrr `ubt
`ubthh fn
fnfvj
fvjlj?
lj?   p
fghkü`bgj 3.   `
• h pf
pfljn
ljn lj ff`ar
`arfj
fjif
if`
` dh
dhrr `j
`jkt
ktblh
blh   h
F` lfgnbvfs, fvbtf quf j rhtjéçh lh `hthr    G
gmfiuf å djbxj lf rbsgh vfr`fnmj 0. jgbhkjlh phr `jbs lf 6 sfiuklhs
J rhtjéçh lf `jrgmj nfktj â jcustjlj • j gj
gjbx
bxjj lf `ul
`uljké
jkéjs
js ddbg
bgjr
jr ff`
` kfut
kfutrh
rh
juth`jtbgj`fktf lf jghrlh gh` j phr `jbs lf 6 sfiuklhs.
tf`pfrjturj lh nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth, IQfspfbtf js bkdhr`jéöfs sharf h sfu
`js phlf sfr rfiunjlj `jkujn`fktf. fstbnh lf ghkluéçh fghkü`bgh kh `fku
Gh` h vfàgunh pjrjlh, h `hthr f`
dukgbhkj`fkth f j gjbxj lf `uljkéjs kj („Ghksu`h Lfstf `hlh,Øh‐gh`putjlhr
lf).gh`austàvfn
R pêibkj =6
=6).
phsbéçh lf kfutrh, h `hthr s÷ jl`btf u`j lf ahrlh phlfrê jculê-nh j htb`bzjr h sfu
jgfnfrjéçh gh` rftjrlj`fkth. fstbnh lf ghkluéçh f j lfsfkvhnvfr u`
fstbnh lf ghkluéçh quf fghkh`bzf
gh`austàvfn.
 

9< Ujbkfn lf bkstru`fkths

IH `fku „Tfàgunh Ä" fxbaf h kàvfn lf

Bklbgjlhr lf gh`austàvfn lbfsfn/
JQNJ 71 ( R pêibkj ==
JQNJ 71 f` nbtrhs (R ==).).
Kh sua`fku Qfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71 lh
Tfrbdbgjr h kàvfn lf gh`austàvfn lbfsfn f `fku "Tfàgunh Ä", â phssàvfn vbsujnbzjr j
lf JQNJ 71 juthkh`bj lh sfu vfàgunh gh` ajsf kh
kàvfn jtujn lf JQNJ 71 kh rfsfrvjt÷rbh
(R pêibkj ====).).
Zujklh h kàvfn lf JQNJ 71 dbgjr jajbxh lf
:5%, h gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh jprfsfktjrê
   <
   : u`j bklbgjéçh gh` h sà`ahnh Ý. Fkgmj
   5 h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71
   1
   W jktfgbpjlj`fktf (R(R pêibkj 162
162).).
   K
   B
  h Tfàgunhs Anuf\fg63 Wf j bklbgjéçh
   l
  r j`jrfnj kh `hstrjlhr kçh dhr rfspfbtjlj f
  h h rfsfrvjt÷rbh dbgjr vjzbh, j phtãkgbj lh
   a ] Ibrf j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lf
lf
  f lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lf `jrgmj. `hthr phlfrê sfr rfluzblj.
   l
  r Mhrj f tf`pfrjturj fxtfrkj
   l
  h
  j
] Tfrbdbquf
`hstrjlhh kh
kàvfn lf gh`austàvfn
bklbgjlhr 3. lbfsfn
   t
  u ] Tfrbdbquf h kàvfn lf JQNJ 71 `hstrjlh
  p
  ` kh bklbgjlhr ?.
  h
   G
Bklbgjlhr lf gh`austàvfn lbfsfn
Wf h kàvfn lh gh`austàvfn fstbvfr jajbxh lf
lf
:<%, h sà`ahnh 9 â fxbablh kh
`hstrjlhr. Wb`untjkfj`fktf, h bklbgjlhr
lh fstjlh jgfklf f` j`jrfnh.
Ujbkfn lf bkstru`fkths (fxf`pnh lf vbshr kh
IKh `fku "Tfàgunh Ä", sua`fku vfnhgà`ftrh)
"Qfsfrvjt÷rbh lf gh`austàvfn", â phssàvfn
ghksuntjr j juthkh`bj lh vfàgunh gh` h 7 Bklbgjlhr lj mhrj.
gh`austàvfn
gh`austàv fn gghktblh
hktblh kh rfsfrvjt÷rbh < Bklbgjlhr lf tf`pfrjturj fxtfrkj.
(R pêibkj =9
=9).).
Zujklh js tf`pfrjturjs fxtfrkjs
Bklbgjlhr lf JQNJ 71 fstbvfrf` pr÷xb`js jh phkth lf
H jifktf rfluthr JQNJ 71 â kfgfssêrbh ghkifnj`fkth, prfstf `ubtj jtfkéçh kj
pjrj rfluzbr hs vjnhrfs lf f`bssçh lh fstrjlj.
`hthr. Js jntfrjéöfs lj tf`pfrjturj fxtfrkj sçh

J bklbgjéçhlhlfkàvfn
fstb`jtbvj JQNJlf71 ? â71.
JQNJ jpfkjs fxbabljs kh `hstrjlhr gh` rftjrlj`fkth.
] Ibrf j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lf
Zujtrh sfi`fkths jzubs kh pjbkfn lf lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lf `jrgmj.
bkstru`fkths bklbgj` h kàvfn lf JQNJ 71.
 

Ujbkfn lf bkstru`fkths 96

J tf`pfrjturj fxtfrkj fxbablj kh H vbshr lh vfnhgà`ftrh jprfsfktj j

`hstrjlhr phlf fstjr f` irjus Gfnsbus lbstákgbj thtjn pfrghrrblj 3 f j lbstákgbj
(µG) hu Djmrfkmfbt (µD) lfpfklfklh lh pjàs lbêrbj pfrghrrblj ?.
kh qujn h vfàgunh dhb mh`hnhijlh. IJ ukbljlf lf `flbéçh lh gjngunjlhr lf
H vbshr lh vfnhgà`ftrh bklbgj j mhrj 0 f j vbjif` phlf sfr jntfrjlj kh `fku
tf`pfrjturj fxtfrkj 8. (R pêibkj 2<
"Lfdbkbéöfs ì" (R 2<)) kh
gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh.
J ukbljlfkhlj`fku
jntfrjlj tf`pfrjturj phlf sfr
"Lfdbkbéöfs" J lbstákgbj thtjn pfrghrrblj f j lbstákgbj
(R pêibkj 2<
2<)) lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh. lbêrbj pfrghrrblj tj`aâ` sçh bklbgjljs kh
   <
H `hlh mhrj (:1 m hu 1< m) tj`aâ` phlf `fku "Tbjif` Ü", sua`fku Mhlü`ftrh    :
(R pêibkj =7
=7).). J ukbljlf lf `flbéçh phlf    5
sfr jntfrjlh kh `fku "Lfdbkbéöfs"    1
sfr jntfrjlj kh `fku "Lfdbkbéöfs ì",    W
(R pêibkj 2<
2<)) lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh.    K
   B
sua`fku "Jcustf lf ukbljlfs"
J mhrj f j tf`pfrjturj fxtfrkj tj`aâ`   h
(R pêibkj 2<
2<).). J lbstákgbj lbêrbj pfrghrrblj    l
sçh bklbgjljs kh `fku "Tbjif` Ü",   r
? phlf sfr rfbkbgbjlj kh `fku "Tbjif`   h
sua`fku Bkdhr`jéçh lh lbj f lh vfàgunh    a
Ü", sua`fku "Lfslf bkbgbjlh‐   f
(R pêibkj =7
=7).). (R pêibkj =7
=7).).    l
  r
Mhlü`ftrh Qfbkbgbjr j lbstákgbj lbêrbj pfrghrrblj    l
  h
  j
   t
] Ibrf j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lf
  u
Bklbgjéçh lj lbstákgbj lbêrbj   p
pfrghrrblj/lbstákgbj thtjn pfrghrrblj lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lf `jrgmj.   `
  h
] @jktfkmj j tfgnj Ê prfssbhkjlj kh    G
] Ibrf j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lf
lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lf `jrgmj. (R pêibkj 96
pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths (R 96))
jtâ quf j lbstákgbj lbêrbj pfrghrrblj
Lfpfklfklh lh pjàs kh qujn h vfàgunh dhb sfcj rfbkbgbjlj.
mh`hnhijlh, j lbstákgbj lbêrbj/lbstákgbj
thtjn pfrghrrblj â fxbablj f` qubnü`ftrhs
(o`) hu `bnmjs (`b).

Ujbkfn lf bkstru`fkths
: Bklbgjéçh lj lbstákgbj lbêrbj pfrghrrblj
pfrghrrblj..
1 Bklbgjéçh lj lbstákgbj thtjn pfrghrrblj.
 Ujbkfn lf bkstru`fkths
 

94

Urfssçh lf rfsfrvj lhs gbrgubths lf

drfbh IJ\FKÉÇH
Ujrj j sfiurjkéj hpfrjgbhkjn lh vfàgunh, h Wf j prfssçh lf rfsfrvj fstbvfr dhr `ubth
` ubth
sbstf`j lhs gbrgubths lf drfbh prfgbsj quf j
ajbxj hu mhuvfr pfrlj lf prfssçh kh
prfssçh lf rfsfrvj khs gbrgubths sfcj lf, kh
`àkb`h, lf :: ajrs. H gbrgubth lhs sbstf`j pkfu`êtbgh lf drfbhs, kçh â
ghksu`blhrfs jlbgbhkjbs â jajstfgblh phssàvfn drfjr h vfàgunh. Qbsgh lf
sh`fktf jp÷s h jajstfgb`fkth lhs jgblfktf!
gbrgubths lf drfbhs : f 1. H vfàgunh s÷ lfvf sfr ghnhgjlh f`
   <
   : ] Ibrf j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lflf `hvb`fkth qujklh j prfssçh lf rfsfrvj
   5
   1 lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lf `jrgmj. kfgfssêrbj dhr jngjkéjlj.
   W
   K
   B Wf mhuvfr pfrlj lf prfssçh lurjktf j
  h `jrgmj, pjrf b`flbjtj`fktf f` nhgjn
   l
  r
  h
jlfqujlh. Vsf h drfbh lf
   a fstjgbhkj`fkth pjrj pjrjr h vfàgunh f
  f
   l fkgj`bkmf-h j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu
  r
   l
  h
  j
Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjrJuthrbzjlh
h sbstf`j@frgflfs-
lf drfbh f
   t
  u rfpjrê-nh sf kfgfssêrbh.
  p
  `
  h H gbrgubth lh drfbh gh` prfssçh lf rfsfrvj
   G
`jbs ajbxj â bklbgjlh pfnj nuz lf ghktrhnf
3 hu 0. H bklbgjlhr ? `hstrj j prfssçh
kfstf gbrgubth lf drfbh.
IJ prfssçh lf rfsfrvj lhs gbrgubths lf
drfbh phlf sfr vbsujnbzjlj kh `fku "Tfàgunh
Ä" ; "Urfs
"Urfssçh
sçh lf rfsfrvj"
(R pêibkj =2=2).).
 Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

99

Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
Bkdhr`jéöfs b`phrtjktfs sharf
sfiurjkéj IJ\FKÉÇH
Zujklh hpfrjr h pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths, Vtbnbzf hs ahtöfs lf jcustf jpfkjs
hasfrvf j nfibsnjéçh f` vbihr kh pjàs. qujklh h vfàgunh fstbvfr pjrjlh f kçh
H `hstrjlhrflh
`fksjifks gh`putjlhrlf
jlvfrtãkgbjs lf ahrlh fxbaf ghnhquf j `çh
hpfrjr fstfs jtrjvâs
ahtöfs lh vhnjktf
phrquf pjrj
vhgã phlf
lftfr`bkjlhs sbstf`js. Uhr bssh, pfrlfr h ghktrhnf lh vfàgunh f gjusjr u`    <
gfrtbdbquf-sf lf quf h sfu vfàgunh fstfcj jgblfktf hu shdrfr dfrb`fkths.    :
sf`prf f` ghklbéöfs sfiurjs lf hpfrjéçh    5
   1
pjrj quf kçh mjcj kfkmu` rbsgh lf      W
   K
   B
jgblfktf. Wf h vfàgunh kçh fstbvfr f`
  h
ghklbéöfs sfiurjs lf hpfrjéçh, pjrf    l
  r
b`flbjtj`fktf f` u` nhgjn jdjstjlh lh IJ\FKÉÇH   h
   a
tráksbth.   f
Wf h pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths fstbvfr    l
  r

IJ\FKÉÇH ljkbdbgjlh hu jprfsfktjr

phlf kçh blfktbdbgjr u`j djnmj, fnf
rfstrbéöfs    l
  h
  j
   t
b`phrtjktfs kh dukgbhkj`fkth lhs   u
J jtfkéçh lh `hthrbstj â lfsvbjlj ljs   p
ghklbéöfs lf tráksbth qujklh hpfrj hs sbstf`js rfnjgbhkjlhs å sfiurjkéj f j   `
  h
sbstf`js lf bkdhr`jéçh f hs jpjrfnmhs sfiurjkéj hpfrjgbhkjn lh sfu vfàgunh    G
lf gh`ukbgjéçh bktfirjlhs jh vfàgunh phlf fstjr jdftjlj. Qbsgh lf jgblfktf!
gh` h vfàgunh f` `hvb`fkth. Jnâ` Ghktbkuf j vbjif` gh` gubljlh f
lbssh, fnf phlf pfrlfr h ghktrhnf lh fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u`
vfàgunh. Qbsgh lf jgblfktf! Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Hpfrf fstfs fqubpj`fkths sh`fktf sf Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz h `jbs rêpblh
js ghklbéöfs lf tráksbth pfr`btbrf`. phssàvfn.
Gjsh ghktrêrbh, pjrf h vfàgunh
jlfqujlj`fktf f hpfrf h fqubpj`fkth.
 

9= Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh

Ahtöfs lf gh`jklh lh gh`putjlhr Ahtöfs lf gh`jklh lh gh`putjlhr

lf ahrlh kh pjbkfn lf ahrlh kh vhnjktf
H gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh lh vfàgunh â
Bkdhr`jéöfs ifrjbs
hpfrjlh phr u` ahtçh quf phssbabnbtj, phr
fxf`pnh, shnbgbtjr bkdhr`jéöfs lf H gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh â jtbvjlh qujklh
dukgbhkj`fkth f jntfrjr vjnhrfs jcustjlhs. ibrjr j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj
lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lf `jrgmj. Kh
gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh, vhgã phlf ghksuntjr
js bkdhr`jéöfs sharf h sfu vfàgunh f djzfr
   < jcustfs.
   :
   5
   1 H gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh â hpfrjlh gh` js
   W tfgnjs kh vhnjktf `untbdukgbhkjn f kh pjbkfn
   K
   B
  h
lf bkstru`fkths.
   l
  r Lurjktf j `jrgmj lh vfàgunh, h gh`putjlhr
  h
   a lf ahrlh bkdhr`j, phr fxf`pnh3
  f
   l • ghghks
ksu`
u`hh llff ggh`
h`au
aust
stàv
àvfn
fn??
  r Fxf`pnh3
   l
  h
  j : Ujbkfn lf bkstru`fkths
• tf`
f`pph lf vbjif`
f`??
   t • hghrrãkgbjs?
  u
  p Y Ju`fktj j bktfksbljlf lj
  ` nu`bkhsbljlf lh pjbkfn lf • fs
fstj
tjlh
lhss lf dduk
ukgb
gbhk
hkj`
j`fk
fkth
th??
  h
   G bkstru`fkths • pr
prjz
jzhs
hs lf `j
`jku
kutf
tfké
kéçh
çh??
] Lb`bkub j bktfksbljlf lj • jvjrbjs?
nu`bkhsbljlf lh pjbkfn lf
• gj
gjus
usjs
js lj
ljss jjvj
vjrb
rbjs
js??
bkstru`fkths
\ \fgnj lf rfthrkh å tfnj bkbgbjn.
• prh
prhvb
vblãk
lãkgbj
gbjss j sfr
sfrf`
f` th`j
th`jljs
ljs..
Ê \fgnj Qfsft lj qubnh`ftrjif`
lbêrbj pfrghrrblj.
1 Ahtöfs lf ghktrhnf
¨ Wfnfgbhkj h sua`fku, jntfrj hs
jcustfs
¤ Jvjkéj/vhntj khs prbkgbpjbs
`fkus
d Jgfssj j hpéçh lf jcustf

i Qfthrkj lj hpéçh lf jcustf

 

Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh 92

Dukgbhkj`fkth = & *
Wfnfgbhkjr h sua`fku f jntfrjr hs
jcustfs.

Êrfjs lf bklbgjéçh
Js êrfjs lf bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr lh
gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh lfpfklf` lhs
fqubpj`fkths bkstjnjlhs f ljs dukéöfs f`
ush. Js `fksjifks f js jkh`jnbjs kh    <
`hstrjlhr sçh jprfsfktjljs lf jghrlh    :
   5
: @hstrjlhr gh` j prbhrbljlf.    1
   W
1 \fgnj Ê3    K
   B
  h
Qfbkbgbjr hs ljlhs lh pfrgursh.    l
  r
Qfbkbgbjr j lbstákgbj lbêrbj pfrghrrblj   h
   a
7 \ Qfthrkjr å tfnj bkbgbjn   f
   l
<   8 \fgnj QFWF\3   r
Ghkdbr`jr hs sfrvbéhs lf `jkutfkéçh    l
  h
  j
rfjnbzjlhs.    t
  u
  p
Jntfrjr hs ljlhs lhs nuarbdbgjktfs f   `
nàqublhs kh `fku "Ghkdbiurjéöfs",   h
   G
sua`fku "Nuarbdbgjktfs f nàqublhs".
6 Y ]
Jcustjr h vhnu`f lh sh` lh
fqubpj`fkth lf êulbh (rêlbh f
tfnfdhkf)
Wfnfgbhkjr h sua`fku f jntfrjr hs
jcustfs
4 Gmj`jljs tfnfdükbgjs3
3 Djzfr/jtfklfr/rfdjzfr
gmj`jljs.
2 Qfcfbtjr/fkgfrrjr j gmj`jlj/
jgfssjr h `fku lh tfnfdhkf. Êrfj kh vbshr (fxf`pnh3 sua`fku
9 T V "Bkdhr`jéçh lh lbj")
Jvjkéjr/vhntjr kh `fku prbkgbpjn. Êrfj lf `fku f nbkmj lf tàtunh3  kj êrfj lf
Ghkdbr`jr j `fksjif` kh `hstrjlhr. `fku 3 sçh jprfsfktjlhs hs lbvfrshs
Thntjr jh `fku prbkgbpjn. `fkus.
arjkgh. HKj`fku
nbkmjjtbvh â rfjnéjlh
lf tàtunh f` h
J, â fxbablh
kh`f lh sua`fku.
 

=5 Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh

b H sà`ahnh "!" vfr`fnmh sfrê Bklbgjéçh lh fstjlh lf dukgbhkj`fkth

jprfsfktjlh kj nbkmj lf tàtunh f kh Js ghrfs gbkzj, j`jrfnh f vfr`fnmh
`fku „Fvfkths f lbjik÷stbgh" $c blfktbdbgj` j prbhrbljlf lj `fksjif`
sf`prf quf mhuvfr jniu`j jprfsfktjlj kh `hstrjlhr.
jkhr`jnbljlf kh vfàgunh.
Js bklbgjéöfs rfnjgbhkjljs ås `fksjifks
Êrfj lf bklbgjéçh3 kj êrfj lf bklbgjéçh f` gbkzj, j`jrfnh f vfr`fnmh fstçh
? h gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh jprfsfktj
sua`fku hu `fksjif`. V`j `fksjif` lfsgrbtjs
`hstrjlhrkhlhgjpàtunh "Bklbgjéöfs
gh`putjlhr kh
lf ahrlh"
sfrê fxbablj juth`jtbgj`fktf (p. fx.3 (R pêibkj 29
29).).
   < „Qfjajstfgfr Lbfsfn‐ hu „Ubsgj
   :
   5 ljkbdbgjlh‐). Jnâ` lj `fksjif`, u`j Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr
   1 bklbgjéçh phlfrê sfr fxbablj kj êrfj lf
   W
   K
   B stjtus 0 hu kh pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths. Wf
H `hstrjlhr fxbaf bkdhr`jéöfs sharf h
  h j `fksjif` pulfr sfr ghkdbr`jlj gh` j dukgbhkj`fkth, djnmjs hu jlvfrtãkgbjs
   l
  r tfgnj T hu V, j `fksjif` sfrê (R pêibkj 29
juth`jtbgj`fktf. (R 29).).
  h
   a hguntjlj. Wf u`j bklbgjéçh fstbvfr jtbvj kh
  f Jarfvbjturjs lh sbstf`j, sà`ahnh lf
   l pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths hu kj êrfj lf stjtus
  r 0 lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh, fnj kçh sfrê djnmj f nhgjn lj djnmj
   l
  h
  j
jpjijlj lfphbs quf j `fksjif` dhr Js bkdhr`jéöfs j sfiubr phlf` sfr
   t ghkdbr`jlj. fxbabljs cukth gh` u`j `fksjif`
  u
  p `hstrjlhr3
  `
Êrfj lf stjtus3 j êrfj lf stjtus 0 
  h jprfsfktj h prhirj`j lf `jrgmj • j jajarfv
rfvbj
bjtu
turjrj lh sbs
sbstftf`j
`j lljj ukb
ukbljl
ljlff lf
   G
sfnfgbhkjlh (fx.3 @JKVJN) f j bklbgjéçh gh`jklh fkvhnvblj?
lf `jrgmj fkijtjlj (fx.3 K).
• u` sà sà`ah
`ahnh nh lf djn
djnmj
mj ((fx.
fx.33 tf
tf`pf
`pfrjt rjturj
urj
H stjtus lh sbstf`j lf ghkluéçh â lh nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth fnfvjlj)?
ghlbdbgjlh phr ghrfs. Uhr fxf`pnh, u`j ghr
blfktbdbgj quf h sbstf`j fstê nbijlh f hutrj
hu trj • h nhnhgjn
gjn lj djdjnm
nmjj (fx
(fx.3.3 h vf
vfàgàgun
unhh tr
trjt
jthr
hr).
).
ghr bklbgj quf h sbstf`j fstê lfsnbijlh. Ujrj sjafr h sbikbdbgjlh ljs bklbgjéöfs ljs
Jlbgbhkjn`fktf, j êrfj lf stjtus 0  jarfvbjturjs lh sbstf`j, ghksuntf h
ghktâ` h gj`ph ljs bklbgjéöfs. F` gjsh gjpàtunh "Jarfvbjturjs lhs sbstf`js
lf jvjrbj, jlvfrtãkgbj hu bkdhr`jéçh lf fnftrükbghs" (R(R pêibkj 2= 2=).).
dukgbhkj`fkth, u`j bklbgjéçh suribrê
juth`jtbgj`fktf. J ghr lj bklbgjéçh
lfpfklf lj prbhrbljlf lj jvjrbj, lj
jlvfrtãkgbj hu lj bkdhr`jéçh lf
dukgbhkj`fkth.
 

Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh =:

@fkus lftjnmjlhs Urbkgbpjbs `fkus f sua`fkus

J qujktbljlf f j sfquãkgbj lhs `fkus
Hpfrjr hs `fkus (ahtöfs kh vhnjktf) lfpfklf` lh `hlfnh f lhs fqubpj`fkths
bkstjnjlhs kh vfàgunh.
Wfnfgbhkjr h `fku
Hs `fkus prbkgbpjbs ghktã` lbvfrsjs
] Gh` hs ahtöfs T hu V kh vhnjktf, dukéöfs pjrj h `fs`h rfgursh f
vhgã ghksuntj h `fku lfsfcjlh. â phssàvfn sfnfgbhkjr hs sfiubktfs `fkus
H `hstrjlhr bklbgj h prb`fbrh sua`fku hu prbkgbpjbs f sua`fkus.
u`j hpéçh.    <
H kó`frh f j sfquãkgbj lhs `fkus vjrbj`    :
] Gh` hs ahtöfs & hu *, sfnfgbhkf lf jghrlh gh` hs fqubpj`fkths f `hlfnhs    5
   1
h sua`fku hu j hpéçh lfsfcjlj. lf sfu vfàgunh.    W
   K
   B
] Gh` hs ahtöfs Y hu ], sfnfgbhkf
Tbjif`  (R pêibkj =7
 (R =7))   h
u`j dukéçh hu u`j hpéçh.    l
  r
ü   h
Fstjs bkdhr`jéöfs fkghktrj`-sf kjs    a
tjafnjs lfstf gjpàtunh3 Bkdhr`jéöfs Tbsujnbzjr h rfn÷ibh, j   f
   l
T V Wfnfgbhkf h `fku sharf h lbj ljtj, j tf`pfrjturj   r
prbkgbpjn. fxtfrkj    l
  h
  j
Mhlü`ftrh Tbsujnbzjr j lbstákgbj    t
& * Wfnfgbhkf u` sua`fku/   u
lbêrbj pfrghrrblj f j   p
u`j hpéçh.   `
lbstákgbj thtjn   h
Y ] Wfnfgbhkf u`j dukéçh/ pfrghrrblj    G
u`j hpéçh.
Tbjif` : Tbsujnbzjr/rfbkbgbjr hs
juthbkbgbjlj ljlhs lh pfrgursh
Hs pjsshs lf hpfrjéçh lfpfklf` lj
jp÷s j pjrtblj
dukéçh lh `fku.
Tbjif` 1 Tbsujnbzjr/rfbkbgbjr hs
Wjbr lh `fku ljlhs lh pfrgursh
] Gh` hs ahtöfs T hu V kh vhnjktf, jp÷s j óntb`j hpfrjéçh
bkbgbjn
vhgã ghksuntj h `fku lfsfcjlh.
H gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh jr`jzfkj hs
óntb`hs jcustfs sfnfgbhkjlhs. Ghksu`h lf  (R pêibkj =6
 (R =6))
gh`austàvfn
Urbkgbpjbs `fkus f sua`fkus Ø
] Gh` hs ahtöfs T hu V kh vhnjktf, Ghksu`h Tbsujnbzjr h ghksu`h
vhgã ghksuntj h `fku lfsfcjlh. `âlbh lf gh`austàvfn
f` o`/n
H gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh jr`jzfkj hs
Bklbgjéçh lj Tbsujnbzjr j prfssçh lh
óntb`hs jcustfs sfnfgbhkjlhs. prfssçh lh turah f` tf`ph rfjn
turah
 

=1 Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh

Ghksu`h lf R pêibkj =6)

 ( (R Tfàgunh Ä  (R pêibkj =4)
 (R
gh`austàvfn Kàvfn lf ÷nf
÷nfh Tbs
Tbsujnbzjr h kkààvfn lf
lf
Ø ÷nfh lh `hthr
@ftj lf Tbsujnbzjr/rfbkbgbjr Urfssçh lf Tbsujnbzjr j prfssçh lf
ghksu`h jvjnbjéöfs lh sfu fstbnh drfbh rfsfrvj kh gbrgubth lhs
lf ghkluéçh drfbhs ^ f [
Ghksu`h gh` Tbsujnbzjr ghksu`h \f`pfrjturj Tbsujnbzjr j
vfàgunh pjrjlh gh` h vfàgunh pjrjlh lf tf`pfrjturj lh nàqublh
   < Qfnjt÷rbh lf Tbsujnbzjr phr qujkth jrrfdfgb`fkth lf jrrfdfgb`fkth
   :
   5 rhtjéöfs tf`ph h `hthr \f`ph lf Bklbgjr js mhrjs lf
   1
   W pfr`jkfgfu f` gjlj hpfrjéçh dukgbhkj`fkth lh
   K
   B djbxj lf QU@. `hthr
  h
   l Tfnhgbljlf Tbsujnbzjr qujklh h Fstjlh lj Tbsujnbzjr h fstjlh lf
  r
  h `êxb`j `hthrbstj fxgflfr j ajtfrbj gjrij ljs ajtfrbjs
   a
  f vfnhgbljlf
   l prhirj`jlj.
  r
   l
  h
  j Êulbh f  (R
 (R pêibkj =2
=2))
   t tfnfdhkf ê
  u Tfàgunh Ä R pêibkj =4
 ( (R =4))
  p Êulbh ] Qfiunjr h vhnu`f
  ` Tfnhgbljlf Tbsujnbzjr j vfnhgbljlf
  h ] Tbsujnbzjr h
   G jtujn.
lbsphsbtbvh lf êulbh
Fbxh Tbsujnbzjr hs ljlhs lhs
fbxhs ] @uljr lf lbsphsbtbvh
lf êulbh, tàtunh,
• Gjri
jrij sh
shaarf hs fstjéçh, f`bsshrj
fbxhs hu drfquãkgbj
• Anhqufbhs lf
gh`pfksjéçh f ] Hpfrjr
@U7 h kjvfijlhr
th`jlj lf dhréj
\fnfdhkf Tbsujnbzjr j nbstj lf
• Bklbgjéçh lf ghktjths, j nbstj lf
fnfvjéçh lh fbxh gmj`jljs f nbijr pjrj
Kàvfn Tbsujnbzjr h kàvfn lj hs kó`frhs.
trjsfbrj lh vfàgunh Jnjr`f : ] Tbsujnbzjr j mhrj lf
Qfsfrvjt÷rbh Tbsujnbzjr h kàvfn lh lfspfrtjr
lf rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf ] Jcustjr h
gh`austàvfn gh`austàvfn lfspfrtjlhr
Qfsfrvjt÷rbh
lf Tbsujnbzjr h kàvfn
rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf lh ] Lfsjtbvjr h jnjr`f
lh lfspfrtjlhr
JQNJ 71 JQNJ 71
 

Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh =7

Êulbh f  (R pêibkj =2)

 (R @fku „Tbjif`‐
tfnfdhkf ê
Jnjr`f 1 ] Tbsujnbzjr j mhrj lf Wua`fku "Bkdhr`jéöfs lh lbj"
lfspfrtjr T V Tbjif` Ü
] Jcustjr h & * Bkdhr`jéçh lf lbj
lfspfrtjlhr • Ljtj f mh
mhrrj Fx
Fx.3
] Lfsjtbvjr h jnjr`f :2.5:.52, :53<1
lh lfspfrtjlhr • \f
\f`p
`pfrfrjt
jtur
urjj fx
fxtf
tfrk
rkj.
j.
   <
Fx.3 17 µG    :
Fvfkths f  (R pêibkj 21
 (R 21))    5
   1
lbjik÷stbgh    W
c    K
   B
$
  h
Fvfkths Tbsujnbzjr hhgghrrãkgbjs    l
  r
  h
Lbjik÷stbgh Tbsujnbzjr ljlhs lf    a
lbjik÷stbgh   f
   l
  r
   l
  h
  j
@jkutfkéçh  (R pêibkj 21
 (R 21))    t
  u
¯   p
  `
@jkutf
utfké
kéççh Tbsuj
ujnnbzjr/rfbk
fbkbgbjr h Bkdhr`jéçh lh lbj (fxf`pnh)   h
   G
btf`/tbph lf
`jkutfkéçh f h prjzh Wua`fku "Mhlü`ftrh"
lf `jkutfkéçh
T V Tbjif` Ü
& * Mhlü`ftrh
Lfdbkbéöfs ì  (R  (R pêibkj 27 27)) • Tbsu
Tbsujn
jnbz
bzjr
jr j llbs
bstá
tákg
kgbj
bj
Jcustjr mmhhrj Tbsujnbzjr/jntfrjr h lbêrbj pfrghrrblj f j
rfn÷ibh lbstákgbj thtjn
pfrghrrblj
Jcustjr Jcustjr js ukbljlfs lf
ukbljlfs `flbljs Y ] Jcustjr
Jcus
Jcustj
tjrr bblb
lbh`
h`jj Jcus
Jcustj
tjrr h bl
blbh
bh`j
`j
Jcustjr tfnj Jcustjr h lbspnjy
Wuastákgbjs Tbsujnbzjr/jcustjr hs
vjnhrfs lhs
nuarbdbgjktfs f nàqublhs
fkgmblhs.
Jcustjr sfkshr Jcustjr j sfksbabnbljlf
lf gmuvj lh sfkshr
 

=< Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh

Wua`fku "Tbjif` : juth bkbgbjlj"

Tbsujnbzjr/rfbkbgbjr hs ljlhs lh pfrgursh
jp÷s j pjrtblj
T V Tbjif` Ü
& * Tbjif` : juthbkbgbjlj

• fxf`pnh3
Jp
Jp÷s
÷s j ppjr
jrtb
tblj
lj,, pphr
hr
:7=,4 o`
   <
   : 513:4 m H gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh rfbkbgbj
   5
   1 4:,: o`/m juth`jtbgj`fktf hs ljlhs lh pfrgursh sf3
   W
   K
   B 19,7 N/:55 o` • j gm
gmjv
jvff kh bktf
bktfrr
rrupt
upthr
hr lljj gh
ghnuk
nukjj lf
  h Y ] Jcustjr lbrféçh tbvfr sblh ibrjlj pjrj três jtâ h
   l
  r
  h ajtfktf mê `jbs lf < mhrjs.
   a Jp÷s j pjrtblj, h `hstrjlhr bklbgj hs
  f • j gm
gmjvf
jvf dhr rrf`h
f`hvb
vblj
lj lh bkt
bktfr
frrup
rupthr
thr lj
   l sfiubktfs ljlhs lh pfrgursh3 ghnukj lj lbrféçh mê `jbs lf < mhrjs.
  r
   l
  h
  j
• lb
lbst
sták
ákgb
gbjj pf
pfrg
rghr
hrrb
rblj
lj?? Wua`fku "Tbjif` 1‐
   t • tf`
f`phph lf vbjif`
f`??
  u
  p Tbsujnbzjr/rfbkbgbjr hs ljlhs lh pfrgursh
  ` • vf
vfnh
nhgb
gblj
ljlf
lf `â
`âlb
lbj?
j? jp÷s j óntb`j rfbkbgbjnbzjéçh3
  h
   G • ghk
ghksu`
su`hh ``âlb
âlbhh lf gh
gh`a
`aust
ustàv
àvfn
fn quf T V Tbjif` Ü
phlf sfr vbsujnbzjlh phr N/:55 o`,
o`/n f o`/ijnöfs. & * Tbjif` 1, fx.3
952,< o`
IH ghksu`h `âlbh lf gh`austàvfn â
jpfkjs u` vjnhr lf rfdfrãkgbj. Ujrj `jbs :7356 m
bkdhr`jéöfs sharf ghksu`h lf 6<,1 o`/m

gh`austàvfn, ghksuntf
lf gh`austàvfn" h gjpàtunh
(R pêibkj
(R =4).). "Ghksu`h
=4 <5,1 N/:55 o`
Qfbkbgbjr hs ljlhs lh pfrgursh3 H ahtçh Jp÷s rfbkbgbjr, h `hstrjlhr bklbgj hs
Y phlf sfr rfbkbgbjlh jh sfnfgbhkjr j sfiubktfs ljlhs lh pfrgursh3
hpéçh gh` hs ahtöfs & hu * f jh • lbst
lbsták
ákgb
gbjj pf
pfrg
rghr
hrrb
rblj
lj??
ghkdbr`jr gh` h ahtçh Y.
• tf`
f`pph lf vbjif`
f`??
• vf
vfnh
nhgb
gblj
ljlf
lf `â
`âlb
lbj?
j?
• ghk
ghksu
su`h
`h ` `âlb
âlbhh llff ggh`a
h`aust
ustàvf
àvfnn quf
quf
phlf sfr vbsujnbzjlh phr N/:55 o`,
o`/n f o`/ijnöfs.
 

Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh =6

Qfbkbgbjr hs ljlhs lh pfrgursh3 Wua`fku "@ftj lf ghksu`h"

 phssàvfn vhntjr jh ahtçh Y  H gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh bklbgj sfu fstbnh lf
sfnfgbhkjklh j hpéçh gh` hs ahtöfs &  ghkluéçh f fxbaf kh sua`fku "@ftj lf
hu * f ghkdbr`jklh gh` h ahtçh Y ghksu`h" pjrj jculê-nh j htb`bzjr h sfu
fstbnh lf ghkluéçh f fghkh`bzjr
gh`austàvfn.
Js jvjnbjéöfs phlf` sfr rfbkbgbjljs j
qujnqufr `h`fkth f thljs sfrçh jpjijljs
juth`jtbgj`fktf.
   <
   :
Tbsujnbzjr jvjnbjéöfs    5
   1
T V Ghksu`h lf gh`austàvfn    W
   K
   B
Ø
  h
& * @ftj lf ghksu`h    l
  r
  h
• V`j `fksjif`    a
@fku "Ghksu`h lf gh`austàvfn"   f
rfnjtbvj å jvjnbjéçh    l
jtujn (fx.3 @ftj   r
Wua`fku "Ghksu`h" jtbkiblj)    l
  h
  j
Tbsujnbzjr h ghksu`h `âlbh lf gh`austàvfn    t
Y ] Jcustjr3 rfbkbgbjr   u
f` o`/n.   p
jvjnbjéöfs   `
T V Ghksu`h lf gh`austàvfn   h
   G
Ø H sua`fku "@ftj lf ghksu`h" fxbaf3
& * Ghksu`h • `fk
`fksji
sjifk
fkss rf
rfnj
njgb
gbhk
hkjlj
jljss å jvj
jvjnbnbjé
jéçh?
çh?
Y ] Jntfrkjr js fsgjnjs • gh
ghks
ksu`
u`hh llff ggh`
h`au
aust
stàv
àvfn
fn..
Hs ahtöfs Y ] jntfrkj` fktrf js Wua`fku „Ghksu`h gh` vfàgunh
trãs fsgjnjs lbsphkàvfbs3 5 j 1, 5 j 6 f 5 j
:5. H `hthrbstj phlf fsghnmfr qujn â j pjrjlh‐
Bklbgjr jh `hthrbstj h ghksu`h gh` h
`fnmhr fsgjnj lf jghrlh gh` suj
vfàgunh pjrjlh.
kfgfssbljlf.
T V Ghksu`h lf gh`austàvfn
Wua`fku „Bklbgjéçh lj prfssçh lh Ø
turah‐
@hstrjr jh `hthrbstj h gh`phrtj`fkth lj & * Ghksu`h gh` vfàgunh
prfssçh lh turah f` tf`ph rfjn. pjrjlh

T V Ghksu`h lf gh`austàvfn

Ø
& * Urfssçh lh turah
 

=4 Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh

Wua`fku „Qfnjt÷rbh lf rhtjéöfs‐ Wua`fku "Fbxh"

Tbsujnbzjr j qujktbljlf quf h `hthr Tbsujnbzjr j bklbgjéçh ljs gjrijs sharf hs
pfr`jkfgfu f` gjlj djbxj lf QU@. fbxhs f anhqufbhs jtbvjlhs/lfsjtbvjlhs.
T V Tfàgunh Ä
T V Ghksu`h lf gh`austàvfn
Ø & * Fbxh3 Tbsujnbzjr hs ljlhs
lhs fbxhs
& * Qfnjt÷rbh lf rhtjéöfs • Gj
Gjri
rijj ssha
harf
rf hs fb
fbxh
xhss
   <
Wua`fku „Tfnhgbljlf `êxb`j‐ • Anhqufbhs lf
   : Qfibstrj qujktjs vfzfs h `hthrbstj gh`pfksjéçh f
   5
   1 untrjpjsshu j vfnhgbljlf `êxb`j th`jlj lf dhréj
   W
   K ghkdbiurjlj f pfr`btf jcustjr j vfnhgbljlf • Bk
Bklb
lbgj
gjéç
éçhh lf fnfv
fnfvjé
jéçh
çh
   B
  h `êxb`j lfsfcjlj f rfbkbgbjr j ghktjif`. lh fbxh
   l
  r
  h
   a T V Ghksu`h lf gh`austàvfn
  f Ø
   l
  r & * Tfnhgbljlf `êxb`j
   l
  h
  j
   t
  u
  p @fku "Tfàgunh"
  `
  h
   G Wua`fku "Tfnhgbljlf"

Tbsujnbzjr j vfnhgbljlf
T V Tfàgunh Ä Bkdhr`jéöfs sharf js gjrijs khs fbxhs f
& * Tfnhgbljlf (fx.3 15 o`/ anhqufbhs lf gh`pfksjéçh (fxf`pnh)
m)

J bklbgjéçh  â jprfsfktjlj jh nfvjktjr

u` fbxh fnfvêvfn.
 

Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh =9

Wua`fku "Kàvfn"
J dukéçh bklbgj sf h kàvfn lj trjsfbrj lh
vfàgunh fstê dhrj lj phsbéçh aêsbgj f h
jcustf lh kàvfn phlf sfr dfbth gh` h
ghktrhnf rf`hth pr÷xb`h jh ajkgh lh
`hthrbstj. Jh ghnhgjr h vfàgunh f`
`hvb`fkth, h kàvfn â juth`jtbgj`fktf
jcustjlh kj phsbéçh aêsbgj. Â phssàvfn br
pjrj j phsbéçh aêsbgj jh prfssbhkjr h ahtçh
lf kàvfn nhgjnbzjlh kh pjbkfn.    <
H sua`fku bklbgj j qujktbljlf jtujn lf    :
   5
T V Tfàgunh Ä gh`austàvfn f` pfrgfktujn (%). Jh    1
prfssbhkjr j tfgnj Y, sfrçh fxbabljs js    W
& * Kàvfn    K
   B
bkdhr`jéöfs sharf j qujktbljlf jtujn lf   h
gh`austàvfn f` nbtrhs f j juthkh`bj f`    l
  r
qubnü`ftrhs.   h
   a
  f
   l
  r
   l
  h
  j
   t
  u
  p
  `
  h
   G

Wua`fku „Qfsfrvjt÷rbh lf
gh`austàvfn‐
H gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh gjngunj j
juthkh`bj jprhxb`jlj gh` ajsf kj
qujktbljlf jtujn lf gh`austàvfn prfsfktf
kh rfsfrvjt÷rbh. J juthkh`bj lfpfklf
prbkgbpjn`fktf lh fstbnh lf ghkluéçh lh
`hthrbstj.
_

T V Tfàgunh Ä
& * Qfsfrvjt÷rbh lf
gh`austàvfn
Y Bkdhr`jéöfs lf nbtrhs f
juthkh`bj
 

== Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh

Wua`fku "Qfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71" Wua`fku "Kàvfn lf ÷nfh"

H gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh gjngunj j
juthkh`bj jprhxb`jlj gh` ajsf kj
qujktbljlf jtujn lf JQNJ 71. J juthkh`bj
lfpfklf prbkgbpjn`fktf lh fstbnh lf
ghkluéçh lh `hthrbstj.
__
Tfrbdbgjr h kàvfn lh ÷nfh kh `hthr. Qfjnbzf h
prhgflb`fkth j sfiubr pjrj vfrbdbgjr h kàvfn
lh ÷nfh kh `hthr jktfs lf gjlj vbjif`
phrquf fssj bkdhr`jéçh kçh fstjrê
lbsphkàvfn qujklh h vfàgunh fstbvfr f`

`hvb`fkth3
Ä
T V Tfàgunh ] Ujrf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn pnjkh.
& * Qfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71
Bkdhr`jéöfs lf nbtrhs f ] Jgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth.
   < Y
   : juthkh`bj
   5 ] Lfsnbiuf h `hthr f jiujrlf pfnh `fkhs
   1 6 `bkuths.
   W
   K
   B ] Ghnhquf h bktfrrupthr lj bikbéçh kj
  h
   l phsbéçh lf `jrgmj.
  r
  h ] Wf kçh jiujrljr hs 6 `bkuths
   a
  f rfgh`fkljlhs hu sf h `hthr jbklj
   l
  r fstbvfr f` dukgbhkj`fkth,
   l
  h
  j IJ `fksjif` "Kçh lbsphkàvfn" sfrê
   t fxbablj.
  u
  p
  ` T V Tfàgunh Ä
  h
   G & * Kàvfn lf ÷nfh
H sua`fku bklbgj j qujktbljlf jtujn lf
JQNJ 71 f` pfrgfktujn (%). Jh prfssbhkjr
j tfgnj Y , sfrçh fxbabljs js H sua`fku fxbaf h kàvfn lh ÷nfh lh `hthr
bkdhr`jéöfs sharf j qujktbljlf jtujn lf (fx.3 Kàvfn lh ÷nfh ajbxh f/hu jgrfsgfktjr
JQNJ 71 f` nbtrhs f j juthkh`bj f` ÷nfh3 < n).
qubnü`ftrhs. ] Wf h sua`fku bklbgjr Kàvfn lh ÷nfh ajbxh
hu Kàvfn lh
h `hthr. ÷nfh `ubth
Jlbgbhkf ajbxh, kçh
j qujktbljlf lfnbiuf
÷nfh
bklbgjlj (pêibkj 121
121)) f vfrbdbquf h kàvfn
lh ÷nfh khvj`fktf.
] Wf kçh ghksfiubr vbsujnbzjr j bklbgjéçh
lh kàvfn lh ÷nfh, rfpbtj h prhgflb`fkth
pjrj vfrbdbgjr h kàvfn lh ÷nfh.
] Wf, jbklj jssb`, h kàvfn lh ÷nfh kçh dhr
fxbablh, fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u`
Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh
j hpfrjéçh.@frgflfs-Afkz pjrj rfjnbzjr
 

Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh =2

b Zujklh mhuvfr u`j vjrftj `flblhrj Wua`fku „Ajtfrbj‐

lbsphkàvfn, fnj phlfrê sfr usjlj pjrj Tfrbdbgjr h fstjlh lf gjrij lf ajtfrbj
aj tfrbj jtujn.
vfrbdbgjr h kàvfn lf ÷nfh.
T V Tfàgunh Ä
Wua`fku "Urfssçh lf drfbh" & *  Ajtfrbj
Tbsujnbzjr j prfssçh lf rfsfrvj3
Ä H `hstrjlhr bklbgj j tfksçh jtujn lj
T V Tfàgunh ajtfrbj lh vfàgunh f` vhnts.
& * Urfssçh lf drfbh
Wf h fstjlh lf gjrij ljs ajtfrbjs fstbvfr
`ubth ajbxh, h `hstrjlhr fxbaf u`j    <
Tbsujnbzjr j prfssçh lf rfsfrvj lhs    :
`fksjif` juth`jtbgj`fktf.    5
gbrgubths lhs drfbhs ^ f [ sha j    1
Urhgfssh lf rfprhirj`jéçh3 Wf    W
dhr`j lf bklbgjéçh lf ajrrjs.    K
suastbtubr hu gjrrfijr js ajtfrbjs, j    B
bklbgjéçh lh fstjlh ljs ajtfrbjs dbgjrê   h
Wua`fku "\f`pfrjturj lf    l
  r
jrrfdfgb`fkth" lbsphkàvfn jp÷s j prb`fbrj pjrtblj lh   h
`hthr. Â phssàvfn quf h fstjlh lf gjrij lj    a
Tbsujnbzjr j tf`pfrjturj lh nàqublh lf   f
ajtfrbj kçh sfcj bklbgjlh ghrrftj`fktf. Å    l
jrrfdfgb`fkth. `flblj quf j bklbgjéçh lh fstjlh ljs   r
T V Tfàgunh Ä ajtfrbjs f js ajtfrbjs sçh sbkgrhkbzjljs, j    l
  h
  j
prfgbsçh ju`fktj. Fstf prhgfssh lf    t
& * \f`pfrjturj lf   u
sbkgrhkbzjéçh lj bklbgjéçh lh fstjlh lf   p
jrrfdfgb`fkth   `
gjrij lj ajtfrbj lf`hrj gfrgj lf 7 lbjs   h
gh` h vfàgunh f` hpfrjéçh.    G
Wf h kàvfn lh nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth
fstbvfr `ubth ajbxh, sbij js hrbfktjéöfs lh @fku "Êulbh f tfnfdhkf"
gjpàtunh „@jkutfkéçh‐ ; „Kàvfn lf nàqublh
lf jrrfdfgb`fkth‐. Wua`fku "Êulbh"

Wua`fku "\f`ph lf hpfrjéçh‐ Lbsphsbtbvh lf êulbh, tàtunh/fstjéçh

tàtunh/fstjéçh
Tbsujnbzjr js mhrjs lf dukgbhkj`fkth lh f`bsshrj/drfquãkgbj, kjvfijlhr lf
f`bsshrj/drfquãkgbj,
`hthr. @U7

T V Tfàgunh Ä H sua`fku "Êulbh" fstê lbsphkàvfn khs

vfàgunhs fqubpjlhs gh` u` jpjrfnmh lf
& * \f`ph lf hpfrjéçh êulbh @frgflfs-Afkz.
H sua`fku fxbaf js mhrjs lf ] Nbiuf h jpjrfnmh lf êulbh.
dukgbhkj`fkth lh `hthr ð, p. fx., T V Êulbh f tfnfdhkf ê
:5.555 m 19 `bk. H ghktjlhr lf mhrjs lf
dukgbhkj`fkth kçh rfibstrj js mhrjs lf & * Êulbh
trjajnmh lh `hthrbstj. Ujrj bssh, utbnbzf hs Y ] Jcustjr
jpjrfnmhs jlfqujlhs.
 

25 Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh

Ujrj `uljr lf lbsphsbtbvh lf êulbh hu lf ] Ujrj dfgmjr j pjstj jtujn, prfssbhkf f

tàtunh/fstjéçh f`bsshrj/drfquãkgbj, shntf j tfgnj ].
prfssbhkf j tfgnj Y. ] Ujrj dfgmjr h kjvfijlhr lf @U7,
Lfpfklfklh lh lbsphsbtbvh lf êulbh jtbvh, prfssbhkf f sfiurf j tfgnj ].
h `hstrjlhr fxbaf3
] h kh`f lh lbsphsbtbvh lf êulbh?  Jcustjr h vhnu`f
vhnu`f

] hrêlbh?
kh`f hu j drfquãkgbj lj f`bsshrj lf T V Êulbh f tfnfdhkf ê
& * Jcustjr h vhnu`f
   < ] tàtunh kh dukgbhkj`fkth lf GL, VWA f
   : Y ] Jcustjr
   5 Anufthhtm®?
   1
   W ] h lbsphsbtbvh lf JV] kh dukgbhkj`fkth Ghktrhnf rêpblh lf fstjéöfs lf rêlbh f
   K
   B lf JV] êulbh? ghktrhnf lh vhnu`f
  h
   l
  r ] js djbxj lf drfquãkgbjs ljs fstjéöfs lf Jp÷s nbijr h rêlbh, h sà`ahnh 3 jpjrfgfrê
  h rêlbh?
   a juth`jtbgj`fktf jp÷s :5 sfiuklhs3
  f
   l ] kjvfijlhr lf @U7 f` dukgbhkj`fkth kj
  r fktrjlj lf GL hu VWA?
   l
  h
  j ]
   t gh` j tfgnj & hu *, sfnfgbhkf j fktrjlj
  u lf `fku lfsfcjlj?
  p
  ` ] gh` j tfgnj & hu *, `ulf lf lbsphsbtbvh
  h
   G lf êulbh, lf tàtunh f lf fstjéçh
f`bsshrj.
Kh gjsh lf jrqubvhs @U7 f` GL êulbh hu
f` lbsphsbtbvh VWA, â phssàvfn kjvfijr
pfnjs pjstjs f rfprhluzbr jrqubvhs @U7. Lfphbs, h usuêrbh phlfrê ghktrhnjr h
vhnu`f gh` js tfgnjs Y ] f j
Hpfrjr h kjvfijlhr @U7 fstjéçh gh` js tfgnjs & * .
] Jarj h sua`fku "Êulbh". b H ghktrhnf lh rêlbh sfrê phssàvfn
sh`fktf sf h sà`ahnh 3 dhr fxbablh.
] Urfssbhkf j tfgnj Y.
] Gh` j tfgnj & hu *, sfnfgbhkf j fktrjlj Wua`fku "\fnfdhkf"
lf `fku lh kjvfijlhr lf @U7.
Bklbgjéöfs lf sfiurjkéj b`phrtjktfs
] Ujrj jarbr h kjvfijlhr @U7, prfssbhkf j
tfgnj & hu *. H `fku fstê lbsphkàvfn f` vfàgunhs gh`3
] Ujrj `uljr lf jrqubvhs @U7/pjstjs, ] Qêlbh GL Anufthhtm®
prfssbhkf j tfgnj & hu *. ] Qêlbh GL Anufthhtm® ghkdhrth
] Ujrj sfnfgbhkjr h jrqubvh @U7 hu jarbr j ] Qêlbh GL Anufthhtm® gh` tfnfdhkf dbxh
pjstj, prfssbhkf j tfgnj Y.
 Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

2:

 phssàvfn hpfrjr u` tfnfdhkf gfnunjr gh` Djzfr u`j nbijéçh3 Urfssbhkf j tfgnj

Anufthhtm® pjrfjlh jh rêlbh GL phr `fbh 3 pjrj
lh `fku „\fnfdhkf‐. h gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh sfnfgbhkjr h
Ujrj nbijr h tfnfdhkf gfnunjr, ghksuntf h kó`frh lf tfnfdhkf.
@jkujn lf Hpfrjéçh lh djarbgjktf lh
jpjrfnmh. Qfpftbr j sfnféçh
Wfnfgbhkjr u`j fktrjlj3 Urfssbhkf j
Ujrj ghkfgtjr h tfnfdhkf gfnunjr jh rêlbh tfgnj 3 pjrj
GL, ghksuntf h @jkujn lf Hpfrjéçh lh vbsujnbzjr h óntb`h kó`frh hu h óntb`h
djarbgjktf lh jpjrfnmh. kh`f sfnfgbhkjlh.    <
   :
   5
IJ\FKÉÇH Wfnfgbhkf h kó`frh hu h kh`f lfsfcjlh    1
gh` j tfgnj & hu *.    W
H ush lf sbstf`js lf bkdhr`jéçh f    K
   B
jpjrfnmhs `÷vfbs lf gh`ukbgjéçh Fstjafnfgfr j nbijéçh3 Urfssbhkf j tfgnj
  h
lfsvbj suj jtfkéçh ljs ghklbéöfs lf 3 f    l
  r
tráksbth, h quf phlf nfvjr å pfrlj lf h gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh sfnfgbhkj h kó`frh   h
   a
ghktrhnf sharf h vfàgunh f gjusjr u` lf tfnfdhkf.   f
   l
jgblfktf!   r
Vtbnbzf fssfs jpjrfnmhs jpfkjs qujklh h  Jljptjr h vhnu`f lh sh` lj gmj`jlj    l
  h
  j
vfàgunh pjrjlh. Lurjktf u`j gmj`jlj, â phssàvfn    t
ju`fktjr hu lb`bkubr h vhnu`f lh sh` gh`   u
  p
js tfgnjs Y hu ].   `
@jrgjr kó`frhs lj nbstj lf ghktjths   h
   G
Gh` T, V hu 2, sfnfgbhkf h Fkgfrrjr j nbijéçh
`fku "\fnfdhkf".
Urfssbhkf j tfgnj 2.
Ghpbjr j nbstj lf ghktjths3 Jgfssf j nbstj
lf ghktjths gh` js tfgnjs & hu *. Wua`fku "Jnjr`f : f Jnjr`f 1"
H `hstrjlhr fxbabrê Djvhr jiujrljr. H
gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh ghpbj j nbstj lf  Jcustjr h `hlh lfspfrtjr 
lfspfrtjr 
ghktjths lh tfnfdhkf gfnunjr f fstf T V Êulbh f tfnfdhkf ê
prhgfssh phlf lf`hrjr jtâ 75 sfiuklhs.
Zujklh j bklbgjéçh lfsjpjrfgfr, j g÷pbj & * Jnjr`f : hu Jnjr`f 1
fstjrê ghkgnuàlj. Y ] ] Jntfrjr `hlh
Wfnfgbhkjr u`j fktrjlj3 Wfnfgbhkf h
`fku lfsfcjlh gh` js tfgnjs & hu ] Jcustjr mhrj
*. ] Jcustjr `bkuth
H `hstrjlhr fxbaf hs kh`fs phr hrlf`
jndjaâtbgj. IWf `jktbvfr j tfgnj Y hu ] 
prfssbhkjlj, js mhrjs/hs `bkuths pjssj`
b Wf `jktbvfr j tfgnj & hu * 
rjpblj`fktf.
prfssbhkjlj,
Zujklh shntjrkjvfijrê
j tfgnj, hpfnh jndjafth.
`hstrjlhr
fxbaf h pr÷xb`h kh`f lbsphkàvfn.
 

21 Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh

Lfsjtbvjr h jnjr`f lh lfspfrtjlhr  Ujrj `jbs bkdhr`jéöfs, ghksuntf u`

@hlh lf lfspfrtjr Jnjr`f3 prfssbhkf j Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
tfgnj &, *, Y hu ] lh vhnjktf. Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz.
@hlh lfspfrtjr Qêlbh3 pjrj lfsnbijr h
rêlbh, ghksuntf js bkstruéöfs lf ush f`
sfpjrjlh. @fku "@jkutfkéçh"
Gh` j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj
lbrféçh, kj phsbéçh lf rêlbh hu kj phsbéçh Wua`fku "@jkutfkéçh"
lf `jrgmj, prfssbhkf j tfgnj T hu Wf hs sfrvbéhs lf `jkutfkéçh quf kçh
   < V. dhrf` fxfgutjlhs dhrf` ghkdbr`jlhs, â
   :
   5 phssàvfn quf hghrrj` ljkhs kh vfàgunh. Wf
   1 IH jnjr`f lh lfspfrtjlhr â lfsjtbvjlh hs trjajnmhs lf `jkutfkéçh dhrf`
   W juth`jtbgj`fktf jp÷s : mhrj.
   K
   B ghkdbr`jlhs bkjlvfrtblj hu
  h jktfgbpjlj`fktf, h sbstf`j lf
   l
  r
@fku "Fvfkths f Lbjik÷stbgh"
  h
`jkutfkéçh gjngunjrê h khvh prjzh pjrj j
   a pr÷xb`j `jkutfkéçh. Ujrj fvbtjr ljkhs jh
  f Wua`fku "Fvfkths" vfàgunh, fxfgutf hs trjajnmhs lf
   l
  r Kh sua`fku „Fvfkths‐, â phssàvfn `jkutfkéçh b`flbjtj`fktf. Ghkdbr`f
   l
  h
  j
ghksuntjr js `fksjifks jr`jzfkjljs kh jpfkjs hs trjajnmhs quf dhrj` rfjnbzjlhs.
   t `hstrjlhr. Lbdfrfktf ljs khvjs `fksjifks H sbstf`j lf `jkutfkéçh gh`féj j
  u kh `hstrjlhr, sçh fxbabljs jpfkjs
  p bkdhr`jr hs prjzhs lf `jkutfkéçh :< lbjs
  ` jarfvbjturjs lh sbstf`j/h sà`ahnh f j jktfs lh prjzh. Zujklh u` sfrvbéh lf
  h bklbgjéçh lh nhgjn lj djnmj f` vfr`fnmh hu
   G `jkutfkéçh dhr fxfgutjlh f` u`
j`jrfnh. Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Wf j gjusj lj `fksjif` kh `hstrjlhr dhr Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz, j fxfguéçh
fnb`bkjlj, fnj kçh â `jbs fxbablj kh sfrê rfibstrjlj kh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh f
`hstrjlhr. kh `jkujn lf `jkutfkéçh.
T V Fvfkths f lbjik÷stbgh T V @jkutfkéçh ¯
c
$ Y ] Jgfssjr js pêibkjs lf
& * Fvfkths btfks/tbphs lf
Y ] @fksjifks kh `hstrjlhr `jkutfkéçh
& * Wfnfgbhkjr hs btfks/tbphs
H `hstrjlhr fxbaf j `fksjif` `jbs jtujn
lf `jkutfkéçh
prb`fbrh.
lfsfcjlhs
Wua`fku „Lbjik÷stbgh‐
Hs ljlhs lf lbjik÷stbgh ghktã`
bkdhr`jéöfs lfstbkjljs å hdbgbkj.
T V Fvfkths
$ c f lbjik÷stbgh

& * • Lbjik÷stbgh
 

Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh 27

] bkspféçh lh fbxh lbjktfbrh?

] rftjrljlhr?
] nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth?
] gjbxj lf trjksdfrãkgbj.
Qfbkbgbjr h prjzh lf `jkutfkéçh3 
Vsjklh j tfgnj * hu &, vbsujnbzf h
btf`/tbph lf `jkutfkéçh lfsfcjlh.
J hpéçh „Qfphr8‐ â fxbablj kh `hstrjlhr
H `hstrjlhr fxbaf3 qujklh dhr phssàvfn rfbkbgbjr h prjzh lf    <
   :
`jkutfkéçh.    5
] h btf`/tbph lf `jkutfkéçh 3?    1
Wf prfssbhkjr j tfgnj Y,    W
] j ljtj prfvbstj pjrj j pr÷xb`j    K
   B
h `hstrjlhr fxbabrê „Kçh/Wb`‐.
`jkutfkéçh ??   h
 Cê gh` j tfgnj *, sfnfgbhkf j hpéçh    l
  r
] j lbstákgbj rfstjktf prfvbstj pjrj j „Wb`‐ f ghkdbr`f gh` j tfgnj Y.   h
   a
pr÷xb`j `jkutfkéçh 0?   f
@fku „Lfdbkbéöfs‐    l
Wf kçh dhr phssàvfn djzfr j prfvbsçh pjrj j   r
pr÷xb`j `jkutfkéçh, h `hstrjlhr fxbabrê h    l
  h
  j
sb`ahnh --.--.-- Wua`fku "Jcustjr mhrj"    t
  u
b H sbstf`j bkdhr`j j pr÷xb`j Kh sua`fku "Jcustjr mhrj", â phssàvfn   p
`jkutfkéçh lf jghrlh gh` j ljtj hu j jgfrtjr h rfn÷ibh kh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh.   `
  h
lbstákgbj, h quf hghrrfr prb`fbrh. b J dukéçh â vênblj sh`fktf pjrj vfàgunhs    G
Tbsujnbzjr h btf`/tbph f h pr÷xb`h prjzh quf kçh sçh fqubpjlhs gh` tjg÷irjdh.
lf `jkutfkéçh3 Vsf j tfgnj * hu & 
T V Lfdbkbéöfs ì
pjrj vbsujnbzjr h btf` lf `jkutfkéçh j
sfiubr. Y ] mhrj
Hs btfks/tbphs lf `jkutfkéçh fxbablhs & * • Jcustjr js
js mmhhrjs
lfpfklf` lh fqubpj`fkth
Gh`h fxf`pnh, lh vfàgunh.
phlf`hs gbtjr3 • Jcus
Jcusttjr hs `b
`bku
kutths
Y ] Jcustjr
] `jkutfkéçh phr tf`ph?
] drfbhs F:/F1/F7/F<? Wua`fku "Jcustjr ljtj"
] dbntrh lf jr? Kh sua`fku "Jcustjr ljtj", â phssàvfn
jgfrtjr h rfn÷ibh kh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh.
] sfgjlhr lf jr?
b J dukéçh â vênblj sh`fktf pjrj vfàgunhs
] `hthr? quf kçh sçh fqubpjlhs gh` tjg÷irjdh.
] ]. Ifrjn? T V Lfdbkbéöfs ì
] gjbxj lf `uljkéjs? Y ] Ljtj
] fbxh trjsfbrh?
] fbxh lbjktfbrh?
 

2< Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh

& * • Jcustjr h lbj Y ] Wfnfgbhkjr ghkdbiurjéöfs

• Jcustjr h `ãs lh `hstrjlhr
& * Wfnfgbhkjr js hpéöfs
• Jcustjr h jkh
lfsfcjljs3
Y ] Jcustjr
• Duklh lj tf
tfnj
Wua`fku "Jcustjr ukbljlfs" • Êr
Êrfj
fj lf tf`p
tf`pfr
frjt
jtur
urjj
@uljr js ukbljlfs kh gh`putjlhr lf Y ] Jcustjr
ahrlh.
   <
   : Wua`fku "Jcustjr bnu`bkjéçh"
   5 T V Lfdbkbéöfs ì
   1 Qfiunjr j nu`bkhsbljlf lh pjbkfn lf
   W Y ] Vkbljlfs bkstru`fkths, lhs bktfrrupthrfs f lh vbshr
   K
   B
  h & * Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh lh sbstf`j lf êulbh, af` gh`h j
   l
  r tf`phrbzjéçh ljs nuzfs lj bnu`bkjéçh lj
Y ] • @âtrbgh
  h êrfj gbrgukljktf.
   a
  f • Vkblj
kbljlf
lf b`p
`pffrb
rbjjn J nu`bkhsbljlf lh pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths f
   l
  r lhs bktfrrupthrfs s÷ phlf sfr rfiunjlj sf h
   l
  h
  j Wua`fku "Jcustjr blbh`j" `hlh lf khbtf tbvfr sblh rfghkmfgblh f nuz
   t T V Lfdbkbéöfs ì fstbvfr nbijlj. Wf kçh dhr phssàvfn djzfr j
  u rfiunjif`, @hlh lburkh surif kh sua`fku
  p & * Jcustjr blbh`j
  ` lf bktrhluéçh.
  h Y ] • LFV\WGM
   G Wf lfstrjkgjr h vfàgunh gh` h gh`jklh å
• FKINBWM lbstákgbj, j bnu`bkjéçh lj êrfj gbrgukljktf
(nuz ajbxj f nuz lf kfvhfbrh) jgfklf phr
• FWUJÚHN gfrgj lf :6 sfiuklhs.
J bnu`bkjéçh lj êrfj gbrgukljktf tj`aâ`
Hs blbh`js lbsphkàvfbs lfpfklf` lh pjàs
sf jgfklf phr gfrgj lf :6 sfiuklhs sf3
f` quf h vfàgunh dhb mh`hnhijlh. \hljs js
bklbgjéöfs lf tfxth fsçh
blbh`j sfnfgbhkjlh fdftujljs
â phssàvfn kh
bkstjnjr • jar
jarbr
br u`j
u`jgh`
(vfàgunhs phr
phrtj
tjgh`jklh
qquj
ujklh
klh åffst
stbvf
bvfrr fsgurh
fsgurh
lbstákgbj)?
hutrhs blbh`js. Ujrj `jbs bkdhr`jéöfs • lfs
lfsnbnbij
ijrr j nnuz
uz aajb
jbxj
xj hhuu lf pprf
rfsf
sfké
kéj?
j?
sharf j bkstjnjéçh lf hutrhs blbh`js,
ghksuntf u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf • lf
lfsn
snbi
bijr
jr j bbik
ikbé
béçh
çh??
Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz. • jarb
jarbrr u`j
u`j phrtj
phrtj kh bkt
bktfrv
frvjnh
jnh lf gfr
gfrgj
gj lf
< `bkuths (vfàgunhs sf` gh`jklh å
Wua`fku "Jcustjr tfnj" lbstákgbj).
Jcustjr js ghkdbiurjéöfs lh `hstrjlhr lf T V Lfdbkbéöfs ì
ahrlh
& * Jcustjr bnu`bkjéçh
T V Lfdbkbéöfs ì Y ] Wfnfgbhkjr ghkdbiurjéöfs
& * Jcustjr tfnj lf bnu`bkjéçh lh pjbkfn
 

Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh 26

& * Qfiunjr j bktfksbljlf lj

bnu`bkjéçh lh pjbkfn lf
bkstru`fkths

H sua`fku lf bktrhluéçh fxbaf j

bnu`bkjéçh lh pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths f`
phrgfktjif` f j tf`phrbzjéçh ljs nuzfs
rfiunjlj pjrj j bnu`bkjéçh fxtfrkj.
Gh` j tfgnj * hu &, sfnfgbhkf Ujbkfn
bkstru`fkths hu \f`phrbzjéçh bnu`bkjéçh    <
Urfssbhkf j tfgnj Qfsft 3 gh` u`j gjkftj    :
fxtfrbhr.    5
fsdfrhirêdbgj, phr fxf`pnh.    1
Gh` j tfgnj Y hu ], jntfrf js    W
lfdbkbéöfs. Qfpbtj fstj hpfrjéçh jtâ js lfdbkbéöfs    K
   B
ghrrfsphklfrf` jhs nuarbdbgjktfs f   h
IWf jcustjr j tf`phrbzjéçh ljs nuzfs nàqublhs ghnhgjlhs kh vfàgunh.    l
  r
pjrj 5 s, j bnu`bkjéçh lj êrfj gbrgukljktf   h
   a
sfrê lfsnbijlj. \fhr lf fkxhdrf kh gh`austàvfn    f
   l
H vjnhr lf jcustf bklbgj h tfhr lf fkxhdrf,   r
Wua`fku „Wuastákgbjs‐ f` pfrgfktujn lf pfsh, kh gh`austàvfn f`    l
  h
  j
IJh jntfrjr js suastákgbjs kh `fku rfnjéçh jh ÷nfh lbfsfn    t
  u
„Lfdbkbéöfs‐, h sbstf`j lf `jkutfkéçh usjlh f phlf sfr ghkdbiurjlh kh `fku   p
\fnnbifkt® jljptj hs prjzhs lf `jkutfkéçh   `
Fkxhdrf lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh. Jcustf h   h
f` qufstçh.    G
tfhr lf fkxhdrf lh gh`austàvfn gh` quf
Ujrj fvbtjr ljkhs jhs jgfss÷rbhs, sf`prf ghstu`j jajstfgfr h vfàgunh. Uhrâ`, jh
jcustf hs ljlhs lhs @jtfrbjbs juxbnbjrfs. usê-nh f` u` pjàs lbdfrfktf lh pjàs lf
Nfvf f` ghksblfrjéçh js bkdhr`jéöfs hrbif`, jcustf h tfhr lf fkxhdrf lh
ghktbljs kh gjpàtunh "@jtfrbjbs juxbnbjrfs" gh`austàvfn lf jghrlh gh` h pjàs f` quf
(pêibkj 14=
14=).). h vfàgunh dhb mh`hnhijlh.
T V Lfdbkbéöfs ì Ghksblfrf tj`aâ`
jh ÷nfh lbfsfn js bklbgjéöfs
f å qujnbljlf rfnjtbvjs
lh gh`austàvfn
& * Wuastákgbjs ghktbljs kh gjpàtunh "×nfh lbfsfn" (pêibkj
Y ] Jcustfs jtujbs 19:).).
19:
• Fkxhdrf b F` jniuks pjàsfs fstçh lbsphkàvfbs
• Zu
Zujn
jnbl
bljl
jlff llhh ÷÷nf
nfhh llhh ÷nfhs lbfsfn gh` lbdfrfktfs tfhrfs lf
`hthr fkxhdrf. H ÷nfh lbfsfn gh` ajbxh tfhr lf
fkxhdrf â gh`frgbjnbzjlh f` jniuks
• Tb
Tbsg
sghs
hsbl
bljl
jlff llhh ÷÷nnfh pjàsfs gh` j lfsbikjéçh "Furh-lbfsfn".
lh `hthr Wf lfsghkmfgfr h tfhr lf fkxhdrf lh
• Zu
Zujn
jnbl
bljl
jlff llhh ÷÷nf
nfhh lljj ÷nfh lbfsfn utbnbzjlh, jcustf h pbhr vjnhr
gjbxj lf `uljkéjs kh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh.
H jnth tfhr lf fkxhdrf kh gh`austàvfn
jgfnfrj h prhgfssh lf fkvfnmfgb`fkth lh
 

24 Gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh

÷nfh lh `hthr. H sbstf`j lf `jkutfkéçh Wua`fku „Jcustjr sfkshr lf gmuvj‐

\FNNBIFK\® gjngunj hs prjzhs lf Jcustjr j sfksbabnbljlf lh sfkshr lf gmuvj.
`jkutfkéçh pjrj j trhgj lh ÷nfh gh` ajsf
kh tfhr lf fkxhdrf lh gh`austàvfn T V Lfdbkbéöfs ì
jcustjlh.
& * Jcustjr sfkshr lf gmuvj
IJh usjr h abhlbfsfn kh vfàgunh, hs
bktfrvjnhs lf trhgj lh ÷nfh lh `hthr f lh Y ] Jcustjr
dbntrh lf ÷nfh lh `hthr sçh rfluzblhs.
Wf usjr h abhlbfsfn kh vfàgunh hu sf
   <
   : `bsturê-nh jh ÷nfh lbfsfn, jcustf f`
   5 Fkxhdrf DJ@F. Gjsh ghktrêrbh, h `hthr
   1
   W phlf sfr ljkbdbgjlh gh` h jcustf bklfvblh.
   K
   B
  h
   l
  r
Zujnbljlf lh ÷nfh lh `hthr 
  h Jcustjr j qujnbljlf lh ÷nfh lh `hthr
   a
  f utbnbzjlh lf jghrlh gh` hs kó`frhs lj
   l dhnmj lf rfgh`fkljéöfs lj @frgflfs-
  r
   l
  h
  j
Afkz.
@A, Zujkthj `jbs
`fnmhr jnth hlh
qujnbljlf kó`frh
÷nfh lj`hthr.
lh gnjssf
   t
  u
  p IJh `bsturjr ÷nfhs lh `hthr lf
  ` qujnbljlfs lbdfrfktfs, hs bktfrvjnhs lf
  h
   G trhgj lh ÷nfh lh `hthr sçh rfluzblhs f`
gh`pjrjéçh jhs ÷nfhs lh `hthr lj `fs`j
qujnbljlf. 
Uhr bssh, `bsturf ÷nfhs lh `hthr lf
qujnbljlfs lbdfrfktfs jpfkjs f` gjshs
fxgfpgbhkjbs. Ujrj fvbtjr ljkhs kh `hthr,
bksbrj h kó`frh lf dhnmj lh ÷nfh lf `fkhr
qujnbljlf f` Zujnbljlf lh ÷nfh lh `hthr.
Tbsghsbljlf lh ÷nfh lh `hthr 
Jcustjr j gnjssf lf vbsghsbljlf (gnjssf
WJF) lh ÷nfh lh `hthr utbnbzjlh.

Zujnbljlf lh ÷nfh lj gjbxj lf `uljkéjs

Jcustjr j qujnbljlf lh ÷nfh lj gjbxj lf
`uljkéjs utbnbzjlh lf jghrlh gh` hs
kó`frhs lj dhnmj lf rfgh`fkljéöfs

@frgflfs-Afkz. Zujkth
lj gnjssf @A, `fnmhr `jbs jnth hlj
j qujnbljlf kó`frh
gjbxj
lf `uljkéjs.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

29

Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh

Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz. Wf
Js bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr ghktã` lbssfrf` quf vhgã phlf sfiubr vbjif`,
bkdhr`jéöfs lf dukgbhkj`fkth, lbrbcj gh` fxtrf`h gubljlh. \fkmj f`
`fksjifks lf djnmjs hu jlvfrtãkgbjs quf h `fktf quf sfiubr vbjif` gh` u`j
gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh fxbaf
juth`jtbgj`fktf f sçh fxbabljs f` jvjrbj gh`
phlf sfr jntj prbhrbljlf,
ljkbdbgjlh h vfàgunh
f nfbs phlf` sfr
lbdfrfktfs ghrfs lf jghrlh gh` j bkdrbkibljs. Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u`
prbhrbljlf. Jnâ` lbssh, js bklbgjéöfs Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh    <
   :
tj`aâ` phlf` jpjrfgfr kh pjbkfn lf Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj rfpjrjr    5
bkstru`fkths hu kj êrfj lf stjtus lh    1
h sbstf`j f` qufstçh h `jbs rêpblh    W
gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh.    K
   B
phssàvfn.
  h
   l
  r
Ghkdbr`jr j `fksjif` kh `hstrjlhr   h
IJ\FKÉÇH    a
Urfssbhkf j tfgnj \, T hu V f   f
j `fksjif` kh `hstrjlhr jpjijrê.    l
Js bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr vjrbj` lf   r
jghrlh gh` js dukéöfs lbsphkàvfbs kh IWf, jnâ` lj `fksjif` kh `hstrjlhr,    l
  h
  j
vfàgunh. Uhr bssh, kf` thljs js jgfklfr u`j nuz lf ghktrhnf kh pjbkfn lf    t
bkdhr`jéöfs nbstjljs jajbxh sf jpnbgj`   u
bkstru`fkths, fnj kçh jpjijrê `fs`h   p
jh sfu vfàgunh. lfphbs quf j `fksjif` dhr ghkdbr`jlj.   `
  h
c    G
IKh `fku "Fvfkths f lbjik÷stbgh $ ",
• Bklbgjéçh f` gbkzj - Jvjrbjs/ â phssàvfn ghksuntjr js `fksjifks cê
`fksjifks gh` ajbxj prbhrbljlf3 ghkdbr`jljs kh `hstrjlhr (R(R pêibkj 21
21).).
• Urf
Urfst
stff jjtf
tfké
kéçh
çh å bbkl
klbg
bgjé
jéçh
çh lh Wf j gjusj lj djnmj kçh dhr fnb`bkjlj, h
`hstrjlhr f h vfàgunh phlf sfiubr `hstrjlhr fxbabrê j `fksjif` kj pr÷xb`j
vbjif`. pjrtblj lh `hthr khvj`fktf.
• Bklbgjéöfs f` j`jrfnh - Jvjrbjs/
`fksjifks gh` prbhrbljlf `âlbj3
• Urf
Urfst
stff jjtf
tfké
kéçh
çh å bbkl
klbg
bgjé
jéçh
çh lh
`hstrjlhr. Uhrâ`, sf lfgblbr sfiubr
vbjif`, lbrbcj gh` gubljlh f fkgj`bkmf
h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz
pjrj vfrbdbgjr h sbstf`j f` qufstçh.
• Bklbgjéöfs f` vfr`fnmh - Jvjrbjs
gh` jntj prbhrbljlf3
• Urf
Urfst
stff jjtf
tfké
kéçh
çh å bbkl
klbg
bgjé
jéçh
çh lh
`hstrjlhr. Ujrf b`flbjtj`fktf h
vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh f prhgurf
 

2= Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh

Nuz lf ghktrhnf "W\HU" Jarfvbjturjs lhs sbstf`js

fnftrükbghs
Jarfvbjturj Wbstf`j
JAW Wbstf`j jktbanhqufbh
DQ Ghktrhnf lh vfàgunh
BKW Ujbkfn lf bkstru`fkths
@Q Ghktrhnf lh `hthr
   < \fnnbifkt®
   :
   5 \G H \ j g ÷ i rj d h
   1
   W : Nuz lf ghktrhnf "W\HU"
   K
   B
  h
   l
  r
Wf j nuz lf ghktrhnf "W\HU" kçh jpjijr kf`
  h jgfklfr qujklh h vfàgunh fstbvfr f`
   a
  f `hvb`fkth, j sfiurjkéj lj hpfrjéçh f lj
   l ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh fstê f` rbsgh.
  r
   l
  h
  j
Ujrf b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh f` u` nuijr
   t sfiurh.
  u
  p Jgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth.
  ` Lfsnbiuf h `hthr.
  h
   G Fktrf f` ghktjth gh` u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh
hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-
Afkz.
 

Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh 22

@fksjifks kh `hstrjlhr
Bklbgjéçh f` gbkzj kh `hstrjlhr

Bklbgjéöfs

Bklbgjéöfs lf sfiurjkéj b`phrtjktfs

Jh bikhrjr js bklbgjéöfs lf jlvfrtãkgbj f
kh `hstrjlhr, â phssàvfn quf h `hthrbstj
kçh rfghkmféj js djnmjs f jvjrbjs lhs    <
   :
gh`phkfktfs hu lhs sbstf`js. H    5
gh`phrtj`fkth lf ghkluéçh f lf    1
   W
drfkjif`, af` gh`h j sfiurjkéj    K
   B
hpfrjgbhkjn f lf gbrgunjéçh lh sfu vfàgunh,   h
   l
  r
phlf` fstjr nb`btjljs. Fkgj`bkmf h   h
vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf    a
Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj   f
   l
vfrbdbgjéöfs f rfpjrhs kfgfssêrbhs. Wf`prf   r
sbij js rfgh`fkljéöfs ljs bklbgjéöfs lf    l
  h
  j
jlvfrtãkgbj f kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr    t
  u
lf ahrlh.   p
  `
  h
Bklbgjéçh f` gbkzj kh `hstrjlhr     G
Kh gjsh lf u`j djnmj/`fksjif` gh`
prbhrbljlf ajbxj, h gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
jprfsfktj u`j bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr f`
gbkzj. Wf `jbs bkdhr`jéöfs sharf j djnmj/
`fksjif` fstbvfrf` lbsphkàvfbs kj
bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr, h sà`ahnh f sfrê
fxbablh. Â phssàvfn ghksuntjr js
bkdhr`jéöfs gh` js tfgnjs T V kh
`fku "Fvfkths f lbjik÷stbgh $c".
Qfspfbtf js bkdhr`jéöfs f js bkstruéöfs
ghktbljs kj bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr f sbij
vbjif`.
 

:55 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh

U÷s-trjtj`fkth lf ijsfs lf fsgjpf Anuf\fg® 6

Bklb
Bklbgjé
gjéöfs
öfs kkhh vbs
vbshr
hr Gj
Gjusj
usjs/p
s/phss
hssàv
àvfb
fbss ghk
ghksfq
sfquãk
uãkgbgbjs
js f shnuéö
shnuéöfsfs
Á J rfifkfrjéçh lh dbntrh lf pjrtàgunjs lf lbfsfn fstê anhqufjlj
Qfifkfrjéçh f h kàvfn lf fkgmb`fkth lh dbntrh lf pjrtàgunjs lf lbfsfn â
anhqufjlj fnfvjlh.
Ujrj quf j rfifkfrjéçh juth`êtbgj lh dbntrh lf pjrtàgunjs lf
lbfsfn sfcj rfjnbzjlj, lfsjtbvf h anhqufbh lj rfifkfrjéçh h
`jbs rjpblj`fktf phssàvfn.
   < Á \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr3 Qfqubsbths pjrj rfifkfrjéçh `jkujn kçh
   :
   5 Qfifkfrjéçh `jkujn jtfklblhs. Ghksuntjr h `jkujn.
   1
   W kçh â phssàvfn Kçh â phssàvfn fxfgutjr j rfifkfrjéçh lh dbntrh lf pjrtàgunjs
   K
   B lf lbfsfn phrquf u`j hu `jbs ghklbéöfs kçh dhrj`
  h sjtbsdfbtjs.
   l
  r
  h Qfspfbtf js ghklbéöfs lf jtbvjéçh f pjrj u`j rfifkfrjéçh
   a `jkujn lh dbntrh lf pjrtàgunjs lf lbfsfn.
  f
   l
  r
   l
  h
  j Gjbxj lf `uljkéjs f f`arfjif`
   t Bklb
Bklbgjé
gjéöfs
öfs kkhh vbs
vbshr
hr Gj
Gjusj
usjs/p
s/phss
hssàv
àvfb
fbss ghk
ghksfq
sfquãk
uãkgb
gbjs
js f shnuéö
shnuéöfs
fs
  u
  p Ü J f`arfjif` fstê sha u`j dhrtf gjrij, `js kçh fstê
  `
  h F`arfjif` sucfbtj å sharfgjrrfijlj. Vsf jpfkjs j :ª `jrgmj pjrj jrrjkgjr.
   G
gjrij fnfvjlj Kçh prhnhkiuf h prhgfssh lf jrrjkquf hu lf `jkharjs
lfskfgfssjrbj`fktf.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:5:

Wbstf`js lf ghkluéçh
Bklb
Bklbgj
gjéöf
éöfss kh vb
vbshr
shr Gjusjs
Gjusjs/p/phss
hssàv
àvfbs
fbs gghk
hksfq
sfquã
uãkg
kgbjs
bjs f sshnu
hnuéöf
éöfss
Í H JAW phlf fstjr lfsnbijlh. H sbstf`j jssbstfktf lf
Kçh â phssàvfn jtbvjr h drfkjif` jtbvh hu h sbstf`j lf drfbhs lh vfàgunh phlf fstjr
Jgtbvf Arjof Jssbst ljkbdbgjlh.
I J\FKÉÇH
Wf kçh dhr phssàvfn jtbvjr h sbstf`j jssbstfktf lf drfkjif`
jtbvh, vhgã kçh rfgfafrê jlvfrtãkgbjs lf ghnbsçh f j drfkjif`
   <
kçh hghrrf juth`jtbgj`fktf f` u`j sbtujéçh gràtbgj.    :
   5
Mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktf sf sfu fstbnh lf ghkluéçh dhr    1
   W
bkjlfqujlh!    K
   B
Urfstf `ubtj jtfkéçh jh tráksbth f, sf kfgfssêrbh, pjrf h   h
vfàgunh gh` h drfbh lf sfrvbéh.    l
  r
  h
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
U hsth lf Wfrvbéh    a
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h sbstf`j jtbvh lf   f
   l
jssbstãkgbj kj drfkjif`.   r
Í V`j drfkjif` lf f`friãkgbj (drfkjif` j duklh) dhb dfbtj    l
  h
  j
   t
Drfkjif` lf juth`jtbgj`fktf pfnh sbstf`j jssbstfktf lf drfkjif` jtbvh f   u
  p
f`friãkgbj ghkgnuàlj fnj cê fstê ghkgnuàlj.   `
Qftbrf h vfàgunh rjpblj`fktf lj êrfj lf pfrbih f ghnhquf-h f`   h
   G
u` nhgjn sfiurh.
Lfsnbiuf h `hthr, jgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth f vfrbdbquf
h fstjlh lh vfàgunh f lj dbxjéçh lj gjrij.

Nuarbdbgjktfs, nàqublhs f `jkutfkéçh

Bklb
Bk
¥ lbgj
gjéöf
éöfss kh vb
vbshr
shr Gjusjs
Gju sjs/p
H kàvfn /phss
lh hssàv
àvfbs
fbs
nàqublh khgghk
hksfq
sfquã
uãkg
kgbjs
rfsfrvjt÷rbh bjs f sshnu
hnuéöf
lh sbstf`jéöfs
lfsnjvjif` lhs
vblrhs/djr÷bs ajbxhu gfrgj lf : nbtrh.
Jajstféj h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lh nàqublh nb`pj-vblrhs
¯ H prjzh lf `jkutfkéçh brê fxpbrjr f` arfvf.
@hthr :1.5=.15:< Jifklf j ljtj lf `jkutfkéçh f` u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu
7555 o` (fxf`pnh) Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz.
¯ Jnâ` lj bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr, j nuz lf ghktrhnf ¯ kj
@hthr Fdftujr êrfj lf fstjlh lh pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths jgfklf f` gbkzj
`jkutfkéçh phrquf gmfihu h pfràhlh lf rfvbsçh.
(fxf`pnh) Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
U hsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj rfjnbzjr hs trjajnmhs
kfgfssêrbhs.
 

:51 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh

Bklbgjéçh f` j`jrfnh kh `hstrjlhr

Bklbgjéöfs

Bklbgjéöfs lf sfiurjkéj b`phrtjktfs

b`phrtjktfs
Jh bikhrjr js bklbgjéöfs lf jlvfrtãkgbj f
kh `hstrjlhr, â phssàvfn quf h `hthrbstj
kçh rfghkmféj js djnmjs f jvjrbjs lhs
gh`phkfktfs hu lhs sbstf`js. H
   < gh`phrtj`fkth lf ghkluéçh f lf
   :
   5 drfkjif`, af` gh`h j sfiurjkéj
   1
   W hpfrjgbhkjn f lf gbrgunjéçh lh sfu vfàgunh,
   K
   B phlf` fstjr nb`btjljs. Fkgj`bkmf h
  h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf
   l
  r
  h Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj
   a vfrbdbgjéöfs f rfpjrhs kfgfssêrbhs. Wf`prf
  f sbij js rfgh`fkljéöfs ljs bklbgjéöfs lf
   l
  r jlvfrtãkgbj f kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr
   l
  h
  j
lf ahrlh.
   t
  u
  p Bklbgjéçh f` j`jrfnh kh `hstrjlhr 
  `
  h Kh gjsh lf u`j djnmj/`fksjif` gh`
   G prbhrbljlf `âlbj, h gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
jprfsfktj u`j bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr f`
j`jrfnh. Js djnmjs/`fksjifks gh`
prbhrbljlf `âlbj phlf jpjrfgfr qujklh hs
trjajnmhs lf `jkutfkéçh kçh dhrj`
rfjnbzjlhs kh prjzh, phr fxf`pnh. F`

sbtujéöfs
gh`putjlhr lf lf
dukgbhkj`fkth
ahrlh tj`aâ` fspfgbjbs,
jprfsfktjh
u`j bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr f` j`jrfnh
gh`h, phr fxf`pnh, qujklh h dbntrh lf
pjrtàgunjs lf lbfsfn fstê sjturjlh hu j
f`arfjif` fstê sha jntj gjrij. Wf `jbs
bkdhr`jéöfs sharf j djnmj/`fksjif`
fstbvfrf` lbsphkàvfbs kj bklbgjéçh kh
`hstrjlhr, h sà`ahnh f sfrê fxbablh. Â
phssàvfn ghksuntjr js bkdhr`jéöfs gh` js
tfgnjs T V kh `fku „Fvfkths f
lbjik÷stbgh c". Qfspfbtf js bkdhr`jéöfs
$ ghktbljs kj bklbgjéçh kh
f js bkstruéöfs
`hstrjlhr.
 

Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh :57

@fksjif` kh `hstrjlhr gh` bklbgjéçh lh fstjlh lf dukgbhkj`fkth f` j`jrfnh

Bklbgjéöfs kh Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs
`hstrjlhr
2U H rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf gh`austàvfn fstê vjzbh.
Jajstféj h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf gh`austàvfn lbfsfn
(R pêibkj 169
169).).
2U H kàvfn lf JQNJ 71 fstê kj rfsfrvj.
Qfjajstfgfr JQNJ 71 Jajstféj h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71 (R (R pêibkj 162
162).).
   <
2U H kàvfn lf gh`austàvfn fstê kj rfsfrvj.    :
   5
Qfjajstfgfr Lbfsfn Jajstféj h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf gh`austàvfn lbfsfn    1
   W
(R pêibkj 169
169).).    K
   B
2U H kàvfn lf gh`austàvfn fstê kj rfsfrvj.   h
   l
  r
Jajstfgfr Lbfsfn?  Jajstféj h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf gh`austàvfn lbfsfn   h
Qfgh`fklj-sf (R pêibkj 169
169).).    a
jajstfgfr   f
J db` lf fvbtjr u`j khvj pjrjlj pjrj rfjajstfgfr, jajstféj    l
JQNJ 71   r
tj`aâ` h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71 (R (R pêibkj 162
162).).    l
  h
  j
2U Hs kàvfbs lh gh`austàvfn lbfsfn f lf JQNJ 71 fstçh kj    t
Qfjajstfgfr Lbfsfn f rfsfrvj.   u
  p
JQNJ 71 Jajstféj h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf gh`austàvfn lbfsfn   `
  h
(R pêibkj 169
169).).    G
Jajstféj h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71 (R (R pêibkj 162
162).).
¨U H kàvfn lh nàqublh kh rfsfrvjt÷rbh lh sbstf`j lh njvjlhr lh
pjrj-arbsj/njvjlhr lhs djr÷bs ajbxhu jprhxb`jlj`fktf : n.
Jajstféj h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lh nàqublh lh sbstf`j.
<K J njktfrkj lh drfbh fsqufrlj lh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf djnmj.
Njktfrkj lf drfbh Ujrj h prhgflb`fkth lf trhgj lj ná`pjlj, ghksuntf h @jkujn
fsqufrlj3 djnmj lf Hpfrjéçh lh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf.
(fxf`pnh)
 

:5< Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh

Bklbgjéöfs kh Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs

`hstrjlhr
<U • Wf jh nnbij
bijrr j bnu
bnu`bkj
`bkjéçh
éçh,, u`j bbklbg
klbgjéç
jéçhh kh `hs
`hstrj
trjlhr
lhr dhr
dhr
fxbablj, hghrrfu u`j djnmj f` u`j ljs ná`pjljs hu f`
u` lhs dusàvfbs j sfiubr3
• nuz lf phs
hsbbéçh?
• nuz ajbxj?
• nuz ttrrjsfbrj?
   <
   : • nu
nuzz lj
lj pnj
pnjgj
gj lf nbnbgf
gfké
kéj?
j?
   5
   1 • nu
nuzz jktb
jktbkf
kfan
anbk
bkj?
j?
   W
   K
   B • sf u`
u`jj bkl
bklbgj
bgjéçh
éçh kkhh `hs
`hstrj
trjlhr
lhr dhr
dhr fxbab
fxbablj
lj jh drfj
drfjr,
r, mê
  h u`j djnmj f` u`j njktfrkj lh drfbh?
   l
  r
  h • qujk
qujklhlh j bkl
bklbgj
bgjéçh
éçh kh `
`hst
hstrjlh
rjlhrr â fx
fxbab
bablj
lj jp÷s
jp÷s j
   a
  f vfrbdbgjéçh lf dukgbhkj`fkth lh pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths, h
   l
  r dusàvfn ljs njktfrkjs lhs drfbhs fstê gh` lfdfbth?
   l
  h
  j
• sf j bbklbg
klbgjéç
jéçhh kh ``hst
hstrjlh
rjlhrr dhr ffxba
xbablj
blj qqujkl
ujklhh nbijr
nbijr h
   t bklbgjlhr lf lbrféçh, hghrrfu u`j djnmj f` u`j njktfrkj
  u
  p bklbgjlhrj lf lbrféçh?
  `
  h (R pêibkj 7<5
Tfrbdbquf h dusàvfn rfnjgbhkjlh (R 7<5)) f trhquf-h sf
   G kfgfssêrbh.
Tfrbdbquf j ná`pjlj (R(R pêibkj 77:
77:)) f suastbtuj-j sf
kfgfssêrbh.
IF` jniuks gjshs, h `hkbthrj`fkth lh sbstf`j lf
bnu`bkjéçh jtrjvâs lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh phlf fstjr
lfsjtbvjlh. Uhr bssh, djéj u`j bkspféçh vbsujn f lh
dukgbhkj`fkth lh sbstf`j lf bnu`bkjéçh jktfs lf bkbgbjr u`j
vbjif`.
5 H kàvfn lh ÷nfh lh `hthr fstê ajbxh.
9,6 n (fxf`pnh) Jlbgbhkf j qujktbljlf lf ÷nfh fxbablj kh `hstrjlhr
Kàvfn lh ÷nfh lh (R pêibkj 195
195).).
`hthr ajbxh. Wf j qujktbljlf thtjn jlbgbhkjlj kçh dhr sudbgbfktf pjrj
Gh`pnftjr h ÷nfh lh ghrrbibr h kàvfn, vhgã phlfrê ghktbkujr j vbjif` jtâ quf h
`hthr. bklbgjlhr lh fstjlh lf dukgbhkj`fkth jgfklj f` vfr`fnmh.
Gh` ajsf kjs ghklbéöfs lf utbnbzjéçh, j bklbgjéçh lh fstjlh
lf dukgbhkj`fkth jgfklf f` vfr`fnmh jp÷s gfrgj lf
1.555 o` j 4.555 o`.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:56

Bklbgjéöfs kh Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs

`hstrjlhr
¸U V` sfrvbéh lf `jkutfkéçh fstê pr÷xb`h lf suj ljtj lf
Dbntrh lh vfkgb`fkth.
jr 5:.5<.:57:55 o` ( Jifklf j ljtj pjrj rfjnbzjr h sfrvbéh lf `jkutfkéçh f` u`
fxf`pnh) Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-
Afkz.
¸U Â h `h`fkth lf rfjnbzjr u` khvh sfrvbéh lf `jkutfkéçh.
Dbntrh lh jr Wfrvbéh j Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
U hsth lf Wfrvbéh    <
fdftujr (fxf`pnh) Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj rfjnbzjr hs sfrvbéhs lf    :
   5
`jkutfkéçh kfgfssêrbhs.    1
   W
+U Wfgjlhr lh jr gh`prb`blh gh` djnmj lf dukgbhkj`fkth.    K
   B
  h
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
U hsth lf Wfrvbéh    l
  r
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h sfgjlhr lh jr   h
   a
gh`prb`blh.   f
   l
3U J prfssçh lf rfsfrvj kh gbrgubth lf jr pjrj ghksu`blhrfs   r
jlbgbhkjbs fstê jajbxh lf 6,6 ajr.    l
  h
  j
   t
I J\FKÉÇH   u
  p
Kçh â phssàvfn fkijtjr js `jrgmjs ghrrftj`fktf.   `
  h
Qbsgh lf jgblfktf!    G
Ujrf b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh, jgbhkf h
drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth f lfbxf h `hthr dukgbhkjklh jtâ quf
j bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr jpjiuf f j prfssçh lf rfsfrvj
kfgfssêrbj sfcj jtbkiblj khvj`fktf.
Wf j djnmj hghrrfr rfpftblj`fktf, fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u`
Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-
Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h sbstf`j pkfu`êtbgh.
AU Djnmj lf dukgbhkj`fkth lh ghktrhnf fnftrükbgh lf ghkluéçh.
H pfljn lh jgfnfrjlhr kçh fstê dukgbhkjklh. H `hthr
dukgbhkj kh `hlh lf f`friãkgbj f j phtãkgbj lh `hthr â
rfluzblj.
Ujrf b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh, jgbhkf h
drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth,
lfsnbiuf h `hthr f nbiuf h `hthr jp÷s gfrgj lf :5 sfiuklhs.
Wf fnf jbklj fstbvfr dukgbhkjklh kh `hlh lf f`friãkgbj,
fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj rfpjrjr j djnmj.
 

:54 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh

Bklbgjéöfs kh Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs

`hstrjlhr
AU H `hthr dukgbhkj f` rhtjéöfs ghkstjktfs lf :755 rp`
jprhxb`jlj`fktf. H `hlh lf f`friãkgbj lh `hthr fstê
jtbvjlh.
Fktrf f` ghktjth gh` u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz.
/U Js ajtfrbjs fstçh lfsgjrrfijljs f kçh â phssàvfn
phs sàvfn ljr j pjrtblj
   < lh `hthr f sfrê kfgfssêrbh quf hutrh vfàgunh juxbnbf kh
   : jgbhkj`fkth lf f`friãkgbj lj pjrtblj lh `hthr.
   5
   1
   W /U J tf`pfrjturj lh nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth fstê jgb`j lf
   K
   B J phtãkgbj lf :56 µG f j phtãkgbj lh `hthr fstê nb`btjlj.
  h jrrfdfgb`fkth lj Anhqufbf h jghpnj`fkth lj ah`aj lh nàqublh lf
   l
  r ah`aj lf êiuj fstê
  h jrrfdfgb`fkth rfiunjlj f fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u`
   a rfluzblj, Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-
  f
   l Afkz pjrj rfpjrjr h jghpnj`fkth lj ah`aj lh nàqublh lf
  r jrrfdfgb`fkth rfiunjlj.
   l
  h
  j /U Jp÷s tfktjr ljr pjrtblj gh` u`j gmjvf kçh vênblj, h anhqufbh
   t
  u Anhqufbh lf pjrtblj lf pjrtblj sfrê jtbvjlh f j pjrtblj lh `hthr kçh phlfrê sfr
  p
  ` jtbvjlh jgbhkjlj.
  h J gjlj khvj tfktjtbvj lf pjrtblj gh` u`j gmjvf kçh vênblj,
v ênblj, h
   G
tf`ph lf fspfrj ju`fktj f` : `bkuth.
Vtbnbzf j gmjvf vênblj hu j gmjvf rfsfrvj.
J @frgflfs-Afkz rfgh`fklj quf u`j gmjvf rfsfrvj fstfcj
sf`prf dêgbn lf jgfssjr f` gjsh lf f`friãkgbj.
DU J tf`pfrjturj lf u` tj`ahr lf drfbh/lbsgh lh vfàgunh trjthr
fstê `ubthj jntj
Ghktbkuf f fnfgh`
vbjif` phlf supfrjqufgfr.
gubljlh, fkijtf u`j `jrgmj `jbs
ajbxj f usf h drfbh ghktàkuh pjrj pjrjr h vfàgunh.
Jnâ` lbssh, jgbhkf h pfljn lh drfbh jtâ h ajtfktf sh`fktf sf
j phtãkgbj lf drfkjif` lh drfbh ghktàkuh kçh dhr sudbgbfktf.
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lfl f Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h sbstf`j lf drfbhs.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:59

Bklbgjéöfs kh Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs

`hstrjlhr
DK J tf`pfrjturj lf u` tj`ahr lf drfbh/lbsgh lh rfahquf/
Drfbh lj rhlj sf`brrfahquf fstê `ubth jntj f fnf phlf supfrjqufgfr.
sharfgjrrfijlh Ghktbkuf j vbjif` gh` gubljlh, fkijtf u`j `jrgmj `jbs
ajbxj f usf h drfbh ghktàkuh pjrj pjrjr h vfàgunh.
Jnâ` lbssh,lf
j phtãkgbj jgbhkf h pfljn
drfkjif` lh lh drfbh
drfbh jtâ h ajtfktf
ghktàkuh kçh dhr sh`fktf
sudbgbfktf.sf
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth U hsth lf Wfrvbéh    <
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h sbstf`j lf drfbhs.    :
   5
   1
WK H jssbstfktf pjrj jprhxb`jéçh lj rj`pj fstê jtbvjlh.    W
Qfspfbtf j bklbgjéçh lj lbstákgbj kh `hstrjlhr.    K
   B
  h
VU H sfkshr lf lbstákgbj fstê such f, phr bssh,    l
  r
Nb`pjr sfkshr lf h JAJ f h JQ\ kçh dukgbhkj`.   h
   a
lbstákgbj Njvf j ghafrturj lh sfkshr lf lbstákgbj kh pjrj-gmhquf   f
   l
lbjktfbrh gh` êiuj.   r
Kçh utbnbzf pjkhs sfghs, êspfrhs hu lurhs f kçh fsdrfiuf.    l
  h
  j
   t
VU Mê u`j djnmj kh JQ\ (\F@UH@J\ gh` sbstf`j lf ghktrhnf lj   u
®   p
Wbstf`j lf ghktrhnf lbstákgbj \fnnbifkt ).   `
lj lbstákgbj3 phssàvfn Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth U hsth lf Wfrvbéh   h
   G
nb`btjéçh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h sbstf`j lf
ghktrhnf lj lbstákgbj.
TU H JAJ kçh dukgbhkj (sbstf`j lf drfbh lf f`friãkgbj).
Jgtbvf Arjof Jssbst I J\FKÉÇH
kçh lbsphkàvfn
Wf h JAJ kçh fstbvfr lbsphkàvfn, vhgã kçh rfgfafrê
jlvfrtãkgbjs lf ghnbsçh f h vfàgunh kçh drfbj
drf bj juth`jtbgj`fktf
f` sbtujéöfs gràtbgjs.
Qbsgh lf jgblfktf!
Urfstf `ubtj jtfkéçh jh tráksbth f, sf kfgfssêrbh, pjrf h
vfàgunh gh` h drfbh lf sfrvbéh.
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth U hsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h JAJ.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:5=

Bklbgjéöfs kh Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs

`hstrjlhr
TU I J\FKÉÇH
Jgtbvf Arjof Jssbst
Wf h JAJ kçh fstbvfr lbsphkàvfn, vhgã kçh rfgfafrê
jlvfrtãkgbjs lf ghnbsçh f h vfàgunh kçh drfbj juth`jtbgj`fktf
f` sbtujéöfs gràtbgjs.
Qbsgh lf jgblfktf!
Urfstf `ubtj jtfkéçh jh tráksbth f, sf kfgfssêrbh,
kfgfss êrbh, usf h drfbh
   <
   : lf sfrvbéh pjrj pjrjr h vfàgunh.
   5
   1 Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf l f Wfrvbéh
   W Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h JAJ.
   K
   B
  h IU F` vfàgunhs gh` gjbxj lf `uljkéjs juth`jtbzjlj @frgflfs
   l
  r F`arfjif`3 UHYFQWMBD\, j prfssçh lf rfsfrvj kh gbrgubth lhs
  h
   a djnmj Tbsbtjr hdbgbkj ghksu`blhrfs juxbnbjrfs fstê `ubth ajbxj.
  f
   l
  r
I J\FKÉÇH
   l
  h
  j
Kçh â phssàvfn fkijtjr js `jrgmjs ghrrftj`fktf.
   t Qbsgh lf jgblfktf!
  u
  p Ujrf b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh, jgbhkf h
  ` drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth f lfbxf h `hthr nbijlh jtâ quf j
  h
   G prfssçh lf rfsfrvj kh gbrgubth lhs ghksu`blhrfs jlbgbhkjbs
sfcj sudbgbfktf.
Lfphbs quf j bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr lf prfssçh lf rfsfrvj
lhs ghksu`blhrfs jlbgbhkjbs jpjijr, lfsnbiuf h `hthr.
Nbiuf h `hthr khvj`fktf jp÷s gfrgj lf :5 sfiuklhs.
Wf j bklbgjéçh lf djnmj dhr fxbablj khvj`fktf kh `hstrjlhr
F`arfjif`3 djnmj, djéj h prhgfssh lf rfprhirj`jéçh.
Wf j bklbgjéçh lf djnmj pfrsbstbr, jtbvf h jgbhkj`fkth lf
f`friãkgbj lh gh`jklh lj gjbxj lf `uljkéjs.
IU F` vfàgunhs gh` gjbxj lf `uljkéjs juth`jtbzjlj @frgflfs
Wbstf`j lf `uljkéj3 UHYFQWMBD\, kçh â phssàvfn fkijtjr js `jrgmjs
djnmj Fxfgutjr ghrrftj`fktf.
prhgfssh lf I J\FKÉÇH
rfprhirj`jéçh
Kçh â phssàvfn fkijtjr js `jrgmjs ghrrftj`fktf.
Qbsgh lf jgblfktf!
Ujrf
drfbh b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh
lf fstjgbhkj`fkth f` u`
f lfsnbiuf nhgjn sfiurh, jgbhkf h
h `hthr.
Qfjnbzf thlh h prhgfssh lf rfprhirj`jéçh.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:52

Bklbgjéöfs kh Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs

`hstrjlhr
IU F` vfàgunhs gh` gjbxj lf `uljkéjs juth`jtbzjlj @frgflfs
Wbstf`j lf `uljkéj3 UHYFQWMBD\, mê u`j djnmj kh sbstf`j fnftrükbgh lh gh`jklh
gh`jkl h
djnmj Tbsbtjr hdbgbkj lj gjbxj `uljkéjs.
I J\FKÉÇH
Kçh â phssàvfn fkijtjr js `jrgmjs ghrrftj`fktf.
Qbsgh lf jgblfktf!
   <
Jtbvf h `hlh lf hpfrjéçh lf f`friãkgbj lj gjbxj lf    :
   5
`uljkéjs.    1
   W
(R pêibkj 765
Qfahquf h vfàgunh (R 765).).    K
   B
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
U hsth lf Wfrvbéh   h
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr j gjbxj lf    l
  r
  h
`uljkéjs.    a
  f
IU F` vfàgunhs gh` gjbxj lf `uljkéjs juth`jtbzjlj @frgflfs    l
UHYFQWMBD\, Kçh â phssàvfn fkijtjr js `jrgmjs   r
Frrh lf
pjrj`ftrbzjéçh ghrrftj`fktf.    l
  h
  j
   t
Fxfgutjr prhgfssh lf I J\FKÉÇH   u
  p
rfprhirj`jéçh   `
Kçh â phssàvfn fkijtjr js `jrgmjs ghrrftj`fktf.   h
   G
Qbsgh lf jgblfktf!
Ujrf b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh, jgbhkf h
drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth f lfsnbiuf h `hthr.
Qfjnbzf thlh h prhgfssh lf rfprhirj`jéçh.
5U Mê u`j djnmj kj nbijéçh GJK jh sbstf`j lf ghktrhnf lh vfàgunh
vf àgunh
@hlh ghkvfrshr/sf` f djntj` bkdhr`jéöfs sharf j `jrgmj nfktj f h obgolhwk.
anhqufbh lh Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
U hsth lf Wfrvbéh
jgfnfrjlhr Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr j f`arfjif` lh
ghkvfrshr.
5U H `hlh lh ghkvfrshr fstê jtbvjlh.
Ghkvfrshr jtbvh
5U Mê u`j djnmj kj vênvunj `jikâtbgj lj f`arfjif` lh
Ghkvfrshr3 jtbvh ghkvfrshr.
pfr`jkfktf`fktf Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
U hsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr j f`arfjif` lh
ghkvfrshr.
 

::5 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh

Bklbgjéöfs kh Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs

`hstrjlhr
5U Â phssàvfn quf mjcj u`j nb`btjéçh kj dukéçh lj f`arfjif` lh
Ghkvfrshr3 phssàvfn ghkvfrshr.
nb`btjéçh. Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf
l f Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr j f`arfjif` lh
ghkvfrshr.
5U • j du
duké
kéçh
çh llhh rf
rftj
tjrlj
rljlhr
lhr fs
fstê
tê nb`
nb`bt
btjlj
jlj??
   < Jnjvjkgj lh • h rf
rftj
tjrlj
rljlhr
lhr kç
kçhh fs
fstê
tê ddukg
ukgbh
bhkj
kjkl
klh?
h?
   : rftjrljlhr
   5
   1 • h rft
rftjrlj
jrljlhr
lhr tr
trjajn
jajnmj
mj sf` rrfst
fstrbé
rbéçh
çh lf duk
dukgbh
gbhkj`f
kj`fkth
kth..
   W
   K Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lfl f Wfrvbéh
   B
  h Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr j f`arfjif` lh
   l
  r ghkvfrshr.
  h
   a 5U Kçh â phssàvfn lfsjtbvjr h rftjrljlhr.
  f
   l rftjrljlhr? Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lfl f Wfrvbéh
  r Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr j f`arfjif` lh
   l
  h
  j ghkvfrshr.
   t
  u 5U • h rf
rftj
tjrlj
rljlhr
lhr kç
kçhh fs
fstê
tê ddukg
ukgbh
bhkj
kjkl
klh.h.
  p
  ` Tênvunj • h dr
drfbh
fbh lh rftj
rftjrljl
rljlhr
hr jtuj gh` rftjrlj
rftjrlj`fkt
`fkth?
h?
  h
   G
• h gghkv
hkvfrs
frshr
hr fst
fstêê ppfr`
fr`jkfk
jkfktf`f
tf`fktf
ktf jtb
jtbvh?
vh?
• h rft
rftjrlj
jrljlhr
lhr tr
trjajn
jajnmj
mj sf` rrfst
fstrbé
rbéçh
çh lf duk
dukgbh
gbhkj`f
kj`fkth
kth..
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf
l f Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr j f`arfjif` lh
ghkvfrshr.

5U J dukéçh lhhrftjrljlhr fstê nb`btjlj?

Wfkshr lf Fkgj`bkmf vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf
l f Wfrvbéh
tf`pfrjturj Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr j f`arfjif` lh
ghkvfrshr.
5U J dukéçh lh rftjrljlhr fstê nb`btjlj?
Wbstf`j fnftrükbgh H rftjrljlhr trjajnmj sf` rfstrbéçh lf dukgbhkj`fkth.
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf
l f Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr j f`arfjif` lh
ghkvfrshr.
 

Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh :::

Bklbgjéöfs kh Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs

`hstrjlhr
5U • h rf
rftj
tjrlj
rljlhr
lhr kç
kçhh fs
fstê
tê dduk
ukgb
gbhk
hkjk
jklh?
lh?
Qflf • h gghkv
hkvfrsh
frshrr ffstê
stê pfr`
pfr`jkfk
jkfktf`
tf`fkt
fktff jjtbv
tbvh?
h?
• `hlh ghk ghkvfrs
vfrshr/s
hr/sf`
f` ananhquf
hqufbh
bh llhh jg
jgfnf
fnfrjlh
rjlhr3
r3 mê u`j
djnmj kj nbijéçh GJK jh sbstf`j lf ghktrhnf lh vfàgunh. f
djntj` bkdhr`jéöfs sharf j `jrgmj nfktj f h obgolhwk.
• h rft
rftjrlj
jrljlhr
lhr ttrjaj
rjajnmj
nmj ssf`
f` rfs
rfstrb
trbéçh
éçh llff dukgbhk
dukgbhkj`fk
j`fkth.
th.
   <
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth U hsth lf Wfrvbéh    :
   5
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr j f`arfjif` lh    1
   W
ghkvfrshr.    K
   B
5U J jnjvjkgj lh rftjrljlhr kçh fstê dukgbhkjklh?   h
   l
  r
Qftjrljlhr3 J dukéçh Mê u`j djnmj kh sfkshr lf tf`pfrjturj.   h
phlf fstjr nb`btjlj Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth U hsth lf Wfrvbéh    a
  f
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr j f`arfjif` lh    l
  r
ghkvfrshr.    l
  h
  j
5U H vfàgunh dhb ghkluzblh kh `hlh lh ghkvfrshr phr `ubth    t
\f`pfrjturj lj tf`ph.   u
  p
f`arfjif` lh Fkijtf u`j `jrgmj `jbs ajbxj pjrj quf j rhtjéçh lh `hthr   `
  h
ghkvfrshr `ubth jntj dbquf jgb`j lf :155 rp`.    G
J f`arfjif` lh ghkvfrshr lfvf dfgmjr f j nuz lf ghktrhnf
] jpjijr qujklh j rhtjéçh kfgfssêrbj dhr jtbkiblj.
cU Mê u`j djnmj kj f`arfjif` mblrêunbgj. J dukéçh phlf fstjr
nb`btjlj.
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
U hsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh
mblrêunbgj. @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr j f`arfjif`
7U J tfksçh kj rflf lf ahrlh fstê jajbxh lf 11 T. Â phssàvfn quf
mjcj jntfrjéöfs kh gh`phrtj`fkth lh vfàgunh lurjktf j
ghkluéçh f kj drfkjif` prhvjvfn`fktf, lfvblh j u`
jntfrkjlhr ljkbdbgjlh hu u`j ghrrfbj kfrvjlj pjrtblj.
Ujrf b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh,
sfiu rh, lfsnbiuf h
`hthr f jgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth.
Fktrf f` ghktjth gh` u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

::1

Bklbgjéöfs kh Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs

`hstrjlhr
1U H jntfrkjlhr fstê gh` lfdfbth.
H gh`phrtj`fkth lh vfàgunh lurjktf j ghkluéçh f drfkjif`
phlf `uljr.
Ujrf b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh,
sfiur h, lfsnbiuf h
`hthr f jgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth.
Fktrf f` ghktjth gh` u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
   < Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz.
   :
   5 GK H sbstf`j lf drfbhs lh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf
rfahquf/sf`brrfa hquf fstê gh` u`j
   1
   W Js gjrjgtfràstbgjs lf djnmj.
   K
   B drfkjif` phlf` tfr
  h sblh jntfrjljs I J\FKÉÇH
   l
  r
  h
H gh`phrtj`fkth lh vfàgunh lurjktf j ghkluéçh f drfkjif`
   a phlf `uljr. Wbij js bkstruéöfs lh @jkujn lf Hpfrjéçh lh
  f rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf f` sfpjrjlh.
   l
  r Qbsgh lf jgblfktf!
   l
  h
  j Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
Uhs th lf Wfrvbéh
   t
  u Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h sbstf`j lf drfbhs.
  p
  ` I J\FKÉÇH
  h
   G Ubsgjklh
H ghktrhnf lf trjéçh JWQ fstê jgbhkjlh.
Jljptf sfu fstbnh lf ghkluéçh ås ghklbéöfs lj fstrjlj.

Bklbgjlhr lh fstjlh lf dukgbhkj`fkth f` j`jrfnh f jnjr`f

Bklbgjéöfs kh Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs
`hstrjlhr
5U F` vfàgunhs gh` gjbxj lf `uljkéjs juth`jtbzjlj @frgflfs
UHYFQWMBD\, j tf`pfrjturj lf sfrvbéh lj f`arfjif`
untrjpjsshu h nb`btf jl`btblh. Qbsgh lf ljkhs å f`arfjif`.
Ujrj djzfr `jkharjs hu ghkluzbr h vfàgunh, fkijtf u`j
`jrgmj `jbs ajbxj.
Ghkgnuj h prhgfssh lf jrrjkquf hu js `jkharjs h `jbs
rêpblh phssàvfn pjrj kçh sharfgjrrfijr j f`arfjif`.
 

Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh ::7

Bklbgjéöfs kh Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs

`hstrjlhr
LU J tf`pfrjturj lh nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth fstê `ubth jntj. J
\f`pfrjturj lf phtãkgbj lh `hthr â rfluzblj juth`jtbgj`fktf.
jrrfdfgb`fkth `ubth Qfluzj j vfnhgbljlf, fkijtf u`j `jrgmj `jbs ajbxj f
jntj rf`hvj hs hacfths quf phssj` fstjr hastrubklh h dnuxh lf jr
pjrj h rjlbjlhr
rjlbjlhr, lh `hthr gh`h u` pjpfn prfsh kj ghn`fbj lh
phr fxf`pnh.
/U H anhqufbh lf pjrtblj sfrê jtbvjlh.    <
   :
GHLF Kçh â phssàvfn ljr j pjrtblj lh `hthr.    5
   1
Zujklh h sbkjn lf jlvfrtãkgbj pjrjr, ibrf j gmjvf kh    W
bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lf lbrféçh pjrj três, jtâ h ajtfktf, f    K
   B
  h
tfktf ljr j pjrtblj lfphbs lf 1 sfiuklhs jprhxb`jlj`fktf.    l
  r
Dhrj` dfbtjs `ubtjs tfktjtbvjs lf pjrtblj gh` u`j gmjvf   h
   a
bkvênblj f h sbstf`j lf anhqufbh lj pjrtblj dhb jgbhkjlh.   f
   l
Kçh â phssàvfn ljr j pjrtblj lh `hthr.   r
Vtbnbzf j gmjvf vênblj hu j gmjvf rfsfrvj.    l
  h
  j
   t
IJp÷s gbkgh tfktjtbvjs lf pjrtbljs bkghrrftjs, h `hstrjlhr   u
  p
fxbaf Wbstf`j lf anhqufbh lf pjrtblj fstê jtbvh.   `
  h
W J lbstákgbj j rj`pj â bkdfrbhr j 65 g`.    G
Qfspfbtf j bklbgjéçh lj lbstákgbj kh `hstrjlhr.
$U Js ajtfrbjs fstçh gh` gjrij ajbxj.
Ajtfrbj drjgj Lfsnbiuf hs ghksu`blhrfs fnâtrbghs lfskfgfssêrbhs.
Lfsnbijr
ghksu`blhrfs

U÷s-trjtj`fkth lhs ijsfs lf fsgjpf Anuf\fg®

Anuf\fg®

Bklb
Bklbgj
gjéöf
éöfss kh vb
vbshr
shr Gjusjs
Gjusjs/p/phss
hssàv
àvfbs
fbs gghk
hksfq
sfquã
uãkg
kgbjs
bjs f sshnu
hnuéöf
éöfss
Ý \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Jajstfgfr gh` JQNJ 71
Qfsfrvj lf JQNJ 71 H kàvfn lf JQNJ 71 fstê jajbxh lf :5%.
Jajstféj b`flbjtj`fktf h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71
(R pêibkj 162
162)) pjrj quf j phtãkgbj lh `hthr kçh gjbj f j
vfnhgbljlf dbquf nb`btjlj f` 15 o`/m.
 

::< Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh

Bklb
Bklbgjé
gjéöfs
öfs kkhh vbs
vbshr
hr Gj
Gjusj
usjs/p
s/phss
hssàv
àvfb
fbss ghk
ghksfq
sfquãk
uãkgb
gbjs
js f shnuéö
shnuéöfs
fs
Ý \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Jajstfgfr gh` JQNJ 71 - Qfluéçh
Qfsfrvj lf JQNJ 71 lf phtãkgbj lh `hthr b`bkfktf
H gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh jprfsfktj j nuz lf ghktrhnf ¹ kj
êrfj lf fstjlh. H kàvfn lf JQNJ 71 fstê jajbxh lf 9,6%.
Jajstféj b`flbjtj`fktf h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71
(vfnhgbljlf
R pêibkj 162
162) ) pjrj
dbquf quf jf`
nb`btjlj phtãkgbj lh `hthr kçh gjbj f j
15 o`/m.
   < Ý \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Jajstfgfr gh` JQNJ 71 - Qfluéçh
   : lf phtãkgbj lh `hthr jp÷s b`habnbzjéçh
   5 JQNJ 71 qujsf vjzbh
   1
   W H gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh jprfsfktj j nuz lf ghktrhnf ¹ kj
   K
   B êrfj lf fstjlh. H kàvfn lf JQNJ 71 fstê jajbxh lf 1,6%.
  h Jajstféj b`flbjtj`fktf h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71
   l
  r
  h (R pêibkj 162
162)) pjrj quf j phtãkgbj lh `hthr kçh gjbj jp÷s j
   a b`habnbzjéçh lh vfàgunh f j vfnhgbljlf dbquf nb`btjlj f`
  f
   l 15 o`/m.
  r
   l
  h Ý \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Jajstfgfr JQNJ 71 - Nb`btjéçh lj
  j
   t JQNJ 71 vjzbh vfnhgbljlf b`bkfktf.
  u H gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh jprfsfktj j nuz lf ghktrhnf ¹ kj
  p
  ` êrfj lf fstjlh. H kàvfn lf JQNJ 71 fstê jajbxh lf 5% f
  h
   G j phtãkgbj lh `hthr â rfluzblj.
Jljptf sfu fstbnh lf ghkluéçh f jajstféj b`flbjtj`fktf h
(R pêibkj 162
rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71 (R 162)) f j vfnhgbljlf dbquf
nb`btjlj f` 15 o`/m.
¹ \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Jajstfgfr JQNJ 71 - Nb`btjéçh lj
phtãkgbj lh `hthr vfnhgbljlf b`bkfktf
rfluzblj H gh`putjlhr
êrfj lf fstjlh.lfH ahrlh jprfsfktj
kàvfn lf JQNJ 71jfstê
nuz lf ghktrhnf
jajbxh ¹ kj
lf 1,6%.j
phtãkgbj lh `hthr â rfluzblj.
Jljptf sfu fstbnh lf ghkluéçh, jajstféj b`flbjtj`fktf h
rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71 (R (R pêibkj 162
162)) f j vfnhgbljlf dbquf
nb`btjlj f` 15 o`/m.
¹ \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Jajstfgfr gh` JQNJ 71
nb`btf lf vfnhgbljlf H gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh jprfsfktj j nuz lf ghktrhnf ¹ kj
êrfj lf fstjlh. H kàvfn lf JQNJ 71 fstê jajbxh lf 5% f j
vfnhgbljlf fstê nb`btjlj j 15 o`/m jprhxb`jlj`fktf.

Jljptf sfu fstbnh

rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf ghkluéçh
lf JQNJ f jajstféj
(R pêibkj
71 (R 162)) f b`flbjtj`fktf h
162
 

Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh ::6

Dbntrh lf pjrtàgunjs lf lbfsfn 

Bklb
Bklbgj
gjéöf
éöfss kh vb
vbshr
shr Gjusjs
Gjusjs/p/phss
hssàv
àvfbs
fbs gghk
hksfq
sfquã
uãkg
kgbjs
bjs f sshnu
hnuéöf
éöfss
Á \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Bkbgbjr j rfifkfrjéçh
Dbntrh lf pjrtàgunjs3 Hasfrvjr h `jkujn
kàvfn fkgmb`. fnfvjlh J nuz lf ghktrhnf Á jgfklf f` j`jrfnh kh pjbkfn lf
bkstru`fkths. Â kfgfssêrbh rfifkfrjr h dbntrh lf pjrtàgunjs lf
lbfsfn kjs pr÷xb`js < mhrjs sfiubklh hs prhgflb`fkths
jajbxh3
Lfsjtbvf h anhqufbh lj rfifkfrjéçh f ghkluzj h vfàgunh f`    <
u`j fstrjlj jtâ j nuz lf ghktrhnf Á jpjijr.    :
   5
   1
hu    W
   K
   B
Bkbgbf j rfifkfrjéçh `jkujn.
  h
Á \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Bkbgbjr rfifkfrjéçh lf b`flbjth    l
  r
Jgbhkjr h bktfrrupthr   h
Dbntrh lf pjrtàgunjs    a
gmfbh Qfifkfrjéçh lurjktf 7 s gh` h vfàgunh b`habnbzjlh   f
   l
Ghksuntjr h `jkujn   r
J nuz lf ghktrhnf Á jgfklf f` j`jrfnh kh pjbkfn lf    l
  h
  j
bkstru`fkths. Â kfgfssêrbh rfifkfrjr h dbntrh lf pjrtàgunjs lf    t
  u
lbfsfn khs pr÷xb`hs 75 `bkuths sfiubklh hs prhgflb`fkths   p
jajbxh3   `
  h
Lfsjtbvf h anhqufbh lj rfifkfrjéçh f ghkluzj h vfàgunh f`    G
u`j fstrjlj jtâ j nuz lf ghktrhnf Á jpjijr.
hu
Bkbgbf j rfifkfrjéçh `jkujn b`flbjtj`fktf.
Á \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Bkbgbjr rfifkfrjéçh lf b`flbjth
Dbntrh lf pjrtàgunjs Jgbhkjr h bktfrrupthr
gmfbh Qfifkfrjéçh lurjktf 7 s gh` h vfàgunh b`habnbzjlh
Ghksuntjr h `jkujn
J nuz lf ghktrhnf Á pbsgj f` j`jrfnh kh pjbkfn lf
bkstru`fkths. Â kfgfssêrbh rfifkfrjr h dbntrh lf pjrtàgunjs lf
lbfsfn b`flbjtj`fktf f fstj â j óntb`j vfz quf bssh phlf sfr
dfbth lf dhr`j `jkujn.
Bkbgbf j rfifkfrjéçh `jkujn b`flbjtj`fktf.
Gjsh ghktrêrbh, jpfkjs u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf
Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz phlfrê nb`pjr hu suastbtubr
h dbntrh lf pjrtàgunjs lf lbfsfn.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

::4

Nuarbdbgjktfs, nàqublhs f `jkutfkéçh

Bklb
Bklbgjé
gjéöfs
öfs kkhh vbs
vbshr
hr Gj
Gjusj
usjs/p
s/phss
hssàv
àvfbfbss ghk
ghksfq
sfquãk
uãkgb
gbjs
js f shnuéö
shnuéöfs
fs
2 H kàvfn lf gh`austàvfn fstê kj rfsfrvj.
Jajstféj h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf gh`austàvfn lh vfàgunh
(R pêibkj 169
169).).
¯ J nuz lf ghktrhnf ¯ jgfklf f` j`jrfnh kj êrfj lf fstjlh
@hthr @jkutfkéçh lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh.
b`flbjtj (fxf`pnh) H prjzh prfvbsth pjrj `jkutfkéçh fxpbrhu mê `ubth tf`ph f
   < h vfàgunh f sfus jgfss÷rbhs fstçh `jbs susgftàvfbs j ljkhs
   :
   5 phrquf mê u` ju`fkth kh lfsijstf.
   1
   W Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf
l f Wfrvbéh
   K
   B Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj rfjnbzjr hs trjajnmhs
  h kfgfssêrbhs b`flbjtj`fktf.
   l
  r
  h Jnâ` lj bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr, j nuz lf ghktrhnf # 
   a ¯
  f Drfbhs fbxh : jgfklf f` j`jrfnh f â gh`pnf`fktjlj phr s kj êrfj lf
   l fstjlh lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh.
  r @jkutfkéçh
   l
  h
  j
b`flbjtj (fxf`pnh) J `jkutfkéçh kçh dhb rfjnbzjlj kh prjzh.
   t Js pjstbnmjs lhs drfbhs f/hu hs lbsghs lhs drfbhs fxgflfrj` h
  u
  p nb`btf lf lfsijstf.
  `
  h
   G
I J\FKÉÇH
H gh`phrtj`fkth lh vfàgunh lurjktf j ghkluéçh f drfkjif`
phlf `uljr f gjusjr u` jgblfktf.
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf
l f Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj trhgjr js pjstbnmjs lf drfbh
b`flbjtj`fktf.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

::9

Wbstf`j lf jr gh`prb`blh, `hthr f sbstf`j lf jrrfdfgb`fkth

Bklb
Bklbgj
gjéöf
éöfss kh vb
vbshr
shr Gjusjs
Gjusjs/p/phss
hssàv
àvfbs
fbs gghk
hksfq
sfquã
uãkg
kgbjs
bjs f sshnu
hnuéöf
éöfss
+ H sfgjlhr lh jr gh`prb`blh jprfsfktj u`j djnmj lf
Êiuj ghklfksjéçh kh dukgbhkj`fkth.
rfsfrv. jr gh`prb`blh Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
U hsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h sfgjlhr lh jr
gh`prb`blh.
3 J prfssçh lf rfsfrvj kh gbrgubth lj gjbxj lf `uljkéjs/
Urfss. rfs. gx. vfn./ f`arfjif` fstê `ubth ajbxj.    <
   :
f`ar. `ubth ajbxj    5
I J\FKÉÇH    1
   W
Kçh â phssàvfn fkijtjr js `jrgmjs ghrrftj`fktf f    K
   B
mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktfs.   h
   l
  r
Ujrf b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh, jgbhkf h   h
drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth f lfbxf h `hthr dukgbhkjklh jtâ quf    a
  f
j bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr jpjiuf f j prfssçh lf rfsfrvj    l
  r
kfgfssêrbj sfcj jtbkiblj
Wf j djnmj hghrrfr khvj`fktf.
rfpftblj`fktf, fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u`    l
  h
  j
   t
Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-   u
  p
Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h sbstf`j lf jr gh`prb`blh.   `
  h
b \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Tbsbtjr hdbgbkj    G
Wbstf`j rfiun. rfib`f H sbstf`j fnftrükbgh lf rfiunjif` lh rfib`f lf `jrgmj
lf `jrgmj ljkbdbgjlh jprfsfktj u`j djnmj.
Urfstf jtfkéçh ås bkstruéöfs kj bklbgjéçh lh `hstrjlhr.
ø V` lhs sfiubktfs sbstf`js jprfsfktj u`j djnmj lf
@hthr ljkbdbgjlh dukgbhkj`fkth3
• ` h t h r?
• sb
sbst
stf`
f`jj lf jjrr
rrfd
fdfg
fgb`
b`fkt
fkthh lh `ht
`hthr?
hr?
• ifs
fsttçh lh `hthr
hthr??
• sb
sbst
stf`
f`jj lf bbkc
kcfé
féçh
çh llff gh`au
gh`aust
stàv
àvfn.
fn.
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
U hsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr hs sbstf`js.
ø J ghrrfbj phny-T phlf fstjr ljkbdbgjlj hu j tfksçh lj ghrrfbj
Jrrfdfgb`fkth lh phny-T phlf kçh sfr sudbgbfktf.
`hthr ljkbdbgjlh Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
U hsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr j ghrrfbj trjpfzhbljn
kfrvurjlj.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

::=

Bklb
Bklbgjé
gjéöfs
öfs kkhh vbs
vbshr
hr Gj
Gjusj
usjs/p
s/phss
hssàv
àvfb
fbss ghk
ghksfq
sfquãk
uãkgb
gbjs
js f shnuéö
shnuéöfs
fs
8 J tf`pfrjturj lh nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth fstê `ubth jntj. J
\f`p. nàqublh phtãkgbj lh `hthr â rfluzblj juth`jtbgj`fktf.
jrrfdfgb`fkth `ubth Qfluzj j vfnhgbljlf, fkijtf u`j `jrgmj `jbs ajbxj.
jntj hu
Ujrf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh b`flbjtj`fktf,
b`flbjtj`fk tf, lfsnbiuf h
`hthr f rf`hvj hs hacfths quf phssj` hastrubr j jl`bssçh
jl`bss çh lh
jr pjrj h rjlbjlhr lh `hthr gh`h, phr fxf`pnh, pjpâbs prfshs
   < kj irfnmj.
   :
   5 8 J tf`pfrjturj lh nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth fstê `ubth jntj. J
   1
   W Urht. lh `hthr3 phtãkgbj lh `hthr â rfluzblj juth`jtbgj`fktf.
   K
   B phtãkgbj lh `hthr Qfluzj j vfnhgbljlf, fkijtf u`j `jrgmj `jbs ajbxj.
  h
   l
  r
rfluzblj hu
  h
   a Ujrf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh b`flbjtj`fktf,
b`flbjtj`fk tf, lfsnbiuf h
  f `hthr f rf`hvj hs hacfths quf phssj` hastrubr j jl`bssçh
jl`bss çh lh
   l
  r jr pjrj h rjlbjlhr lh `hthr gh`h, phr fxf`pnh, pjpâbs prfshs
   l
  h
  j
kj irfnmj.
   t
  u
  p Gjbxj lf `uljkéjs f f`arfjif`
  `
  h
   G Bklb
Bklbgjé
gjéöfs
öfs kkhh vbs
vbshr
hr Gj
Gjusj
usjs/p
s/phss
hssàv
àvfb
fbss ghk
ghksfq
sfquãk
uãkgb
gbjs
js f shnuéö
shnuéöfs
fs
Ó \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Tbsbtjr hdbgbkj
Wbstf`j lf I J\FKÉÇH
fkirfkjif`
ljkbdbgjlh. H sbstf`j lf fkirfkjif` lj gjbxj lf `uljkéjs jprfsfktj
u`j djnmj, `js vhgã phlf ghktbkujr j vbjif` lf dhr`j
nb`btjlj.
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf
l f Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr j gjbxj lf
`uljkéjs.
Ó \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Tbsbtjr hdbgbkj
Bklbgjéçh lf djnmjs kj I J\FKÉÇH
trjks`bssçh
juth`êtbgj Jnnbshk J trjks`bssçh juth`êtbgj tf` u`j djnmj lf dukgbhkj`fkth.
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf
l f Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

::2

Bklb
Bklbgj
gjéöf
éöfss kh vb
vbshr
shr Gjusjs
Gjusjs/p/phss
hssàv
àvfbs
fbs gghk
hksfq
sfquã
uãkg
kgbjs
bjs f sshnu
hnuéöf
éöfss
Ü \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Tbsbtjr hdbgbkj
Gjbxj lf `uljkéjs3 H nb`btf `êxb`h pfr`btblh lj tf`pfrjturj lf sfrvbéh lj gjbxj
tf`pfrjturj lh ÷nfh lf `uljkéjs hu lh rftjrljlhr dhb jtbkiblh. J tf`pfrjturj
tf`pfrj turj lh
`ubth jntj ÷nfh lj gjbxj lf `uljkéjs hu lh nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth
fstê `ubth jntj phrquf h kàvfn lh ÷nfh kj gjbxj lf `uljkéjs
fstê `ubth sf
ljkbdbgjlj ajbxh hu `ubth jnth.
j tf`pfrjturj lhJ÷nfh
gjbxj lf dbgjr
lfnj `uljkéjs
`ubth phlf sfr
jntj phr
`ubth tf`ph.
   <
Lfsjtbvf h rftjrljlhr, pjrf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh    :
   5
b`flbjtj`fktf, jgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth f fkijtf j    1
trjks`bssçh juth`êtbgj f` kfutrh.    W
   K
   B
Lfbxf h `hthr dukgbhkjr phr 1 hu 7 `bkuths j u`j rhtjéçh lf   h
:155 j :655 r.p.`. f lfphbs lfsnbiuf-h.    l
  r
  h
Wf j tf`pfrjturj lh ÷nfh kçh ajbxjr, vfrbdbquf
vfrbd bquf h kàvfn lh ÷nfh    a
kj trjks`bssçh juth`êtbgj.   f
   l
Wf j bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr ghktbkujr j sfr fxbablj,   r
fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh    l
  h
  j
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj rfpjrjr j djnmj.    t
  u
  p
Ý \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Tbsbtjr hdbgbkj   `
F`arfjif`   h
ljkbdbgjlj
I J\FKÉÇH    G
J f`arfjif` fstê ljkbdbgjlj, `js vhgã phlf ghktbkujr j
vbjif` lf dhr`j nb`btjlj.
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
U hsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr j f`arfjif`.
ü J tf`pfrjturj lf sfrvbéh pfr`btblj pjrj j f`arfjif` dhb
F`arfjif` sucfbtj å jtbkiblj f phlf sfr ljkbdbgjlj sf dhrf` dfbtjs `jbs
gjrij fnfvjlj shnbgbtjéöfs.
Ujrj `jkharjr hu jrrjkgjr, fkijtf u`j `jrgmj `jbs ajbxj.
Ghkgnuj h prhgfssh lf jrrjkquf hu js `jkharjs h `jbs
rêpblh phssàvfn pjrj kçh sharfgjrrfijr j f`arfjif`.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:15

Qfahquf/sf`brrfahquf
Bklb
Bklbgjé
gjéöfs
öfs kkhh vbs
vbshr
hr Gj
Gjusj
usjs/p
s/phss
hssàv
àvfb
fbss ghk
ghksfq
sfquãk
uãkgb
gbjs
js f shnuéö
shnuéöfs
fs
#r \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Tbsbtjr hdbgbkj
Ujstbnmjs lhs drfbhs J gjanjif` quf nbij jh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf fstê
gh`pnftj`fktf bktfrrh`pblj hu j `jkutfkéçh lh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf kçh
lfsijstjljs dhb dfbtj kh prjzh. Js pjstbnmjs lhs drfbhs f/hu hs lbsghs lhs
drfbhs lh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf fxgflfrj` h
I J\FKÉÇH
   <
   : H gh`phrtj`fkth lh vfàgunh lurjktf j ghkluéçh f drfkjif`
   5
   1 phlf `uljr. Wbij js bkstruéöfs lf ush lh djarbgjktf lh
   W rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf f` sfpjrjlh.
   K
   B
  h Mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktfs!
   l
  r Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
Uhs th lf Wfrvbéh
  h
   a Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr j gjanjif` lh
  f rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf b`flbjtj`fktf.
   l
  r hu
   l
  h
  j Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf
l f Wfrvbéh
   t
  u Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj trhgjr pjstbnmjs lf drfbh lh
  p
  ` rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf b`flbjtj`fktf.
  h
   G ñr H jssbstfktf lf pjrtblj kh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf fstê
Jssbstfktf lf pjrtblj jtbvjlh.
jtbvh (rfahquf) Wbij js bkstruéöfs lf ush lh djarbgjktf lh rfahquf/
sf`brrfahquf f` sfpjrjlh.
÷r H fbxh lf trjéçh/lf jrrjsth kh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf fstê
Fbxh gh`pnf`fktjr nfvjktjlh.
nfvjktjlh Wbij js bkstruéöfs
sf`brrfahquf lf ush lh djarbgjktf lh rfahquf/
f` sfpjrjlh.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:1:

Bklb
Bklbgj
gjéöf
éöfss kh vb
vbshr
shr Gjusjs
Gjusjs/p/phss
hssàv
àvfbs
fbs gghk
hksfq
sfquã
uãkg
kgbjs
bjs f sshnu
hnuéöf
éöfss
ú Jnâ` lj bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr, j nuz lf ghktrhnf è 
Hasfrvjr jnturj lh jgfklf f` j`jrfnh kh pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths. J rfiunjif`
rfahquf lh kàvfn lj suspfksçh lh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf fstê dhrj lh
kàvfn lf `jrgmj.
I J\FKÉÇH
Lurjktf j `jrgmj, h gh`phrtj`fkth lh vfàgunh lurjktf j
ghkluéçh f drfkjif` phlf `uljr.
   <
Mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktf sf sfu fstbnh lf ghkluéçh dhr    :
bkjlfqujlh!    5
   1
Ghksblfrf j jnturj ljs pjssjifks suatfrrákfjs f phktfs. Wbij    W
   K
   B
js bkstruéöfs lf ush lh djarbgjktf lh rfahquf/ sf`brrfahquf   h
f` sfpjrjlh.    l
  r
Qfiunf h kàvfn lj suspfksçh lh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf lf   h
   a
jghrlh gh` h kàvfn lf `jrgmj f sbij js bkstruéöfs lf ush lh   f
   l
djarbgjktf lh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf f` sfpjrjlh.   r
ar Js nuzfs lf pbsgj kh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf fstçh gh`    l
  h
  j
   t
Ubsgj ljkbdbgjlh lfdfbth.   u
(fxf`pnh) Wuastbtuj js ná`pjljs ghkdhr`f kfgfssêrbh f sbij js   p
  `
bkstruéöfs lf ush lh djarbgjktf lh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf f`   h
sfpjrjlh.    G

Drfbhs f sbstf`js lf ghkluéçh

Bklb
Bklbgj
gjéöf
éöfss kh vb
vbshr
shr Gjusjs
Gjusjs/p
/phss
hssàv
àvfbs
fbs gghk
hksfq
sfquã
uãkg
kgbjs
bjs f sshnu
hnuéöf
éöfss
Ö \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Tbsbtjr hdbgbkj

FWU kçh lbsphkàvfn J bklbgjéçh lf jlvfrtãkgbj Ê jgfklf kh pjbkfn lf

bkstru`fkths.
Mê u`j djnmj kh jssbstfktf lf rfiunjif` lj fstjabnbljlf.
I J\FKÉÇH
H gh`phrtj`fkth lf ghkluéçh f lf drfkjif` phlf `uljr.
Mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktf sf sfu fstbnh lf ghkluéçh dhr
bkjlfqujlh!
Ghktbkuf j vbjif` gh` gubljlh f fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u`
Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-
Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h jssbstfktf lf rfiunjif` lj fstjabnbljlf.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:11

Bklb
Bklbgjé
gjéöfs
öfs kkhh vbs
vbshr
hr Gj
Gjusj
usjs/p
s/phss
hssàv
àvfb
fbss ghk
ghksfq
sfquãk
uãkgb
gbjs
js f shnuéö
shnuéöfs
fs
Ö J bklbgjéçh lf jlvfrtãkgbj Ê jgfklf kh pjbkfn lf
FWU lfsjtbvjlh bkstru`fkths.
Jcustjr kàvfn khr`jn Wf, lurjktf j `jrgmj, h qujlrh lh gmjssb kçh fstbvfr kh kàvfn
lf `jrgmj, h jssbstfktf lf rfiunjif` lj fstjabnbljlf â
lfsnbijlh.

I J\FKÉÇH
H gh`phrtj`fkth lf ghkluéçh f lf drfkjif` phlf `uljr.
   <
   : Mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktf sf sfu fstbnh lf ghkluéçh dhr
   5
   1 bkjlfqujlh!
   W
   K Jcustf h kàvfn lf `jrgmj.
   B
  h ws \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Jljptjr fstbnh lf ghkluéçh
   l
  r
  h Fdfbth lf drfkjif` J tf`pfrjturj f` u` drfbh lf lbsgh lh vfàgunh trjthr fstê
   a nb`btjlh `ubth jntj.
  f
   l
  r I J\FKÉÇH
   l
  h
  j Hs drfbhs lf lbsgh phlf` sharfjqufgfr. H gh`phrtj`fkth lf
   t ghkluéçh f lf drfkjif` phlf `uljr.
  u
  p
  `
Mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktfs!
  h Ghktbkuf j vbjif` gh` gubljlh, fkijtf u`j `jrgmj `jbs
   G
ajbxj f usf h drfbh juxbnbjr pjrj pjrjr h vfàgunh. Jnâ` lbssh,
jgbhkf h pfljn lh drfbh jtâ h ajtfktf sh`fktf sf j phtãkgbj
lf drfkjif` lh drfbh juxbnbjr kçh dhr sudbgbfktf.
C \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Tbsbtjr hdbgbkj
Gh`phrtj`fkth lf J bklbgjéçh lf jlvfrtãkgbj C jgfklf f` j`jrfnh kh
drfkjif` f `jrgmj pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths.
jntfrjlh Mê u`j djnmj kh sbstf`j lf drfbhs lh vfàgunh.
I J\FKÉÇH
H gh`phrtj`fkth lf ghkluéçh f lf drfkjif` phlf `uljr.
Mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktfs!
Ghktbkuf j vbjif` gh` gubljlh, jljptf h sfu fstbnh lf
ghkluéçh jh gh`phrtj`fkth lf ghkluéçh f lf drfkjif`
jntfrjlh f fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh
Ghkgfs sbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h sbstf`j
lf drfbhs.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:17

Bklb
Bklbgj
gjéöf
éöfss kh vb
vbshr
shr Gjusjs
Gjusjs/p /phss
hssàv
àvfbs
fbs gghk
hksfq
sfquã
uãkg
kgbjs
bjs f sshnu
hnuéöf
éöfss
È \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Jgbhkjr drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth
Drfbh lf fstjgbhk. < hu nbijr h `hthr
rhljs drfjlh H drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth kjs qujtrh rhljs kçh fstê
dukgbhkjklh pfrdfbtj`fktf.
I J\FKÉÇH
H vfàgunh kçh fstê drfjlh jlfqujlj`fktf f phlf sf lfsnhgjr.
lfsnhgj r.
Mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktfs!    <
Jgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth.    :
   5
hu    1
   W
   K
   B
Nbiuf khvj`fktf h `hthr.
  h
Jtbvf h drfbh
drfbh lf
lf fstjgbhkj`fkth
 fstjgbhkj`fkth kjs qujtrh rhljs    l
  r
(R pêibkj :2<
:2<).).   h
   a
ó H qujlrh lh gmjssb fstê dhrj lh kàvfn lf `jrgmj. H jssbstfktf   f
   l
Jcustjr kàvfn lf lf drfkjif` jtbvh kçh dukgbhkj.   r
`jrgmj Jcustf h kàvfn lf `jrgmj.    l
  h
  j
   t
Ñ H sfkshr lf lbstákgbj fstê such. H sbstf`j jssbstfktf lf   u
drfkjif` jtbvh kçh dukgbhkj.   p
Wfkshr lf lbstákgbj   `
such   h
I J\FKÉÇH    G
Zujklh h sbstf`j jssbstfktf lf drfkjif` jtbvh kçh dukgbhkj,
vhgã kçh rfgfaf jvbshs sharf phssàvfbs ghnbsöfs f j drfkjif`
kçh hghrrf juth`jtbgj`fktf f` u`j sbtujéçh gràtbgj.
Mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktfs!
Njvf j ghafrturj lh sfkshr lf lbstákgbj kh pjrj-gmhquf
lbjktfbrh gh` êiuj.
Kçh utbnbzf pjkhs sfghs, êspfrhs hu lurhs f kçh fsdrfiuf.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:1<

Bklb
Bklbgjé
gjéöfs
öfs kkhh vbs
vbshr
hr Gj
Gjusj
usjs/p
s/phss
hssàv
àvfb
fbss ghk
ghksfq
sfquãk
uãkgb
gbjs
js f shnuéö
shnuéöfs
fs
Í \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Qfpjrjr kj pr÷xb`j `jkutfkéçh
Jgtbvf Arjof Jssbst (fxf`pnh)
kçh lbsphkàvfn H sbstf`j jssbstfktf lf drfkjif` jtbvh kçh fstê lbsphkàvfn.
I J\FKÉÇH
Wf h sbstf`j
lbsphkàvfn, jssbstfktf
vhgã lf drfkjif`
kçh rfgfafrê jtbvh phssàvfbs
jvbshs sharf kçh fstbvfr
ghnbsöfs.
j drfkjif` kçh hghrrf juth`jtbgj`fktf f` u`j sbtujéçh
   <
   : gràtbgj.
   5
   1 Mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktf sf sfu fstbnh lf ghkluéçh dhr
   W bkjlfqujlh!
   K
   B
  h Wf kfgfssêrbh, pjrf h vfàgunh gh` h drfbh lf sfrvbéh.
   l
  r Urhgurf u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh
  h
   a @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h sbstf`j jssbstfktf lf
  f drfkjif` jtbvh.
   l
  r \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr 3 Ujrjr h vfàgunh f nb`pjr h pjrj-
   l
  h Ü
Êrfj lf vbsçh lj ß
arbsj Jssbstfktf lf djbxj lf rhljif` f J\\FK\BHK JWWBW\ kçh
  j
   t
  u gá`jrj such lbsphkàvfbs
  p
  `
  h
I J\FKÉÇH
   G Wf h jssbstfktf lf djbxj lf rhljif` kçh fstbvfr lbsphkàvfn, fnf
kçh f`btbrê kfkmu` jnfrtj.
Mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktfs!
Nb`pf h pjrj-arbsj kj êrfj lj gá`jrj.
Ü \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Tbsbtjr hdbgbkj.
Jssbst. djbxj lf J gá`jrj kçh fstê gjnbarjlj ghrrftj`fktf.
rhljif` kçh Jssbst. djbxj rhljif` kçh lbsp.
lbsphkàvfn I J\FKÉÇH
Wf h jssbstfktf lf djbxj lf rhljif` kçh fstbvfr lbsphkàvfn, fnf
kçh f`btbrê kfkmu` jnfrtj.
Mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktfs!
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
Uhs th lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h jssbstfktf lf djbxj
lf rhljif`.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:16

Bklb
Bklbgj
gjéöf
éöfss kh vb
vbshr
shr Gjusjs
Gjusjs/p
/phss
hssàv
àvfbs
fbs gghk
hksfq
sfquã
uãkg
kgbjs
bjs f sshnu
hnuéöf
éöfss
Ü \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Tbsbtjr hdbgbkj
Jssbst. djbxj lf Jssbstfktf lf djbxj lf rhljif` bklbsphkàvfn
rhljif` kçh Mê u`j djnmj kh jssbstfktf lf djbxj lf rhljif`.
lbsphkàvfn
I J\FKÉÇH
Wf
kçhhf`btbrê
jssbstfktf lf djbxj
kfkmu` lf rhljif` kçh fstbvfr lbsphkàvfn, fnf
jnfrtj.
Mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktfs!    <
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
U hsth lf Wfrvbéh    :
   5
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h jssbstfktf lf djbxj    1
   W
lf rhljif`.    K
   B
Ü \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Tbsbtjr hdbgbkj   h
   l
  r
Jssbstfktf lf djbxj lf Jssbst. djbxj lf rhljif` kçh lbsphkàvfn   h
rhljif` ljkbdbgjlh Mê u`j djnmj kh jssbstfktf lf djbxj lf rhljif`.    a
  f
   l
I J\FKÉÇH   r
Wf h jssbstfktf lf djbxj lf rhljif` kçh fstbvfr lbsphkàvfn, fnf    l
  h
  j
kçh f`btbrê kfkmu` jnfrtj.    t
  u
  p
Mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktfs!   `
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
U hsth lf Wfrvbéh   h
   G
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h jssbstfktf lf djbxj
lf rhljif`.
Ü \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Tbsbtjr hdbgbkj
Jssbstfktf lf djbxj lf Jnth-djnjktf fsqufrlh
rhljif` ljkbdbgjlh Jssbstfktf lf djbxj lf rhljif` ljkbdbgjlh
hu
Tbsbtjr hdbgbkj
Jnth-djnjktf lbrfbth
Jssbstfktf lf djbxj lf rhljif` ljkbdbgjlh
I J\FKÉÇH
H jnth-djnjktf fsqufrlh hu lbrfbth fstê ljkbdbgjlh. Thgã kçh
rfgfafrê jlvfrtãkgbjs lh jssbstfktf lf djbxj lf rhljif` lh
njlh fsqufrlh hu lbrfbth.
Mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktfs!
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
U hsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h jssbstfktf lf djbxj
lf rhljif`.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:14

Wbstf`j lf bnu`bkjéçh, sbstf`j fnâtrbgh f gmjvf

Bklb
Bklbgjé
gjéöfs
öfs kkhh vbs
vbshr
hr Gj
Gjusj
usjs/p
s/phss
hssàv
àvfb
fbss ghk
ghksfq
sfquãk
uãkgb
gbjs
js f shnuéö
shnuéöfs
fs
# \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Nbijr `hthr hu pjrjr vfàgunh
Wuatfksçh Ghktjtjr jssbstãkgbj
Gh`phrtj`fkth lf `jrgmj jntfrjlh
H fstjlh lf gjrij lj ajtfrbj â `ubth ajbxh.
I J\FKÉÇH
   < H gh`phrtj`fkth lh vfàgunh lurjktf j ghkluéçh f drfkjif`
   : phlf `uljr.
   5
   1 Mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktfs!
   W
   K
   B Wf h gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh jprfsfktjr j bklbgjéçh kh
  h `hstrjlhr gh` h `hthr lfsnbijlh, h fstjlh lf gjrij lj
   l
  r ajtfrbj fstê `ubth ajbxh.
  h
   a Nbiuf h `hthr.
  f
   l hu
  r
   l
  h
  j
Gjrrfiuf js ajtfrbjs (R
(R pêibkj 756
756).).
   t Wf h gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh jprfsfktjr j bklbgjéçh kh
  u
  p `hstrjlhr gh` h `hthr f` dukgbhkj`fkth, j ajtfrbj lh
  ` vfàgunh kçh fstê gjrrfijlj.
  h
   G Ujrf b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh.
Fktrf f` ghktjth gh` u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz.
ª \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Tbsbtjr hdbgbkj
H jntfrkjlhr kçh fstê Jnâ` lj bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr, j nuz lf ghktrhnf ª 
gjrrfijklh j ajtfrbj jgfklf f` j`jrfnh kj êrfj lf fstjlh lh gh`putjlhr lf
ahrlh.
H jntfrkjlhr trbdêsbgh fstê ljkbdbgjlh hu j ghrrfbj trjpfzhbljn
trjpfzhblj n
kfrvurjlj fstê pjrtblj.
I J\FKÉÇH
H gh`phrtj`fkth lh vfàgunh lurjktf j ghkluéçh f drfkjif`
phlf `uljr.
Mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktf sf sfu fstbnh lf ghkluéçh dhr
bkjlfqujlh!
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf
l f Wfrvbéh

Juthrbzjlh
f j ghrrfbj @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h jntfrkjlhr trbdêsbgh
trjpfzhbljn kfrvurjlj.
 

Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh :19

Bklb
Bklbgj
gjéöf
éöfss kh vb
vbshr
shr Gjusjs
Gjusjs/p/phss
hssàv
àvfbs
fbs gghk
hksfq
sfquã
uãkg
kgbjs
bjs f sshnu
hnuéöf
éöfss
B Mê u`j djnmj kj nbijéçh GJK jh pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths.
Bklbgjéçh f hpfrjéçh H vbshr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh kçh ghksfiuf bklbgjr
pjbkfn lf bkstr. bkdhr`jéöfs b`phrtjktfs pjrj j sfiurjkéj hpfrjgbhkjn f lf
ljkbdbgjljs gbrgunjéçh lh vfàgunh.
Ghktbkuf j vbjif` gh` gubljlh f fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u`
Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr lflf
h pjbkfn Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-
bkstru`fkths.
as \hlj j bnu`bkjéçh fxtfrbhr â `hkbthrjlj fnftrhkbgj`fktf. Wf    <
mhuvfr u`j djnmj f` jniu`j ná`pjlj, u`j bklbgjéçh sfrê    :
   5
fxbablj kh `hstrjlhr ghktfklh bkdhr`jéöfs sharf h nhgjn f    1
   W
gh`h rfshnvfr j djnmj gh`h, phr fxf`pnh, Wuastbtubr dhktf lf    K
   B
nuz, nuz ajbxj fsqufrlj ljkbdbgjlj hu Tbsbtjr hdbgbkj Nuz ajbxj   h
fsqufrlj ljkbdbgjlj.    l
  r
  h
Wf j bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr fxbabr "Wuastbtubr dhktf lf nuz",    a
  f
trhquf j ná`pjlj ghrrfsphklfktf (R (R pêibkj 77:
77:).).    l
  r
Wf vhgã kçh lfsnbijr
js ná`pjljs, h sbstf`j
j bklbgjéçh lf bnu`bkjéçh
kh `hstrjlhr jktfs
lfvf sfr lf trhgjr
rfbkbgbjlj    l
  h
  j
   t
phstfrbhr`fktf. Ujrj bssh, lfsnbiuf j bnu`bkjéçh hu, sf   u
  p
kfgfssêrbh, lfsnbiuf f nbiuf j bikbéçh.   `
hu   h
   G
Kh gjsh lf lbhlhs lf nuz
nu z f lf ná`pjljs lf xãkhk, fkgj`bkmf
h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh
@frgflfs-Afkz.
Wf j bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr bklbgjr "Tbsbtjr hdbgbkj", fktrf f`
ghktjth gh` u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz.
 

:1= Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh

Bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr f` vfr`fnmh

Bklbgjéöfs

Bklbgjéöfs lf sfiurjkéj b`phrtjktfs

b`phrtjktfs
Jh bikhrjr js bklbgjéöfs lf jlvfrtãkgbj f
kh `hstrjlhr, â phssàvfn quf h `hthrbstj
kçh rfghkmféj js djnmjs f jvjrbjs lhs
gh`phkfktfs hu lhs sbstf`js. H
   < gh`phrtj`fkth lf ghkluéçh f lf
   :
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   W hpfrjgbhkjn f lf gbrgunjéçh lh sfu vfàgunh,
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  h Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
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  r
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   a vfrbdbgjéöfs f rfpjrhs kfgfssêrbhs. Wf`prf
  f sbij js rfgh`fkljéöfs ljs bklbgjéöfs lf
   l
  r jlvfrtãkgbj f kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr
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  h
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lf ahrlh.
   t
  u
  p Bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr f` vfr`fnmh
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  h Kh gjsh lf u`j djnmj/`fksjif` gh`
   G prbhrbljlf jntj gh`h, phr fxf`pnh ajbxj
prfssçh lf rfsfrvj lhs drfbhs, h
gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh jprfsfktj u`j
bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr f` vfr`fnmh. Ujrf
b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn
sfiurh f prhgurf u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu

Uhsth
Afkz. Âlfphssàvfn
Wfrvbéhghksuntjr
Juthrbzjlh
js@frgflfs-
bkdhr`jéöfs
gh` js tfgnjs T V kh `fku
„Fvfkths f lbjik÷stbgh $c". Qfspfbtf js
bkdhr`jéöfs f js bkstruéöfs ghktbljs kj
bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:12

@fksjif` kh `hstrjlhr gh` bklbgjéçh lh fstjlh lf dukgbhkj`fkth f` vfr`fnmh

Bklbgjéöfs kh Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs
`hstrjlhr
@U H drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth kçh fstê jgbhkjlh.
Jgbhkjr hs drfbhs lf F` vfàgunhs gh` gjbxj lf `uljkéjs juth`jtbzjlj @frgflfs
fstjgbhkj`fkth UHYFQWMBD\, h vfàgunh dhb fstjgbhkjlh gh` j `jrgmj
fkijtjlj f gh` h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth lfsjgbhkjlh.
Lfphbs lf lfsnbijr h `hthr, j gjbxj lf `uljkéjs
`ul jkéjs `ulj pjrj j
phsbéçh lf kfutrh juth`jtbgj`fktf.    <
   :
I J\FKÉÇH    5
   1
   W
H vfàgunh phlf sf `hvfr jgblfktjn`fktf f ghnhgjr vhgã f    K
   B
hutrjs pfsshjs f` rbsgh.   h
Qbsgh lf jgblfktf!    l
  r
  h
Jgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth    a
  f
@U Tfàgunhs gh` `÷lunh fspfgbjn pjrj`ftrbzêvfn (UW@)3 H drfbh    l
  r
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fstjgbhkj`fkth lf fstjgbhkj`fkth kçh fstê jgbhkjlh.    l
  h
  j
I J\FKÉÇH    t
  u
H vfàgunh phlf sf `hvfr jgblfktjn`fktf f ghnhgjr vhgã f   p
  `
hutrjs pfsshjs f` rbsgh.   h
   G
Qbsgh lf jgblfktf!
Jktfs lf nbijr j th`jlj lf dhréj, jgbhkf h drfbh lf
fstjgbhkj`fkth.
¸U H prjzh pjrj h sfrvbéh lf `jkutfkéçh dhb untrjpjssjlh f h
Dbntrh lh vfàgunh f sfus jgfss÷rbhs fstçh `jbs susgftàvfbs j ljkhs
jr3 @jkutfkéçh phrquf mê u` ju`fkth kh lfsijstf.
b`flbjtj (fxf`pnh) Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
U hsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj rfjnbzjr hs sfrvbéhs lf
`jkutfkéçh kfgfssêrbhs.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:75

Bklbgjéöfs kh Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs

`hstrjlhr
KU J `jkutfkéçh kçh dhb rfjnbzjlj kh prjzh.
Drfbh J:3 Wfrvbéh H nb`btf lf lfsijstf ljs pjstbnmjs lf drfbh f/hu hs lbsghs lf
b`flbjth (fxf`pnh) drfbh lh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf dhb fxgflblh.
I J\FKÉÇH
H gh`phrtj`fkth lh vfàgunh lurjktf j ghkluéçh f drfkjif`
phlf `uljr.
   <
   : Qbsgh lf jgblfktf!
   5
   1 Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf
l f Wfrvbéh
   W
   K Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj trhgjr js pjstbnmjs lf drfbh
   B
  h b`flbjtj`fktf.
   l
  r $U
  h
• h jjnt
ntfr
frkj
kjlhr
lhr fst
fstêê ggh`
h` lfd
lfdfb
fbth
th??
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  f • j gghr
hrrf
rfbj
bj kf
kfrv
rvjl
jljj ppjr
jrtb
tbu.
u.
   l Ujrf b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh.
  r
   l
  h
  j
Fktrf f` ghktjth gh` u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
   t Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz.
  u
  p 2U Mê u`j djnmj kh sbstf`j lf drfbhs lh vfàgunh.
  `
  h H gh`phrtj`fkth lf I J\FKÉÇH
   G drfkjif` phlf
`uljr. Fkgj`bkmf h H gh`phrtj`fkth lh vfàgunh lurjktf j ghkluéçh f drfkjif`
vfàgunh j u` phlf `uljr.
Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Qbsgh lf jgblfktf!
Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf
l f Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs- Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h sbstf`j lf drfbhs.
Afkz jssb` quf
phssàvfn.
 

Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh :7:

Bklbgjéöfs kh Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs

`hstrjlhr
2U • HJ
JQN
QNJ
J 71 jgjah
ahuu?
Uhtãkgbj rfluzblj. • j nnuuz llff gghhktrhnf 3 pbsgj?
Qfjajstfgfr gh`
JQNJ 71. • j ppht
htãk
ãkgb
gbjj llhh `
`ht
hthr
hr â rrflu
fluzb
zblj?
lj?

• f` vvfàg
fàgunhs
@frgflfs unhs gh` gjbxj
gjbxj lfj`ulj
UHYFQWMBD\, `uljkéj
gjbxjkéjs
lf s`uljkéjs
jut
juth`jt
h`jtbzj
bzjljlj pjrj
`ulj
h `hlh lf dukgbhkj`fkth `jkujn.
   <
Jajstféj h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71 (R(R pêibkj 162
162).).    :
   5
Fkijtf u`j `jrgmj `jkujn`fktf (R (R pêibkj 151
151)) f    1
   W
ghkdbr`f js bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr (R(R pêibkj 29
29).).    K
   B
Wf jajstfgfr h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71, h `hstrjlhr kçh   h
   l
  r
fxbabrê `jbs j bklbgjéçh kj pr÷xb`j pjrtblj lh `hthr. J nuz lf   h
ghktrhnf 3 jpjij. J phtãkgbj lh `hthr dbgj thtjn`fktf    a
lbsphkàvfn `jbs u`j vfz.   f
   l
  r
2U H JQNJ 71 jgjahu.    l
  h
JQNJ 71 vjzbh Wf h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71 kçh dhr jajstfgblh, j nuz lf   j
   t
ghktrhnf ? pbsgj. J phtãkgbj lh `hthr â rfluzblj   u
  p
juth`jtbgj`fktf jp÷s j pr÷xb`j b`habnbzjéçh lh vfàgunh.   `
  h
Jajstféj h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71.    G
Wf jajstfgfr h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71, h `hstrjlhr kçh
fxbabrê `jbs j bklbgjéçh kj pr÷xb`j pjrtblj lh `hthr. J nuz lf
ghktrhnf 3 jpjij. J phtãkgbj lh `hthr dbgj thtjn`fktf
lbsphkàvfn `jbs u`j vfz.
+U • Uhlf mjvf
mjvfrr u`j ddjnmj
jnmj kh ssbst
bstf`j
f`j llff p÷s
p÷s-tr
-trjtj
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th lhs
lhs
®
Uhtãkgbj rfluzblj ijsfs lf fsgjpf Anuf\fg ?
• j nnuuz llff gghhktrhnf 3 pbsgj?
• j ppht
htãk
ãkgb
gbjj llhh `
`ht
hthr
hr â rrflu
fluzb
zblj?
lj?
• f` vvfàg
fàgunhs
unhs gh` gjbxj
gjbxj lf `ulj
`uljkéj
kéjss jut
juth`jt
h`jtbzj
bzjlj
lj
@frgflfs UHYFQWMBD\, j gjbxj lf `uljkéjs `ulj pjrj
h `hlh lf dukgbhkj`fkth `jkujn.
Fkijtf u`j `jrgmj `jkujn`fktf (R (R pêibkj 151151)) f ghkdbr`f
j bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr (R(R pêibkj 29
29).).
Wf fstj bklbgjéçh dhr fxbablj tf`phrjrbj`fktf, kfkmu`j jéçh
ghrrftbvj â kfgfssêrbj.
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
U hsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj rfpjrjr j djnmj.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:71

Bklbgjéöfs kh Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs

`hstrjlhr
+U Mê u`j djnmj kh sbstf`j lf p÷s-trjtj`fkth lhs ijsfs lf
Urhgurf u`j hdbgbkj fsgjpf Anuf\fg®.Hs àklbgfs lf f`bssöfs jl`bssàvfbs dhrj`
fxgflblhs.
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf
l f Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz
Wf h `hstrjlhr pjrj
fxbabr j djnmj rfpjrjr
lurjktf j djnmj.
vêrbjs vbjifks, j nuz
   <
bklbgjlhrj ? pbsgj f j phtãkgbj lh `hthr â rfluzblj
   : juth`jtbgj`fktf jp÷s j pr÷xb`j b`habnbzjéçh lh vfàgunh.
   5
   1 Wf h sbstf`j lf p÷s-trjtj`fkth lhs ijsfs lf fsgjpf
   W
   K Anuf\fg® dukgbhkjr sf` prhanf`js lurjktf lbvfrsjs vbjifks,
   B
  h j phtãkgbj lh `hthr dbgj thtjn`fktf lbsphkàvfn lf khvh. J nuz
   l
  r lf ghktrhnf 3 jpjij.
  h
   a +U J nuz lf ghktrhnf 3 pbsgj f
  f
   l Urhgurf u`j hdbgbkj H sfkshr lf KHx fstê gh` djnmj.
  r
   l
  h
  j
Fkgj`bkmf @frgflfs-Afkz
Juthrbzjlh h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh
pjrj rfpjrjr j hu Uhsth
djnmj l f Wfrvbéh
lf
lfktrh lf
   t
  u 65 mhrjs lf dukgbhkj`fkth pjrj quf j phtãkgbj lh `hthr kçh
  p
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sfcj rfluzblj juth`jtbgj`fktf jp÷s j pr÷xb`j b`habnbzjéçh
  h lh vfàgunh.
   G
GK Mê u`j djnmj kh sbstf`j lf drfbh lh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf.
H gh`phrtj`fkth lf I J\FKÉÇH
drfkjif` phlf
`uljr. Fkgj`bkmf h H gh`phrtj`fkth lh vfàgunh lurjktf j ghkluéçh f drfkjif`
vfàgunh j u` phlf `uljr. Wbij js bkstruéöfs lh @jkujn lf Hpfrjéçh lh
Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf f` sfpjrjlh.
Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Qbsgh lf jgblfktf!
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs- Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
Uhs th lf Wfrvbéh
Afkz jssb` quf Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h sbstf`j lf drfbhs.
phssàvfn.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:77

Bklbgjéöfs kh Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs

`hstrjlhr
GK Mê u`j djnmj kh sbstf`j lf drfbh lh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf.
H gh`phrtj`fkth lf I J\FKÉÇH
drfkjif` phlf
`uljr. H gh`phrtj`fkth lh vfàgunh lurjktf j ghkluéçh f drfkjif`
d rfkjif`

phlf `uljr. Wbij js bkstruéöfs

rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf lh @jkujn lf Hpfrjéçh lh
f` sfpjrjlh.
Qbsgh lf jgblfktf!
   <
Lbrbcj h vfàgunh gh` gubljlh f fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u`    :
   5
Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-    1
Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h sbstf`j lf drfbhs.    W
   K
   B
GK Mê u`j djnmj kh sbstf`j lf drfbh lh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf.   h
   l
  r
H gh`phrtj`fkth lf I J\FKÉÇH   h
drfkjif` phlf    a
`uljr. H gh`phrtj`fkth lh vfàgunh lurjktf j ghkluéçh f drfkjif`
d rfkjif`   f
   l
phlf `uljr. Wbij js bkstruéöfs lh @jkujn lf Hpfrjéçh lh   r
rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf f` sfpjrjlh.    l
  h
  j
Qbsgh lf jgblfktf!    t
  u
Lbrbcj h vfàgunh gh` gubljlh, fkijtf u`j `jrgmj `jbs ajbxj f   p
  `
usf h drfbh ghktàkuh pjrj pjrjr h vfàgunh.   h
   G
Jnâ` lbssh, jgbhkf h pfljn lh drfbh jtâ h ajtfktf sh`fktf sf
j phtãkgbj lf drfkjif` lh drfbh ghktàkuh kçh dhr sudbgbfktf.
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
U hsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h sbstf`j lf drfbhs.
@K H rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf â anhqufjlh juth`jtbgj`fktf.
J lbrbibabnbljlf lh
vfàgunh f js I J\FKÉÇH
gjrjgtfràstbgjs lf H gh`phrtj`fkth lh vfàgunh lurjktf j ghkluéçh f drfkjif`
d rfkjif`
drfkjif` phlf` phlf `uljr. Wbij js bkstruéöfs lh @jkujn lf Hpfrjéçh lh
`uljr. rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf f` sfpjrjlh.
Qbsgh lf jgblfktf!
Lbrbcj h vfàgunh gh` gubljlh f
J `fkhs quf fstfcj f` u`j sbtujéçh lf f`friãkgbj, kçh
jgbhkf h pfljn lh drfbh jtâ h ajtfktf pjrj kçh anhqufjr js
rhljs lh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf.
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
U hsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h rfahquf/
sf`brrfahquf.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:7<

Bklbgjéöfs kh Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs

`hstrjlhr
#K H JAW lh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf kçh fstê dukgbhkjklh f
Djnmj JAW rfahquf. sujs rhljs phlf` sfr anhqufjljs.
I J\FKÉÇH
H gh`phrtj`fkth
phlf lhbkstruéöfs
`uljr. Wbij js vfàgunh lurjktf j ghkluéçh
lh @jkujn f drfkjif`
lf Hpfrjéçh lh
rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf f` sfpjrjlh.
   <
   : Qbsgh lf jgblfktf!
   5
   1 Lbrbcj h vfàgunh gh` gubljlh.
   W
   K J `fkhs quf fstfcj f` u`j sbtujéçh lf f`friãkgbj, kçh
   B
  h jgbhkf h pfljn lh drfbh jtâ h ajtfktf pjrj kçh anhqufjr js
   l
  r rhljs lh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf.
  h
   a Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lfl f Wfrvbéh
  f Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h JAW lh rfahquf/
   l
  r sf`brrfahquf.
   l
  h
  j 4U Mê u`j djnmj kh sbstf`j lf drfbh lh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf.
   t
  u H gh`phrtj`fkth lf I J\FKÉÇH
  p
  `
drfkjif` phlf
  h `uljr. Fkgj`bkmf h H gh`phrtj`fkth lh vfàgunh lurjktf j ghkluéçh f drfkjif`
   G phlf `uljr. Wbij js bkstruéöfs lh @jkujn lf Hpfrjéçh lh
vfàgunh j u`
Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf f` sfpjrjlh.
Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Qbsgh lf jgblfktf!
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs- fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Afkz jssb` quf Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h sbstf`j lf drfbhs.
phssàvfn.
KU J `jkutfkéçh lh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf kçh dhb rfjnbzjlj kh
Ujstbnmjs lf drfbh prjzh.
gh`pnftj`fktf H nb`btf lf lfsijstf ljs pjstbnmjs lf drfbh f/hu hs lbsghs lf
lfsijstjljs drfbh lh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf dhb fxgflblh.
I J\FKÉÇH
H gh`phrtj`fkth lh vfàgunh lurjktf j ghkluéçh f drfkjif`
phlf `uljr.
Qbsgh lf jgblfktf!
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf
l f Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj trhgjr js pjstbnmjs lf drfbh
b`flbjtj`fktf.
 

Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh :76

Bklbgjéöfs kh Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs

`hstrjlhr
9U Mê u`j djnmj kh gh`jklh lh rftjrljlhr f
kçh â phssàvfn lfsjtbvê-nh qujklh3
• hJ
JAAW ffst
stêê jjtu
tujk
jklh
lh f

• h ppflj
Lbrbcj hfljnn llhh jg
vfàgunh jgfn
fnfrj
gh`frjlhr
lhr â jjgb
gubljlh. gbhk
hkjlh
jlh..
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth U hsth lf Wfrvbéh    <
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h gh`jklh lh    :
   5
rftjrljlhr.    1
   W
5U H vfàgunh dhb ghkluzblh kh `hlh lh ghkvfrshr phr `ubth    K
   B
\f`pfrjturj lh tf`ph.   h
   l
  r
ghkvfrshr. Fkijtf u`j `jrgmj `jbs ajbxj pjrj quf j rhtjéçh lh `hthr   h
dbquf jgb`j lf :155 rp`.    a
  f
J f`arfjif` lh ghkvfrshr lfvf dfgmjr f j nuz lf ghktrhnf    l
 jpjijr qujklh j rhtjéçh kfgfssêrbj dhr jtbkiblj.   r
]    l
  h
cU Mê u`j djnmj kj f`arfjif` mblrêunbgj, kh rftjrljlhr
rftjrl jlhr f/hu kh   j
   t
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  p
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth U hsth lf Wfrvbéh   `
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr j f`arfjif`   h
   G
mblrêunbgj.
.U H kàvfn lh ÷nfh kh rfsfrvjt÷rbh lj lbrféçh mblrêunbgj fstê
jajbxh lh `àkb`h.
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth U hsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr j lbrféçh
b`flbjtj`fktf.
BU Tfàgunh lf qujtrh fbxhs3 mê u`j djnmjd jnmj kh gbrgubth lf lbrféçh 1.
 kfgfssêrbh `ubth fsdhréh pjrj `jkharjr h vfàgunh.
Jljptf h fstbnh lf ghkluéçh f rfluzj j vfnhgbljlf jktfs ljs
gurvjs.
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth U hsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr j lbrféçh.
/U H kàvfn lf ÷nfh lh `hthr fstê `ubth jnth f phlf mjvfr j quflj
lf prfssçh lh ÷nfh.
J sfiurjkéj lf dukgbhkj`fkth lh `hthr fstê gh`prh`ftblj.
Fkgj`bkmf @frgflfs-Afkz
Juthrbzjlh h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
pjrj jspbrjr pfnh U`fkhs
hsth lf1 Wfrvbéh
n lf
÷nfh.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:74

@fksjif` kh `hstrjlhr gh` bklbgjéçh lh fstjlh lf dukgbhkj`fkth f` vfr`fnmh

f jnjr`f
Bklbgjéöfs kh Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs
`hstrjlhr
¹ I J\FKÉÇH
H JAJlf
Qbsgh jnfrtj h `hthrbstj sharf u` rbsgh lf ghnbsçh.
jgblfktf!
   < Lurjktf u` jnfrtj juth`êtbgh lf lbstákgbj, â jashnutj`fktf
   : kfgfssêrbh drfjr h vfàgunh gh` h drfbh lf sfrvbéh sf3
   5
   1
   W • h `h
`hst
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• sh
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shjr
jr u` ssbk
bkjn
jn llff jlv
jlvfr
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   l
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   l
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  j 6U Mê u`j djnmj kj nbijéçh GJK jh pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths.
   t
  u
  p I J\FKÉÇH
  `
  h H `hstrjlhr kçh fxbaf bkdhr`jéöfs b`phrtjktfs rfdfrfktfs å
   G
sfiurjkéj lf hpfrjéçh f lf gbrgunjéçh lh vfàgunh.
Qbsgh lf jgblfktf!
Ujrf b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh,
sfiur h, lfsnbiuf h
`hthr f jgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth.
Fktrf f` ghktjth gh` u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz.
,U H kàvfn lh nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth fstê gfrgj lf 1 n jajbxh lh
kàvfn khr`jn. J sfiurjkéj lf dukgbhkj`fkth lh `hthr fstê
gh`prh`ftblj.
Ujrf b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh,
sfiur h, lfsnbiuf h
`hthr, jgbhkf h drfbh lf fstj
fstjgbhkj`fkth,
gbhkj`fkth, jlbgbhkf nàqublh lf
jrrfdfgb`fkth (R(R pêibkj 1=2
1=2)) f fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u`
Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-
Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr sf mê vjzj`fkths kh sbstf`j lf
jrrfdfgb`fkth lh `hthr.
 

Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh :79

Bklbgjéöfs kh Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs

`hstrjlhr
5U J tf`pfrjturj lh ÷nfh lh ghkvfrshr fstê `ubth jntj.
Fkijtf u`j `jrgmj `jbs ajbxj f, sf j bklbgjéçh f h sbkjn lf
jlvfrtãkgbj kçh lfsjpjrfgfrf`, pjrf b`flbjtj`fktf h
vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh.
Jgbhkf
`uljkéjsh drfbh
f` lf fstjgbhkj`fkth,
kfutrh ghnhquf
f lfbxf h `hthr j gjbxj lf
dukgbhkjklh phr gfrgj
lf : `bkuth j :155 rp` jprhxb`jlj`fktf.    <
Wf j bklbgjéçh lf jlvfrtãkgbj f h sbkjn lf jlvfrtãkgbj kçh    :
   5
lfsjpjrfgfrf`, fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu    1
   W
Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr j    K
   B
f`arfjif` gh` ghkvfrshr.   h
   l
  r
5 J tf`pfrjturj lh ÷nfh lj f`arfjif` mblrêunbgj fstê `ubth   h
:55 µG (fxf`pnh) jntj.    a
  f
Fkijtf u`j `jrgmj `jbs ajbxj f, sf j bklbgjéçh f h sbkjn lf    l
jlvfrtãkgbj kçh lfsjpjrfgfrf`, pjrf b`flbjtj`fktf h   r
vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh, jgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth    l
  h
  j
f ghnhquf j gjbxj lf `uljkéjs f` kfutrh.    t
  u
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Lfbxf h `hthr dukgbhkjklh phr gfrgj lf : `bkuth j :155 rp rp`
`   `
jprhxb`jlj`fktf.   h
   G
Wf j `fksjif` kh `hstrjlhr f h sbkjn lf jlvfrtãkgbj kçh
lfsjpjrfgfrf`, fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu
Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr j
f`arfjif` mblrêunbgj.
$U H fstjlh lf gjrij ljs ajtfrbjs fstê `ubth ajbxh.
Ajtfrbj `ubth drjgj.  Gjrrfiuf js ajtfrbjs.
Nbijr h `hthr. hu
\fktf ljr j pjrtblj djzfklh u`j phktf gh` hutrh vfàgunh.
hu
Fktrf f` ghktjth gh` u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:7=

@fksjif` kh `hstrjlhr gh` bklbgjéçh lh fstjlh lf dukgbhkj`fkth f` vfr`fnmh

f nuz lf ghktrhnf "W\HU"
Bklbgjéöfs kh Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs
`hstrjlhr
HU¤ J prfssçh lf rfsfrvj kh gbrgubth : hu 1 fstê jajbxh lf 4,= ajr.
J prfssçh lf rfsfrvj kh gbrgubth lh drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth f
kh gbrgubth lh drfbh lh rfahquf fstê `ubth ajbxj.
Uhssàvfbs gjusjs3
   < • gh
ghksu
ksu`h
`h llff jr ffxgf
xgfss
ssbv
bvhh jh `jk
`jkha
harjr
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vjzj`f
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sbst
stf`
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pkfu`
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h.
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   l
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   a
  f Qbsgh lf jgblfktf!
   l Ujrf b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh, jgbhkf h
  r
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  h
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drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth f lfbxf h `hthr dukgbhkjklh.
   t H sbstf`j lf jr gh`prb`blh â jajstfgblh.
  u
  p Wf j nuz lf ghktrhnf "W\HU" jpjijr, ghktbkuf j vbjif`.
  ` Wf j nuz lf ghktrhnf "W\HU" kçh jpjijr, vfrbdbquf j
  h
   G fstjkqufbljlf lh sbstf`j lf jr gh`prb`blh lhs drfbhs
(R pêibkj :=2
:=2).).
Wf h sbstf`j lf jr gh`prb`blh lhs drfbhs kçh fstbvfr gh`
vjzj`fkth, fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu
Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h
sbstf`j pkfu`êtbgh lhs drfbhs
hu
Wf h sbstf`j pkfu`êtbgh lhs drfbhs fstbvfr gh` vjzj`fkth,
fktrf f` ghktjth gh` u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz.
 

Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh :72

@fksjif` kh `hstrjlhr gh` bklbgjéçh lh fstjlh lf dukgbhkj`fkth f` vfr`fnmh,

vfr`fnmh ,
jnjr`f f nuz lf ghktrhnf "W\HU"
Bklbgjéöfs kh Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs
`hstrjlhr
.U¤ J prfssçh lf ÷nfh lh `hthr fstê `ubth ajbxj.
J sfiurjkéj lf dukgbhkj`fkth lh `hthr fstê gh`prh`ftblj.
Ujrf b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh,
sfiu rh, lfsnbiuf h
`hthr, jgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth, vfrbdbquf h kàvfn lh
(R pêibkj ==
÷nfh kh `hthr (R (R pêibkj 127
==)) f jlbgbhkf ÷nfh (R 127).).    <
   :
Fktrf f` ghktjth gh` u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh    5
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz.    1
   W
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   B
5 H kàvfn lh ÷nfh lh `hthr fstê `ubth ajbxh f
  h
(fxf`pnh) J sfiurjkéj lf dukgbhkj`fkth lh `hthr fstê gh`prh`ftblj.    l
  r
Kàvfn lh ÷nfh lh Ujrf b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh,
sfiu rh, lfsnbiuf h   h
   a
`hthr `ubth ajbxh. `hthr, jgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth, vfrbdbquf sf mê   f
Gh`pnftjr vjzj`fkths kh `hthr f jlbgbhkf j qujktbljlf lf ÷nfh fxbablj    l
  r
b`flbjtj`fktf h ÷nfh kh `hstrjlhr b`flbjtj`fktf (R
(R pêibkj 127
127).).    l
  h
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lh `hthr.    t
  u
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  `
  h
   G
 

:<5 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh

Nuz bklbgjlhrj lf lbjik÷stbgh lh `hthr

Urhanf`j Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs
J nuz lf ghktrhnf 3  Wf kçh mhuvfr kfkmu`j jvjrbj, j nuz bklbgjlhrj ? jgfklf
jgfklf phr u` phr u` bkstjktf f jpjij lurjktf h ghktrhnf ljs bklbgjéöfs lh
bkstjktf f jpjij. pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths.

J nuz lf ghktrhnf 3   H JQNJ 71 jgjahu.

   < pbsgj f Mê u`j djnmj.
   :
   5 h `hstrjlhr fxbaf j J phtãkgbj lh `hthr phlf sfr rfluzblj. :
   1 bklbgjéçh lh fstjlh
   W Wbij js bkstruéöfs ljs bklbgjéöfs lh `hstrjlhr.
   K
   B
lf dukgbhkj`fkth f`
  h vfr`fnmh
   l
  r sb`untjkfj`fktf.
  h
   a 2U
  f
   l J nuz lf ghktrhnf 3  H sbstf`j lf p÷s-trjtj`fkth lhs ijsfs lf fsgjpf Anuf\fg ® 
  r
   l
  h
  j
dbgj jgfsj. fstê ljkbdbgjlh
rfnjgbhkjlj hu mê u`j djnmj lf dukgbhkj`fkth rfnfvjktf
ås f`bssöfs.
   t
  u V`j djnmj lf dukgbhkj`fkth hu u`j djnmj phlf ljkbdbgjr h
  p
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sbstf`j lf p÷s-trjtj`fkth lhs ijsfs lf fsgjpf Anuf\fg ® f
  h f j phtãkgbj lh `hthr phlf sfr rfluzblj (R( R pêibkj =5
=5).).
   G
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf l f Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h sbstf`j lf p÷s-
trjtj`fkth lhs ijsfs lf fsgjpf Anuf\fg® b`flbjtj`fktf.

: Kh gjs
gjshh lf vfàg
vfàgunh
unhss lf sjnv
sjnvj`fk
j`fkth
th gh`
gh`hh vfàg
vfàgunh
unhss lf ah`a
ah`afbr
fbrhs,
hs, ph
phrr fxf`
fxf`pnh,
pnh, j
phtãkgbj lh `hthr kçh â rfluzblj.

Wf jajstfgfr h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71 hu j djnmj dhr fnb`bkjlj, j phtãkgbj `êxb`j lh

`hthr dbgj lbsphkàvfn khvj`fktf. Wf j vfrbdbgjéçh lh sbstf`j kçh lftfgtjr `jbs kfkmu`
frrh, j nuz bklbgjlhrj ? jpjij. Uhlf sfr kfgfssêrbh pfrghrrfr vêrbhs qubnü`ftrhs pjrj
pj rj
j vfrbdbgjéçh lh sbstf`j sfr ghkgnuàlj.
 

Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh :<:

U÷s-trjtj`fkth lhs ijsfs lf fsgjpf Anuf\fg®

Bklb
Bklbgj
gjéöf
éöfss kh vb
vbshr
shr Gjusjs
Gjusjs/p/phss
hssàv
àvfbs
fbs gghk
hksfq
sfquã
uãkg
kgbjs
bjs f sshnu
hnuéöf
éöfss
Á \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Ujrjr vfàgunh.
Dbntrh lf pjrtàgunjs lf Ghktjtjr jssbstãkgbj. 
lbfsfn gmfbh Qfifkfrjéçh kçh â phssàvfn.
J nuz lf ghktrhnf Á f` vfr`fnmh kh pjbkfn lf
bkstru`fkths. H dbntrh lf pjrtàgunjs lf lbfsfn jtbkibu h nb`btf
`êxb`h lf gjrij lf dunbif`. J phtãkgbj lh `hthr fstê
rfluzblj f kçh â phssàvfn djzfr j rfifkfrjéçh `jkujn.    <
Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
U hsth lf Wfrvbéh    :
   5
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj nb`pjr hu suastbtubr h dbntrh lf    1
   W
pjrtàgunjs lf lbfsfn b`flbjtj`fktf.    K
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 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:<1

Wbstf`j lf jr gh`prb`blh
Bklb
Bklbgjé
gjéöfs
öfs kkhh vbs
vbshr
hr Gj
Gjusj
usjs/p
s/phss
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ghksfq
sfquãk
uãkgb
gbjs
js f shnuéö
shnuéöfs
fs
^ J bklbgjéçh lf jlvfrtãkgbj C jgfklf f` vfr`fnmh kh
Urfss. rfsfrvj drfk. pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths.
gbrg. : `ubth ajbxj J prfssçh lf rfsfrvj kh gbrgubth lhs drfbhs
d rfbhs : ^ hu 1 [ 
(fxf`pnh) fstê `ubth ajbxj.
Wf j prfssçh lf rfsfrvj kh gbrgubth lhs drfbhs lf
jgu`unjlhrfs lf dhréj fnêstbgj f kh gbrgubth lhs drfbhs lh
   < rfahquf fstbvfr `ubth ajbxj, j bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr fxbaf h
   : sà`ahnh C.
   5
   1 Uhssàvfbs gjusjs3
   W
   K
   B • jr ggh`
h`prb
prb`b
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lh gghk
hksu`
su`blh
blh f` ffxgf
xgfss
ssh?
h?
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   l
  r • mê uu`
` vjzj`
vjzj`fkt
fkthh kh sbs
sbstf`
tf`jj lf jr ggh`pr
h`prb`b
b`blh.
lh.
  h
   a I J\FKÉÇH
  f
   l J sfiurjkéj hpfrjgbhkjn f lf gbrgunjéçh lh vfàgunh fstê
  r
   l
  h
  j
jdftjlj.
   t Mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktfs!
  u Ujrf b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh, jgbhkf h
  p
  ` drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth f lfbxf h `hthr dukgbhkjklh.
  h
   G H sbstf`j lf jr gh`prb`blh fkgmf.
Wf j bklbgjéçh lf jlvfrtãkgbj C jpjijr kh pjbkfn lf
bkstru`fkths, ghktbkuf j vbjif`.
Wf j bklbgjéçh lf jlvfrtãkgbj C kçh jpjijr kh pjbkfn lf
bkstru`fkths, vfrbdbquf j fstjkqufbljlf lh sbstf`j lf jr
(R pêibkj 94
gh`prb`blh lhs drfbhs (R 94).).

Wf
`jsh jsbstf`j lf jr
bklbgjéçh lf gh`prb`blh
jlvfrtãkgbj lhs
Cdrfbhs fstbvfr fstjkquf,
 kçh jpjijr, fkgj`bkmf
h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh
@frgflfs-Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h sbstf`j pkfu`êtbgh lhs drfbhs
 

Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh :<7

@hthr f sbstf`j lf rfdrbifrjéçh

Bklb
Bklbgj
gjéöf
éöfss kh vb
vbshr
shr Gjusjs
Gjusjs/p/phss
hssàv
àvfbs
fbs gghk
hksfq
sfquã
uãkg
kgbjs
bjs f sshnu
hnuéöf
éöfss
6 \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Ujrjr vfàgunh.
Urfssçh lh ÷nfh lh Lfsnbijr `hthr.
`hthr `ubth ajbxj. Jnâ` lj bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr, j nuz lf ghktrhnf 6 kj
êrfj lf fstjlh lh pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths jgfklf f`
vfr`fnmh phrquf j prfssçh lh ÷nfh kh `hthr fstê `ubth ajbxj
f j sfiurjkéj hpfrjgbhkjn lh `hthr fstê prfculbgjlj.
Ujrf b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh,
sfiu rh, lfsnbiuf h    <
`hthr, jgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth f vfrbdbquf h kàvfn lh    :
   5
(R pêibkj 121
÷nfh kh `hthr f jlbgbhkf ÷nfh (R 121).).    1
   W
Fktrf f` ghktjth gh` u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh    K
   B
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz.   h
   l
  r
8 \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Ujrjr vfàgunh.   h
Lfsnbijr `hthr.    a
\f`p. nàqublh   f
jrrfdfgb`fkth `ubth Jnâ` lj bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr, j nuz lf ghktrhnf 8     l
  r
jntj jgfklf f` vfr`fnmh kj êrfj lf fstjlh lh pjbkfn lf
bkstru`fkths.    l
  h
  j
   t
Ujrf b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh,
sfiu rh, lfsnbiuf h   u
  p
`hthr, jgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth f fspfrf j   `
tf`pfrjturj lh sbstf`j lf jrrfdfgb`fkth lh `hthr ajbxjr.   h
   G
, \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Jlbgbhkjr nàqublh lf
Kàvfn nàqublh jrrfdfgb`fkth. \f`pfrjturj lh nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth
jrrfdfgb`fkth `ubth b`prfgbsj.
ajbxh. Jnâ` lj bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr, j nuz lf ghktrhnf ¯ kj
êrfj lf fstjlh lh pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths jgfklf f` gbkzj f,
fkqujkth fstbvfr jgfsj, h bklbgjlhr lj tf`pfrjturj lh nàqublh
lf jrrfdfgb`fkth â b`prfgbsh.
H kàvfn lh nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth fstê, pfnh `fkhs, : nbtrh
jajbxh lh nb`btf `àkb`h f j sfiurjkéj hpfrjgbhkjn lh `hthr
fstê prfculbgjlj.
Ujrf b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh,
sfiu rh, lfsnbiuf h
`hthr, jgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth, jlbgbhkf nàqublh lf
jrrfdfgb`fkth (R(R pêibkj 1==
1==)) f fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u`
Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-
Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr j fstjkqufbljlf lh sbstf`j lf
jrrfdfgb`fkth lh `hthr.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:<<

Gjbxj lf `uljkéjs f f`arfjif`

Bklb
Bklbgjé
gjéöfs
öfs kkhh vbs
vbshr
hr Gj
Gjusj
usjs/p
s/phss
hssàv
àvfb
fbss ghk
ghksfq
sfquãk
uãkgb
gbjs
js f shnuéö
shnuéöfs
fs
Ý \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Ujrjr vfàgunh.
F`arfjif` Ghktjtjr jssbstãkgbj. 
ljkbdbgjlj
I J\FKÉÇH
Kçh â phssàvfn fkijtjr js `jrgmjs kj gjbxj lf `uljkéjs
phrquf, prhvjvfn`fktf, j prfssçh lf rfsfrvj kh gbrgubth lj
   <
   : gjbxj lf `uljkéjs/f`arfjif` â `ubth ajbxj.
   5
   1 Ujrf b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh f
   W
   K
   B
jgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth.
  h Wf j bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr fxbabr Urfss. rfs. gx. vfn./f`ar.
   l
  r `ubth ajbxj, lfbxf h `hthr dukgbhkjr jtâ quf mjcj prfssçh lf
  h
   a rfsfrvj sudbgbfktf kh gbrgubth lj gjbxj lf `uljkéjs/
  f f`arfjif`.
   l
  r J bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr Urfss. rfs. gx. vfn./f`ar. `ubth
   l
  h
  j
ajbxj jpjij.
   t
  u Lfsnbiuf f nbiuf h `hthr khvj`fktf jp÷s :5 sfiuklhs.
  p
  ` Wf j bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr dhr fxbablj khvj`fktf, j
  h f`arfjif` fstê ljkbdbgjlj.
   G
Ujrf h vfàgunh, fktrf f` ghktjth gh` u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu
Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz f jtbvf h sfrvbéh
lf rfsfrvj.
Wf kçh dhr phssàvfn jtbvjr h sfrvbéh lf rfsfrvj, fktrf f`
ghktjth gh` u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz.
Ó \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Ujrjr vfàgunh f` sfiurjkéj.
Wbstf`j lf W÷ â phssàvfn `uljr js `jrgmjs f` rfib`f lf `jrgmj lf
fkirfkjif` f`friãkgbj.
ljkbdbgjlh. I J\FKÉÇH
H sbstf`j lf fkirfkjif` lj gjbxj lf `uljkéjs jprfsfktj
u`j djnmj.
Ujrf b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh, jgbhkf h
drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth f fktrf f` ghktjth gh` u`
Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-
Afkz.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:<6

Drfbhs f sbstf`js lf ghkluéçh

Bklb
Bklbgj
gjéöf
éöfss kh vb
vbshr
shr Gjusjs
Gjusjs/p
/phss
hssàv
àvfbs
fbs gghk
hksfq
sfquã
uãkg
kgbjs
bjs f sshnu
hnuéöf
éöfss
¹ I J\FKÉÇH
H sbstf`j jssbstfktf lf drfkjif` jtbvh jnfrtj pjrj h rbsgh lf
ghnbsçh.
Mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktfs!
Lurjktf u`j jlvfrtãkgbj juth`êtbgj lf ghnbsçh, â
jashnutj`fktf kfgfssêrbh drfjr h vfàgunh gh` h drfbh lf    <
sfrvbéh sf3    :
   5
   1
• h gh
gh`put
`putjlhr
jlhr lf ah
ahrlh
rlh jprfsfk
jprfsfktjr
tjr j jl
jlvfrt
vfrtãkg
ãkgbj
bj ¹ kj    W
bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr f` vfr`fnmh?    K
   B
  h
• shj
shjrr u` sbk
sbkjn
jn llff jlv
jlvfrt
frtãkg
ãkgbj
bj bktf
bktfr`bt
r`btfkt
fktf.
f.    l
  r
Urfstf `ubtj jtfkéçh jh tráksbth f usf h drfbh ghktàkuh pjrj   h
   a
pjrjr h vfàgunh.   f
   l
! H drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth kçh fstê jgbhkjlh f j phrtj fstê   r
Uhrtj jafrtj. jafrtj.    l
  h
  j
Jgbhkjr drfbh lf Lfphbs lf lfsnbijr h `hthr, j gjbxj lf `uljkéjs
`ul jkéjs `ulj pjrj j    t
  u
fstjgbhkj`fkth. phsbéçh lf kfutrh juth`jtbgj`fktf.   p
  `
I J\FKÉÇH   h
   G
H vfàgunh fstjgbhkjlh phlf sf `hvfr jgblfktjn`fktf f
ghnhgjr vhgã f hutrjs pfsshjs f` rbsgh.
Mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktfs!
Jgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth.
! H drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth kçh fstê jgbhkjlh.
Jgbhkjr drfbh lf Thgã fstjgbhkhu h vfàgunh gh` u`j `jrgmj fkijtjlj, `js
fstjgbhkj`fkth. kçh jgbhkhu h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth. Lfphbs lf lfsnbijr h
`hthr, j gjbxj lf `uljkéjs `ulj pjrj j phsbéçh lf kfutrh
juth`jtbgj`fktf.
I J\FKÉÇH
H vfàgunh fstjgbhkjlh phlf sf `hvfr jgblfktjn`fktf f
ghnhgjr vhgã f hutrjs pfsshjs f` rbsgh.
Mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktfs!
Jgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:<4

Bklb
Bklbgjé
gjéöfs
öfs kkhh vbs
vbshr
hr Gj
Gjusj
usjs/p
s/phss
hssàv
àvfb
fbss ghk
ghksfq
sfquãk
uãkgb
gbjs
js f shnuéö
shnuéöfs
fs
! Tfàgunhs gh` `÷lunh fspfgbjn prhirj`êvfn phr pjrá`ftrhs
Jgbhkjr drfbh lf (UW@)3 H drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth kçh fstê jgbhkjlh.
fstjgbhkj`fkth. Thgã kçh jgbhkhu h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth jktfs lf nbijr j
th`jlj lf dhréj.
I J\FKÉÇH
H vfàgunh fstjgbhkjlh phlf sf `hvfr jgblfktjn`fktf f
ghnhgjr vhgã f hutrjs pfsshjs f` rbsgh.
   <
   : Mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktfs!
   5
   1 Jktfs lf nbijr j th`jlj lf dhréj, jgbhkf h drfbh lf
   W
   K fstjgbhkj`fkth,
   B
  h C \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Ujrjr vfàgunh.
   l
  r Dhréj drfk.
  h
Ghktjtjr jssbstãkgbj. 
   a ju`fktjlj, gursh
  f
   l pfljn prhnhki. J bklbgjéçh lf jlvfrtãkgbj C jgfklf f` vfr`fnmh kh
  r pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths f â phssàvfn quf j phtãkgbj lf
   l
  h
  j drfkjif` kçh fstfcj thtjn`fktf lbsphkàvfn.
   t
  u I J\FKÉÇH
  p
  `
  h H gh`phrtj`fkth lf ghkluéçh f lf drfkjif` `ulhu f j
   G sfiurjkéj hpfrjgbhkjn f lf gbrgunjéçh lh vfàgunh fstê
jdftjlj.
Mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktfs!
Ujrf h vfàgunh f` u` nuijr sfiurh, jgbhkf h drfbh lf
fstjgbhkj`fkth f fktrf f` ghktjth gh` u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh
hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz.
 Bklbgjéöfs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:<9

Wbstf`j fnâtrbgh
Bklb
Bklbgj
gjéöf
éöfss kh vb
vbshr
shr Gjusjs
Gjusjs/p
/phss
hssàv
àvfbs
fbs gghk
hksfq
sfquã
uãkg
kgbjs
bjs f sshnu
hnuéöf
éöfss
ª \fxth gh`pnf`fktjr ß3 Ujrjr vfàgunh f lfsnbijr `hthr. 
Wharftfksçh Ghktjtjr jssbstãkgbj. 

J tfksçh kjs ajtfrbjs fstê `ubth jntj.

I J\FKÉÇH
H gh`phrtj`fkth lf ghkluéçh phlf `uljr f jdftjr j    <
sfiurjkéj hpfrjgbhkjn f lf gbrgunjéçh lh vfàgunh.    :
   5
Mê h rbsgh lf jgblfktfs!    1
   W
Ujrf b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn sfiurh, lfsnbiuf j    K
   B
bikbéçh f fktrf f` ghktjth gh` u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth   h
   l
  r
lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz.
  h
   a
  f
   l
  r
   l
  h
  j
   t
  u
  p
  `
  h
   G
 

:<= Bklbgjéöfs lf ghktrhnf kj êrfj lf stjtus lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh

Bklbgjéöfs lf ghktrhnf kj êrfj lf stjtus lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh

Bklbgjéöfs lf sfiurjkéj b`phrtjktfs prbhrbljlf lj djnmj, lj jlvfrtãkgbj hu lj
bkdhr`jéçh lf dukgbhkj`fkth.
Jh bikhrjr js bklbgjéöfs lf jlvfrtãkgbj f
kh `hstrjlhr, â phssàvfn quf h `hthrbstj
kçh rfghkmféj js djnmjs f jvjrbjs lhs Bklbgjéöfs lf jlvfrtãkgbj f
gh`phkfktfs hu lhs sbstf`js. H lf ghktrhnf
gh`phrtj`fkth lf ghkluéçh f lf 4 Jbraji lh `hthrbstj
drfkjif`, af` gh`h j sfiurjkéj 9 Jlvfrtãkgbj lh gbkth lf
   < hpfrjgbhkjn f lf gbrgunjéçh lh sfu vfàgunh, sfiurjkéj
   :
   5 phlf` fstjr nb`btjljs. Lbrbcj-sf j u`
   1 Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh ¹ Djnmj rfnfvjktf rfnjgbhkjlj ås
   W
   K Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj f`bssöfs lf p÷s-trjtj`fkth
   B
  h vfrbdbgjéöfs f rfpjrhs kfgfssêrbhs. Wf`prf lhs ijsfs lf fsgjpf Anuf\fg® 
   l
  r hu j rfsfrvj lf JQNJ 71 fstê
  h
sbij js rfgh`fkljéöfs ljs bklbgjéöfs lf
   a jlvfrtãkgbj f kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr ajbxj.
  f lf ahrlh. 6 Urfssçh lh ÷nfh `ubth ajbxj
   l
  r (`hthr), ghksuntf j bklbgjéçh kh
   l
  h
  j
`hstrjlhr ghrrfsphklfktf.
   t Tbsçh ifrjn
  u < Kàvfn lh ÷nfh `ubth
`ubth aajbxh
jbxh
  p (R pêibkj =4
(`hthr) (R =4).).
  `
  h , Kàvfn lh nàqublh lf
   G
jrrfdfgb`fkth
jrrfdfgb`f kth `ubth ajbxh
(R pêibkj :74
:74).).
# Fstjlh lf gjrij lj ajtfrbj,
ghksuntf j bklbgjéçh kh
`hstrjlhr ghrrfsphklfktf.

ª ghrrfktf
Djnmj lj jnb`fktjéçh
jnb`fktjéç
(R h llff).
(R pêibkj :14
:14).
¯ Urjzh lf `jkutfkéçh, ghksuntf
j bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr
ghrrfsphklfktf.
Bklbgjéöfs lf jlvfrtãkgbj f lf ghktrhnf lh ¦ Kàvfn lh ÷nfh `ubth ajbxh
gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh (fxf`pnh) (lbrféçh mblrêunbgj), ghksuntf j
Kh gjsh lf djnmj, jlvfrtãkgbj hu bklbgjéçh kh `hstrjlhr
bkdhr`jéçh lf dukgbhkj`fkth, u`j ghrrfsphklfktf.
bklbgjéçh kj êrfj lf stjtus 7 lh ¬ Unjtjdhr`j lf gjrij, ghksuntf
gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh sfrê fxbablj
juth`jtbgj`fktf. J bklbgjéçh lf js bkstruéöfs lf ush f`
sfpjrjlh.
jlvfrtãkgbj f lf ghktrhnf jpjrfgfrê f` b \h`jlj lf dhréj
ghrfs lbdfrfktfs lf jghrlh gh` j
 

Bklbgjéöfs lf ghktrhnf kj êrfj lf stjtus lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh :<2

Bklbgjéöfs lf jlvfrtãkgbj f
lf ghktrhnf
y Djnmj lh drfbh juxbnbjr
(R pêibkj :24
:24))
È Drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth kjs
qujtrh rhljs
! Fqubpj`fkth JAW (! 
gh`pnf`fktjlh phr s,
r hu u pjrj vfàgunh    <
trjthr f/hu rfahquf/    :
   5
(R pêibkj :25
sf`brrfahquf) (R :25).).    1
   W
Ø Djnmj lh JAW lh rfahquf/    K
   B
(R pêibkj :25
sf`brrfahquf (R :25).).   h
   l
  r
ß Djnmj kh sbstf`j lf drfbhs lh   h
   a
rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf,   f
ghksuntf js bklbgjéöfs lf    l
  r
jlvfrtãkgbj f lf ghktrhnf
ghrrfsphklfktfs khs gjpàtunhs    l
  h
  j
   t
sfiubktfs.   u
  p
# Lfsijstf ljs pjstbnmjs lhs   `
  h
drfbhs (vfàgunh trjthr    G
(R pêibkj :15
:15)) gh`pnf`fktjlh
phr r rfahquf/
sf`brrfahquf (R (R pêibkj :7=
:7=))))
¯ Bktfrvfkéçh lj rfiunjif` lh
FWU kh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf
 Bklbgjéöfs lf ghktrhnf kj êrfj lf stjtus lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 

:65

Bklbgjéçh lf jlvfrtãkgbj/ghktrhnf j`jrfnj

Urhanf`j Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs
I Ufrbih lf jgblfktf
Mê u`j djnmj kh sbstf`j lh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf. H
J nuz lf ghktrhnf ß 
gh`phrtj`fkth lf ghkluéçh f lf drfkjif` phlf `uljr. Wbij
jgfklf
kj êrfj f` j`jrfnhlh
lf fstjlh js bkstruéöfs lf ush lh djarbgjktf lh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf
rfahquf/sf`brrfahqu f
f` sfpjrjlh.
gh`putjlhr lf
   < Ghktbkuf j vbjif` gh` gubljlh f fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u`
   : ahrlh.
   5 Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-
   1
   W Afkz pjrj vfrbdbgjr h sbstf`j lf drfbhs.
   K
   B
  h
   l
  r
  h
Bklbgjéçh lf jlvfrtãkgbj/ghktrhnf vfr`fnmj
   a
  f Urhanf`j Gjusjs/phssàvfbs ghksfquãkgbjs f shnuéöfs
   l
  r
   l
  h
  j I Ufrbih lf jgblfktf
   t Mê u`j djnmj kh sbstf`j lf drfbhs lh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf
  u J nuz lf ghktrhnf ß 
  p hu h rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf dhb drfjlh juth`jtbgj`fktf. H
  ` jgfklf f` vfr`fnmh
  h gh`phrtj`fkth lf ghkluéçh f lf drfkjif` phlf `uljr.Wbij
   G
kj êrfj lf fstjlh lh
js bkstruéöfs lf ush lh djarbgjktf lh rfahquf/sf`brrfahquf
rfahquf/sf`brrfahqu f
gh`putjlhr lf
f` sfpjrjlh.
ahrlh.
Drfbf h vfàgunh gh` gubljlh f pjrf f` u` nuijr sfiurh,
jgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth f fktrf f` ghktjth gh` u`
u`
Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-
Afkz.
 

  :6:

Bnu`bkjéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :61
Wbstf`j nb`pjlhr lh pjrj-arbsj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :64
Auzbkj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :6=
Ghktrhnf lf
lf gnb`jtbzj
gnb`jtbzjéçh éçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :62
Ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh
vfàgunh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :41

Drfbhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :97
@uljkéjs lf lf `jrgmjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :=<
Hpfrjéçh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :=9
Wbstf`js lf ghkluéç
ghkluéçhh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :27
  s
Bkdhr`jéöfs ótfbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :22   f
   m
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  `
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  h
   G
 

:61 Bnu`bkjéçh

Bnu`bkjéçh
gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh fxbaf j bklbgjéçh
Bktfrrupthr ifrjn lf nuzfs lf jlvfrtãkgbj < (bnu`bkjéçh
fxtfrkj nbijlj).
b Wf h vfàgunh dhr utbnbzjlh f` pjàsfs gh`
`çh lf lbrféçh lbdfrfktf ljqufnj hklf
hprhvhgjr
vfàgunh hdusgj`fkth
dhb rfibstrjlh,khs
mê hvfàgunhs
rbsgh lf
trjksbtjklh f` sfktblh ghktrêrbh lfvblh
jhs djr÷bs lf nuz ajbxj jssb`âtrbghs. 
Ujrj vbjifks kfstfs pjàsfs, ghksuntf j
  s nfibsnjéçh nhgjn.
  f
   m
   n
  j
   t
: Nuzfs lfsnbijljs Bnu`bkjéçh lburkj
  f
   l
  1 Nuzfs lf phsbéçh, nuzfs lf b Kh Arjsbn ghkdhr`f nfb :7.125/15:4 â
  ` lfnb`btjéçh f bnu`bkjéçh lh pjbkfn harbijt÷rbh h ush lf bnu`bkjéçh lburkj
  f
  s lf bkstru`fkths f` rhlhvbjs. 
  f
   n
  h
  r 7 Nuzfs lf phsbéçh, nuzfs lf
   t lfnb`btjéçh, bnu`bkjéçh lh pjbkfn F` vfàgunhs quf kçh lbspöf lf sbstf`j
  k
  h lf bkstru`fkths f djr÷bs prbkgbpjbs lf bnu`bkjéçh lburkj, h djrhn ajbxh
   G
lfvfrê sfr jgbhkjlh. 
] Jgbhkf h bktfrrupthr ifrjn lf nuzfs kj
phsbéçh 1.  Ujrj hs lf`jbs pjàsfs lfvf-sf vfrbdbgjr
Js nuzfs lf phsbéçh, js nuzfs lf j nfibsnjéçh nhgjn.
lfnb`btjéçh f j bnu`bkjéçh lh pjbkfn
jgfklf`-sf. Djr÷bs lf kfanbkj
] Jgbhkf h bktfrrupthr ifrjn lf nuzfs kj
 
phsbéçh
Js nuzfs 7lf. phsbéçh, js nuzfs lf
lfnb`btjéçh, j bnu`bkjéçh lh pjbkfn f hs
djr÷bs prbkgbpjbs jgfklf`-sf. 
J gh`utjéçh lf nuz jntj f nuz ajbxj lhs
djr÷bs â dfbtj phr `fbh lh bktfrrupthr
gh`abkjlh, lbsphsth kj ghnukj lf
lbrféçh.
Bktfrrupthr lhs djr÷bs lf kfanbkj
b Wf jarbr j phrtj gh` j bnu`bkjéçh
fxtfrkj nbijlj f j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr ] Jgbhkf h bktfrrupthr ifrjn lf nuzfs kj
lj ghnukj lj lbrféçh kj phsbéçh phsbéçh 1 hu 7.
lfsnbijlj hu rf`hvblj, j gbijrrj lf ] Jgbhkf j pjrtf supfrbhr lh bktfrrupthr
jnjr`f shj f h `hstrjlhr lh pjrj nbijr hs djr÷bs lf kfanbkj.
 

Bnu`bkjéçh :67

] Jgbhkf j pjrtf bkdfrbhr lh bktfrrupthr 1 Nuz lf ghrtfsbj

pjrj lfsnbijr hs djr÷bs lf kfanbkj.
J bnu`bkjéçh â gh`jkljlj pfnh
Bnu`bkjéçh bktfrkj bktfrrupthr lbsphsth kh pjbkfn lf
bkstru`fkths.
7 Nbijlh
J njktfrkj dbgj jgfsj,
bklfpfklfktf`fktf lj phsbéçh lf
jgbhkj`fkth lh bktfrrupthr
lbsphsth kh pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths.

  s
  f
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  f
   l
 
  `
  f
  s
  f
   n
  h
  r
: Lbsphsbéçh ljs njktfrkjs lf    t
  k
bnu`bkjéçh bktfrkj   h
   G
Njktfrkj lf bnu`bkjéçh bktfrkj gfktrjn
: Nuz lf ghrtfsbj
J bnu`bkjéçh â gh`jkljlj pfnh
bktfrrupthr lbsphsth kh pjbkfn lf
bkstru`fkths
1 Nbijlh
J njktfrkj dbgj jgfsj,
bklfpfklfktf`fktf lj phsbéçh lf
jgbhkj`fkth lh bktfrrupthr
Njktfrkjs lf bnu`bkjéçh bktfrkj lbrfbtj f lbsphsth kh pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths.
fsqufrlj
: Lfsnbijlh
J njktfrkj pfr`jkfgf jpjijlj,
bklfpfklfktf`fktf lj phsbéçh lf
jgbhkj`fkth lh bktfrrupthr lj
bnu`bkjéçh bktfrkj kh pjbkfn lf
bkstru`fkths.
 

:6< Bnu`bkjéçh

Bktfrrupthr lf gh`jklh lj bnu`bkjéçh Bnu`bkjéçh lh nfbth

bktfrkj

  s : Lfsnbijlh
  f
   m
   n
  j
   t
J bnu`bkjéçh bktfrkj â gh`jkljlj
  f sh`fktf pfnh bktfrrupthr bktfirjlh
   l
 
  ` kjs njktfrkjs.
  f
  s 1 Nbijlh Njktfrkj lf bnu`bkjéçh lh nfbth (fxf`pnh)
  f
   n
  h
  r Js njktfrkjs lf bnu`bkjéçh bktfrkj H vfàgunh lbspöf lf lujs njktfrkjs lf
   t pfr`jkfgf` jgfsjs gh` js phrtjs
  k bnu`bkjéçh kj êrfj lh nfbth, lbsphstjs
  h jafrtjs hu dfgmjljs.
   G rfspfgtbvj`fktf khs njlhs fsqufrlh f
7 Nbijlh (nuz lf ghrtfsbj) lbrfbth. H bktfrrupthr lj bnu`bkjéçh lh nfbth
â bktfirjlh kjs rfspfgtbvjs njktfrkjs.
Js njktfrkjs lf bnu`bkjéçh bktfrkj
jgfklf`-sf jh jarbr u`j hu j`ajs Bnu`bkjéçh lhs lfirjus
js phrtjs.
Js njktfrkjs lf bnu`bkjéçh lhs lfirjus
Ujrj gh`jkljr j bnu`bkjéçh bktfrkj phr jgfklf`-sf jh jarbr js phrtjs.
`fbh lh bktfrrupthr lbsphsth kh pjbkfn lf
bkstru`fkths3
] Jgbhkf prfvbj`fktf h bktfrrupthr
bktfirjlh kjs njktfrkjs pjrj j phsbéçh
lf nuz lf ghrtfsbj.
 Bnu`bkjéçh
 

:66

Nuzfs bklbgjlhrjs lf lbrféçh Nuzfs lf jlvfrtãkgbj (pbsgj-jnfrtj)

IJ\FKÉÇH
Js nuzfs lf jlvfrtãkgbj (pbsgj-jnfrtj)
lfvf` sfr jgbhkjljs sh`fktf f`
sbtujéöfs lf f`friãkgbj, pjrj jnfrtjr hs
hutrhs `hthrbstjs.
Kçh trjdfiuf gh` js nuzfs lf
jlvfrtãkgbj (pbsgj-jnfrtj) nbijljs.

Bktfrrupthr gh`abkjlh   s

  f
   m
   n
: Nuzfs bklbgjlhrjs lf lbrféçh å   j
   t
lbrfbtj   f
   l
 
1 Auzbkj   `
  f
7 Nuzfs bklbgjlhrjs lf lbrféçh å   s
  f
fsqufrlj    n
  h
  r
   t
  k
  h
Wf h bktfrrupthr gh`abkjlh dhr jgbhkjlh    G
pjrgbjn`fktf pjrj js phsbéöfs : hu 7
jtâ h phkth lf rfsbstãkgbj, js nuzfs Bktfrrupthr ljs nuzfs lf jlvfrtãkgbj
bklbgjlhrjs lf lbrféçh å lbrfbtj hu å
fsqufrlj pbsgj` sh`fktf jtâ quf sf shntf Nbijr js nuzfs lf jlvfrtãkgbj
j jnjvjkgj. ] Urfssbhkf j pjrtf supfrbhr lh
Wf h bktfrrupthr gh`abkjlh dhr jgbhkjlh bktfrrupthr. 
jnâ` lh phkth lf rfsbstãkgbj, fnf dbgjrê J nuz bktfirjlj kh bktfrrupthr pbsgj
sb`untjkfj`fktf gh` j nuz bklbgjlhrj
rftblh
js kjsbklbgjlhrjs
nuzfs phsbéöfs :lf hu 7. Ujrj
lbrféçh, lfsnbijr
rfthrkf j ljs nuzfs bklbgjlhrjs lf lbrféçh.
jnjvjkgj pjrj j phsbéçh bktfr`flbêrbj Lfsnbijr js nuzfs lf jlvfrtãkgbj
(lfsnbijlh).
] Urfssbhkf j pjrtf bkdfrbhr lh bktfrrupthr.
b Jp÷s fdftujr j `jkharj, j jnjvjkgj lh
bktfrrupthr gh`abkjlh rfthrkj
juth`jtbgj`fktf pjrj j phsbéçh
lfsnbijlj, jrrjstjlj pfnh `hvb`fkth lh
vhnjktf lj lbrféçh.
 

:64 Wbstf`j nb`pjlhr lh pjrj-arbsj

Wbstf`j nb`pjlhr lh pjrj-arbsj

sfiuklhs. H bktfrvjnh lf pjusj phlf sfr
Nb`pjlhr lh pjrj-arbsj jcustjlh nbvrf`fktf fktrf lhbs f vbktf
H nb`pjlhr lh pjrj-arbsj â jgbhkjlh phr sfiuklhs.
`fbh lh bktfrrupthr gh`abkjlh lbsphsth kh ] Ibrf h ahtçh ibrjt÷rbh kj fxtrf`bljlf lj
njlh fsqufrlh lj ghnukj lf lbrféçh. jnjvjkgj lh bktfrrupthr gh`abkjlh pjrj
Tfrbdbquf f` bktfrvjnhs rfiunjrfs sf js j phsbéçh ©
bktfr`btfktf).   (vjrrflurj
pjnmftjs lh nb`pjlhr fstçh nb`pjs f sf kçh
fstçh ljkbdbgjljs. H nb`pjlhr lh pjrj-arbsj dukgbhkj lf
dhr`j bktfr`btfktf, gh` u` bktfrvjnh
lf pjusj lf jprhxb`jlj`fktf gbkgh
  s sfiuklhs fktrf gjlj vjrrflurj.
  f
   m
   n Ujrj `uljr h bktfrvjnh lf pjusj lh
  j
   t
  f nb`pjlhr lh pjrj-arbsj kh `hlh lf
   l
  vjrrflurj bktfr`btfktf3
  `
  f ] Ibrf h bktfrrupthr pjrj j phsbéçh © 
  s
  f
   n
  h
  r (vjrrflurj bktfr`btfktf) f fspfrf pfnj
prb`fbrj vjrrflurj.
   t
  k
  h ] Jssb` quf j prb`fbrj vjrrflurj dhr
   G
: Nbijr h nb`pjlhr lh pjrj-arbsj fdftujlj, ibrf h ahtçh lf vhntj pjrj j
phsbéçh à (lfsnbijlh) f `jktfkmj-h
à lfsnbijlh kfstj phsbéçh phr u` tf`ph biujn jh
© vjrrflurj bktfr`btfktf bktfrvjnh lf pjusj lfsfcjlh, fktrf lhbs
f vbktf sfiuklhs.
B vjrrflurj nfktj
] Ibrf khvj`fktf h bktfrrupthr pjrj j
BB vjrrflurj rêpblj phsbéçh © (vjrrflurj bktfr`btfktf). 
H bktfrvjnh lf tf`ph quf h ahtçh
Nbijr h nb`pjlhr lh pjrj-arbsj ibrjt÷rbh dhb `jktblh lfsnbijlh â
] Ibrf h bktfrrupthr pjrj j phsbéçh jr`jzfkjlh gh`h bktfrvjnh lf pjusj
lfsfcjlj, ghkdhr`f j bktfksbljlf lj lh tf`phrbzjlhr. 
gmuvj. Wf h ahtçh ibrjt÷rbh dhr `jktblh kj
phsbéçh à (lfsnbijlh) phr `jbs lf
Lfsnbijr h nb`pjlhr lh pjrj-arbsj vbktf sfiuklhs, hu sf j gmjvf kh
bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj lbrféçh dhr
] Ibrf h bktfrrupthr pjrj j phsbéçh à 
ibrjlj pjrj j phsbéçh lfsnbijlj, h
(lfsnbijlh).
bktfrvjnh lf pjusj lh tf`phrbzjlhr
sfrê juth`jtbgj`fktf rfjcustjlh pjrj
Tjrrflurj bktfr`btfktf (tf`phrbzjlhr)
gbkgh sfiuklhs.
H bktfrvjnh aêsbgh lf pjusj lh nb`pjlhr lh
pjrj-arbsj kh `hlh lf vjrrflurj
bktfr`btfktf â lf jprhxb`jlj`fktf gbkgh
 

Wbstf`j nb`pjlhr lh pjrj-arbsj :69

Njvjlhr lh pjrj-arbsj

: Jgbhkj`fkth lh njvjlhr lh pjrj-   s

  f
arbsj    m
   n
  j
   t
  f
 Jgbhkj`fkth lh njvjlhr
njvjlhr lh pjrj-arbsj    l
 
  `
] Jgbhkf jxbjn`fktf h ahtçh ibrjt÷rbh kj   f
  s
  f
fxtrf`bljlf
gh`abkjlh jtâ ljhjnjvjkgj
ajtfktf lh
f`bktfrrupthr
lbrféçh å    n
  h
  r
   t
ghnukj lf lbrféçh f sfiurf-h kfstj   k
  h
phsbéçh.     G
H nàqublh lf njvjr â fsiubgmjlh sharf h
pjrj-arbsj, f js pjnmftjs lh nb`pjlhr
fdftuj` j vjrrflurj fkqujkth h
bktfrrupthr dhr `jktblh jgbhkjlh.
 

:6= Auzbkj

Auzbkj
• Ujr
Ujrjj jgbh
jgbhkjr
kjr j auzb
auzbkj
kj ppkf
kfu`ê
u`êtb
tbgj,
gj, h
bktfrrupthr gh`utjlhr ljs auzbkjs lfvf
fstjr kj phsbéçh jgbhkjlh.
] Urfssbhkf j pjrtf supfrbhr lh
bktfrrupthr gh`utjlhr ljs auzbkjs.
b F` pfrà`ftrhs urajkhs, utbnbzf sh`fktf
j auzbkj fnâtrbgj.
b Jgbhkf j auzbkj sh`fktf qujklh dhr
fstrbtj`fktf kfgfssêrbh pjrj jnfrtjr
  s hutrhs `hthrbstjs hu pflfstrfs. H
  f Bktfrrupthr gh`abkjlh jgbhkj`fkth lfskfgfssêrbh f/hu
   m
   n
  j
   t
prhnhkijlh lj auzbkj ghkstbtub-sf f`
  f : Bktfrrupthr lj auzbkj
   l u`j bkdrjéçh jh g÷lbih lf tráksbth f
 
  ` sucfbtj h bkdrjthr ås sjkéöfs prfvbstjs
  f kj nfibsnjéçh.
  s
  f
   n
  h
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   t
  k
  h
   G

Bktfrrupthr gh`utjlhr ljs auzbkjs

(fxfguéçh fspfgbjn pjrj vfàgunhs gh` auzbkj
pkfu`êtbgj)
H jgbhkj`fkth lj auzbkj fnâtrbgj hu
pkfu`êtbgj (fxfguéçh fspfgbjn) â fdftujlh
phr `fbh lh bktfrrupthr lj auzbkj, lbsphsth
kj fxtrf`bljlf lj jnjvjkgj lh bktfrrupthr
gh`abkjlh, lbsphsth kh njlh fsqufrlh lj
ghnukj lf lbrféçh.
• Ujr
Ujrjj jgbh
jgbhkjr
kjr j auzb
auzbkj
kj fnâ
fnâtr
trbg
bgj,
j, h
bktfrrupthr gh`utjlhr ljs auzbkjs lfvf
fstjr kj phsbéçh kçh jgbhkjlh.
] Urfssbhkf j pjrtf bkdfrbhr lh
bktfrrupthr gh`utjlhr ljs auzbkjs.
 

Ghktrhnf lf gnb`jtbzjéçh :62

Ghktrhnf lf gnb`jtbzjéçh

  s
  f
   m
   n
  j
   t
  f
   l
 
  `
  f
: Wjàljs lf vfktbnjéçh supfrbhrfs (lfsf`ajéjlhr lh pjrj-arbsj)   s
  f
1 Wjàljs lf vfktbnjéçh pjrj hs vblrhs ljs phrtjs    n
  h
  r
   t
7 Lbdushrfs lf vfktbnjéçh njtfrjbs (pjbkfn ljs phrtjs)   k
  h
< Lbdushrfs lf vfktbnjéçh gfktrjbs    G

6 Wjàljs lf vfktbnjéçh bkdfrbhrfs

4 Ujbkfn lf ghktrhnf lj vfktbnjéçh f jqufgb`fkth
 

:45 Ghktrhnf lf gnb`jtbzjéçh

Tfktbnjéçh f jqufgb`fkth Ghktrhnf lf lbstrbaubéçh lf jr

: Tfktbnjéçh gfktrjn - dnuxh lf jr pjrj

  s Ujbkfn lf ghktrhnf lj gnb`jtbzjéçh hs lbdushrfs gfktrjbs (pjbkfn lf
  f
   m
   n bkstru`fkths) f njtfrjbs (phrtjs)
  j
   t
: Bktfrrupthr lh vfktbnjlhr
  f 1 Tfktbnjéçh bkdfrbhr - dnuxh lf jr pjrj
   l
  1 Ghktrhnf lh jqufgflhr
  ` js jafrturjs lf vfktbnjéçh
  f 7 Ghktrhnf lj lbstrbaubéçh lf jr bkdfrbhrfs (êrfj lhs pâs)
  s
  f
   n
  h
  r Ghktrhnf lj vfktbnjéçh 7 Tfktbnjéçh supfrbhr f bkdfrbhr - dnuxh
lf jr pjrj js jafrturjs lf
   t
  k
  h vfktbnjéçh supfrbhrfs (pjrj-arbsj) f
   G
bkdfrbhrfs (êrfj lhs pâs)
< Tfktbnjéçh njtfrjn - dnuxh lf jr pjrj
js jafrturjs lf vfktbnjéçh kjs
phrtjs (lfsf`ajéjlhr lhs vblrhs
njtfrjbs)

Ghktrhnf lh jqufgflhr

Bktfrrupthr lh vfktbnjlhr
5 Lfsnbijlh
: Tfktbnjéçh ajbxj
1 Tfktbnjéçh `âlbj
7 Tfktbnjéçh jntj

: Jqufgflhr lfsnbijlh (ahtçh lf

ghktrhnf
fsqufrlj)thtjn`fktf ibrjlh pjrj j
 

Ghktrhnf lf gnb`jtbzjéçh :4:

1 Uhtãkgbj lf jqufgb`fkth `êxb`j  Jqufgb`fkth

(ahtçh lf ghktrhnf thtjn`fktf
ibrjlh pjrj j lbrfbtj)

I
Jgbhkf h sfnfthr lf tf`pfrjturj pfnh
`fkhs u`j hu lujs vfzfs phr `ãs pjrj
jssfiurjr quf h sbstf`j ghktbkuf
hpfrjklh lf dhr`j ghkdbêvfn.

Fxf`pnhs lf rfiunjifks lj gnb`j- ] Uhsbgbhkf hs ahtöfs lf ghktrhnf lf   s

tbzjéçh gnb`jtbzjéçh ghkdhr`f bklbgjlh kj   f
   m
   n
Lfsf`ajéjr h pjrj-arbsj dbiurj.   j
   t
  f
] Jlbgbhkjn`fktf, jarj hs lbdushrfs lf    l
 
vfktbnjéçh gfktrjbs lbsphsths kh pjbkfn   `
  f
lf bkstru`fkths f kjs phrtjs.   s
  f
Tfktbnjéçh    n
  h
  r
   t
  k
  h
   G

] Uhsbgbhkf hs ahtöfs lf ghktrhnf lf

gnb`jtbzjéçh ghkdhr`f bklbgjlh kj
dbiurj.
] Jlbgbhkjn`fktf, dfgmf hs lbdushrfs lf
gfktrjbs lf vfktbnjéçh.
J phtãkgbj lf jqufgb`fkth `êxb`j s÷ â
phssàvfn gh` h `hthr kj tf`pfrjturj
khr`jn lf dukgbhkj`fkth.
] Uhsbgbhkf hs ahtöfs lf ghktrhnf lf
gnb`jtbzjéçh ghkdhr`f bklbgjlh kj
dbiurj.
] Jlbgbhkjn`fktf, jarj j fsghtbnmj kh tfth
f hs lbdushrfs lf vfktbnjéçh gfktrjbs
lbsphsths kh pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths f
kjs phrtjs.
 

:41 Ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh

Ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh
• Gfr
Gfrtb
tbdbq
dbquf-
uf-sf
sf llff qu
quff h pj
pjrj
rj-ar
-arbs
bsjj f hs
Urfpjrjtbvhs pjrj u`j vbjif` fspfnmhs rftrhvbshrfs fstçh
Fxj`f vbsujn lj pjrtf fxtfrkj lh vfà- jlfqujlj`fktf nb`phs pjrj jssfiurjr
gunh u`j ahj vbsbabnbljlf.
Tfrbdbquf gh` jtfkéçh hs sfiubktfs • Gh`
Gh`prh
prhvf
vf h duk
dukgb
gbhk
hkj`f
j`fkt
kthh lh
gh`phkfktfs kh vfàgunh-trjthr f kh nb`pjlhr lh pjrj-arbsj
jajstfgb`fkth fh
lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh lh
rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf3
njvjlhr lh pjrj-arbsj.
• Lrf
Lrfkf
kf j êêiuj
iuj jjgu
gu`un
`unjlj
jlj kh pprâ-
râ-dbn
dbntrtrhh lf
gh`austàvfn((; pêibkj 14<).
gh`austàvfn 14<). Tfrbdbgjéöfs kh bktfrbhr lh vfàgunh
  s • Gfr
Gfrtb
tbdbdbquf
quf-s
-sff lf quf
quf j pnj
pnjgj
gj llff nbnbgfk
gfkéjéj,,
  f
   m
   n hs djr÷bs, js njktfrkjs f hs rfdnfthrfs Fqubpj`fkth lf f`friãkgbj
  j
   t fstçh nb`phs f kçh jprfsfktj` ljkhs.
  f ] Tfrbdbquf sf h fqubpj`fkth lf
   l
  Gh`prhvf h dukgbhkj`fkth lhs djr÷bs f f`friãkgbj (trbákiunh lf jlvfrtãkgbj,
  ` ljs njktfrkjs lf nuz lf drfbh, ljs nuzfs fxtbkthr lf bkgãklbh f hutrhs
  f
  s lf phsbéçh f lf lfnb`btjéçh, ljs nuzfs fqubpj`fkths fvfktujn`fktf fxbiblhs
  f
   n
  h
  r bklbgjlhrjs
`jrgmj j râ.lf lbrféçh f lj nuz lf pfnj nfibsnjéçh nhgjn) fstê jgfssàvfn,
   t gh`pnfth f prhkth pjrj h ush.  
  k
  h • Tfr
Tfrbdbdbqu
bquff h dbdbr`
r`ff jp
jpfr
frth
th lljs
js pphr
hrgj
gjss lf H fxtbkthr lfvf sfr rfgjrrfijlh hu
   G
dbxjéçh ljs rhljs, j bkdnjéçh f js suastbtuàlh jp÷s tfr sblh utbnbzjlh hu,
ghklbéöfs ifrjbs lhs pkfus. f` ifrjn, j gjlj u` jkh (vfrbdbquf h
prjzh lf vjnbljlf kj ftbquftj ghnjlj kh
• Tfr
Tfrbdb
bdbquf
quf hs jjir
irfi
fijlh
jlhss f sb
sbst
stf`
f`js
js llhh
fqubpj`fkth).
vfàgunh qujkth j fvfktujbs vjzj`fkths
(êiuj, ÷nfh, dnublhs f gh`austàvfn).
Tfrbdbgjr j bnu`bkjéçh lh vfàgunh, js
Zujnqufr vjzj`fkth lfvf sfr
nuzfs bklbgjlhrjs lf lbrféçh f j nuz lf
b`flbjtj`fktf rfpjrjlh.
drfbh
• Gfr
Gfrtb
tbdbdbquf
quf-s
-sff lf quf
quf j gjr
gjrij
ij ffst
stfcj
fcj ] Ibrf j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj
ghrrftj`fktf lbstrbauàlj f
lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lf `jrgmj.
ghkvfkbfktf`fktf dbxjlj.
] Gh` juxànbh lf hutrj pfsshj, vfrbdbquf h
• Gfr
Gfrtb
tbdbq
dbquf
uf-s
-sff lf quf h rfah
rfahquf
quf hu
dukgbhkj`fkth ljs nuzfs lf phsbéçh f
sf`brrfahquf fstfcj ghrrftj`fktf
lf lfnb`btjéçh, ljs nuzfs bklbgjlhrjs
jghpnjlh f sfiurh. 
lf lbrféçh, lj nuz lf drfbh f lj nuz lf
Hasfrvf js bkstruéöfs lh djarbgjktf
`jrgmj j râ.
pjrj lftjnmfs jlbgbhkjbs.
] Wuastbtuj js ná`pjljs hu dusàvfbs
• Gfr
Gfrtb
tbdbdbquf
quf-s
-sff lf quf hs ggjah
jahss fnâ
fnâtr
trbg
bghs
hs
lfdfbtuhshs.
f j tuaunjéçh lf jr gh`prb`blh pjrj h
rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf fstçh
ghrrftj`fktf ghkfgtjlhs.
 

Ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh :47

Gh`prhvjéçh lh jajstfgb`fkth lf vfàgunh lfbxj lf jtfklfr ås fxbiãkgbjs

gh`austàvfn lbfsfn f lf JQNJ 71 lf prhtféçh jh `fbh j`abfktf f sucfbtj
] Ibrf j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj
lj h bkdrjthr j `untjs f hutrjs sjkéöfs
lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lf `jrgmj. prfvbstjs kj nfibsnjéçh.
] Hasfrvf, kh bkstru`fkth lh pjbkfn, j Jktfs lf bkbgbjr u`j chrkjlj
bklbgjéçh lh kàvfn lf gh`austàvfn lbfsfn
f, sf kfgfssêrbh,lfprhvblfkgbf
jajstfgb`fkth gh`austàvfnh Ujrtblj lh `hthr
9<). 
(; pêibkj 9<).
H vhnu`f lf gh`austàvfn ghktblh kh
rfsfrvjt÷rbh phlf sfr ghksuntjlh
tj`aâ` kh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh lh   s
vfàgunh.    f
   m
   n
Whnbgbtjéçh lf bkdhr`jéöfs kh   j
   t
gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh (; pêibkj =9).
=9).   f
   l
 
  `
I   f
  s
  f
Vtbnbzf sh`fktffgh`austàvfbs
rfgh`fkljlhs lf qujnbljlflbfsfn
: Bksfrbr / rf`hvfr j gmjvf kh    n
  h
  r
bktfrrupthr    t
  k
gh`prhvjlj (; pêibkj 116).
116).   h
1 Uhsbéçh lf `jrgmj    G

] Hasfrvf, kh bkstru`fkth lh pjbkfn, j 7 Uhsbéçh lf pjrtblj lh `hthr

bklbgjéçh lh kàvfn lf JQNJ 71 f, sf
kfgfssêrbh, prhvblfkgbf h ] Ibrf j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj
jajstfgb`fkth lf JQNJ 71 lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lf `jrgmj. 
9<). 
(; pêibkj 9<). H gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh lh vfàgunh
H vhnu`f lf JQNJ 71 ghktblh kh fdftuj j vfrbdbgjéçh lf ghktrhnf lh
rfsfrvjt÷rbh phlf sfr ghksuntjlh pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths f, f` sfiublj, h
tj`aâ` kh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh lh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr
fxbaf j bklbgjéçh aêsbgj. lf ahrlh
vfàgunh. 
Whnbgbtjéçh lf bkdhr`jéöfs kh ] Uhsbgbhkf j jnjvjkgj lj gjbxj lf
gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh (; pêibkj ==).
==). `uljkéjs f` phkth-`hrth. 
H `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
I fxbaf j bklbgjéçh K (kfutrh).
Zujklh h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71 fstê
] Lfsfkijtf j th`jlj lf dhréj. J
vjzbh, h `hthr dukgbhkj gh` nb`btjéçh
bklbgjéçh lf th`jlj lf dhréj kh
lf thrquf.
`hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
lfvf dbgjr jpjijlj.
b H dukgbhkj`fkth lh `hthr sf`
JQNJ 71 fnfvj ghksblfrjvfn`fktf hs
àklbgfs lf f`bssöfs ijshsjs f lf
`jtfrbjbs pjrtbgunjlhs. Lfstj dhr`j, h

:4< Ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh
b Tfàgunhs gh` sbstf`j juxbnbjr lf
pjrtblj (Dnj``stjrt)3
] Fspfrf j nuz bklbgjlhrj % (sbstf`j
Dnj``stjrt) jpjijr.
] Ibrf j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj
lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lf pjrtblj, sf`
jgbhkjr h pfljn
f`arfjif`.   lh jgfnfrjlhr hu lj
J bklbgjéçh GHLF hu @Q  sfrê
 sfrê fxbablj kh
`hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh lh
vfàgunh sf vhgã tfktjr jgbhkjr j pjrtblj
  s
  f lh `hthr sf` jiujrljr u` tf`ph lf
   m
   n
  j
   t fspfrj lf lhbs sfiuklhs, hu sf vhgã
  f utbnbzjr u`j gmjvf bkvênblj (sf
   l
  ` kfgfssêrbh, utbnbzf u`j gmjvf lf
  f rfsfrvj vênblj).
  s ] Ibrf j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj
  f
   n
  h
  r ] Whntf j gmjvf jssb` quf h `hthr
   t gh`féjr j dukgbhkjr. 
  k J pjrtblj lh `hthr phlf sfr jgbhkjlj3
  h J rhtjéçh lf `jrgmj nfktj sf jcustj
   G • jp÷jp÷ss u`
juth`jtbgj`fktf.
Wf h `hthr kçh gh`féjr j dukgbhkjr f`, kh
`êxb`h, vbktf sfiuklhs, bktfrrh`pj h
jgbhkj`fkth lj pjrtblj f jiujrlf gfrgj lf
u` `bkuth jktfs lf u`j khvj tfktjtbvj lf
djzfr dukgbhkjr h `hthr.
] Ibrf j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj
lbrféçh lf vhntj pjrj j phsbéçh
lfsnbijlj jktfs lf u`j khvj tfktjtbvj
lf jgbhkjr j pjrtblj lh `hthr.
] Lfphbs lf trãs tfktjtbvjs lf djzfr
dukgbhkjr h `hthr, jiujrlf gfrgj lf
trãs `bkuths jktfs lf u`j khvj
tfktjtbvj.
I
Wf, gh` h `hthr dukgbhkjklh, h
`hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
fxbabr j bklbgjéçh ¨ (ajbxj prfssçh
lf ÷nfh), j gbijrrj lf jnjr`f shjr f j nuz
W\HU jgfklfr, bsth â bklbgjéçh lf quf j
prfssçh lf ÷nfh lh `hthr fstê `ubth
ajbxj. Ujrf b`flbjtj`fktf h `hthr f
vfrbdbquf j gjusj lj djnmj (rbsgh lf
ljkhs b`flbjths kh `hthr).
Anhqufbh lf pjrtblj (B``habnbzfr)
H vfàgunh â fqubpjlh gh` u` sbstf`j lf
gmjvf fspfgbjn. J pjrtblj lh `hthr s÷ phlf
sfr jgbhkjlj gh` u`j gmjvf ghkdbiurjlj
pjrj h vfàgunh.
lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lf `jrgmj.
u` ttf`p
f`phh lf
lf ffspf
spfrj
rj lf lhb
lhbss
sfiuklhs.
• jp÷jp÷ss j gbij
gbijrrj
rrj lf jjnj
njr`
r`ff pjrjr
pjrjr lf sshj
hjr.
r.
Wf h tf`ph lf fspfrj kçh dhr hasfrvjlh,
hu sf u`j gmjvf bkvênblj pjrj h vfàgunh dhr
utbnbzjlj, j bklbgjéçh GHLF hu @Q  â  â fxbablj
kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh f h
sfi`fkth lh bklbgjlhr lf fstjlh jgfklf
kj ghr j`jrfnj.
] Ibrf j gmjvf lf vhntj pjrj j phsbéçh
lfsnbijlj. 
J bklbgjéçh GHLF hu @Q â fxbablj kh
`hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh.
Jp÷s gbkgh tfktjtbvjs lf jgbhkjr j pjrtblj
gh` u`j gmjvf bkvênblj, h sfi`fkth lh
bklbgjlhr lf fstjlh jgfklf kj ghr
vfr`fnmj f h tf`ph lf fspfrj sf prhnhkij
f` u` `bkuth pjrj gjlj khvj tfktjtbvj.
 Ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh
 

:46

Lurjktf h tf`ph lf fspfrj, j gmjvf kh ] Jiujrlf j nuz bklbgjlhrj % (sbstf`j

bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj lbrféçh lfvf dbgjr Dnj``stjrt) jpjijr f, fktçh, jgbhkf j
kj phsbéçh lf `jrgmj. pjrtblj lh `hthr lfktrh lf u` bktfrvjnh
b Wf j gmjvf lh vfàgunh dhr fxtrjvbjlj, j
lf trbktj sfiuklhs, sf` jgbhkjr h pfljn
hatfkéçh lf u`j gmjvf lf rfphsbéçh â lh jgfnfrjlhr.
u` prhgfssh lf`hrjlh, f sh`fktf u` H sbstf`j Dnj``stjrt sf lfsjtbvj
Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh juth`jtbgj`fktf sf3
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz phlf • h``ht
hthr
hr kçh
kçh ddhr
hr phst
phsthh ff`
`
fdftujr pjrj vhgã.  dukgbhkj`fkth lfktrh lf trbktj
Qfgh`fklj`hs, phrtjkth, quf vhgã sfiuklhs jp÷s j nuz bklbgjlhrj % 
`jktfkmj sf`prf u`j gmjvf lf (sbstf`j Dnj``stjrt) jpjijr?
rfsfrvj djgbn`fktf jgfssàvfn pjrj
fvfktujbs f`friãkgbjs. • j pj
pjrt
rtbl
bljj lh `ht
`hthr
hr dhr jg
jgbh
bhkjl
kjljj   s
  f
fkqujkth j nuz bklbgjlhrj %     m
   n
  j
   t
Wbstf`j juxbnbjr lf pjrtblj (sbstf`j Dnj``stjrt) fstbvfr jgfsj?   f
(Dnj``stjrt)    l
 
• j tf
tf`p
`pfr
frjt
jtur
urjj lh nnàq
àqub
ublh
lh llff   `
H sbstf`j Dnj``stjrt â u` sbstf`j juxbnbjr jrrfdfgb`fkth jngjkéjr gfrgj lf 6= µG   f
  s
gh` h `hthr dukgbhkjklh.   f
lf pjrtblj,H lbsphkàvfn
fspfgbjn. f` fxfguéçh
sbstf`j â jtbvjlh f`    n
  h
  r
b Gh` j tf`pfrjturj lh nàqublh lf    t
tf`pfrjturjs fxtfrkjs jajbxh lf -< µG.   k
jrrfdfgb`fkth jgb`j lh nb`btf lf   h
   G
jtbvjéçh lh sbstf`j Dnj``stjrt, j nuz
Khtj sharf h `fbh j`abfktf M bklbgjlhrj % jpjij-sf jp÷s gfrgj
lf lhbs sfiuklhs (tfstf lf
F` tf`pfrjturjs fxtfrkjs jajbxh lf - dukgbhkj`fkth). 
< µG, h sbstf`j juxbnbjr lf pjrtblj Gh` j tf`pfrjturj lh nàqublh lf
Dnj``stjrt rfluz j f`bssçh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth jajbxh lh nb`btf lf
phnufktfs (jp÷s h `hthr gh`féjr j jtbvjéçh lh sbstf`j Dnj``stjrt, j nuz
dukgbhkjr). Jlbgbhkjn`fktf, h sbstf`j bklbgjlhrj % jpjij-sf jp÷s gfrgj
Dnj``stjrt `bkb`bzj
`hthr lf pjrtblj j gjrijf sharf
f ajtfrbjs h
pfr`btf lf vbktf sfiuklhs.
quf h `hthr gh`fgf j dukgbhkjr `jbs I
rjpblj`fktf. Uhr fstj rjzçh, kçh jgbhkf Wf h sbstf`j juxbnbjr lf pjrtblj
j pjrtblj lh `hthr jtâ quf j nuz (Dnj``stjrt) jprfsfktjr u`j djnmj lf
bklbgjlhrj % (sbstf`j Dnj``stjrt) dukgbhkj`fkth, h `hstrjlhr lh
tfkmj sf jpjijlh. gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh fxbaf j bklbgjéçh
J f h sfi`fkth lh bklbgjlhr lf
DNJ
DN

 Jtbvjr h sbstf`j Dnj``stjrt 

Dnj``stjrt  fstjlh jgfklf kj ghr j`jrfnj.
] Ibrf j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj
lj
lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lf `jrgmj. 
J nuz bklbgjlhrj % (sbstf`j
Dnj``stjrt) jgfklf. H sbstf`j
Dnj``stjrt fstê dukgbhkjklh.
 

:44 Ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh

Urhvblfkgbf j vfrbdbgjéçh f hs rfpjrhs 7 Bklbgjlhr lf prfssçh lhs

kfgfssêrbhs kh sbstf`j Dnj``stjrt f` rfsfrvjt÷rbhs lhs gbrgubths lf drfbh
u`j hdbgbkj fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj, : hu 1
quf tfkmj hs ghkmfgb`fkths
fspfgbjnbzjlhs kfgfssêrbhs f H bklbgjlhr lf prfssçh bklbgj j prfssçh lf
dfrrj`fktjs pjrj fxfgutjr hs sfrvbéhs jr lh gbrgubth lf drfbh lf sfrvbéh quf
q uf fstbvfr
rfqufrblhs. gh` j prfssçh `jbs ajbxj. J nuz lf ghktrhnf
Qfgh`fklj`hs quf vhgã fkgj`bkmf h lh gbrgubth lf drfbh ghrrfsphklfktf
sfu vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu jgfklf.
Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs- Ghksuntf tj`aâ`3
Afkz pjrj fxfgutjr fstfs sfrvbéhs.
\hlhs hs sfrvbéhs f` sbstf`js Tfrbdbgjéçh lf vjzj`fkths khs gbrgubths
  s pkfu`êtbghs lh sbstf`j lf drfbh
  f rfnjgbhkjlhs å sfiurjkéj lfvf` sfr
   m
   n (; pêibkj :9<).
:9<).
  j fxfgutjlhs f` u`j hdbgbkj
   t
  f fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj.
   l
 
  `
  f Tfrbdbgjéöfs lf sfiurjkéj
  s
  f
   n
  h
  r Qfjnbzf js vfrbdbgjéöfs
lbjrbj`fktf lf sfiurjkéj
jktfs lf bkbgbjr j chrkjlj lf
   t
  k
  h trjajnmh.
   G
Urfssçh lf rfsfrvj khs rfsfrvjt÷rbhs
 pkfu`êtbghs lh sbstf`j
sbstf`j lf drfbh
Hasfrvf quf j prfssçh lf rfsfrvj khs
rfsfrvjt÷rbhs pkfu`êtbghs lfvf sfr lf, kh
`àkb`h, :5 ajr f` j`ahs hs gbrgubths lf
drfbh lf sfrvbéh.

Bklbgjlhr lf prfssçh pkfu`êtbgj

: Nuz lf ghktrhnf lh gbrgubth lf drfbh :
1 Nuz lf ghktrhnf lh gbrgubth lf drfbh 1

IJ\FKÉÇH
V` vjzj`fkth lf jr kh sbstf`j lf drfbh
ghnhgj f` rbsgh j sfiurjkéj lf
dukgbhkj`fkth f lf hpfrjéçh. Wf j
prfssçh lf jr khs rfsfrvjt÷rbhs lh
sbstf`j
phlf kçhlfsfrdrfbh dhr lf
gjpjz bksudbgbfktf, vhgã
drfjr h vfàgunh.
Bssh phlf rfsuntjr f` u` jgblfktf gh`
phssàvfbs nfsöfs f` vhgã `fs`h f f`
hutrjs pfsshjs.
Kçh ghnhquf h vfàgunh f` `hvb`fkth
jtâ quf j prfssçh lf rfsfrvj khs
rfsfrvjt÷rbhs sfcj jngjkéjlj f j nuz
W\HU sf jpjiuf.
Kçh ghnhquf h vfàgunh f` `hvb`fkth
sf3
• J bkbklbg
lbgjé
jéçh
çh lf jlv
jlvfrt
frtãk
ãkgbgbjj :  gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh lh vfàgunh, f h
(ajbxj prfssçh pkfu`êtbgj lh
sbstf`j lf drfbh) fstbvfr sfklh
fxbablj kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr
lf ahrlh lh vfàgunh f h sfi`fkth lh lh
bklbgjlhr lf fstjlh fstbvfr jgfsh kj
ghr vfr`fnmj.
• J nunuzz W\HU
W\HU ppfr
fr`j
`jkfkfgf
gfrr jg
jgfsfsj.
j.
Urhvblfkgbf j vfrbdbgjéçh lh sbstf`j lf
drfbh f hs rfpjrhs kfgfssêrbhs f` u`j
hdbgbkj fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj, quf
tfkmj hs ghkmfgb`fkths fspfgbjnbzjlhs
kfgfssêrbhs f dfrrj`fktjs pjrj
fxfgutjr hs trjajnmhs rfqufrblhs.
Qfgh`fklj`hs quf vhgã fkgj`bkmf h
sfu vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu
Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-
Afkz pjrj fxfguéçh lfstfs sfrvbéhs.
\hlhs hs sfrvbéhs f` sbstf`js
rfnjgbhkjlhs å sfiurjkéj lfvf` sfr
fxfgutjlhs f` u`j hdbgbkj
fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj.
Ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh
:49
Urfssçh lf jr lh gbrgubth pkfu`êtbgh lf
ghksu`blhrfs juxbnbjrfs
IJ\FKÉÇH
Wf mhuvfr u`j pfrlj lf prfssçh kh
gbrgubth pkfu`êtbgh pjrj ghksu`blhrfs
juxbnbjrfs, mjvfrêgjsh,
jgblfktf. Kfstf h rbsgh
vhgãlfphlf
u` kçh sfr
gjpjz lf jgbhkjr j f`arfjif` hu lf
fdftujr u`j `uljkéj lf `jrgmj
ghrrftj`fktf f, lfstj dhr`j, kçh sfr
gjpjz lf ghkluzbr h vfàgunh lf dhr`j   s
  f
mêabn pjrj fsgjpjr lf sbtujéöfs    m
   n
pfrbihsjs.   j
   t
  f
Wf j bklbgjéçh3 (ajbxj prfssçh kh    l
gbrgubth pkfu`êtbgh pjrj ghksu`blhrfs   `
  f
jlbgbhkjbs) dhr fxbablj kh `hstrjlhr lh   s
  f
   n
  h
  r
sfi`fkth lh bklbgjlhr lf fstjlh    t
  k
jgfklfr kj ghr j`jrfnj, kçh ghnhquf h   h
   G
vfàgunh f` `hvb`fkth hu fstjgbhkf
jssb` quf dhr phssàvfn, ghksblfrjklh js
ghklbéöfs lj fstrjlj f lh tráksbth.
Urhvblfkgbf j vfrbdbgjéçh lh sbstf`j lf
drfbh f hs rfpjrhs kfgfssêrbhs f` u`j
hdbgbkj fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj, quf
tfkmj hs ghkmfgb`fkths fspfgbjnbzjlhs
kfgfssêrbhs f dfrrj`fktjs pjrj
fxfgutjr hs trjajnmhs rfqufrblhs.
Qfgh`fklj`hs quf vhgã fkgj`bkmf h
sfu vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu
Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-
Afkz pjrj fxfguéçh lfstfs sfrvbéhs.
\hlhs hs sfrvbéhs f` sbstf`js
rfnjgbhkjlhs å sfiurjkéj lfvf` sfr
fxfgutjlhs f` u`j hdbgbkj
fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj.
 Ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh
 

:4=

b H gbrgubth pkfu`êtbgh pjrj vbrjr pjrj u` njlh f pjrj h hutrh lfvf

ghksu`blhrfs juxbnbjrfs â prfssurbzjlh sfr, kh `êxb`h, 75 ``. Wf j lbrféçh
sh`fktf jp÷s hs gbrgubths lf drfbh
drf bh : f 1 jprfsfktjr dhnij fxgfssbvj, prhvblfkgbf
fstjrf` jajstfgblhs. pjrj quf h sbstf`j lf lbrféçh f js
rfspfgtbvjs jrtbgunjéöfs sfcj`
Dhnij lj lbrféçh vfrbdbgjljs b`flbjtj`fktf.

IJ\FKÉÇH Bkbgbjklh j `jrgmj lh vfàgunh

Wf j dhnij lj lbrféçh dhr `ubth irjklf, h IJ\FKÉÇH
vfàgunh phlf kçh `jktfr suj sfiurjkéj
lf fstjabnbljlf lbrfgbhkjn. Thgã lfvf H `hvb`fkth lhs pfljbs kçh lfvf sfr
  s vfrbdbgjr f, sf kfgfssêrbh, ghrrbibr j dhnij hastruàlh. Hacfths shnths kh bktfrbhr lj
  f gjabkf phlf` dbgjr prfshs fktrf hs
   m
   n lj lbrféçh rfiunjr`fktf. Gjsh
  j
   t ghktrêrbh, j sfiurjkéj lf hpfrjéçh f lf pfljbs, hastrubklh h sfu gursh f`
  f jgfnfrjéöfs rêpbljs hu drfjljs
   l
  ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh phlf dbgjr
  ` gh`prh`ftblj. rfpfktbkjs. Thgã kçh sfrê gjpjz lf drfjr
  f h vfàgunh, jgbhkjr j f`arfjif` hu
  s Urhvblfkgbf j vfrbdbgjéçh f hs rfpjrhs
  f
   n
  h
  r kfgfssêrbhs f` u`j hdbgbkj jgfnfrjr. Bsth phlf
jgblfktf gh` rfsuntjr
phssàvfbs f` f`
nfsöfs u` vhgã
   t fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj, quf tfkmj
  k `fs`h hu f` hutrjs pfsshjs.
  h ghkmfgb`fkths fspfgbjnbzjlhs f
   G
dfrrj`fktjs pjrj fxfgutjr hs sfrvbéhs • Wf uutbtbnbnbzj
zjrr tjpf
tjpftf
tfss f ggjr
jrpft
pftfs
fs,,
rfqufrblhs. gfrtbdbquf-sf lf quf fstfcj` dbxjlhs
Qfgh`fklj`hs quf vhgã fkgj`bkmf h ghrrftj`fktf, quf kçh fsghrrfiuf`
vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth f quf kçh bktfrdbrj` kh gursh lhs
lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pfljbs.
pjrj fxfgutjr fstfs sfrvbéhs. \hlhs hs • KçKçhh ghnh
ghnhquf quf kf
kfkm
kmu`
u` hhacf
acfth
th kj êr
êrfj
fj
sfrvbéhs f` sbstf`js rfnjgbhkjlhs å lhs pâs lh `hthrbstj.
sfiurjkéj lfvf` sfr fxfgutjlhs f`
u`j hdbgbkj fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj. • Iu
Iujr
lf jrlf
lf f dbdbxf
dhr`j quf xf tthl
hlhs
kçhhsphssj`
hhss ha
hacf
cfth
thss sh
shnt
jtbkibrnths
jhs
êrfj lhs pâs lh `hthrbstj fkqujkth
Gh` h `hthr dukgbhkjklh3 h vfàgunh fstbvfr f` `hvb`fkth.
] Ibrf h vhnjktf lj lbrféçh lf dhr`j quf js
rhljs lbjktfbrjs dbquf` lbrfgbhkjljs
pjrj j drfktf.
] Ibrf h vhnjktf lj lbrféçh
jntfrkjlj`fktf pjrj j lbrfbtj f pjrj j
fsqufrlj, h sudbgbfktf pjrj quf js
rhljs gh`fgf` j vbrjr pjrj u` njlh f
pjrj h hutrh. 
H `hvb`fkth nbvrf, `flblh kh jrh lh
vhnjktf, pjrj js rhljs gh`féjrf` j
 Ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh
 

:42

Ghkluzbklh h vfàgunh
IJ\FKÉÇH
IJ\FKÉÇH
Js phrtjs quf kçh fstbvfrf`
ghkvfkbfktf`fktf dfgmjljs phlf` @fs`h quf j tf`pfrjturj fxtfrkj
jarbr-sf bkfspfrjlj`fktf gh` h vfàgunh fstfcj u` phugh jgb`j lh phkth lf
f` `hvb`fkth. Mê rbsgh lf jgblfktf hu ghkifnj`fkth (5 µG), j supfrdàgbf lj
prfksj`fkth. fstrjlj phlf jbklj
pjrtbgunjr`fktf f` fstjr ghkifnjlj,
fstrjljs quf
Zujklh dfgmjr js phrtjs, gublf pjrj quf
kfkmu`j pjrtf lh ghrph sfcj prfksjlj. jtrjvfssj` rfiböfs jrahrbzjljs hu sha
phktfs. H vfàgunh phlf lfrrjpjr.
Ghkluzj h vfàgunh sh`fktf gh` js
phrtjs ghkvfkbfktf`fktf dfgmjljs. Jljptf sf`prf h sfu `hlh lf lbrbibr
l brbibr f j
vfnhgbljlf lh vfàgunh ås ghklbéöfs   s
  f
jt`hsdârbgjs.    m
   n
  j
   t
I Wf, lurjktf j ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh, h   f
   l
 
Kçh bkbgbf j `jrgmj b`flbjtj`fktf ghkcukth lf drfbh ljs rhljs fktrjr f`
  `
jp÷s ghnhgjr h `hthr f` ghktjth gh` êiuj, ghkluzj h vfàgunh   f
gubljlhsj`fktf, jgbhkjklh   s
  f
dukgbhkj`fkth.
dukgbhkf f` `jrgmjUfr`btj quf
nfktj phrh u`
`hthr
hu `hlfrjlj`fktf h drfbh lf sfrvbéh,    n
  h
  r
   t
lhbs `bkuths pjrj fstjabnbzjr j prfssçh jniu`js vfzfs lurjktf j `jrgmj, pjrj   k
  h
lf ÷nfh. Bsth prfvbkf lfsijstf fxgfssbvh sfgjr js iujrkbéöfs lf drfbh f    G
f rbsgh lf ljkhs kh `hthr. rfstjafnfgfr j fdbgbãkgbj lh sbstf`j lf
drfbh.
] Jgbhkf h pfljn lh drfbh lf sfrvbéh f
lfsjgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth
(; pêibkj :=5).
:=5). IJ\FKÉÇH
] Fkijtf u`j `jrgmj f bkbgbf j ghkluéçh Wf hghrrfr u`j djnmj lf dukgbhkj`fkth
:=6). 
lh vfàgunh (; pêibkj :=6).
Fkijtf j `jrgmj j râ sh`fktf gh` h kh
f`sbstf`j lf drfbh,
u` jgblfktf gh`bsth phlf rfsuntjr
phssàvfbs nfsöfs
`hthr f` `jrgmj nfktj f h vfàgunh f` vhgã f f` hutrjs pfsshjs.
pjrjlh. Gh`prhvf h dukgbhkj`fkth lh drfbh
jktfs lf ghkluzbr h vfàgunh f` vbjs
Khtjs sharf h `fbh j`abfktf M póanbgjs. Ujrf h vfàgunh sf h
lfsf`pfkmh lh drfbh dhr bksjtbsdjt÷rbh.
Kçh jquféj h `hthr gh` h vfàgunh Urhvblfkgbf j vfrbdbgjéçh f hs rfpjrhs
pjrjlh. kfgfssêrbhs kh sbstf`j lf drfbh, tçh nhih
sfcj phssàvfn, f` u`j hdbgbkj
fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj, quf tfkmj hs
ghkmfgb`fkths fspfgbjnbzjlhs
kfgfssêrbhs f dfrrj`fktjs pjrj fxfgutjr
hs sfrvbéhs rfqufrblhs.
 

:95 Ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh

Zujklh trjksbtjr f` tfrrfkhs lf phugj

Qfgh`fklj`hs quf vhgã fkgj`bkmf h jlfrãkgbj, fvbtf quf js rhljs `htrbzfs
vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf lfsnbzf` prhnhkijlj`fktf? gjsh ghktrêrbh,
Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj js fkirfkjifks lh lbdfrfkgbjn sfrçh
fxfgutjr fstfs sfrvbéhs. \hlhs hs sua`ftbljs j fsdhréhs gràtbghs, f h fbxh
sfrvbéhs f` sbstf`js rfnjgbhkjlhs å trjsfbrh phlfrê sfr ljkbdbgjlh. Hpfrjéçh
sfiurjkéj lfvf` sfr fxfgutjlhs f` lh vfàgunh f` ghklbéöfs dhrj lf fstrjlj
u`j hdbgbkj fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj. (; pêibkj 151).
151).
Wf, lurjktf j ghkluéçh, khtjr qujnqufr
Gh`prhvf h dukgbhkj`fkth lh drfbh lh
jkh`jnbj kh dukgbhkj`fkth hu kj
vfàgunh jktfs lf bkbgbjr u`j vbjif`.
lbrbibabnbljlf, ghkluzj h vfàgunh
Jquféj h `hthr rjpblj`fktf, ghkluzbklh h gubljlhsj`fktf pjrj u` nhgjn sfiurh, dhrj
  s vfàgunh f` vfnhgbljlfs `hlfrjljs lj fstrjlj, fstjgbhkf, nbiuf js nuzfs lf
  f
   m
   n (rhtjéçh lh `hthr kjs djbxjs vfrlfs lj jlvfrtãkgbj (pbsgj-jnfrtj) f utbnbzf h
  j
   t
  f fsgjnj lh tjgü`ftrh). Lfpfklfklh lj trbákiunh lf sfiurjkéj, ghnhgjklh-h j u`j
   l
  tf`pfrjturj fxtfrkj, h `hthr jngjkéj suj lbstákgbj jlfqujlj lh vfàgunh pjrj jnfrtjr
  ` tf`pfrjturj lf trjajnmh lf 95 j 26 µG hutrhs `hthrbstjs.
  f
  s jp÷s gfrgj lf lfz j vbktf `bkuths.
  f
   n
  h
  r Kçh ghkluzj h vfàgunh gh` h `hthr H jnjr`f shkhrh shj sf3
   t • j rht
rhtjéç
jéçhh `ê
`êxb`
xb`jj pfr
pfr`b
`bss
ssàv
àvfn
fn llhh `ht
`hthr
hr
  k hpfrjklh å phtãkgbj `êxb`j jtâ quf j
  h dhr fxgflblj
   G tf`pfrjturj lf trjajnmh lh `hthr sfcj
jngjkéjlj. • u`j `jr
`jrgm
gmjj `
`ub
ubth
th rfl
rfluz
uzbl
bljj ddhr
hr
fkijtjlj. Jh `fs`h tf`ph, h
Kçh ghkluzj h vfàgunh gh` j gjbxj lf
sfi`fkth lh bklbgjlhr lf fstjlh
`uljkéjs f` phkth-`hrth (kfutrh). Fstj
jgfklf kj ghr vfr`fnmj.
prêtbgj â bnfijn, pfrbihsj f phlf ljkbdbgjr
sfrbj`fktf hs gh`phkfktfs lh sbstf`j lf I
trjks`bssçh lh vfàgunh. Jnâ` lbsth, kfstj Ghkluzbr h vfàgunh prhnhkijlj`fktf
ghklbéçh, kçh mê lbsphkbabnbljlf lf drfbh- gh` j rhtjéçh lh `hthr `ubth ajbxj hu
`hthr. `ubth jntj phlf ljkbdbgjr h `hthr hu
F` lfgnbvfs, hasfrvf sf`prf h tjgü`ftrh f rfluzbr j suj lurjabnbljlf.
ghktrhnf j vfnhgbljlf lh vfàgunh, utbnbzjklh,
ghkvfkbfktf`fktf, h drfbh-`hthr f h drfbh
lf sfrvbéh pjrj fvbtjr quf h `hthr sfcj
sua`ftblh j rhtjéöfs fxgfssbvjs.
Wfnfgbhkf u`j `jrgmj jlfqujlj lj gjbxj
lf `uljkéjs, quf kçh sfcj tçh nfktj lf
`jkfbrj j dhréjr h `hthr j u`j ghklbéçh
lf rhtjéçh fxgfssbvj jh utbnbzjr h drfbh-
`hthr. Fstj `jrgmj â, khr`jn`fktf, j
`fs`j quf sfrbj utbnbzjlj pjrj suabr j
`fs`j njlfbrj.
 Ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh
 

:9:

Jnjr`f lf vfnhgbljlf b J jtbvjéçh hu j lfsjtbvjéçh lh jnjr`f

lf vfnhgbljlf s÷ phlf sfr dfbtj f` u`
Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz. 
H jnjr`f lf vfnhgbljlf kçh nb`btj j
vfnhgbljlf lh vfàgunh. Wuj dukéçh â
sh`fktf jlvfrtbr h `hthrbstj qujklh h
vfàgunh fxgflf jlf
prflftfr`bkjlj vfnhgbljlf
hpfrjéçh.
Fstjgbhkjr h vfàgunh f pjrjr h `hthr
Bklbgjéçh lf vfnhgbljlf lf hpfrjéçh
prflftfr`bkjlj (fxf`pnh) IJ\FKÉÇH   s
  f
   m
   n
H sfu vfàgunh lbspöf lf u`j dukéçh lf Jljptf sf`prf h sfu `hlh lf lbrbibr
l brbibr f j   j
   t
jnjr`f lf vfnhgbljlf quf, qujklh jtbvjlj, vfnhgbljlf lh vfàgunh ås ghklbéöfs   f
   l
 
tf` j dbkjnbljlf lf jlvfrtbr h `hthrbstj jt`hsdârbgjs.   `
sf`prf quf j vfnhgbljlf lf hpfrjéçh   f
Zujklh fstjgbhkjr f` jgnbvfs hu   s
prflftfr`bkjlj dhr fxgflblj.   f
H vfàgunh â ghkdbiurjlh kj dêarbgj gh` h lfgnbvfs, prbkgbpjn`fktf sf h vfàgunh    n
  h
  r
fstbvfr gjrrfijlh, sf kfgfssêrbh, gjngf    t
  k
jnjr`f lf vfnhgbljlf lfsjtbvjlh. Gjsh js rhljs lh vfàgunh f lh rfahquf gh`   h
   G
qufbrj jtbvjr fstj dukéçh, lbrbcj-sf j u` gjnéhs jprhprbjlhs pjrj fvbtjr h sfu
Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh lfsnhgj`fkth jgblfktjn. Zujklh dhr
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz f shnbgbtf j ghkluzbr h vfàgunh khvj`fktf, rfghnmj
jtbvjéçh lh jnjr`f lf vfnhgbljlf, hs gjnéhs lf sfiurjkéj f iujrlf-hs kh
bkdhr`jklh j vfnhgbljlf lf jtujéçh `jbs vfàgunh.
ghkvfkbfktf pjrj j hpfrjéçh lh sfu F` jniuks pjàsfs, j utbnbzjéçh lf gjnéhs
vfàgunh. lf sfiurjkéj f` pfnh `fkhs u`j ljs
Zujklh j dukéçh lf jnjr`f lf vfnhgbljlf rhljs lh vfàgunh fstjgbhkjlh f` jgnbvfs
fstê jtbvjlj, sf h vfàgunh fxgflfr j hu lfgnbvfs â u`j fxbiãkgbj nfijn.
vfnhgbljlf lf hpfrjéçh prflftfr`bkjlj, h
`hthrbstj â jlvfrtblh gh` u` jvbsh shkhrh ] Ujrf h vfàgunh.
ghktàkuh f h `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf
ahrlh fxbaf j bklbgjéçh lf quf j ] Ghnhquf j gjbxj lf `uljkéjs f` phkth-
vfnhgbljlf fstjafnfgblj dhb fxgflblj, phr `hrth (kfutrh).
fxf`pnh3 ;=5 o`/m (vfnhgbljlf ] Jgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth
prflftfr`bkjlj lf =5 o`/m fxgflblj). (; pêibkj :=5).
:=5).
H jnjr`f pjrj lf shjr f j bklbgjéçh lf Jktfs lf pjrjr h `hthr, lfbxf-h
vfnhgbljlf lf hpfrjéçh sf jpjij qujklh j dukgbhkjklh phr gfrgj lf lhbs `bkuths f`
vfnhgbljlf lh vfàgunhlf
jajbxh lj vfnhgbljlf sf hpfrjéçh
rfluz u` phugh `jrgmj nfktj, sf3
prflftfr`bkjlj.
 

:91 Ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh

• j tf
tf`p
`pfr
frjt
jtur
urjj lh nnàq
àqub
ublh
lh llff
jrrfdfgb`fkth fstbvfr `ubth jntj (jgb`j
lf :55 µG).
• h tu
turah
rahgh
gh`pr
`prfs
fssh
shrr fs
fstb
tbvfr
vfr `ub
`ubth
th
qufktf lfvblh jh djth lf h vfàgunh tfr
sblh ghkluzblh å phtãkgbj `êxb`j (phr
fxf`pnh, f` nhkihs jgnbvfs).
Ujrj pjrjr h `hthr3
] Ibrf j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj
lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lfsnbijlj.
  s
b Hs vfàgunhs gh` `hthrbzjéçh ghkdhr`f
  f UQHGHKTF U9 (Furh 6) phssuf` u`
   m
   n
  j
   t
sbstf`j lf nb`pfzj lj tuaunjéçh lf
  f JQNJ 71. Uhrtjkth, jp÷s pjrjr h `hthr
   l
 
  `
lfstfs vfàgunhs, sf huvbrê, phr gfrgj lf
  f 6 `bkuths, u` ruàlh sb`bnjr j u`
  s
  f vjzj`fkth lf jr. Bsth â u`j
   n
  h
  r gjrjgtfràstbgj khr`jn lh prhgfssh lf
   t
  k nb`pfzj lj tuaunjéçh lf JQNJ 71 pjrj
  h
   G fvbtjr j grbstjnbzjéçh lj urfbj, quf
phlfrbj gjusjr fktupb`fkths kj
tuaunjéçh f ljkbdbgjr hs gh`phkfktfs
lh sbstf`j lf bkcféçh lf JQNJ 71.
 Drfbhs
 

:97

Drfbhs
H drfbh lf sfrvbéh lh vfàgunh â pkfu`êtbgh,
Uêibkj gh` lhbs gbrgubths bklfpfklfktfs.
Tfrbdbgjéçh lf vjzj`fkths khs :9< Wf j prfssçh lf rfsfrvj khs rfsfrvjt÷rbhs
gbrgubths pkfu`êtbghs lh pkfu`êtbghs lh sbstf`j lf drfbh dbgjr
sbstf`j lf drfbh fxgfssbvj`fktf ajbxj, j nuz bklbgjlhrj
Wbstf`j jktbanhqufbh lh drfbh :94 C
jnjr`f(djnmj lhdhr`j
shj lf drfbh) ghktàkuj.
jgfklf f j gbijrrj lf
(JAW)
Jlbgbhkjn`fktf, j nuz W\HU jgfklf, h
Drfbh `jkujn lh rfahquf hu :92 `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh fxbaf j
sf`brrfahquf bklbgjéçh : (djnmj lh drfbh) f h
Drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth :=5 bklbgjlhr lf fstjlh jgfklf kj ghr   s
  f
Drfbh-`hthr :=1 vfr`fnmj.    m
   n
  j
   t
  f
   l
 
  `
IJ\FKÉÇH   f
  s
  f
Wf hghrrfr jniu`j bklbgjéçh lf djnmj lh    n
  h
  r
   t
drfbh, j fdbgbãkgbj lf drfkjif` phlfrê   k
  h
dbgjr gh`prh`ftblj.    G

Kçh ghnhquf h vfàgunh f` `hvb`fkth hu

pjrf-h jssb` quf dhr phssàvfn,
ghksblfrjklh js ghklbéöfs lh tráksbth f
lj fstrjlj.
Urhvblfkgbf j vfrbdbgjéçh f hs rfpjrhs
kfgfssêrbhs kh sbstf`j lf drfbh f` u`j
hdbgbkj fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj, quf
tfkmj hs ghkmfgb`fkths fspfgbjnbzjlhs
kfgfssêrbhs f dfrrj`fktjs pjrj
fxfgutjr hs sfrvbéhs rfqufrblhs.
Qfgh`fklj`hs quf vhgã fkgj`bkmf h
vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz
pjrj fxfgutjr fstfs sfrvbéhs. \hlhs hs
sfrvbéhs f` sbstf`js rfnjgbhkjlhs å
sfiurjkéj lfvf` sfr fxfgutjlhs f`
u`j hdbgbkj fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj.
 Drfbhs
 

:9<

Tfrbdbgjéçh lf vjzj`fkths khs • h bk

bklb
lbgj
gjlhr
lhr lf pprfs
rfssç
sçhh pk
pkfu
fu`êt
`êtbg
bgjj
gbrgubths pkfu`êtbghs lh sbstf`j lf bklbgjr ajbxj prfssçh (bkdfrbhr j
drfbh 4,= ajr) f` u` hu f` j`ahs hs
gbrgubths lf drfbh.
IJ\FKÉÇH Urhvblfkgbf j vfrbdbgjéçh f hs rfpjrhs
kfgfssêrbhs kh sbstf`j lf drfbh f` u`j
V` vjzj`fkth
pkfu`êtbghs lhkhs gbrgubths
sbstf`j lf drfbh ghnhgj hdbgbkj
tfkmj hsfspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj,
ghkmfgb`fkths quf
fspfgbjnbzjlhs
f` rbsgh j sfiurjkéj lf ghkluéçh lh kfgfssêrbhs f dfrrj`fktjs pjrj
vfàgunh. Wf j prfssçh pkfu`êtbgj lhs fxfgutjr hs sfrvbéhs rfqufrblhs.
gbrgubths pkfu`êtbghs dhr bksudbgbfktf, Qfgh`fklj`hs quf vhgã fkgj`bkmf h
  s vhgã phlf kçh sfr gjpjz lf drfjr h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
  f vfàgunh. Bsth phlf rfsuntjr f` u`
   m
   n lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz
  j
   t
jgblfktf gh` nfsöfs f` vhgã f f` pjrj fxfgutjr fstfs sfrvbéhs. \hlhs hs
  f hutrjs pfsshjs.
   l
  sfrvbéhs f` sbstf`js rfnjgbhkjlhs å
  ` Kçh ghnhquf h vfàgunh f` `hvb`fkth sfiurjkéj lfvf` sfr fxfgutjlhs f`
  f
  s jtâ quf j prfssçh lf trjajnmh lh u`j hdbgbkj fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj.
  f
   n
  h
  r sbstf`j lf drfbh sfcj jngjkéjlj f j nuz
W\HU jpjiuf.
   t
  k
  h Kçh ghnhquf h vfàgunh f` `hvb`fkth,
   G
hu pjrf-h jssb` quf dhr phssàvfn,
ghksblfrjklh js ghklbéöfs lf tráksbth f
lj fstrjlj, sf3
• j nnuuz bk
bklb
lbggjlh
lhrrj C (djnmj lh drfbh)
kh pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths jgfklfr.
• j bkbklb
lbgj
gjéç
éçhh lf jlv
jlvfr
frtã
tãkg
kgbj
bj : 
(djnmj lh drfbh) dhr fxbablj kh
`hstrjlhr lh lh
f h sfi`fkth gh`putjlhr lf fstjlh
bklbgjlhr lf ahrlh Bklbgjlhr lf prfssçh pkfu`êtbgj
jgfklfr kj ghr vfr`fnmj. : Nuz lf ghktrhnf lh gbrgubth lf
• j nuz
nuz W\
W\HU
HU jg
jgfk
fklf
lfr.
r. drfbh :
1 Nuz lf ghktrhnf lh gbrgubth lf drfbh
d rfbh 1
7 Bklbgjlhr lf prfssçh lhs
rfsfrvjt÷rbhs lhs gbrgubths lf drfbh
: hu 1
 

Drfbhs :96

Tfrbdbgjéçh lf vjzj`fkth lf jr gh` h fstjgbhkjlh f h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth

drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth jgbhkjlh lfsjgbhkjlh.
Tfrbdbquf hs gbrgubths pkfu`êtbghs lh ] Gjngf prfvbj`fktf js rhljs lh vfàgunh
sbstf`j lf drfbh qujkth j vjzj`fkths gh` pjrj prfvfkbr quf fnf sf lfsnhquf
h vfàgunh pjrjlh. jgblfktjn`fktf.
] Jgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth. J db` lf kçh jtrbaubr frrhkfj`fktf jh
J db` lf kçh jtrbaubr frrhkfj`fktf jh vfàgunh-trjthr
sbstf`j lf jr u` vjzj`fkth
gh`prb`blh lhfxbstfktf kh
rfahquf hu
vfàgunh-trjthr u` vjzj`fkth fxbstfktf kh
sbstf`j lf jr gh`prb`blh lh rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf3
sf`brrfahquf3 ] Lfsghkfgtf js nbkmjs lf jr gh`prb`blh
] Lfsghkfgtf js nbkmjs lf jr gh`prb`blh lh rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf
(; pêibkj 1:4).
1:4).   s
lh rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf   f
   m
   n
(; pêibkj 1:4).
1:4). ] Lfsjgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth.   j
   t
  f
] Dukgbhkf h `hthr jtâ h bklbgjlhr lf ] Dukgbhkf h `hthr jtâ h bklbgjlhr lf    l
 
prfssçh pkfu`êtbgj bklbgjr j prfssçh prfssçh pkfu`êtbgj bklbgjr j prfssçh   `
  f
lf :5 ajr.  lf :5 ajr.    s
  f
J prfssçh lh gbrgubth lh drfbh lf sfrvbéh J prfssçh lh gbrgubth lh drfbh lf sfrvbéh    n
  h
  r
gh` j prfssçh `jbs ajbxj â bklbgjlj gh` j prfssçh `jbs ajbxj â bklbgjlj    t
  k
juth`jtbgj`fktf kh bklbgjlhr lf juth`jtbgj`fktf kh bklbgjlhr lf   h
   G
prfssçh. prfssçh.
] Ibrf j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj
lj ] Ibrf j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj
lbrféçh gh`pnftj`fktf lf vhntj pjrj j lbrféçh gh`pnftj`fktf lf vhntj pjrj j
phsbéçh lfsnbijlj.  phsbéçh lfsnbijlj. 
H `hthr pjrj lf dukgbhkjr. H `hthr pjrj lf dukgbhkjr.
] Jiujrlf gfrgj lf gbkgh sfiuklhs f ibrf ] Jiujrlf gfrgj lf gbkgh sfiuklhs f ibrf
j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj
lbrféçh pjrj
H sbstf`j lfjjrphsbéçh lf `jrgmj.
gh`prb`blh  
phlf sfr lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lf `jrgmj.
] Jgbhkf h pfljn lf drfbh h sudbgbfktf pjrj
ghksblfrjlh fstjkquf (sf` u`j jgbhkj`fkth pjrgbjn lh drfbh
vjzj`fkths) sf, jp÷s trãs `bkuths, kçh (jprhxb`jlj`fktf j `ftjlf lh gursh
mhuvfr u`j quflj vbsàvfn lf prfssçh lh pfljn). @jktfkmj h pfljn jgbhkjlh
f` kfkmu` lhs gbrgubths lf drfbh. kfstj phsbéçh. 
H sbstf`j lf jr gh`prb`blh phlf sfr
Tfrbdbgjéçh lf vjzj`fkth lf jr gh` h ghksblfrjlh fstjkquf (sf`
drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth lfsjgbhkjlh vjzj`fkths) sf jp÷s trãs `bkuths kçh
hu pjrgbjn`fktf jgbhkjlh mhuvfr u`j quflj vbsàvfn lf prfssçh.
Tfrbdbquf sf mê vjzj`fkths kh
rfsfrvjt÷rbh, kjs vênvunjs f khs gbnbklrhs lf
drfbh lh vfàgunh-trjthr gh` h vfàgunh
 Drfbhs
 

:94

Wbstf`j jktbanhqufbh lh drfbh (JAW) Urhvblfkgbf j vfrbdbgjéçh f hs rfpjrhs

IJ\FKÉÇH
J prhtféçh lf jktbanhqufbh kçh rftbrj lh
`hthrbstj j rfsphksjabnbljlf lf
kfgfssêrbhs kh sbstf`j JAW f` u`j
hdbgbkj fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj, quf
tfkmj hs ghkmfgb`fkths fspfgbjnbzjlhs
kfgfssêrbhs f dfrrj`fktjs pjrj
fxfgutjr hs sfrvbéhs rfqufrblhs.

ghkluzbr
jlfqujljhpjrjvfàgunh lf u`j `jkfbrj
js ghklbéöfs lj pbstj f Qfgh`fklj`hs quf vhgã fkgj`bkmf
vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsthh
lh tráksbth. J prhtféçh lf jktbanhqufbh lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz
`fnmhrj j fstjabnbljlf lbrfgbhkjn f j pjrj fxfgutjr fstfs sfrvbéhs. \hlhs hs
lbrbibabnbljlf lh vfàgunh lurjktf j sfrvbéhs f` sbstf`js rfnjgbhkjlhs å
  s drfkjif`. Fktrftjkth, j prhtféçh lf sfiurjkéj lfvf` sfr fxfgutjlhs f`
  f jktbanhqufbh kçh phlf prhtfifr, phr
   m
   n
u`j hdbgbkj fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj.
  j
   t
fxf`pnh, ghktrj js ghksfquãkgbjs lf
  f kçh `jktfr u`j lbstákgbj sfiurj lh
   l
 
  ` vfàgunh å drfktf hu lf ghkluzbr h vfàgunh
  f
  s
gh` vfnhgbljlfs fxgfssbvjs f` u`j IJ\FKÉÇH
  f
   n
  h
  r gurvj.
Wf h vfàgunh fstbvfr fqubpjlh gh` JAW f H jgbhkj`fkth lh drfbh ljs rhljs lh
   t
  k rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf gh` u`j
  h lurjktf j vfrbdbgjéçh lj dukéçh lf
   G dhréj lf drfkjif` fxgfssbvj phlf
jktbanhqufbh3
ghkstbtubr-sf f` rbsgh lf jgblfktf. Js
• j nnuuz bbkklbgjlh
lhrrj v (ghktrhnf lh rhljs lh rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf
JAW) kçh jgfklfr hu phlf` anhqufjr-sf, gjusjklh u`j
• j nnuuz bbkklbgjlh
lhrrj v (ghktrhnf lh bkstjabnbljlf lbrfgbhkjn f,
JAW) kçh jpjijr jp÷s gfrgj lf trãs ghksfqufktf`fktf, vhgã phlf pfrlfr h
sfiuklhs hu jh bkbgbjr j `jrgmj lh ghktrhnf lh vfàgunh.
vfàgunh, H drfbh lh rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf
jjssfiurjlj.
prhtféçh lfKfstfs
jktbanhqufbh kçh fstjrê
gjshs, ghkluzj h phlf sfr jgbhkjlh
drfkjif` fxgfssbvjgh`sf3 u`j dhréj lf
vfàgunh gh` jtfkéçh rflharjlj f • h vfvfàg
àgun
unhh fs
fstb
tbvfr
vfr trjg
trjgbh
bhkj
kjklh
klh u`
prhvblfkgbf hs rfpjrhs kfgfssêrbhs h rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf sf` JAW
`jbs arfvf phssàvfn, phbs js rhljs lh
vfàgunh phlf` anhqufjr-sf lurjktf u`j • h JAW djnmjr
drfjlj f h vfàgunh phlf lfrrjpjr lfvblh • j bbkl
klbg
bgjé
jéçh
çh lf ddjn
jnmj
mj JA
JAWW rfa
rfahqu
hquf/
f/
jh anhqufbh ljs rhljs. sf`brrfahquf dhr fxbablj kh
Wf mhuvfr jniu`j bklbgjéçh lf djnmj lf `hstrjlhr lh sbstf`j lf lbjik÷stbgh
dukgbhkj`fkth lh sbstf`j JAW, h lh vfàgunh.
gh`phrtj`fkth lf `jrgmj f lf Hasfrvf h gh`phrtj`fkth lh rfahquf
drfkjif` lh vfàgunh phlf dbgjr hu sf`brrfahquf pfnhs fspfnmhs
gh`prh`ftblh. fxtfrkhs qujklh jgbhkjr thtjn`fktf hs
drfbhs.

Fxgfth f` sbtujéöfs lf f`friãkgbj,
fvbtf jgbhkjr h drfbh thtjn`fktf lf u`j
s÷ vfz, pjrj fvbtjr h anhqufbh ljs rhljs
lh rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf. Wf js
rhljs lh rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf kçh
dhrf` anhqufjljs jh drfjr, h vfàgunh
pfr`jkfgfrê fstêvfn.
H sbstf`j jktbanhqufbh lh drfbh (JAW) â u`
sbstf`j lf ghktrhnf fnftrükbgh. H JAW
prfvbkf quf js rhljs sfcj` anhqufjljs
qujklh h drfbh â jgbhkjlh j qujnqufr
vfnhgbljlf jgb`j lh pjssh mu`jkh,
bklfpfklfktf`fktf ljs ghklbéöfs lj
supfrdàgbf lj fstrjlj.
Ghktrhnf lf dukgbhkj`fkth lh JAW
] Ibrf j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj
lj
lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lf `jrgmj.     t
H gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh lh vfàgunh
fdftuj j vfrbdbgjéçh lf ghktrhnf lh
pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths. H jnjr`f
shkhrh shj. 
F` sfiublj, h `hstrjlhr lh
gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh fxbaf3
• j bbkklbgjéçh #4 (JAW lh
vfàgunh-trjthr), sf h vfàgunh-trjthr
fstbvfr fqubpjlh gh` sbstf`j JAW.
hu
• j bbkklbgjéçh #4/: (JAW
lh vfàgunh-trjthr f JAW lh rfahquf/
sf`brrfahquf), sf h vfàgunh-trjthr f
h rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf
fstbvfrf` fqubpjlhs gh` sbstf`j
JAW.
J bklbgjéçh JAW kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`pu-
tjlhr lf ahrlh lfvf jpjijr-sf nhih f`
sfiublj hu,jh
lh vfàgunh, fktçh, jp÷s
jtbkibr bkbgbjr j `jrgmj
jprhxb`jlj`fktf
9 o`/m.
Drfbhs :99
Wf j bklbgjéçh JAW kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`-
putjlhr lf ahrlh pfr`jkfgfr jgfsj, sfrê
bklbgjéçh lf djnmj lf dukgbhkj`fkth lh
JAW.
Drfjklh gh` JAW
] F` ghklbéöfs khr`jbs, jgbhkf
khr`jn`fktf h drfbh lf sfrvbéh pjrj
rfluzbr j vfnhgbljlf hu pjrjr h vfàgunh.
] F` sbtujéöfs lf f`friãkgbj, jgbhkf
thtjn`fktf h pfljn lh drfbh, lf u`j s÷
vfz, f `jktfkmj-h jgbhkjlh pjrj   s
jssfiurjr quf h fdfbth lf drfkjif` sfcj   f
   m
   n
rfiunjlh f htb`bzjlh f` thljs js   j
   t
rhljs.    f
   l
Khs vfàgunhs trjgbhkjklh rfahquf hu   `
sf`brrfahquf sf` JAW, hasfrvf h   f
  s
  f
gh`phrtj`fkth lh rftrhvbshr.
sf`brrfahquf pfnh rfahquf huWf h    n
  h
  r
rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf jprfsfktjr   k
  h
u` gh`phrtj`fkth bkstêvfn, rfiunf j    G
prfssçh lf drfkjif` pjrj fvbtjr j
lfrrjpjif` lh rfahquf hu
sf`brrfahquf.
Wf fstbvfr ghkluzbklh h vfàgunh-trjthr sf`
h rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf jtrfnjlh, hu sf
h rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf kçh dhr
fqubpjlh gh` sbstf`j JAW3
] Bksbrj h ghkfgthr lf gjahs fnâtrbghs lh
gj`bkmçh-trjthr kh shquftf vjzbh.
Wf fstbvfr ghkluzbklh h vfàgunh-trjthr gh`
rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf fqubpjlh gh`
JAW3
] Qf`hvj h ghkfgthr lf gjahs fnâtrbghs lh
shquftf vjzbh f ghkfgtf-h kj th`jlj
lh rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf.
 Drfbhs
 

:9=

Lfsjtbvjéçh lh JAW fxbaf j bklbgjéçh #4 lf dhr`j

bktfr`btfktf. H sfi`fkth lh bklbgjlhr
lf fstjlh jgfklf kj ghr j`jrfnj.
IJ\FKÉÇH
Ujrj jtbvjr h sbstf`j JAW
Jh trjksbtjr phr vbjs pjvb`fktjljs f f` ] Urfssbhkf j pjrtf supfrbhr lh bktfrrupthr
tfrrfkhs dbr`fs f rfiunjrfs, `jktfkmj h JAW. 
sbstf`j JAW jtbvjlh. Wf h sbstf`j JAW
dhr `jktblh lfsnbijlh, js rhljs lh J bklbgjéçh #
gh`putjlhr 4 kh
lf ahrlh `hstrjlhr lh
jpjij-sf.
vfàgunh phlf` anhqufjr-sf lurjktf j
drfkjif` f h vfàgunh phlf lfrrjpjr. b Wf h sbstf`j JAW fstbvfr lfsjtbvjlh f
vhgã pjrjr h `hthr, jh dukgbhkjr h
`hthr khvj`fktf, h JAW sfrê jtbvjlh
  s juth`jtbgj`fktf.
  f
   m
   n
  j
   t
  f
   l
 
  `
  f
  s
  f
   n
  h
  r
   t
  k
  h
   G

Bktfrrupthr JAW
b Wh`fktf vfàgunhs fqubpjlhs gh` h
bktfrrupthr lf lfsnbij`fkth lh JAW.
H sbstf`j JAW phlf fvfktujn`fktf sfr
lfsjtbvjlh pjrj rfluzbr j lbstákgbj lf
drfkjif` qujklh h vfàgunh fstbvfr sfklh
ghkluzblh f` tfrrfkhs jgblfktjlhs f phr
rujs kçh pjvb`fktjljs (phr fxf`pnh3
ghklbéöfs dhrj lf fstrjlj, tfrrfkhs gh`
hklunjéöfs nfvfs hu fxgfssbvjs, tfrrfkhs
lf phugj ghksbstãkgbj).
H sbstf`j JAW phlf sfr lfsjtbvjlh f
jtbvjlh gh` h vfàgunh pjrjlh (`hthr
dukgbhkjklh) hu f` `hvb`fkth.
Ujrj lfsjtbvjr h JAW3
] Urfssbhkf j pjrtf supfrbhr lh bktfrrupthr
JAW. 
H `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
 Drfbhs
 

:92

Drfbh `jkujn lh rfahquf hu jgfktujlhs, fvbtjklh quf h vfàgunh sf

sf`brrfahquf lfsnhquf pjrj três.
H drfbh `jkujn lh rfahquf hu
IJ\FKÉÇH sf`brrfahquf jtuj sh`fktf kjs rhljs lh
rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf.
H ush bkghrrfth lh drfbh `jkujn lh
Jgbhkjklh h drfbh `jkujn lh rfahquf hu
rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf,
f` suastbtubéçh phr fxf`pnh,
jh drfbh-`hthr, sf`brrfahquf
sharfgjrrfij h drfbh ljs rhljs lh
rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf, gjusjklh h
sfu supfrjqufgb`fkth f fvfktujn
trjvj`fkth. J sfiurjkéj lf hpfrjéçh   s
lh vfàgunh dbgj gh`prh`ftblj f mê rbsgh   f
   m
   n
lf jgblfktf.   j
   t
  f
Vtbnbzf h drfbh `jkujn lh rfahquf hu    l
 
sf`brrfahquf sh`fktf kj suj dbkjnbljlf   `
  f
fspfgàdbgj.   s
  f
Zujklh fstbvfr jgbhkjklh h drfbh : Drfbh lfsjgbhkjlh    n
  h
  r
`jkujn lh rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf,    t
  k
hasfrvf h gh`phrtj`fkth lh rfahquf 1 Jgbhkj`fkth thtjn lh drfbh   h
   G
hu sf`brrfahquf pfnh fspfnmh
rftrhvbshr. ] Jgbhkf j jnjvjkgj lf jgbhkj`fkth lj
vênvunj lf drfbh pjrj ajbxh jtâ hatfr h
H drfbh `jkujn lh rfahquf hu fdfbth lf drfkjif` lfsfcjlh. Wfiurf j
sf`brrfahquf â jgbhkjlh phr `fbh lf u`j jnjvjkgj lf jgbhkj`fkth kfstj
vênvunj lf drfbh (jnjvjkgj lf jgbhkj`fkth phsbéçh.
kh pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths), ] Ujrj gfssjr j jéçh lf drfkjif`, shntf j
bklfpfklfktf`fktf lh drfbh lf sfrvbéh lh jnjvjkgj lf jgbhkj`fkth lj vênvunj lf
vfàgunh-trjthr f lh drfbh lf drfbh. 
fstjgbhkj`fkth. J jnjvjkgj lf jgbhkj`fkth rfthrkj
H drfbh `jkujn lh rfahquf hu juth`jtbgj`fktf pjrj j phsbéçh lf
sf`brrfahquf lfvf sfr usjlh pjrj fdftujr drfbh lfsjgbhkjlh.
u`j drfkjif` jljptjtbvj lh rfahquf hu
sf`brrfahquf f` lfgnbvfs jgfktujlhs. Bsth
prfvbkf quf j gh`abkjéçh vfàgunh-trjthr/
rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf lharf-sf f`
dhr`j lf gjkbvftf, dhr`jklh u` „N‐.
H drfbh `jkujn lh rfahquf hu
sf`brrfahquf phlf sfr usjlh tj`aâ` pjrj
juxbnbjr j sjàlj lh vfàgunh f` jgnbvfs `ubth
 Drfbhs
 

:=5

Drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth
H drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth dhb prhcftjlh
pjrj prfvfkbr quf h vfàgunh fstjgbhkjlh sf
lfsnhquf. Fnf jtuj phr dhréj lf `hnjs
jgu`unjlhrjs kjs rhljs trjsfbrjs lh
vfàgunh.

Jgbhkj`fkth lh drfbh lf
fstjgbhkj`fkth
: Drfbh lfsjgbhkjlh
IJ\FKÉÇH 1 Jgbhkj`fkth thtjn lh drfbh ‗ j
  s
  f jnjvjkgj lh drfbh lf
   m
   n Gfrtbdbquf-sf lf quf j jnjvjkgj lh drfbh
  j
   t
fstjgbhkj`fkth dbgj fkijtjlj
  f
lf fstjgbhkj`fkth dbquf fkijtjlj kj
   l
kfstj phsbéçh
  phsbéçh lf jgbhkj`fkth thtjn lh drfbh.
  ` Gjsh ghktrêrbh, j jnjvjkgj rfthrkj
  f ] Jgbhkf j jnjvjkgj lj vênvunj lh drfbh lf
  s juth`jtbgj`fktf pjrj j phsbéçh lf
  f
   n
  h
  r drfbh lfsjgbhkjlh. Kfstj ghklbéçh, h fstjgbhkj`fkth
jgbhkj`fkth thtjnpjrj j phsbéçh
lh drfbh, lf
hasfrvjklh
   t vfàgunh kçh fstê drfjlh f phlf lfsnhgjr-
  k quf, u` phugh jnâ` lj `ftjlf lh
  h sf.
   G gursh lf jgbhkj`fkth, j jnjvjkgj lfvf
J dhréj lf drfkjif` ljs `hnjs sfr nbifbrj`fktf nfvjktjlj pjrj
jgu`unjlhrjs phlf fvfktujn`fktf sfr sharfpjssjr h rfssjnth bktfrkh f trjvjr
bksudbgbfktf pjrj b`pflbr h kj phsbéçh lf drfkjif`. 
lfsnhgj`fkth lh vfàgunh gjrrfijlh, J nuz bklbgjlhrj ! (drfbh lf
fstjgbhkjlh f` jgnbvfs hu lfgnbvfs fstjgbhkj`fkth) kh pjbkfn lf
jgfktujlhs. bkstru`fkths jgfklf.
• Wf kfgf
kfgfss
ssêrb
êrbh,
h, gj
gjng
ngff js rhljs
rhljs lh b H rfssjnth fxbstfktf kh gursh lf
vfàgunh f lh rfahquf
sf`brrfahquf hu
gh` gjnéhs jgbhkj`fkth lj jnjvjkgj lh drfbh â
`jbs sfksàvfn khs vfàgunhs prfpjrjlhs
jprhprbjlhs. pjrj trjgbhkjr rfahqufs hu
• F` jni
jniuk
ukss pj
pjàs
àsfs
fs,, j nfi
nfibs
bsnj
njéç
éçhh sf`brrfahqufs. Kfstfs vfàgunhs,
lftfr`bkj j utbnbzjéçh lf gjnéhs lf qujklh j jnjvjkgj lh drfbh fstê trjvjlj
sfiurjkéj f` pfnh `fkhs u`j ljs kj phsbéçh lf drfkjif`, sh`fktf h
rhljs lh vfàgunh fstjgbhkjlh f` drfbh ljs rhljs lh gj`bkmçh-trjthr
jgnbvfs hu lfgnbvfs pjrj prfvfkbr h pfr`jkfgf` drfjljs.
sfu lfsnhgj`fkth jgblfktjn.
b Ghksuntf js bkdhr`jéöfs sharf h drfbh
Zujklh dhr ghkluzbr h vfàgunh
lf fstjgbhkj`fkth lh rfahquf/
khvj`fktf, rfghnmj hs gjnéhs lf
sf`brrfahquf kh `jkujn lf bkstruéöfs
sfiurjkéj f iujrlf-hs kh vfàgunh. lh djarbgjktf.
 Drfbhs
 

:=:

Drfbh lf f`friãkgbj
Wf, fvfktujn`fktf, dhr kfgfssêrbh utbnbzjr h
drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth gh`h drfbh lf
f`friãkgbj pjrj drfjr h vfàgunh, jgbhkf j
jnjvjkgj lh drfbh pjrj j phsbéçh lf
drfkjif`, jtâ j phsbéçh bktfr`flbêrbj
nb`btjlj pfnh rfssjnth bktfrkh kh gursh lf
jgbhkj`fkth lj jnjvjkgj, pjrj jssfiurjr j
drfkjif` ljs rhljs lh gj`bkmçh-trjthr f
lh rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf.
: Uhsbéçh lf jgbhkj`fkth thtjn - j
Jp÷s j pjrjlj lh vfàgunh, nfvjktf j
jnjvjkgj pjrj sharfpjssjr h rfssjnth jnjvjkgj lh drfbh lf
fstjgbhkj`fkth fstê fkijtjlj   s
bktfrkh f trjvê-nj kj phsbéçh lf drfkjif`.   f
   m
   n
1 Uuxf j jnjvjkgj lh drfbh lf   j
   t
Lfsjgbhkj`fkth lh drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth pjrj lfstrjvê-nj   f
   l
 
fstjgbhkj`fkth 7 Uhsbéçh lf drfbh lfsjgbhkjlh   `
ô
  f
  s
  f
IJ\FKÉÇH H drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth kçh phlf sfr
gh`pnftj`fktf lfsjgbhkjlh qujklh j
   n
  h
  r
   t
Wf j prfssçh pkfu`êtbgj dhr bksudbgbfktf   k
prfssçh khs gbrgubths lf drfbh lf sfrvbéh dhr   h
pjrj lfsjgbhkjr h drfbh lf    G
`fkhr quf = ajr.
fstjgbhkj`fkth, rfthrkf j jnjvjkgj lh
drfbh pjrj j phsbéçh lf drfbh jgbhkjlh
jgbhkjl h f, ] Uuxf j jnjvjkgj lh drfbh lf
`jktfklh h `hthr dukgbhkjklh, fstjgbhkj`fkth pjrj lfstrjvê-nj f
jiujrlf j prfssurbzjéçh thtjn lh jgbhkf-j thtjn`fktf pjrj j phsbéçh lf
sbstf`j pkfu`êtbgh. drfbh lfsjgbhkjlh. 
J nuz bklbgjlhrj ! (drfbh lf
Hasfrvf quf, sf lfbxjr j jnjvjkgj lh
fstjgbhkj`fkth) kh pjbkfn lf
drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth kj phsbéçh lf
bkstru`fkths lfvf jpjijr.
drfbh lfsjgbhkjlh, jssb` quf h gbrgubth J nuz bklbgjlhrj ! (drfbh lf
pkfu`êtbgh lh drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth
dhr prfssurbzjlh, h drfbh sf lfsjgbhkjrê fstjgbhkj`fkth) pfr`jkfgf jgfsj qujklh
f h vfàgunh phlfrê lfsnhgjr-sf f gjusjr j prfssçh kh gbrgubth pkfu`êtbgh lh drfbh
jgblfktfs. lf fstjgbhkj`fkth lf `hnjs jgu`unjlhrjs
fstbvfr `ubth ajbxj (jajbxh lf 4,= ajr).
Kfstf gjsh, f` f`friãkgbjs, js `hnjs
jgu`unjlhrjs lh drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth
phlf` sfr jnbvbjljs `jkujn`fktf pjrj
phssbabnbtjr quf h vfàgunh sfcj rfahgjlh
(; pêibkj 12:).
12:).
 Drfbhs
 

:=1

Drfbh `hthr b H drfbh-`hthr â jtbvjlh sh`fktf qujklh

j rhtjéçh lh `hthr fstê jgb`j lf
255/`bk f h pfljn lh jgfnfrjlhr kj
IJ\FKÉÇH phsbéçh lf rfphush (kçh jgbhkjlh).
Kçh jtbvf h drfbh-`hthr f` pbstjs Jnjvjkgj lf ghktrhnf lh drfbh-`hthr
fsghrrfijlbjs, phbs js rhljs phlf`
anhqufjr-sf f h vfàgunh phlf lfrrjpjr.
H drfbh-`hthr jtuj f` gh`abkjéçh gh` h
fxgnusbvh sbstf`j lf fstrjkiunjlhrfs
ghkstjktfs \hp-arjof @frgflfs-Afkz,
  s prhphrgbhkjklh fnfvjlj phtãkgbj lf
  f
   n drfkjif`, h quf rfluz ghksblfrjvfn`fktf j
   m
  j shnbgbtjéçh lh drfbh lf sfrvbéh f ijrjktf
   t
  f
  fnfvjlj lurjabnbljlf ljs iujrkbéöfs lf
   l
  ` drfbh.
  f 5 Drfbh-`hthr lfsnbijlh
  s H jgbhkj`fkth lh drfbh-`hthr phlf sfr
  f
   n
  h
  r lbrfth hu phr `fbh lh pfljn lh drfbh lf : Jgbhkj`fkth lh drfbh-`hthr pfnh
   t
sfrvbéh. pfljn lh drfbh lf sfrvbéh
  k
  h
   G 1 Jgbhkj`fkth lbrfth lh drfbh-`hthr
J phtãkgbj lf drfkjif` lh dfbh-`hthr
lfpfklf lj rhtjéçh lh `hthr. Qhtjéöfs lh
`hthr `jbs fnfvjljs prhphrgbhkj` Drfbh-`hthr lfsnbijlh
phtãkgbj lf drfkjif` `jbs fnfvjlj.
IJ\FKÉÇH
Mjabtuf-sf j utbnbzjr h drfbh-`hthr lurjktf j
ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh. @jktfkmj h drfbh-`hthr lfsnbijlh
Zujklh trjdfijr f` lfgnbvfs nhkihs f qujklh dhr trjdfijr phr pbstjs
fsghrrfijlbjs hu quf jprfsfktf` rbsghs
jgfktujlhs,
jlfqujlj kj fkirfkf
gjbxj lf u`j `jrgmj
`uljkéjs f jgbhkf h lf jqujpnjkjif`, phbs, kfstjs
drfbh juxbnbjr pjrj jprhvfbtjr h fdfbth lf ghklbéöfs, j jtujéçh lh drfbh-`hthr
drfkjif` lh `hthr. phlf djzfr h vfàgunh lfrrjpjr.
F` pbstjs lf ahj jlfrãkgbj, `jktfkmj h
I drfbh-`hthr nbijlh pjrj jssfiurjr j suj
Zujklh h drfbh-`hthr fstbvfr jtujklh, jtujéçh f prhphrgbhkjr `jbhr fdbgbãkgbj
kçh pfr`btj quf h `hthr sfcj lf drfkjif` jh vfàgunh.
sua`ftblh j rhtjéöfs fxgfssbvjs. Ujrj
jssfiurjr j jtujéçh fdbgbfktf lh drfbh- ] Uhsbgbhkf j jnjvjkgj `untbdukéöfs kj
`hthr f sf` rbsghs lf ljkbdbgjr h phsbéçh 5 (lfsnbijlh). 
`hthr, `jktfkmj
lfktrh lj j rhtjéçh
djbxj j`jrfnj lh `hthr
kj fsgjnj lh H drfbh-`hthr kçh jtuj.
tjgü`ftrh (; pêibkj 91).
91).
 

Drfbhs :=7

 Jgbhkj`fkth lh drfbh-`hthr
drfbh-`hthr pfnh pfljn
lh drfbh lf sfrvbéh
Ghklbéçh rfgh`fkljlj pjrj
lfsjgfnfrjéöfs f` trêdfih khr`jn.
] Jgbhkf j jnjvjkgj `untbdukéöfs kj
phsbéçh : (jgbhkj`fkth lh drfbh-
`hthr pfnh pfljn lh drfbh lf sfrvbéh).
] Jgbhkf h pfljn lh drfbh lf sfrvbéh. 
H drfbh-`hthr â gh`jkljlh kh gursh
nbvrf lh pfljn lh drfbh f jtuj gh` :55%
lj phtãkgbj lf drfkjif` lbsphkàvfn.
  s
  f
 Jgbhkj`fkth lbrfth
lbrfth lh drfbh-`hthr    m
   n
  j
   t
Ghklbéçh rfgh`fkljlj pjrj drfkjif`   f
   l
 
ghktàkuj f` nhkihs lfgnbvfs   `
  f
] Jgbhkf j jnjvjkgj `untbdukéöfs kj   s
  f
phsbéçh 1 (jgbhkj`fkth lbrfth lh    n
  h
  r
drfbh-`hthr).     t
  k
H drfbh-`hthr jtuj lf dhr`j ghktàkuj   h
   G
gh` :55% lj phtãkgbj lf drfkjif`
lbsphkàvfn.
I
F` lfgnbvfs jgfktujlhs, rfluzj j
`jrgmj lh vfàgunh kh tf`ph ghrrfth f
jgbhkf h drfbh-`hthr pjrj jprhvfbtjr j
dhréj lf drfkjif` lh `hthr. Hasfrvf j
djbxj
(djbxjlf drfkjif`
j`jrfnj) kj fdftbvj
fsgjnj lh
lh drfbh-`hthr
tjgü`ftrh.

J nuz bklbgjlhrj T (drfbh-`hthr) kh

pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths jgfklf qujklh h
drfbh-`hthr fstê jtbvjlh f lfvf
pfr`jkfgfr jpjijlj qujklh h drfbh-`hthr
fstê lfsnbijlh.
Lurjktf j jtujéçh lh sbstf`j JAW, h drfbh-
`hthr â lfsjtbvjlh juth`jtbgj`fktf.
Fktrftjkth, j nuz bklbgjlhrj T (drfbh-
`hthr) kçh sf jpjij.
 Wbstf`js lf `uljkéjs lf `jrgmjs
 

:=<

Wbstf`js lf `uljkéjs lf `jrgmjs

Hs vfàgunhs sçh fqubpjlhs gh` gjbxj lf I
`uljkéjs `jkujn gh` :4 `jrgmjs pjrj j Hasfrvf sf`prf js bklbgjéöfs j sfiubr.
drfktf. Gjsh ghktrêrbh, j gjbxj lf `uljkéjs, h
Wbstf`j lf `uljkéj lf `jrgmjs `hthr hu j f`arfjif` phlf` sfr
ljkbdbgjlhs.
`jkujn • Uj
Ujrj
rj bbkb
kbgb
gbjr
jr j `jr
`jrgm
gmjj lh vf
vfàg
àgun
unh,
h,
IJ\FKÉÇH fkijtf sf`prf j :ª `jrgmj lj gjbxj
lf `uljkéjs.
Wf mhuvfr pfrlj lf prfssçh kh gbrgubth • Fv
Fvbt
btff `j
`jkt
ktfr
fr j rrht
htjéç
jéçhh lh `h
`hth
thrr
  s pkfu`êtbgh lf ghksu`blhrfs juxbnbjrfs, `ubth jntj hu `ubth ajbxj.
  f vhgã phlf kçh sfr gjpjz lf jgbhkjr j
   m
   n
  j f`arfjif` hu lf fdftujr j `uljkéj lf • Fk
Fkijt
ijtff j `jr
`jrgm
gmjj j râ ssh`
h`fk
fktf
tf gh
gh`
`
   t
  f `jrgmj ghrrftj`fktf. Kfstf gjsh, vhgã h `hthr f` `jrgmj nfktj f h vfàgunh
   l
 
  ` phlf kçh sfr gjpjz lf fdftujr `jkharjs pjrjlh.
  f sudbgbfktf`fktf rêpbljs pjrj fsgjpjr lf
  s • Zuj
Zujkl
klhh ffdft
dftuj
ujrr `
`ulj
uljké
kéjj ppjrj
jrj u`j
  f
   n
  h
  r sbtujéöfs
Kçh bkbgbf pfrbihsjs.
j `jrgmj lh vfàgunh hu, sf h `jrgmj `jbs rfluzblj,
quf j rhtjéçh lh `hthrgublf pjrj
kçh jngjkgf
   t
  k
  h vfàgunh fstbvfr f` `jrgmj, fstjgbhkf tçh j djbxj lf pfrbih (vfr`fnmj) kj
   G
nhih sfcj phssàvfn, ghksblfrjklh js fsgjnj lh tjgü`ftrh.
ghklbéöfs lj fstrjlj f lh tráksbth, sf h • Lf
Lfphb
phbss llff ffdf
dftuj
tujrr `
`ulj
uljké
kéjj llff
`hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh `jrgmj, shntf j jnjvjkgj lf
fxbabr h sà`ahnh ¥ (ajbxj prfssçh lf `uljkéjs. Kçh jphbf suj `çh hu
rfsfrvj kh gbrgubth lf ghksu`blhrfs arjéh kj jnjvjkgj lf `uljkéjs.
juxbnbjrfs) f h sfi`fkth lh bklbgjlhr lf
fstjlh jgfklfr kj ghr j`jrfnj. • Wf h sb
sbkj
kjnn lf jlv
jlvfr
frtã
tãkgb
kgbjj sh
shjr
jr jjhh
Urhvblfkgbf pjrj quf h sbstf`j lf jr fkijtjr u`j `jrgmj `jbs ajbxj,
gh`prb`blh sfcj vfrbdbgjlh f rfpjrjlh sbikbdbgj
jl`bssàvfnquf
lhj`hthr
rhtjéçh
dhb`êxb`j
fxgflblj.
f` u`j hdbgbkj fspfgbjnbzjlj f
qujnbdbgjlj, quf tfkmj hs Kfstf gjsh, `jktfkmj h pfljn lj
ghkmfgb`fkths fspfgbjnbzjlhs f`arfjif` jgbhkjlh f fkijtf u`j
kfgfssêrbhs f dfrrj`fktjs pjrj fxfgutjr `jrgmj `jbs jntj hu rfluzj j
hs sfrvbéhs rfqufrblhs. vfnhgbljlf lh vfàgunh.
Qfgh`fklj`hs quf vhgã fkgj`bkmf h b Hasfrvf sbstf`jtbgj`fktf h tjgü`ftrh
vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf fkqujkth lbrbif f prhgurf `jktfr j
Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj rhtjéçh lh `hthr, sf`prf quf phssàvfn,
fxfgutjr fstfs sfrvbéhs. \hlhs hs lfktrh lj djbxj lf hpfrjéçh fghkü`bgj
sfrvbéhs f` sbstf`js rfnjgbhkjlhs å
sfiurjkéj lfvf` sfr fxfgutjlhs f` kj fsgjnj
Lbrbcj gh`lh tjgü`ftrh
j `jrgmj `jbs(djbxj
jntj vfrlf). 
phssàvfn
u`j hdbgbkj fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj. fkijtjlj, phrâ`, rfluzj pjrj `jrgmjs

`jbs rfluzbljs kh tf`ph ghrrfth
qujklh jprhxb`jr-sf lf jgnbvfs hu
lfgnbvfs.  `uljkéjs dbgj kj phsbéçh lf fkijtf fktrf
Fdftuf `uljkéjs lf `jrgmjs sh`fktf
qujklh dhr jashnutj`fktf kfgfssêrbh
f, sf phssàvfn, sjntf `jrgmjs.
b H `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
fxbaf j bklbgjéçh K qujklh j gjbxj lf
`uljkéjs fstê f` phkth-`hrth
(kfutrh).
Gjbxjs lf `uljkéjs lf :4 `jrgmjs
pjrj j drfktf gh` sbstf`j lf `uljkéj
lf `jrgmjs `jkujn
Lbjirj`j lf `uljkéjs lf `jrgmjs, gjbxjs
lf `uljkéjs lf :4 `jrgmjs pjrj j drfktf
J gjbxj lf `uljkéjs lbspöf lf = `jrgmjs
prbkgbpjbs,
vfnhgbljlfs.lbvbljs f` lhbs iruphs lf
H prb`fbrh iruph lf vfnhgbljlfs (:³ M,
`jrgmjs ajbxjs) hpfrj j `jrgmj j râ f j
djbxj lf :ª j <ª `jrgmj.
H sfiuklh iruph lf vfnhgbljlfs (1³ m,
`jrgmjs jntjs) hpfrj j djbxj lf 6ª j =ª
`jrgmj).
V` iruph lbvbshr sualbvblf gjlj `jrgmj lj
gjbxj lf `uljkéjs f` vfnhgbljlfs nfktjs f
vfnhgbljlfs
jirfijlh gh`rêpbljs, rfsuntjklh
:4 `jrgmjs pjrj f` u`
drfktf.
Wbstf`js lf `uljkéjs lf `jrgmjs :=6
Zujklh j gjbxj lf `uljkéjs fstê f`
phkth-`hrth (kfutrh), j jnjvjkgj lf
j 7ª f j <ª `jrgmjs kh iruph lf `jrgmjs
ajbxjs f fktrf j 6ª f j 4ª `jrgmjs kh
iruph lf vfnhgbljlfs jntjs. H `hstrjlhr lh
gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh fxbaf j bklbgjéçh K
(kfutrh).
@uljkéjs lf `jrgmjs
] Jgbhkf thtjn`fktf h pfljn lj
f`arfjif`.
  s
] @hvj j jnjvjkgj lf `uljkéjs gh`   f
   m
   n
sujvbljlf f dbr`fzj pjrj j phsbéçh lf   j
   t
`jrgmj lfsfcjlj, sf` fdftujr lupnj   f
   l
lfarfjif`, sf` jgfnfrjr qujklh f`   `
phkth-`hrth f sf` tfktjtbvjs lf   f
  s
  f
fkijtfs jtrjvâs lf ihnpfs jntfrkjlhs.    n
  h
  r
] Whntf nfktj`fktf h pfljn lj f`arfjif`    t
  k
f prfssbhkf h pfljn lh jgfnfrjlhr.   h
   G
b H `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
lh vfàgunh fxbaf j bklbgjéçh K qujklh j
trjks`bssçh fstê f` kfutrh (phkth-
`hrth) f Q, qujklh j `jrgmj j râ fstê
fkijtjlj.
@uljkéj lf iruph lf vfnhgbljlfs
I
Wh`fktf fdftuf `uljkéjs lh sfiuklh
iruph lf vfnhgbljlfs (1³ M, `jrgmjs
jntjs) pjrj h prb`fbrh iruph lf
vfnhgbljlfs (:ª M, `jrgmjs ajbxjs)
qujklh j vfnhgbljlf lh vfàgunh fstbvfr
jajbxh lf 16 o`/m.
Ujrj `uljr lh prb`fbrh iruph lf
vfnhgbljlfs (:³ M, `jrgmjs ajbxjs) pjrj h
sfiuklh
`jrgmjs iruph lf vbgf-vfrsj3
jntjs) hu vfnhgbljlfs (1³ M,
 

:=4 Wbstf`js lf `uljkéjs lf `jrgmjs

] Jgbhkf thtjn`fktf h pfljn lj

f`arfjif`.
] @hvj j jnjvjkgj lf `uljkéjs pjrj j
phsbéçh lf kfutrh (phkth-`hrth).
] Lã u` nfvf ihnpf gh` j pjn`j lj `çh kh
pukmh lj jnjvjkgj lf `uljkéjs, sf`
sfiurjr j jnjvjkgj.
] Jiujrlf gfrgj lf u` sfiuklh f, fktçh,
fkijtf j `jrgmj lfsfcjlj.
] Whntf h pfljn lj f`arfjif`.
  s
  f
   m
   n
  j
   t
  f
   l
 
  `
  f
  s
  f
   n
  h
  r
   t
  k
  h
   G
 Hpfrjéçh
 

:=9

Hpfrjéçh
• pjt
pjtbk
bkjr
jrf`
f` lf
lf j`
j`ahs
ahs hs njl
njlhs
hs,, h J
JWQ
WQ
JWQ (ghktrhnf lf trjéçh) rfluz juth`jtbgj`fktf j phtãkgbj lh
J dukéçh JWQ (Jktb Wnbp Qfiunjtbhk), tf` `hthr.
gh`h hacftbvh prbkgbpjn rfluzbr h Wf h JWQ fstbvfr jtujklh3
fsghrrfij`fkth ljs rhljs `htrbzfs lh
• j nuz bklb
bklbgj
gjlhr
lhrjj kh pjb
pjbkf
kfnn lf
vfàgunh lurjktf
pbshs gh` ajbxhhjtrbth.
jrrjkquf f jgfnfrjéçh f` bkstru`fkths pbsgj.
• h \\F@
F@UH@
UH@J\J\ kç
kçhh pphlf
hlf sfr jtb
jtbvj
vjlh
lh
Bkdhr`jéöfs lf sfiurjkéj b`phrtjktfs • sf h \\F@
F@UH@
UH@J\J\ cê fst
fstjv
jvjj jtb
jtbvjl
vjlhh
jktfrbhr`fktf, fstf pfr`jkfgf
IJ\FKÉÇH jtbvjlh. Kçh phlfklh jgfnfrjr kf`   s
  f
lfsjgfnfrjr gh` h \F@UH@J\.    m
   n
Wf lfsjtbvjr h JWQ, fnf kçh fdftujrê   j
   t
qujnqufr fstjabnbzjéçh lh vfàgunh ] Ibrf j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lf   f
   l
 
lurjktf h jrrjkquf f j jgfnfrjéçh. lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lf `jrgmj.
  `
Fxbstf fnfvjlh rbsgh lf lfrrjpjif` f lf   f
J nuzfs bklbgjlhrjs f kh pjbkfn lf   s
  f
jgblfktf!
Lfsjtbvf h JWQ jpfkjs kjs ghklbéöfs bkstru`fkths jgfklf`
jprhxb`jlj`fktf, f jpjij`
1 sfiuklhs. jp÷s,fstê
H JWQ    n
  h
  r
   t
  k
lfsgrbtjs j sfiubr. jtbvjlh.   h
   G
Wf mhuvfr djnmj kh JWQ, j nuz bklbgjlhrj
- jgfklfrê f sfrê jprfsfktjlj u`j
H JWQ kçh ghksfiuf `bkb`bzjr h rbsgh lf
`fksjif` kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr
jgblfktf kf` jkunjr hs nb`btfs dàsbghs f`
lf ahrlh. Urhvblfkgbf h rfpjrh lj
l j djnmj f`
u` jrrjkquf hu jgfnfrjéçh bkjlfqujlhs. H
u`j hdbgbkj fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj.
JWQ â jpfkjs u` `fbh juxbnbjr. Jljptf
sf`prf h sfu fstbnh lf ghkluéçh ås
Lfsjtbvjr f jtbvjr h JWQ
ghklbéöfs gnb`êtbgjs f fstrjlj jtujbs.

Ghkluzbr gh` JWQ

H ghktrhnf lf trjéçh lb`bkub h pjtbkj`fkth
ljs rhljs `htrbzfs jh jrrjkgjr hu jgfnfrjr,
jgfnfrjr ,
bklfpfklfktf`fktf ljs ghklbéöfs lj
fstrjlj.
Wf js rhljs `htrbzfs3
• ghgh`fé
`féjrf
jrf`
` j pjt
pjtbk
bkjr
jr lf u` hu lf
j`ahs hs njlhs, h JWQ jtbvj-sf
juth`jtbgj`fktf. Ujrj jrrjkgjr, h JWQ phlfrê sfr
• pjpjtb
tbkj
kjrf
rf`
` llff u`
u` nnjl
jlh,
h, sç
sçhh tf`phrjrbj`fktf lfsjtbvjlh, phr fxf`pnh,
juth`jtbgj`fktf anhqufjljs pfnh kh gjsh lf trjdfijr sharf supfrdàgbf shntj
JWQ. hu kfvf.
 Hpfrjéçh
 

:==

] Gjsh hghrrj` prhanf`js lf trjéçh kj

ghkluéçh gh` ghrrfktfs pjrj j kfvf hu
jh pfrghrrfr trfgmhs gh` j supfrdàgbf
shntj, phr fxf`pnh, trjcfths gh`
gjsgjnmh, lfsjtbvf h JWQ.
] Lfsjtbvjr3 prfssbhkf j tfgnj 3
Wf j nuz bklbgjlhrj
lfsjtbvjlh. jgfklfr, h JWQ fstê
] Jtbvjr3 prfssbhkf khvj`fktf j tfgnj 3.
hu
  s Ujrf h `hthr f dukgbhkf h `hthr
  f
   m
   n khvj`fktf. J nuz bklbgjlhrj kh pjbkfn
  j
   t lf bkstru`fkths jpjij.
  f
   l
 
  ` Anhqufbh lh lbdfrfkgbjn
  f
  s H anhqufbh lh lbdfrfkgbjn, sf lbsphkàvfn,
  f
   n
  h
  r lfvf sfr fkijtjlh qujklh kfgfssêrbh - phr
   t fxf`pnh, jh trjksbtjr f` fstrjljs kçh
  k
  h pjvb`fktjljs lf supfrdàgbf fsghrrfijlbj
   G
hu f` ghklbéöfs prfgêrbjs f kjs hpfrjéöfs
dhrj lf fstrjlj.
Fkijtjr f lfsfkijtjr h anhqufbh lh
lbdfrfkgbjn
IJ\FKÉÇH
J lbrbibabnbljlf lh vfàgunh â bkdnufkgbjlj
pfnj utbnbzjéçh lh anhqufbh lh
lbdfrfkgbjn. Gh` h anhqufbh fkijtjlh, js
`jkharjs lh vfàgunh ku`j gurvj sçh
dfbtjs lf dhr`j `fkhs ghktrhnjlj.
Uhrtjkth, j jpnbgjéçh bkjlfqujlj lh
anhqufbh phlf gjusjr ljkhs kjs rhljs
hu khs gh`phkfktfs lh lbdfrfkgbjn.
Uhr bssh, kukgj ghkluzj h vfàgunh f`
vbjs gh` supfrdàgbf dbr`f f lf ahj
jlfrãkgbj gh` h anhqufbh lh lbdfrfkgbjn
fkijtjlh.
I
J utbnbzjéçh lh anhqufbh lh lbdfrfkgbjn â
bklbgjlj pjrj trjdfijr f` vbjs gh`
supfrdàgbf fsghrrfijlbj hu lf ajbxj
ghksbstãkgbj.
Zujklh trjdfijr f` vbjs pjvb`fktjljs
hu f` fstrjljs kçh pjvb`fktjljs lf
supfrdàgbf dbr`f f rfiunjr, `jktfkmj h
anhqufbh lh lbdfrfkgbjn lfsfkijtjlh?
gjsh ghktrêrbh, hs gh`phkfktfs ljs
rhljs f lh lbdfrfkgbjn phlf` sfr
ljkbdbgjlhs.
Fkijtjr h anhqufbh trjksvfrsjn lh fbxh
trjsfbrh
I
H anhqufbh lh lbdfrfkgbjn lfvf sfr
fkijtjlh sh`fktf gh` h vfàgunh
pjrjlh hu trjdfijklh f` vfnhgbljlf
`ubth ajbxj (`êxb`h :5 o`/m).
Kçh fkijtf h anhqufbh lh lbdfrfkgbjn
qujklh js rhljs `htrbzfs fstbvfrf`
pjtbkjklh, phbs, kfstj ghklbéçh, fxbstf
h rbsgh lf ljkbdbgjr hs gh`phkfktfs lh
fbxh trjsfbrh.
Bkbgbf j `jrgmj gubljlhsj`fktf,
jgbhkjklh nfktj`fktf h pfljn lh
jgfnfrjlhr, phbs hs lfktfs lf
jghpnj`fkth lh anhqufbh phlf` kçh
fstjr thtjn`fktf fkirfkjlhs.
Kçh untrjpjssf j vfnhgbljlf lf
<5 o`/m qujklh fstbvfr ghkluzbklh h
vfàgunh gh` h anhqufbh lh lbdfrfkgbjn
fkijtjlh.
 

Hpfrjéçh :=2

`hstrjklh quf h anhqufbh trjksvfrsjn

lh fbxh trjsfbrh fstê fkijtjlh f h
sfi`fkth lh bklbgjlhr lf fstjlh
jgfklf kj ghr j`jrfnj.

Lfsfkijtjr h anhqufbh trjksvfrsjn lh

fbxh trjsfbrh
] Ibrf h bktfrrupthr lf jgbhkj`fkth lh
anhqufbh kh sfktblh jktb-mhrêrbh, pjrj j
phsbéçh :. H anhqufbh trjksvfrsjn lh
Bktfrrupthr lf jgbhkj`fkth lh anhqufbh fbxh trjsfbrh â lfsfkijtjlh.
trjksvfrsjn lh fbxh trjsfbrh H bklbgjlhr lf fqubpj`fkths kh
`hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh   s
  f
: Anhqufbh lfsfkijtjlh    m
   n
lfvf jpjijr. H sfi`fkth lh bklbgjlhr   j
1 Anhqufbh trjksvfrsjn lh fbxh trjsfbrh lf fstjlh sf jpjij.    t
  f
fkijtjlh    l
 
b Kçh â kfgfssêrbh pjrjr h vfàgunh hu   `
rfluzbr j suj vfnhgbljlf pjrj   f
  s
  f
lfsfkijtjr
fbxh trjsfbrh.h anhqufbh trjksvfrsjn lh    n
  h
  r
   t
Wf h anhqufbh pfr`jkfgfr fkijtjlh,   k
  h
jnbvbf `h`fktjkfj`fktf j jgfnfrjéçh    G
f, sf kfgfssêrbh, rfjnbzf pfqufkjs
`uljkéjs kj trjcft÷rbj lh vfàgunh pjrj
gh`pnftjr h sfu lfsfkijtf.
\h`jlj lf dhréj

: Bklbgjéçh lf anhqufbh lh lbdfrfkgbjn

+ anhqufbh lfsfkijtjlh
# anhqufbh fkijtjlh
1 Bklbgjéçh lf jtbvjéçh lj th`jlj lf
dhréj
7 Bklbgjlhr lf jtbvjéçh lh anhqufbh
lh lbdfrfkgbjn

] Ibrf h bktfrrupthr lf jgbhkj`fkth lh Bktfrrupthr lj th`jlj lf dhréj

anhqufbh f` sfktblh mhrêrbh jtâ j
phsbéçh 1. H anhqufbh trjksvfrsjn lh
fbxh trjsfbrh â fkijtjlh. 
H bklbgjlhr lf fqubpj`fkths â fxbablh
kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh,
 

:25 Hpfrjéçh

Fkijtjr j th`jlj lf dhréj

] Jgbhkf thtjn`fktf h pfljn lj
f`arfjif` f `jktfkmj-h jgbhkjlh phr
gfrgj lf lfz sfiuklhs.
Gh` h pfljn lj f`arfjif` jgbhkjlh3
] Uuxf h bktfrrupthr lf jgbhkj`fkth lj
th`jlj lf dhréj. 
J nuz lf ghktrhnf kh bktfrrupthr lj
th`jlj lf dhréj jgfklf-sf, bklbgjklh
Bklbgjlhr lf fqubpj`fkths quf j th`jlj lf dhréj fstê jgbhkjlj.  
(fxf`pnh) H `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
  s fxbaf h bklbgjlhr lf fqubpj`fkths,
  f : \h`jlj lf dhréj
   m
   n bklbgjklh quf j th`jlj lf dhréj fstê
  j
   t + th`jlj lf dhréj jgbhkjlj f h bklbgjlhr lf fstjlh
  f lfsfkijtjlj
   l
  jgfklf-sf kj ghr j`jrfnj.
  ` # th`jlj lf dhréj fkijtjlj
  f ] Whntf sujvf`fktf h pfljn lj
  s
  f f`arfjif`.
   n
  h
  r I
   t Lfsfkijtjr j th`jlj lf dhréj
  k
  h J th`jlj lf dhréj lfvf sfr fkijtjlj f
   G ] Jgbhkf thtjn`fktf h pfljn lj
lfsfkijtjlj sh`fktf gh` h vfàgunh
f`arfjif` f `jktfkmj-h jgbhkjlh phr
pjrjlh, h `hthr dukgbhkjklh f`
gfrgj lf lfz sfiuklhs.
`jrgmj nfktj f j gjbxj lf `uljkéjs
`ulj kéjs f`
phkth-`hrth (kfutrh). Gh` h pfljn lj f`arfjif` jgbhkjlh3
Kçh fdftuf `uljkéjs lf `jrgmjs lj ] Urfssbhkf h ahtçh lf jgbhkj`fkth lj
gjbxj lf `uljkéjs qujklh j th`jlj lf th`jlj lf dhréj. 
dhréj fstbvfr fkijtjlj, phbs fstf J nuz lf ghktrhnf kh bktfrrupthr lj
prhgflb`fkth phlf ljkbdbgjr j gjbxj lf th`jlj lf dhréj jpjij-sf, bklbgjklh
`uljkéjs. quf j th`jlj lf dhréj fstê
lfsfkijtjlj. 
J hpfrjéçh bkjlfqujlj lj th`jlj lf
H bklbgjlhr lf fqubpj`fkths kh
dhréj phlf gjusjr ljkhs kj pr÷prbj
`hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh f h
th`jlj lf dhréj hu kj gjbxj lf
bklbgjlhr lf fstjlh sf jpjij`.
`uljkéjs.
] Whntf sujvf`fktf h pfljn lj
Wf, jh fkijtjr j th`jlj lf dhréj,
f`arfjif`.
hghrrfrf` ruàlhs lf fktrfgmhqufs lf
fkirfkjifks (jrrjkmj`fkth),
fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u`
Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj
fxj`bkjr f, sf kfgfssêrbh, rfpjrjr h
sbstf`j lf f`arfjif`.
 Hpfrjéçh
 

:2:

Fsghj`fkth lf gjrij f` th`ajlhr

IJ\FKÉÇH
Lfsnbiuf h `hthr lh vfàgunh jktfs lf
sua`ftã-nh jh fsghj`fkth lf gjrij f`
th`ajlhrfs.
Uhlfrçh hghrrfr ljkhs kh `hthr sf h
vfàgunh dhr sua`ftblh j irjklfs
bkgnbkjéöfs gh` h `hthr nbijlh.
Jnjvjkgj `untbdukéöfs, jcustjr rhtjéçh lf
`jrgmj nfktj
Qhtjéçh lf `jrgmj nfktj   s
  f
Ujrj ju`fktjr j rhtjéçh3    m
J rhtjéçh lf `jrgmj nfktj â rfiunjlj    n
  j
   t
juth`jtbgj`fktf f` dukéçh lj ] Jgbhkf j jnjvjkgj `untbdukéöfs pjrj   f
tf`pfrjturj lh nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth. gb`j : f sfiurf-j kfssj phsbéçh.      l
 
J rhtjéçh lh `hthr ju`fktj jtâ 155/   `
  f
Dukéçh lf jcustf lj `jrgmj nfktj `bk jgb`j lj rhtjéçh lf `jrgmj nfktj   s
  f
(lbsphkàvfn sh`fktf f` vfàgunhs aêsbgj.    n
  h
  r
fqubpjlhs gh` pbnhth juth`êtbgh f    t
hu   k
rfiunjlhr lf vfnhgbljlf)   h
   G
] Uunsf arfvf`fktf j jnjvjkgj
Khs vfàgunhs fqubpjlhs gh` pbnhth `untbdukéöfs pjrj gb`j :. 
juth`êtbgh f rfiunjlhr lf vfnhgbljlf, j J rhtjéçh lh `hthr ju`fktj gfrgj lf
rhtjéçh lf `jrgmj nfktj phlf sfr jcustjlj 15/`bk phr punsh jtâ gfrgj lf 155
phr `fbh lj jnjvjkgj `untbdukéöfs pjrj rhtjéöfs jgb`j lj rhtjéçh lf `jrgmj
jgbhkjr fqubpj`fkths juxbnbjrfs gh` h nfktj aêsbgj.
vfàgunh pjrjlh. Bsth thrkj phssàvfn jgbhkjr
fqubpj`fkths juxbnbjrfs (phr fxf`pnh3 Ujrj lb`bkubr j rhtjéçh3

ah`ajs). ] Jgbhkf j jnjvjkgj

ajbxh 1 `untbdukéöfs
 f sfiurf-j pjrj 
kfssj phsbéçh.
 Jcustjr j rhtjéçh
rhtjéçh lf `jrgmj nfktj
nfktj J rhtjéçh lh `hthr lb`bkub jtâ j
J rhtjéçh lf `jrgmj nfktj phlf sfr rhtjéçh lf `jrgmj nfktj aêsbgj.
jcustjlj gh` h vfàgunh pjrjlh, ku`j djbxj hu
lf jprhxb`jlj`fktf 155 rhtjéöfs.
] Uunsf arfvf`fktf j jnjvjkgj
`untbdukéöfs pjrj ajbxh 1. 
J rhtjéçh lh `hthr lb`bkub gfrgj lf
15/`bk phr punsh jtâ j rhtjéçh lf
`jrgmj nfktj aêsbgj.
 

:21 Hpfrjéçh

Ujrj lfsnbijr j dukéçh lf jcustf lj `jrgmj

nfktj3
] Uunsf j jnjvjkgj `untbdukéöfs pjrj j
drfktf 7. 
J dukéçh lf rfiunjif` lj rhtjéçh â
lfsnbijlj.

b Jh shntjr
`hthr j jnjvjkgj
hpfrj `untbdukéöfs,
kj rhtjéçh jcustjlj. h
b J dukéçh lf rfiunjif` lj rhtjéçh
lfsnbij-sf juth`jtbgj`fktf jp÷s
bkbgbjr j `jrgmj lh vfàgunh, jh jtbkibr j
  s vfnhgbljlf lf jprhxb`jlj`fktf
  f
   m
   n 15 o`/m.
  j
   t
  f
   l
 
  `
  f
  s
  f
   n
  h
  r
   t
  k
  h
   G
 Wbstf`js lf ghkluéçh
 

:27

Wbstf`js lf ghkluéçh
H vfàgunh phlf sfr fqubpjlh J `uljkéj lf dukéçh fktrf pbnhth
hpgbhkjn`fktf gh` hs sfiubktfs sbstf`js juth`êtbgh f nb`btjlhr s÷ â phssàvfn gh` h
lf ghkluéçh3 vfàgunh f` `jrgmj.
5 Nb`btjlhr (; pêibkj :27) ] Uunsf arfvf`fktf h ahtçh : kj
;
fxtrf`bljlf lj jnjvjkgj `untbdukéöfs.
F Ubnhth Juth`êtbgh (  pêibkj :26) ] J dukéçh lf pbnhth juth`êtbgh fstê
Hs sbstf`js lf ghkluéçh sçh jpfkjs
dukéöfs juxbnbjrfs pjrj h `hthrbstj kj hpfrjgbhkjn, `js kçh sf fkghktrj jtbvj.
ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh j u`j vfnhgbljlf H `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
prflftfr`bkjlj. Ghktulh, j fxbaf h sà`ahnh F.
rfsphksjabnbljlf lf ghktrhnjr j vfnhgbljlf ] Uunsf khvj`fktf h ahtçh :.   s
  f
lh vfàgunh lurjktf thlh h pfrgursh â    m
   n
] J dukéçh lf nb`btjlhr fstê hpfrjgbhkjn,   j
bktfbrj`fktf lh `hthrbstj.    t
`js kçh sf fkghktrj jtbvj. H `hstrjlhr   f
   l
 
lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh fxbaf h
@uljkéj lf dukéçh lhs sbstf`js lf   `
sà`ahnh 5.   f
ghkluéçh   s
  f
H `hthrbstj phlf, j qujnqufr `h`fkth, Nb`btjlhr (tf`phsft)    n
  h
  r
ô
   t
`uljr hs sbstf`js lf ghkluéçh fktrf js   k
  h
dukéöfs lf nb`btjlhr f lf pbnhth IJ\FKÉÇH    G
juth`êtbgh. H sà`ahnh ghrrfsphklfktf å
dukéçh lh sbstf`j lf ghkluéçh H nb`btjlhr nb`btj juth`jtbgj`fktf j
sfnfgbhkjlh â bklbgjlh kh `hstrjlhr lh vfnhgbljlf lh vfàgunh jh nb`btf lf
gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh. vfnhgbljlf jcustjlh. Ghktulh, h
nb`btjlhr kçh phlf blfktbdbgjr js
@uljr lf pbnhth juth`êtbgh pjrj ghklbéöfs lj fstrjlj f lh tráksbth.
nb`btjlhr lf vfnhgbljlf f vbgf-vfrsj H nb`btjlhr â jpfkjs u` sbstf`j lf
ghkluéçh juxbnbjr pjrj jculjr h
`hthrbstj kj ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh. H
`hthrbstj â h rfsphksêvfn pfnh
vfnhgbljlf lh vfàgunh lurjktf thlh h
pfrgursh f phr `jktfr u`j lbstákgbj
sfiurj lh vfàgunh å drfktf.

H nb`btjlhr pfr`btf nb`btjr j vfnhgbljlf lh

vfàgunh f` qujnqufr vfnhgbljlf jgb`j lf
:6 o`/m. Zujklh j dukéçh lf nb`btjlhr
fstê jtbvj, â phssàvfn jgfnfrjr h vfàgunh phr
: Ahtçh sfnfthr lf sbstf`j lf
ghkluéçh `fbh lh pfljn
vfnhgbljlf lh jgfnfrjlhr jtâ h nb`btf lf
jcustjlh.
 

:2< Wbstf`js lf ghkluéçh

F` lfgnbvfs, h nb`btjlhr `jktâ` j fxgflblh f` `jbs lf 1 o`/m, phr

vfnhgbljlf jcustjlj gh` u`j thnfrákgbj lf jrrjstf, h drfbh-`hthr sfrê jtbvjlh
1 o`/m, lfpfklfklh lh lfsf`pfkmh lh juth`jtbgj`fktf.
drfbh-`hthr.
Lfsjtbvjr h nb`btjlhr 
Jtbvjr f lfsjtbvjr h nb`btjlhr
]Uunsf arfvf`fktf j jnjvjkgj
`untbdukéöfs pjrj drfktf <. 
H nb`btjlhr â lfsjtbvjlh.
b H nb`btf lf vfnhgbljlf jcustjlh
pfr`jkfgf `f`hrbzjlh, `fs`h
qujklh h nb`btjlhr â lfsjtbvjlh hu
  s qujklh sf jtbvj h pbnhth juth`êtbgh.
  f Jssb`, h nb`btf lf vfnhgbljlf jcustjlh
   m
   n
  j
   t fstjrê lbsphkàvfn khvj`fktf qujklh h
  f nb`btjlhr dhr jtbvjlh hutrj vfz.
   l
 
  ` : Ahtçh lf gh`utjéçh lhs sbstf`js
  f lf ghkluéçh  Ju`fktjr hu lb`bkubr
lb`bkubr h nb`btf lf
  s
  f
   n
  h
  r 1 Jtbvjr h nb`btjlhr/ju`fktjr j vfnhgbljlf jcustjlh
   t vfnhgbljlf jcustjlj ] Uunsf arfvf`fktf j jnjvjkgj
  k
  h `untbdukéöfs pjrj gb`j 1 hu pjrj
   G 7 Lb`bkubr j vfnhgbljlf jcustjlj
ajbxh 7, pjrj ju`fktjr hu pjrj
< Lfsjtbvjr h nb`btjlhr lb`bkubr h nb`btf lf vfnhgbljlf
jcustjlh. 
 Jtbvjr h nb`btjlhr f jcustjr j vf
vfnhgbljlf
nhgbljlf H nb`btf lf vfnhgbljlf jcustjlh
] Uunsf h ahtçh : jtâ quf h sà`ahnh 5  ju`fktj hu lb`bkub gfrgj lf 5,6 o`/m
sfcj fxbablh kh `hstrjlhr lh phr punsh.
gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh.  hu fktçh,
H nb`btjlhr fstê hpfrjgbhkjn.
] Jgfnfrf h vfàgunh jgbhkjklh h pfljn lh ] Jgbhkf j jnjvjkgj `untbdukéöfs pjrj
gb`j 1 hu pjrj ajbxh 7 f sfiurf-j kj
jgfnfrjlhr jtâ jngjkéjr j vfnhgbljlf phsbéçh fsghnmblj, pjrj ju`fktjr hu
lfsfcjlj. pjrj lb`bkubr h nb`btf lf vfnhgbljlf
] Uunsf arfvf`fktf j jnjvjkgj jcustjlh. 
`untbdukéöfs pjrj gb`j 1.  H nb`btf lf vfnhgbljlf jcustjlh
H nb`btjlhr â jtbvjlh f `f`hrbzj j ju`fktj hu lb`bkub f` fsgjnj lf
vfnhgbljlf jtujn lh vfàgunh. H 6 o`/m.
`hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh ] Whntf j jnjvjkgj `untbdukéöfs qujklh
fxbaf h sà`ahnh 5 f h nb`btf lf jngjkéjr h khvh nb`btf lf vfnhgbljlf
vfnhgbljlf jcustjlh.  lfsfcjlh. 
Wf h nb`btf lf vfnhgbljlf jcustjlh dhr H khvh nb`btf lf vfnhgbljlf jcustjlh â
`f`hrbzjlh.
 Wbstf`js lf ghkluéçh
 

:26

b Wf u`j `jrgmj `jbs rfluzblj, Ubnhth juth`êtbgh (tf`ph`jt)

bkgh`pjtàvfn gh` j vfnhgbljlf lh
vfàgunh, dhr sfnfgbhkjlj f` lfgnbvfs
jgfktujlhs, h nb`btjlhr lf vfnhgbljlf IJ\FKÉÇH
jcustj tf`phrjrbj`fktf j rhtjéçh lh
`hthr kh rfib`f `êxb`h.  H pbnhth juth`êtbgh kçh phlf blfktbdbgjr
J vfnhgbljlf rfiunjlj pfr`jkfgf js ghklbéöfs lj fstrjlj f lh tráksbth.
`f`hrbzjlj
phssàvfn gh`fu`j
â rfth`jlj
`jrgmjjssb` quf dhr
jlfqujlj. Uhrtjkth,
juth`êtbgh`fs`h
nbijlh,gh` h pbnhth
ghkluzj h vfàgunh
gh` jtfkéçh, hasfrvjklh sf`prf js
Fxgflfr h nb`btf lf vfnhgbljlf jcustjlh ghklbéöfs lh tráksbth.
H nb`btf lf vfnhgbljlf jcustjlh phlf sfr H pbnhth juth`êtbgh â jpfkjs u`
fxgflblh, phr fxf`pnh, pjrj rfjnbzjr u`j sbstf`j lf ghkluéçh juxbnbjr pjrj   s
  f
untrjpjssjif`. jculjr h `hthrbstj kj ghkluéçh lh    m
   n
vfàgunh. H `hthrbstj â h rfsphksêvfn   j
   t
] Jgbhkf arfvf`fktf h pfljn lh   f
pfnj vfnhgbljlf lh vfàgunh lurjktf thlh    l
 
jgfnfrjlhr jtâ h ajtfktf, jnâ` lj h pfrgursh f phr `jktfr u`j lbstákgbj   `
phsbéçh lf gjrij `êxb`j.   f
jlfqujlj lh vfàgunh å drfktf.   s
  f
] Zujklh j `jkharj lf untrjpjssjif`    n
  h
  r
fstbvfr ghkgnuàlj, shntf arfvf`fktf h    t
  k
pfljn lh jgfnfrjlhr f jgbhkf-h hutrj   h
vfz, khr`jn`fktf.  IJ\FKÉÇH    G

Gh` fstf prhgflb`fkth, j dukéçh lf

nb`btjlhr â jtbvjlj khvj`fktf. Kçh utbnbzf h pbnhth juth`êtbgh3
• f` sbtu
sbtujé
jéöfs
öfs lf ttrá
ráks
ksbt
bthh qu
quff kçh
kçh
b Wf, jp÷s shntjr h jgfnfrjlhr, j
pfr`btj` ghkluzbr h vfàgunh j u`j
vfnhgbljlf lh vfàgunh jbklj fstbvfr
vfnhgbljlf ghkstjktf (phr fxf`pnh3
jgb`j lh nb`btf lf vfnhgbljlf jcustjlh,
tráksbth bktfksh hu fstrjljs gh`
j vfnhgbljlf sfrê juth`jtbgj`fktf
gurvjs jgfktujljs)? gjsh ghktrêrbh,
rfluzblj pfnj jtujéçh lh drfbh-`hthr.
u` jgblfktf phlf sfr prhvhgjlh.
• f` fs
fstr
trjlj
jljss fs
fsghr
ghrrf
rfij
ijlbj
lbjs?
s? jjss rh
rhljs
ljs
`htrbzfs phlf` pfrlfr j jlfrãkgbj
jh drfjr hu jh jgfnfrjr f h vfàgunh
phlf lfrrjpjr.
• f` gghk
hklbé
lbéöfs
öfs llff phugj
phugj vb
vbsb
sbab
abnbnbljl
ljlf,
f,
phr fxf`pnh3 kfanbkj, gmuvj bktfksj
hu kfvf.

H pbnhth juth`êtbgh phlf rfiunjr qujnqufr

vfnhgbljlf supfrbhr j :6 o`/m (vfàgunhs
gh` sbstf`j JAW) hu supfrbhr j 65 o`/m
(vfàgunhs sf` JAW).
 

:24 Wbstf`js lf ghkluéçh

H ush lh pbnhth juth`êtbgh â bklbgjlh pjrj Jtbvjr f lfsjtbvjr h pbnhth juth`êtbgh

ghklbéöfs quf pfr`btj` ghkluzbr h vfàgunh
phr u` bktfrvjnh prhnhkijlh, j u`j
vfnhgbljlf ghkstjktf.
H pbnhth juth`êtbgh gh`jklj
juth`jtbgj`fktf, ghkdhr`f sfcj
kfgfssêrbh, h `÷lunh fnftrükbgh lf
ghktrhnf lh `hthr pjrj jgfnfrjr h vfàgunh f
h drfbh juxbnbjr (drfbh-`hthr f rftjrljlhr)
pjrj ghktrhnjr j vfnhgbljlf. Jssb`, j
vfnhgbljlf jcustjlj phlf sfr `jktblj
ghkstjktf, lfslf quf j phtãkgbj lh `hthr : Ahtçh lf gh`utjéçh lhs sbstf`js
  s f h fdfbth lf drfkjif` sfcj` sudbgbfktfs. lf ghkluéçh
  f
   m
   n
  j
   t F` lfgnbvfs, j vfnhgbljlf jcustjlj â 1 Jtbvjr h pbnhth juth`êtbgh/
  f rfiunjlj gh` u`j thnfrákgbj lf < o`/m. ju`fktjr j vfnhgbljlf jcustjlj
   l
 
  ` Kçh â phssàvfn nbijr h pbnhth juth`êtbgh3 7 Jtbvjr h pbnhth juth`êtbgh/lb`bkubr
  f
  s j vfnhgbljlf jcustjlj
  f • quj
qujklh
klh j vfnh
vfnhgb
gbljl
ljlff lh vf
vfàg
àgunh
unh dhr
dhr
   n
  h
  r bkdfrbhr j :6 o`/m (vfàgunhs gh` JAW) < Lfsjtbvjr h pbnhth juth`êtbgh
   t
  k hu bkdfrbhr j 65 o`/m (vfàgunhs sf`
  h
   G JAW).  Jtbvjr h pbnhth juth`êtbgh
juth`êtbgh f jcustjr j
vfnhgbljlf
• sf h pfljn
pfljn llff dr
drfb
fbhh fs
fstb
tbvfr
vfr jg
jgbh
bhkj
kjlh
lh
b Wf h pfljn lh drfbh lf sfrvbéh fstbvfr
• lur
lurjk
jktf
tf j jt
jtujé
ujéçh
çh lh ssbs
bstf
tf`j
`j JA
JAW.
W. jgbhkjlh, kçh sfrê phssàvfn jtbvjr h
b Wf, f` lfgnbvfs jgfktujlhs, u`j pbnhth juth`êtbgh.
`jrgmj `jbs ajbxj dhr fkirfkjlj, j ] Uunsf h ahtçh : jtâ quf h sà`ahnh F 
qujn sfcj bkgh`pjtàvfn gh` j (pbnhth juth`êtbgh) sfcj fxbablh kh
vfnhgbljlf lh vfàgunh, f kçh drfjr gh` h `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh.
drfbh
fdftujlfu`j
sfrvbéh, h pbnhthpjrj
rfiunjif` juth`êtbgh
j rhtjéçh ] Jgfnfrf h vfàgunh j u`j vfnhgbljlf
kh`bkjn `êxb`j lh `hthr. J vfnhgbljlf lfsfcjlj jgb`j lf :6 o`/m (vfàgunhs
jcustjlj pfr`jkfgf `f`hrbzjlj f sfrê gh` JAW) hu jgb`j lf 65 o`/m
rfth`jlj nhih quf sfcj phssàvfn gh` (vfàgunhs sf` JAW).
u`j `jrgmj `jbs jlfqujlj. ] Uunsf arfvf`fktf j jnjvjkgj
`untbdukéöfs pjrj gb`j 1 hu pjrj
ajbxh 7.
] Whntf h pfljn lh jgfnfrjlhr. 
H pbnhth juth`êtbgh â jtbvjlh f
`f`hrbzj j vfnhgbljlf jtujn lh vfàgunh.
H `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
fxbaf h sà`ahnh F f j vfnhgbljlf
`f`hrbzjlj.
 

Wbstf`js lf ghkluéçh :29

Lfsjtbvjr h pbnhth juth`êtbgh ] Uunsf nfvf`fktf j jnjvjkgj `untbdukéöfs

] Jgbhkf arfvf`fktf j jnjvjkgj pjrj ajbxh 7. 
`untbdukéöfs pjrj drfktf <.  H pbnhth juth`êtbgh â rfjtbvjlh f
H pbnhth juth`êtbgh â lfsjtbvjlh. jgfnfrj hu drfbj h vfàgunh pjrj j
vfnhgbljlf `f`hrbzjlj.
b H vfnhgbljlf pfr`jkfgf `f`hrbzjlj
qujklh h pbnhth juth`êtbgh â Lfsjtbvjéçh juth`êtbgj lh pbnhth

lfsjtbvjlh f fstjrê
qujklh jtbvê-nh hutrjå vfz.
lbsphsbéçh
J vfnhgbljlf juth`êtbgh
`f`hrbzjlj pfr`jkfgf lbsphkàvfn H pbnhth juth`êtbgh lfsjtbvj-sf
`fs`h jp÷s pjrjr h `hthr f jgbhkjr j juth`jtbgj`fktf3
pjrtblj khvj`fktf. • sf h ddrf
rfbh
bh lf
lf sf
sfrv
rvbé
béhh dh
dhrr jgbh
jgbhkj
kjlh.
lh. J
vfnhgbljlf pfr`jkfgf `f`hrbzjlj.   s
 Ju`fktjr hu lb`bkubr
lb`bkubr j vfnhgbljlf
vfnhgbljlf   f
• sf j vvfnh
fnhgb
gbljl
ljlff lh vfà
vfàgun
gunhh lb
lb`b
`bkub
kubrr    m
   n
jcustjlj   j
   t
jajbxh lf :5 o`/m (vfàgunhs gh` JAW)   f
] Uunsf arfvf`fktf j jnjvjkgj hu jajbxh lf <6 o`/m (vfàgunhs sf`    l
 
`untbdukéöfs pjrj gb`j 1 hu pjrj JAW). Whj u` arfvf sbkjn lf   `
  f
ajbxh 7, pjrj ju`fktjr hu pjrj jlvfrtãkgbj. J vfnhgbljlf pfr`jkfgf   s
  f
lb`bkubr j vfnhgbljlf `f`hrbzjlj.  `f`hrbzjlj.    n
  h
  r
J vfnhgbljlf jcustjlj ju`fktj hu    t
• sf jg
jgbh
bhkjr
kjr h pflj
pfljnn lj f`
f`arf
arfji
jif`
f` f   k
lb`bkub gfrgj lf 5,6 o`/m phr punsh.   h
`jktã-nh jgbhkjlh phr `jbs lf    G
hu fktçh, 6 sfiuklhs, phr fxf`pnh, lurjktf u`j
] Jgbhkf j jnjvjkgj `untbdukéöfs pjrj `uljkéj lf `jrgmj. Whj u` arfvf
gb`j 1 hu pjrj ajbxh 7 f sfiurf-j kj sbkjn lf jlvfrtãkgbj.
phsbéçh fsghnmblj, pjrj ju`fktjr hu • sf j ggjb
jbxj
xj llff `u
`uljk
ljkéj
éjss dbdbgj
gjrr f` phk
phkth
th--
pjrj lb`bkubr j vfnhgbljlf `f`hrbzjlj.  `hrth (kfutrh) phr `jbs lf 6 sfiuklhs.
J vfnhgbljlf jcustjlj ju`fktj hu
lb`bkub lf dhr`j ghktàkuj, jtâ quf sf Hutrjs bkdhr`jéöfs rfnjtbvjs å ghkluéçh
shntf j jnjvjkgj `untbdukéöfs. gh` pbnhth juth`êtbgh
] Whntf j jnjvjkgj `untbdukéöfs qujklh J vfnhgbljlf jcustjlj phlf sfr fxgflblj,
jngjkéjr j vfnhgbljlf lfsfcjlj.  phr fxf`pnh, pjrj rfjnbzjr untrjpjssjifks.
H pbnhth juth`êtbgh jgfnfrj hu drfbj h ] Jgbhkf thtjn`fktf h pfljn lh jgfnfrjlhr.
vfàgunh pjrj j khvj vfnhgbljlf
`f`hrbzjlj. ] Zujklh ghkgnubr j `jkharj lf
untrjpjssjif`, shntf h pfljn lh
Wfnfgbhkjr j vfnhgbljlf `f`hrbzjlj jgfnfrjlhr. 
H pbnhth juth`êtbgh fdftuj j rfiunjif`
Ghklbéçh3 h pbnhth juth`êtbgh dhb pjrj j vfnhgbljlf jcustjlj.
lfsjtbvjlh jktfrbhr`fktf f lfsfcj jtbvê-nh
hutrj vfz. b Wf h sbstf`j
j djnmjs JAW
hu kçh fstbvfrdukgbhkjklh
fstbvfr bkjtbvh lfvblh
ghrrftj`fktf, h pbnhth juth`êtbgh s÷
phlfrê `f`hrbzjr j vfnhgbljlf jgb`j
 

:2= Wbstf`js lf ghkluéçh

lf 65 o`/m. Kfstj ghklbéçh, h pbnhth

juth`êtbgh lfsjtbvj-sf
juth`jtbgj`fktf j vfnhgbljlfs jajbxh
lf <6 o`/m.

  s
  f
   m
   n
  j
   t
  f
   l
 
  `
  f
  s
  f
   n
  h
  r
   t
  k
  h
   G
 Bkdhr`jéöfs ótfbs
 

:22

Bkdhr`jéöfs ótfbs
Gbkzfbrh Jgfklflhr lf gbijrrhs

IJ\FKÉÇH
Thgã phlf shdrfr qufb`jlurjs f` u`
jgfklflhr lf gbijrrhs jqufgblh. Wfiurf
h jgfklflhr lf gbijrrhs jqufgblh
sh`fktf pfnh `jkàpunh.
Wf u`j grbjkéj fstbvfr vbjcjklh kh
vfàgunh, rf`hvj h jgfklflhr lf gbijrrhs.
  s
Grbjkéjs phlf` shdrfr qufb`jlurjs,   f
   m
   n
ljkbdbgjr gh`phkfktfs lh vfàgunh hu jtâ   j
: Gbkzfbrh    t
gjusjr u` bkgãklbh gh` jgfklflhrfs lf   f
   l
 
1 Jgfklflhr lf gbijrrhs gbijrrhs jqufgblhs.
  `
Nf`arf-sf lf quf vhgã â h prbkgbpjn   f
  s
  f
Jarbr h gbkzfbrh rfsphksêvfn pfnj sfiurjkéj
lf sfus hgupjktfs. H ush lhlh vfàgunh f
jgfklflhr    n
  h
  r
] Wfiurf j jaj drhktjn lj tj`pj lh    t
lf gbijrrhs gh` h vfàgunh f` `hvb`fkth   k
gbkzfbrh f puxf-j pjrj dhrj.   h
phlf lfsvbjr suj jtfkéçh lh tráksbth f,    G
Qf`hvfr h gbkzfbrh pjrj nb`pfzj ghksfqufktf`fktf, rfsuntjr f` u`
] Jarj h gbkzfbrh, prfssbhkf-h pjrj ajbxh jgblfktf.
ghktrj j ahrlj lf sfu jnhcj`fkth f
puxf-h pjrj dhrj, rf`hvfklh-h lh
jnhcj`fkth.
Qfbkstjnjr h gbkzfbrh

] Uhsbgbhkf h gbkzfbrh
f prfssbhkf-h f` sfu
pjrj lfktrh jtâjnhcj`fkth
fkgjbxê-nh
thtjn`fktf.

: Gbkzfbrh
1 Jgfklflhr lf gbijrrhs
 

155 Bkdhr`jéöfs ótfbs

] Urfssbhkf h ahtçh gfktrjn lh `jkàpunh phr vfz pjrj kçh sharfgjrrfijr h gbrgubth
lh jgfklflhr lf gbijrrhs f, jp÷s fstf fnâtrbgh.
rfthrkjr juth`jtbgj`fktf, rf`hvj-h lj b J tfksçh lj bkstjnjéçh fnâtrbgj lh
th`jlj fkqujkth j suj rfsbstãkgbj vfàgunh, bkgnusbvf j th`jlj fnâtrbgj lh
jbklj fstbvfr bkgjklfsgfktf. jgfklflhr lf gbijrrhs, â lf 1< Thnts.
] Jp÷s utbnbzjr h jgfklflhr lf gbijrrhs, Ghkshnf supfrbhr
rfghnhquf-h f fkgjbxf-h kj th`jlj,
sf` prfssbhkjr h ahtçh gfktrjn.
I
J tfksçh lj th`jlj fnâtrbgj lh
jgfklflhr lf gbijrrhs â lf 1< Thnts f
  s phlf sfr utbnbzjlj sh`fktf pjrj nbijr
  f
   m
   n jgfss÷rbhs fnâtrbghs lf 1< Thnts. Kçh
  j
   t ghkfgtf jgfss÷rbhs fnâtrbghs lf
  f
   l
  :1 Thnts kj th`jlj lh jgfklflhr lf
  ` gbijrrhs.
  f
  s
  f
   n
  h
  r b Wf prfgbsjr nbijr jgfss÷rbhs fnâtrbghs lf : Qfsfrvj
   t :1 Thnts, utbnbzf js th`jljs fnâtrbgjs lf
  k 1 \jg÷irjdh
  h :1 Thnts lbsphstjs kh pjbkfn gfktrjn f
   G 7 Jnhcj`fkth pjrj rêlbh
kj êrfj lh nfbth.
\h`jlj fnâtrbgj lf :1 T < Uhrtj-nuvjs
6 Ujrj-shn

: \h`jlj fnâtrbgj :1 T lbsphstj kh

pjbkfn lh vfàgunh

J th`jlj fnâtrbgj lf :1 Thnts phlf sfr

utbnbzjljs pjrj jnb`fktjr jgfss÷rbhs lf ush
pfsshjn lf :1 Thnts (phr fxf`pnh3
tfnfvbshr, gjrrfijlhr lf gfnunjr, vfktbnjlhr
ftg.). Ghkfgtf sh`fktf u` fqubpj`fkth
 

  15:

Bkdhr`jéöfs lf ghklué
Bkdhr`jéöfs ghkluéçh
çh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Jajstfgb`fkth lf gh`austàvfn f lf JQNJ 71. . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Qfahqufs f sf`brrfahqufs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:7
Hpfrjéçh lurjktf h bkvfrkh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:9
Nuarbdbgjktfs
Nuarbdbgjktfs rfgh`fk
rfgh`fkljlhs
ljlhs pfnj @frgfl@frgflfs-Afkzfs-Afkz.. . . . . . . . . 1:2

Urhluths lf sfrvbéh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Nb`pfzj f gubljlhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
@jkutfkéçh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Qêlbh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

  h
   ç
  é
  j
  r
  f
  p
   H
 Bkdhr`jéöfs lf ghkluéçh
 

151

Bkdhr`jéöfs lf ghkluéçh
J`jgbj`fkth IJ\FKÉÇH
 lf u`j b`phrtákgbj lfgbsbvj pjrj j vblj
ótbn, ghkdbjabnbljlf f fghkh`bj lh vfàgunh, Hasfrvf quf h pfsh `êxb`h pfr`btblh
quf h `hthr kçh sfcj sua`ftblh å gjrij phr fbxh, h pfsh jl`bssàvfn phr rhljs
(`ftjlf lj gjrij lh fbxh) f h pfsh aruth
`êxb`j
`fkth. lurjktf h pfràhlh lf j`jgbj- thtjn lh vfàgunh kçh lfvf` sfr
fxgflblhs. Gjsh ghktrêrbh, mê h rbsgh lf
Jtâ 1.555 o` (:.155 `bnmjs) ljkbdbgjr hs pkfus, h qujlrh lh gmjssb f
• Ghk
Ghkluz
luzjj h vvfà
fàgun
gunhh `h
`hlf
lfrjl
rjlj`f
j`fkt
ktf.
f. hs fbxhs.
Lbrbcj h vfàgunh f` lbdfrfktfs
vfnhgbljlfs f rhtjéöfs lh `hthr. Lurjktf j ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh, hasfrvf
• Fvb
Fvbtf
tf su
sua`f
a`ftf
tfrr h `
`ht
hthr
hr j rhtj
rhtjéö
éöfs
fs sbstf`jtbgj`fktf js bklbgjéöfs lf
  h fnfvjljs. Vsf, kh `êxb`h, » lj ghktrhnf kh pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths.
   ç vfnhgbljlf `êxb`j jl`bssàvfn lf gjlj
  é Hpfrjéçh lh vfàgunh f` ghklbéöfs dhrj
  j
  r
  f
`jrgmj. lf fstrjlj
  p
   H • @ul
@ulff js `j
`jrgm
rgmjs
js kh
kh tf
tf`ph
`ph gh
ghrrf
rrfth
th..
Kçh rfluzj j `jrgmj j db` lf drfjr h IJ\FKÉÇH
vfàgunh.
Ghkluzbr h vfàgunh f` tfrrfkhs
Jp÷s pfrghrrfr hs prb`fbrhs 1.555 o`3
brrfiunjrfs ifrj dhréjs quf jif` f`
• H rf
rfib
ib`f
`f lf
lf ut
utbnbnbz
bzjé
jéçh
çh lh
lh `h
`hth
thrr ph
phlf
lf thljs js lbrféöfs sharf h sfu ghrph. Mê
sfr ju`fktjlh irjljtbvj`fktf jtâ h rbsgh lf vhgã sfr chijlh pjrj dhrj lf
jngjkéjr j phtãkgbj `êxb`j. sfu ajkgh f pfrlfr h ghktrhnf lh vfàgunh
hu shdrfr jniu`j nfsçh. Vtbnbzf sf`prf h
Ghkluéçh gbkth lf sfiurjkéj, `jktfklh-h
ghrrftj`fktf jdbvfnjlh tj`aâ` jh
IJ\FKÉÇH lbrbibr f` ghklbéöfs dhrj lf fstrjlj.
Js gjrjgtfràstbgjs lf ghkluéçh, lf
drfkjif` f lf lbrbibabnbljlf vjrbj` lf IJ\FKÉÇH
jghrlh gh` h tbph, h pfsh f h gfktrh lf
irjvbljlf f j lbstrbaubéçh lj gjrij Wf ghkluzbr h vfàgunh gh` vfnhgbljlf
trjksphrtjlj. fnfvjlj f` hpfrjéöfs dhrj lf fstrjlj,
Gfrtbdbquf-sf lf quf h vfàgunh fstfcj vhgã phlf kçh blfktbdbgjr hastêgunhs f`
gjrrfijlh ukbdhr`f`fktf f fvbtf u`j tf`ph hu kçh rfghkmfgfr
lbstrbaubéçh brrfiunjr lj gjrij. Wf brrfiunjrbljlfs lh shnh. F` hpfrjéöfs
kfgfssêrbh, prfklj j gjrij pjrj fvbtjr dhrj lf fstrjlj, lbrbcj sf`prf f` ajbxj
quf j `fs`j lfsnbzf. vfnhgbljlf pjrj fvbtjr ljkhs kh vfàgunh.
 

Bkdhr`jéöfs lf ghkluéçh 157

Hasfrvf quf fxbstf h rbsgh lf h vfàgunh I

fsghrrfijr njtfrjn`fktf, th`ajr hu Ghkluzbr h vfàgunh j vfnhgbljlfs
gjphtjr. Kukgj tfktf sharfpjssjr u`j fnfvjljs f` ghklbéöfs dhrj lf fstrjlj
fkghstj f` ákiunh hu jtrjvfssjr u`j hu f` vbjs `jn ghksfrvjljs phlf
fkghstj. Wf h vfàgunh pfrlfr j jlfrãkgbj gjusjr ljkhs kh vfàgunh.
suabklh u`j fkghstj, rfthrkf pjrj Fvfktujbs hastêgunhs phlf` kçh sfr
ajbxh
Hasfrvflj tj`aâ`
fkghstj.quf, sf ghnhgjr j gjbxj rfghkmfgblhs f` tf`ph mêabn, f hs
lfskàvfbs lh shnh phlf` kçh sfr
lf `uljkéjs f` kfutrh (phkth-`hrth) jvjnbjlhs ghkvfkbfktf`fktf.
hu sf jgbhkjr j f`arfjif` f` u`j
bkgnbkjéçh f tfktjr drfjr h vfàgunh Hastêgunhs gh`h, phr fxf`pnh, sunghs
utbnbzjklh sh`fktf h drfbh lf sfrvbéh, prhduklhs kh shnh phlf` ljkbdbgjr3
vhgã phlf pfrlfr h ghktrhnf lh vfàgunh f • hs fbxhs
gjusjr u` jgblfktf. Kukgj lfbxf h • js êr
êrvh
vhrf
rfss lf trjk
trjks`
s`bs
bssç
sçhh
vfàgunh lfsnbzjr.   h
• hs rfs
rfsfr
frvj
vjt÷
t÷rb
rbhs
hs llff gh
gh`au
`aust
stàv
àvfn
fn    ç
Wf fstbvfr trjksphrtjklh `ubtj gjrij, h   é
  j
  r
rbsgh lf h vfàgunh th`ajr â `jbhr. Kukgj • hs rfs
rfsfrv
frvjt
jt÷rb
÷rbhs
hs lf
lf jr gh
gh`p
`prb
rb`b
`blh
lh   f
  p
fxgflj j gjrij `êxb`j pfr`btblj phr • h ` ht hr    H
fbxh. @jktfkmj h gfktrh lf irjvbljlf lh
vfàgunh h `jbs ajbxh phssàvfn qujklh • j gj
gjbx
bxjj lf `u
`ulj
ljké
kéjs
js
gjrrfijr h vfàgunh. Uhrtjkth, f` ghklbéöfs dhrj lf fstrjlj
Wf usjr h vfàgunh gh` `ubtj drfquãkgbj hu f` vbjs `jn ghksfrvjljs, lbrbcj
f` ghklbéöfs dhrj lf fstrjlj, sf`prf nfktj`fktf. Fvfktujn`fktf,
prbkgbpjn`fktf f` tfrrfkhs nj`jgfkths phlfrê sfr kfgfssêrbj j hrbfktjéçh lf
hu fkgmjrgjlhs, h drfbh ljs rhljs phlf hutrj pfsshj pjrj pjssjr sharf
sfr ghktj`bkjlh gh` jrfbj hu ÷nfh lftfr`bkjlhs hastêgunhs.
`bsturjlh gh` êiuj. Bsth phlf gjusjr Hasfrvf sf`prf j lbstákgbj fktrf h
lfsijstf fxgfssbvh lh drfbh f rfluzbr j
phtãkgbj lf drfkjif`. F` u`j vfàgunh
phssàvfn,f fvbtf
h shnh. Wf`prf
pjssjr qufhastêgunhs.
sharf dhr
f`friãkgbj, mê h rbsgh lf h
lfsf`pfkmh thtjn lh drfbh kçh fstjr
Lurjktf j ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh,
lbsphkàvfn.
prbkgbpjn`fktf f` ghklbéöfs dhrj lf
Jp÷s ghkluzbr h vfàgunh f` ghklbéöfs fstrjlj, gfrtbdbquf-sf lf quf js rhljs
dhrj lf fstrjlj, fdftuf u` pfqufkh `htrbzfs tfkmj` sf`prf jlfrãkgbj
tfstf lf drfkjif`. Wf lftfgtjr u`j sudbgbfktf.
rfluéçh kh lfsf`pfkmh lh drfbh hu
fsgutjr jniu` ruàlh fstrjkmh, Kçh pfr`btj quf js rhljs `htrbzfs
prhvblfkgbf pjrj quf h sbstf`j lf drfbh lfsnbzf` (rbsgh lf ljkhs kh lbdfrfkgbjn). Wf
sfcj vfrbdbgjlh f` u`j hdbgbkj h vfàgunh fstbvfr fqubpjlh gh` anhqufbh lh
fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj. lbdfrfkgbjn, jgbhkf h anhqufbh.
 Bkdhr`jéöfs lf ghkluéçh
 

15<

Wbstf`js pjrj ghkluéçh f` ghklbéöfs • Gfr

Gfrtb
tbdbdbquf
quf-s
-sff sf
sf`pr
`prff qu
quff js rh
rhljs
ljs
dhrj lf fstrjlj fstfcj` f` ghktjth gh` h shnh. Wf
Hs sfiubktfs sbstf`js lf ghkluéçh f lbsphkàvfn, fkijtf h anhqufbh lh
fqubpj`fkths juxbnbj` vhgã j ghkluzbr h lbdfrfkgbjn.
vfàgunh gh` `jbs sfiurjkéj f` ghklbéöfs • Lbr
Lbrbcbcjj ggh`
h` h `êxb
`êxb`h
`h gu
gubl
bljlh
jlh,,
dhrj lf fstrjlj3 prbkgbpjn`fktf f` tfrrfkhs
lfsghkmfgblhs, hklf vhgã tf` jpfkjs
• An
Anhqu
hqufb
fbhh lh llbdbdfrf
fspfgbjn)? frfkg
kgbj
bjnn (f
(fxfg
xfgué
uéçh
çh u` gj`ph lf vbsçh `ubth rfstrbth. Uhr
prfgjuéçh, sf kfgfssêrbh, lfséj lh
• Lf
Lfsn
snbi
bij`
j`fk
fkth
th llhh J
JAW
AW.. vfàgunh f djéj u` rfghkmfgb`fkth lh
b Wh`fktf pjrj vfàgunhs fqubpjlhs gh` tfrrfkh quf vhgã prfgbsj jtrjvfssjr.
h bktfrrupthr lf lfsnbij`fkth lh JAW. • Jkt
Jktfs
fs lf jtr
jtrjvf
jvfssjr
ssjr rfi
rfiböf
böfss jjnji
njijljs
jljs,,
vfrbdbquf j prhduklbljlf lj êiuj.
Qfirjs pjrj ghkluéçh f` ghklbéöfs
• Urf
Urfst
stff jt
jtfk
fkéç
éçhh jhs hhast
astêgu
êgunh
nhs,
s, phr
phr
  h dhrj lf fstrjlj fxf`pnh rhgmjs, aurjghs, thghs lf
   ç
  é êrvhrfs f sunghs.
  j
  r IJ\FKÉÇH
  f
  p • Kçh pjs
pjssf
sf pphr
hr aahrl
hrljs
js hklf
hklf h tfrrf
tfrrfkh
kh
   H Wf ghkluzbr h vfàgunh sharf hastêgunhs phlf fvfktujn`fktf lfs`hrhkjr.
hu f` sunghs, h vhnjktf lj lbrféçh phlf
fsgjpjr lf sujs `çhs f gjusjr nfsöfs  Jp÷s ghkluzbr h vfàgunh
vfàgunh f` ghklbéöfs
ghklbéöfs
f` sfus lflhs hu `çhs. Wfiurf h jrh lh dhrj lf fstrjlj
vhnjktf lj lbrféçh sf`prf gh` js lujs
`çhs. Zujklh h vfàgunh pjssj sharf IJ\FKÉÇH
hastêgunhs, vhgã lfvf sf`prf fspfrjr
phr pfqufkjs dhréjs lf rfjéçh lj Ljkhs gjusjlhs jh vfàgunh lurjktf j
lbrféçh quf phlf` ju`fktjr ghkluéçh f` ghklbéöfs dhrj lf fstrjlj
rfpfktbkj`fktf. phlf` rfsuntjr f` djnmjs lf ghkcukths
`fgákbghs hu f` jgblfktfs. Nb`pf f
• Jk
Jktf
tfss llff bbkbg
kbgbj
bjrr j ghk
ghklué
luéçh
çh f` bkspfgbhkf h vfàgunh jp÷s qujnqufr
ghklbéöfs dhrj lf fstrjlj, pjrf h hpfrjéçh dhrj lf fstrjlj. Qfpjrf
vfàgunh f sfnfgbhkf u`j `jrgmj fvfktujbs ljkhs jktfs lf utbnbzjr h
rfluzblj. vfàgunh khvj`fktf.
• Zuj
Zujkl
klhh gghkl
hkluz
uzbr
br h vvfà
fàgun
gunhh ff`
`
ghklbéöfs dhrj lf fstrjlj, `jktfkmj • Lfs
Lfsfk
fkij
ijtf
tf h aanh
nhquf
qufbh
bh lh lbd
lbdfrf
frfkg
kgbj
bjn.n.
sf`prf h `hthr dukgbhkjklh f u`j • Nb`
Nb`pf h vvffàgu
gunnh.
`jrgmj fkijtjlj. • Bksp
Bkspfgbh
fgbhkf
kf h vvfàg
fàgunh
unh qujk
qujkth
th j ffvfkt
vfktujb
ujbss
• Ghk
Ghkluz
luzjj h vf
vfàg
àgun
unhh aaf`
f` lfv
lfvji
jijr
jr f ljkhs.

gjn`j`fktf.
rfqufrf` quf@ubtjs sbtujéöfs
vhgã lbrbcj prjtbgj`fktf
kj vfnhgbljlf lf pjssh mu`jkh.
 

Bkdhr`jéöfs lf ghkluéçh 156

Ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh f` rfiböfs jnjij- B`flbjtj`fktf jp÷s trjdfijr phr rfiböfs

ljs jnjijljs, hasfrvf quf hs gh`phkfktfs lh
J prbkgàpbh, j ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh f` drfbh ljs rhljs fstçh fkgmjrgjlhs,
rfiböfs jnjijljs kçh â rfgh`fkljlj, phbs, rfluzbklh ghksblfrjvfn`fktf j fdbgbãkgbj
jnâ` lf gh`prh`ftfr j sfiurjkéj lh lf drfkjif` lh vfàgunh.
vfàgunh, lf sfus hgupjktfs f/hu lj gjrij Ghksu`h lf gh`austàvfn
trjksphrtjlj, f lh rbsgh lf h vfàgunh sfr
jrrjstjlh phr fvfktujbs ghrrfktfzjs, H ghksu`h lf gh`austàvfn lfpfklf3
phlf` hghrrfr sârbhs ljkhs kh `hthr, kj • lh tbph llhh vvffàgunh
unh
trjks`bssçh f khs gh`phkfktfs lhs guahs • lh fs
fstb
tbnh
nh lf lbrb
lbrbib
ibrr
lf rhlj.
• lj
ljss gghk
hklb
lbéö
éöfs
fs lf hp
hpfr
frjé
jéçh
çh
Fktrftjkth, sf dhr kfgfssêrbh trjdfijr f`
• lh ttbp
bphh f qquj
ujnbnbljl
ljlff lh gh`
gh`aus
austà
tàvfn
vfn
nhgjbs jnjijlhs, hasfrvf quf j trjvfssbj
utbnbzjlh.
phlf sfr dfbtj, lfslf quf j jnturj lj êiuj,
ghksblfrjklh-sf js hkljs dhr`jljs phr   h
\bph lh vfàgunh    ç
hutrhs vfàgunhs, kçh untrjpjssf j `ftjlf   é
  j
  r
lj jnturj ljs rhljs lh vfàgunh f j u`j Hs sfiubktfs djthrfs jdftj` h ghksu`h lf   f
  p
vfnhgbljlf lf, kh `êxb`h, :5 o`/m. gh`austàvfn3    H
Kçh trjdfiuf f` nhgjbs jnjijlhs qujklh h • h ttj`j
j`jkm
kmh,h, lfs
lfsfkm
fkmhh lj
lj aajk
jklj
lj lf
kàvfn lj êiuj fstbvfr jgb`j lj `ftjlf ljs rhljif`, prfssçh f ghklbéöfs lhs
rhljs lh vfàgunh, phbs, kfstj ghklbéçh, h pkfus
`hthr phlf jspbrjr êiuj f sfr • j gj
gjrr
rrhg
hgfr
frbj
bj,, lfdn
lfdnft
fthr
hr llff jr
b`flbjtj`fktf ljkbdbgjlh. H `hthr phlf,
tj`aâ`, pjrjr lf dukgbhkjr, prhvhgjklh h • j rf
rfnj
njéç
éçhh lf trjk
trjks`b
s`bss
ssçh
çh llhh ttrf`
rf` lf
rfdnuxh lf êiuj pfnh fsgjpj`fkth, gh` dhréj
phssàvfbs ljkhs `jtfrbjbs. • hs fqu
fqubpj
bpj`fk
`fkth
thss jlbg
jlbgbh
bhkjb
kjbss ((jr
jr
Hasfrvf tj`aâ` quf, jp÷s trjdfijr f` ghklbgbhkjlh, jqufgb`fkth juxbnbjr,
rfiböfs jnjijljs, lfvf-sf prhvblfkgbjr j th`jlj lf dhréj, vfktbnjlhr lf
nuarbdbgjéçh lh vfàgunh, af` gh`h jghpnj`fkth vbsghsh)
fxj`bkjr h ÷nfh lhs jirfijlhs f j irjxj
lhs guahs lf rhljs qujkth j fvfktujn Fstbnh lf lbrbibr
ghktj`bkjéçh phr êiuj. Qfgh`fklj`hs, Ujrj `jktfr ajbxh h ghksu`h lf
tj`aâ`, quf sfcj fdftujlj u`j vfrbdbgjéçh gh`austàvfn3
kh ghkcukth lf drfbh ljs rhljs pjrj
fnb`bkjr suastákgbjs jarjsbvjs • fvb
fvbtf
tf jg
jgfn
fnfrj
frjéö
éöfsfs f dr
drfk
fkji
jifk
fkss
fvfktujn`fktf rftbljs khs gh`phkfktfs drfqufktfs
lh drfbh quf, jnâ` lf prfculbgjr h • jk
jktf
tfgb
gbpf-
pf-sf
sf ååss ghk
ghklbé
lbéöf
öfss lj fs
fstr
trjlj
jlj f
dukgbhkj`fkth, phlf` gjusjr h lfsijstf lh tráksbth
prf`jturh ljs pféjs.
• sf`
sf`prf
prf quf dhr pphss
hssàv
àvfn
fn,, `j
`jkt
ktfk
fkmj
mj j
rhtjéçh lh `hthr lfktrh lj djbxj lf
rhtjéçh fghkü`bgj
 

154 Bkdhr`jéöfs lf ghkluéçh

Ghklbéöfs lf hpfrjéçh Lbstrbaubéçh lf gjrij

H ghksu`h lf gh`austàvfn ju`fktj sha js J ghrrftj lbstrbaubéçh lj gjrij sharf h
sfiubktfs ghklbéöfs3 vfàgunh â duklj`fktjn pjrj u`j hpfrjéçh
• rfib
rfiböf
öfss `h
`hktktjk
jkmh
mhsj
sjss fghkü`bgj f sfiurj.
• trák
tráksbt
sbthh ur
urajkh
ajkh bkt
bktfksh
fksh f vb
vbjif
jifksks gurtjs
gurtjs Ujrj h gjrrfij`fkth ghrrfth lh vfàgunh,
drfqufktfs jnâ` lf hasfrvjr quf h sfu pfsh aruth thtjn
• vf
vfààgun
gunh gjrr
gjrrfi
fijl
jlhh (pfsh lh gmjssb + pfsh lj gjrrhgfrbj + pfsh
lj gjrij) kçh lfvf sfr fxgflblh, j gjrij
• duk
dukgb
gbhk
hkj`f
j`fkt
kthh prh
prhnh
nhki
kijlh
jlh llhh `ht
`hthr
hr lfvf sfr lbstrbauàlj lf tjn dhr`j quf h
gh` vfàgunh pjrjlh nb`btf `êxb`h lf pfsh jl`bssàvfn sharf hs
• pjr
pjrtb
tbljs
ljs drf
drfquf
qufkt
ktfs
fs ggh`
h` h ``hththr
hr dr
drbh
bh.. fbxhs lbjktfbrh f trjsfbrh(s) kçh sfcj
fxgflblh f quf h pfsh sfcj lbstrbauàlh
Uhr fstj rjzçh, kçh â phssàvfn fstjafnfgfr biujn`fktf fktrf js rhljs lh njlh lbrfbth f
prfgbsj`fktf qujkth gh`austàvfn u` lh njlh fsqufrlh.
  h lftfr`bkjlh vfàgunh phlf ghksu`br.
   ç J gjpjgbljlf tâgkbgj lf pfsh aruth thtjn f
  é
  j
  r pfsh `êxb`h jl`bssàvfn sharf hs fbxhs
  f
Ghksu`h lf ÷nfh lh `hthr
  p fstçh bklbgjlhs kj pnjquftj lf
   H H ghksu`h lf u`j pfqufkj phrgfktjif` blfktbdbgjéçh lh vfàgunh. Fktrftjkth, jh
lf ÷nfh nuarbdbgjktf â jashnutj`fktf gjrrfijr h vfàgunh, lfvf` sfr hasfrvjlhs,
khr`jn pjrj qujnqufr `hthr lf gh`austçh tj`aâ`, hs nb`btfs lf pfsh fstjafnfgblhs
bktfrkj. \fklh vbsth quf hs bktfrvjnhs lf pfnj nfibsnjéçh vbifktf hklf h vfàgunh sfrê
trhgj lf ÷nfh lh `hthr sçh ajstjktf utbnbzjlh (gjpjgbljlf juthrbzjlj/nfijn),
lbnjtjlhs, f` ifrjn, f lfpfklfklh lh tbph lfvfklh sfr ghksblfrjlj sf`prf j
lf jpnbgjéçh lh vfàgunh, â jashnutj`fktf gjpjgbljlf lf `fkhr vjnhr.
khr`jn j kfgfssbljlf lf jlbgbhkjr ÷nfh kh
gêrtfr kh bktfrvjnh fktrf js trhgjs lf ÷nfh H fxgfssh lf pfsh hu j suj lbstrbaubéçh
pjrj gh`pfksjr h ghksu`h lf ÷nfh khr`jn bkghrrftj sharf h vfàgunh jntfrj h sfu
lh `hthr. \hljvbj, sf suspfbtjr quf h lfsf`pfkmh f h sfu gh`phrtj`fkth
ghksu`h lf ÷nfh nuarbdbgjktf fstê hpfrjgbhkjn.
ghkstrutbvjs Js gjrjgtfràstbgjs
dbgj` prfculbgjljs,
fxgfssbvj`fktf jnth, lbrbcj-sf j u`
Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh gh`prh`ftfklh j sfiurjkéj f j
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj jvjnbjr h fstjabnbljlf lh vfàgunh, jnâ` lf fnfvjr sfus
ghksu`h lf ÷nfh.  gusths hpfrjgbhkjbs, f` ghksfquãkgbj lf
Wh`fktf jlbgbhkf ÷nfh kh gêrtfr pjrj lfsijstf prf`jturh lf lbvfrshs
rfstjafnfgfr h kàvfn `êxb`h qujklh h gh`phkfktfs, fktrf hs qujbs lfstjgj`hs3
vhnu`f lf ÷nfh lh `hthr fstbvfr kh kàvfn pkfus, drfbhs, `hnjs, j`hrtfgflhrfs,
`àkb`h hu jajbxh. Kçh jlbgbhkf ÷nfh kh sbstf`j lf lbrféçh, af` gh`h j fnfvjéçh
gêrtfr qujklh h kàvfn lf ÷nfh fstbvfr fktrf lh ghksu`h lf gh`austàvfn.
js bklbgjéöfs lf kàvfn `êxb`h f `àkb`h. b Fspfgbdbgj`fktf pjrj h Arjsbn, j
pnjquftj lf blfktbdbgjéçh lh vfàgunh
bklbgj jlbgbhkjn`fktf j gjpjgbljlf lf
pfsh nfijn/juthrbzjlj pfnj nfibsnjéçh

arjsbnfbrj, sfklh fstfs hs vjnhrfs quf
lfvf` sfr rfspfbtjlhs pjrj gbrgunjéçh
lh vfàgunh f` vbjs póanbgjs.  vfnhgbljlf `êxb`j jl`bssàvfn
F` hutrhs pjàsfs, ghksuntf j nfibsnjéçh
nhgjn sharf hs pfshs `êxb`hs
jl`bssàvfbs.
Nb`btjéçh lj vfnhgbljlf
IJ\FKÉÇH
Wf ghkluzbr h vfàgunh gh` fxgfssh lf
vfnhgbljlf, j sfiurjkéj lf ghkluéçh
dbgj sfrbj`fktf gh`prh`ftblj. H drfbh
lh vfàgunh phlf djnmjr f` sbtujéöfs lf
f`friãkgbj f hs pkfus phlf` fsthurjr
lfvblh j fnfvjljs gjrijs lfghrrfktfs lh
fxgfssh lf vfnhgbljlf. Thgã phlf
pfrlfr h ghktrhnf lh vfàgunh f gjusjr u`
jgblfktf, pjrtbgunjr`fktf sf h vfàgunh
fstbvfr gjrrfijlh f trjdfijklh f`
lfgnbvfs nhkihs f jgfktujlhs.
H `hthrbstj â rfsphksêvfn f` jssfiurjr
quf h nb`btf `êxb`h lf vfnhgbljlf
fstjafnfgblh kçh sfcj fxgflblh. Fkijtf
u`j `jrgmj jlfqujlj f utbnbzf
ghkvfkbfktf`fktf hs drfbhs juxbnbjrfs
pjrj ghktrhnjr j vfnhgbljlf lh vfàgunh
f` lfgnbvfs nhkihs f jgfktujlhs.
IJ\FKÉÇH
Zujklh j dukéçh lf nb`btjéçh lj
vfnhgbljlf dbkjn fstê jtbvjlj, jh jngjkéjr
j vfnhgbljlf fstjafnfgblj, h `hthr
fdftuj u`j rfiunjif` pjrj fvbtjr quf
fstj vfnhgbljlf sfcj fxgflblj f`
ghklbéöfs lf jgfnfrjéçh (ghksblfrf fstj
gjrjgtfràstbgj jktfs lf fdftujr
untrjpjssjifks).
Bkdhr`jéöfs lf ghkluéçh
159
H sfu vfàgunh lbspöf lf u`j dukéçh lf
nb`btjéçh lj vfnhgbljlf dbkjn jajbxh lj
tfgkbgj`fktf.
H vfàgunh â ghkdbiurjlh kj dêarbgj gh` j
dukéçh lf nb`btjéçh lj vfnhgbljlf dbkjn
lfsjtbvjlj. Gjsh qufbrj jtbvjr fstj dukéçh,
lbrbcj-sf j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf
Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz f
shnbgbtf j jtbvjéçh lj nb`btjéçh lj
vfnhgbljlf dbkjn, bkdhr`jklh j vfnhgbljlf
dbkjn nb`btjlj `jbs jlfqujlj pjrj js
ghklbéöfs lf hpfrjéçh lh sfu vfàgunh.
Zujklh j dukéçh lf nb`btjéçh lj
vfnhgbljlf dbkjn fstê jtbvjlj, jh jngjkéjr j   h
   ç
vfnhgbljlf fstjafnfgblj, h `hthr fdftuj   é
  j
  r
u`j rfiunjif` pjrj fvbtjr quf fstj   f
  p
vfnhgbljlf
jgfnfrjéçh sfcj fxgflblj
(ghksblfrf f`gjrjgtfràstbgj
fstj ghklbéöfs lf    H
jktfs lf fdftujr untrjpjssjifks).
b Lf u` `hlh ifrjn, j nb`btjéçh lj
vfnhgbljlf dbkjn ghktrbaub pjrj j
rfluéçh lh ghksu`h lf gh`austàvfn.
Fktrftjkth, gh`h u` irjklf pfrgfktujn
lhs vfàgunhs sçh utbnbzjlhs f`
thphirjdbj `bstj, j nb`btjéçh lj
vfnhgbljlf dbkjn lfvfrê sfr jkjnbsjlj
grbtfrbhsj`fktf, tfklh vbsth quf,
prbkgbpjn`fktf pjrj vfnhgbljlfs jajbxh
lf 25 o`/m, mê phssbabnbljlfs lf
ju`fkth lf ghksu`h lf gh`austàvfn,
lfvblh jh `fkhr jprhvfbtj`fkth lj
fkfribj gbkâtbgj.
 

15= Bkdhr`jéöfs lf ghkluéçh

Gbijrrj lf jnjr`f  
J gbijrrj lf jnjr`f shj sb`untjkfj`fktf
gh` h jgbhkj`fkth lf lftfr`bkjljs nuzfs-
pbnhth hu gh` j fxbabéçh lf bklbgjéöfs lf
jlvfrtãkgbjs kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr
lf ahrlh, f j nuz W\HU jgfklf qujklh3
I
Wf h `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf
ahrlh fxbabr j bklbgjéçh lf jlvfrtãkgbj
lf ajbxj prfssçh lf ÷nfh hu lf kàvfn lf
÷nfh `ubth ajbxh f j gbijrrj lf jnjr`f
shjr, j sfiurjkéj lf dukgbhkj`fkth lh

• j pprfss
rfssçh
çh pkfu`êt
pkfu`êtbgj
bgj khs rfs
rfsfrvj
frvjt÷r
t÷rbhs
bhs `hthr fstjrê
b`flbjths kh f` pfrbih.
`hthr. KçhQbsgh lf ljkhs
ghnhquf h
lh sbstf`j lf drfbh fstê `ubth ajbxj.
Kçh ghnhquf h vfàgunh f` `hvb`fkth vfàgunh f` `hvb`fkth hu fstjgbhkf tçh
hu pjrf-h b`flbjtj`fktf f` nhgjn nhih sfcj phssàvfn, ghksblfrjklh js
sfiurh, ghksblfrjklh js ghklbéöfs lj ghklbéöfs lj fstrjlj f lh tráksbth, f
fstrjlj f lh tráksbth. pjrf b`flbjtj`fktf h `hthr.
• H kà
kàvfn
vfn lh nàq
nàqublh
ublh lf jrrf
jrrfdfgb
dfgb`fk
`fkth
th fst
fstêê Lftfr`bkf j gjusj lj djnmj.
`ubth ajbxh hu j tf`pfrjturj `êxb`j Urhvblfkgbf pjrj quf h lfdfbth sfcj
  h
   ç jl`bssàvfn lh nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth vfrbdbgjlh f rfpjrjlh f` u`j hdbgbkj
  é
  j
  r (`êxb`h :56 µG) â fxgflblj. Jh fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj.
  f `fs`h tf`ph, h sfi`fkth lh
  p
   H bklbgjlhr lf fstjlh jgfklf-sf kj ghr Qfgh`fklj`hs quf vhgã fkgj`bkmf
vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsthh
j`jrfnj hu vfr`fnmj. J sfiurjkéj lf lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh pjrj fxfgutjr hs
dukgbhkj`fkth lh `hthr dbgj sfrvbéhs rfqufrblhs.
gh`prh`ftblj.
• J pr
prfss
fssçh
çh llff ÷n
÷nfh
fh hhuu h kkàv
àvfn
fn llff ÷n
÷nfh
fh llhh
`hthr fstbvfr `ubth ajbxh. Jh `fs`h
tf`ph, h sfi`fkth lh bklbgjlhr lf
fstjlh jgfklf-sf kj ghr vfr`fnmj.
• V`j bbklb
klbgj
gjéç
éçhh dj
djnm
nmjr
jr.. Js bklb
bklbgj
gjéö
éöfs
fs
b`phrtjktfs lf hpfrjéçh f lf
jlvfrtãkgbjs phlf` fvfktujn`fktf
kçh sfr fxbabljs pfnh gh`putjlhr lf
ahrlh lh vfàgunh. Js jarfvbjturjs lhs
sbstf`js fnftrükbghs sçh fxbabljs kh
`hstrjlhr gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh.
 Jajstfgb`fkth lf gh`austàvfn f lf JQNJ 71
 

152

Jajstfgb`fkth lf gh`austàvfn f lf JQNJ 71

IUFQBIH
Kh gjsh lf ghktjth gh` gh`austàvfn
lbfsfn3

• gh`
sf h ggh`
hsh`aus
austà
tàvf
hnmhs, vfn
n fktr
fktrjr
njvf-hs jr ff`
` ghkt
ghktjt
jthh
gh`pnftj`fktf gh` êiuj nb`pj f
ghksuntf u` `âlbgh.
• njvf
njvf b`flb
b`flbjtjtj`f
j`fkt ktff ggh`
h` êiuj
êiuj f
Qfsfrvjt÷rbh lf gh`austàvfn (fxf`pnh) sjaçh js pjrtfs jdftjljs lh ghrph.
: Qfsfrvjt÷rbh lf gh`austàvfn • trhq
trhquf
uf bb`f
`flbj
lbjtj
tj`f
`fktktff js rrhu
hupjs
pjs qquf
uf
tfkmj` fktrjlh f` ghktjth gh` h
  h
gh`austàvfn.    ç
  é
  j
  r
Jajstfgb`fkth lf gh`austàvfn lbfsfn • sf h gh
gh`au
`auststàv
àvfn
fn tb
tbvfr
vfr ssbl
blhh bki
bkifrb
frblh,
lh,   f
  p
ghksuntf b`flbjtj`fktf u` `âlbgh.    H
IUFQBIH
H gh`austàvfn lbfsfn â jntj`fktf I
bkdnj`êvfn. Dhih, gmj`js fxphstjs f h Jajstfgfr h vfàgunh gh` gh`austàvfn
jth lf du`jr sçh, phrtjkth, prhbablhs lbfsfn jr`jzfkjlh f` tj`ahrfs hu
lurjktf h `jkusfbh lh gh`austàvfn. rfgbpbfktfs sb`bnjrfs phlf bktrhluzbr
H gh`austàvfn lbfsfn â t÷xbgh f b`purfzjs kh sbstf`j lf gh`austàvfn. f
prfculbgbjn pjrj j sjólf. gjusjr djnmjs lf dukgbhkj`fkth.
• Gub
Gublf
lf pjr
pjrjj qu
quff h gh
gh`au
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stàv
àvfn
fn llbfs
bfsfn
fn Dbntrf h gh`austàvfn jktfs lf
rfjajstfgfr h vfàgunh.
kçh
hnmhsfktrf f` ghktjth gh` suj pfnf,
hu rhupjs. Vtbnbzf sh`fktf h gh`austàvfn lbfsfn
• Kç
Kçhh bkjn
bkjnff vj
vjphr
phrfs
fs lf
lf gh
gh`au
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àvfn
fn rfgh`fkljlh. Kçh jlbgbhkf hutrhs
lbfsfn. gh`austàvfbs, shnvfktfs hu jlbtbvhs jh
÷nfh lbfsfn.
• @j
@jkt
ktfkm
fkmjj h gh`a
gh`aust
ustàv
àvfn
fn lbfsf
lbfsfnn dh
dhrj
rj
lh jngjkgf lf grbjkéjs.
I
Lrfkf lbjrbj`fktf j êiuj jgu`unjlj kh
prâ-dbntrh lf gh`austàvfn gh` sfpjrjlhr
lf êiuj (; pêibkj 14<).
14<).
 Jajstfgb`fkth lf gh`austàvfn f lf JQNJ 71
 

1:5

I
Tfàgunhs gh` `hthr ghkdhr`f
UQHGHKTF U9 (Furh 6)3
Jajstféj sh`fktf gh` ÷nfh lbfsfn gh`
ajbxh tfhr lf fkxhdrf (÷nfh lbfsfn W65
hu W:5).
Kçh jajstféj, f` kfkmu`j mbp÷tfsf,
gh` ÷nfh lbfsfn gh` jnth tfhr lf
fkxhdrf, sha pfkj lf gjusjr ljkhs kh
`hthr.
Jajstfgb`fkth lf gh`austàvfn,
vfàgunhs gh` 1 rfsfrvjt÷rbhs
Hs rfsfrvjt÷rbhs lf gh`austàvfn lf sârbf
f/hu supnf`fktjr (lbsphkàvfbs f`
fxfguéçh fspfgbjn) dhrkfgblhs lf dêarbgj
sçh bkstjnjlhs kh suphrtf lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh
gh` gbktjs lf dbxjéçh, kj pjrtf fxtfrkj lh
qujlrh lh gmjssb fktrf h fbxh lbjktfbrh f h
fbxh trjsfbrh.
Bkdhr`jéöfs sharf gjpjgbljlf lf
jajstfgb`fkth, (; pêibkj 755).
755).

  h Tfàgunhs gh` `hthr ghkdhr`f

   ç UQHGHKTF U9 (Furh 6)3
  é
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  r
  f Hs rfsfrvjt÷rbhs lf gh`austàvfn f lf
  p
   H JQNJ 71 sçh rfsfrvjt÷rbhs lbstbkths. H
rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf ÷nfh lbfsfn lfvf sfr
jajstfgblh fxgnusbvj`fktf gh` ÷nfh
lbfsfn.
Kukgj `bsturf ÷nfh lbfsfn f JQNJ 71. \hrkfbrj lf bktfrnbijéçh lhs rfsfrvjt÷rbhs lf
gh`austàvfn
Ujrj bkdhr`jéçh sharf gh`austàvfn : Jafrth
(; pêibkj 116).
116).
1 Dfgmjlh

Khtj sharf h `fbh j`abfktf M Hs rfsfrvjt÷rbhs lf gh`austàvfn lfvf` sfr

Wf h gh`austàvfn kçh dhr `jkusfjlh
jlfqujlj`fktf, fnf â ghksblfrjlh u`
rbsgh tjkth pjrj js pfsshjs qujkth pjrj
h `fbh j`abfktf. F` kfkmu`j mbp÷tfsf
sf lfvf pfr`btbr quf h gh`austàvfn sfcj
njkéjlh f` sbstf`js lf fsihth, rbhs,
njihs, nfké÷bs lf êiuj hu kh shnh.
jajstfgblhs bklbvblujn`fktf. Bsth jssfiurj
h jajstfgb`fkth gh`pnfth lf j`ahs hs
rfsfrvjt÷rbhs.
Jktfs lf bkbgbjr h jajstfgb`fkth lf
gh`austàvfn3
] Dfgmf j thrkfbrj lh tuah lf nbijéçh lhs
rfsfrvjt÷rbhs.
J thrkfbrj lf bktfrnbijéçh fstê lbsphstj
sha h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lbrftj`fktf nbijlh
jh sbstf`j lf jnb`fktjéçh lh `hthr.
] Jp÷s h rfjajstfgb`fkth, jarj j thrkfbrj
lh tuah lf nbijéçh lhs rfsfrvjt÷rbhs.
 Jajstfgb`fkth lf gh`austàvfn f lf JQNJ 71
 

1::

b Jh fstjgbhkjr h vfàgunh, sf hs
rfsfrvjt÷rbhs lf gh`austàvfn fstbvfrf` IJ\FKÉÇH
thtjn`fktf jajstfgblhs,
rfgh`fklj`hs dfgmjr j thrkfbrj lh Wf j tj`pj lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71
tuah lf nbijéçh lhs rfsfrvjt÷rbhs pjrj dhr rftbrjlj gh` h JQNJ 71 jqufgblh,
prfvfkbr fvfktujn lfrrj`j`fkth lf phlf` sfr nbafrjlhs vjphrfs lf
gh`austàvfn lfvblh å bkgnbkjéçh njtfrjn j`hkàjgh. Hs vjphrfs lf j`hkàjgh tã`
lj vbj. u` gmfbrh pfkftrjktf
sharftulh f brrbtj`f hs
j pfnf, js `ughsjs
Jajstfgb`fkth lf JQNJ 71 hnmhs. Lfpfklfklh lj ghkgfktrjéçh f
lh tf`ph lf bkjnjéçh lfstfs vjphrfs lf
IJ\FKÉÇH j`hkàjgh, phlf hghrrfr jrlhr khs hnmhs,
kh kjrbz f kj ijrijktj, af` gh`h
Tfàgunhs gh` `hthr ghkdhr`f jgfsshs lf thssf f nêirb`js.
UQHGHKTF U9 (Furh 6)3 Fvbtf bkjnjr hs vjphrfs lf j`hkàjgh
nbafrjlhs.   h
• Fv
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btff qu
quff h prh
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luthh JQN
JQNJ
J 7711 fkt
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f` ghktjth gh` suj pfnf, hnmhs hu   j
  r
  f
rhupjs.   p
   H
• Gub
Gublflf pjr
pjrjj quf
quf js grbj
grbjké
kéjs
js sfcj`
sfcj`
`jktbljs lbstjktfs lh prhluth
JQNJ 71.
Wf vhgã hu hutrjs pfsshjs fktrjrf` f`
ghktjth gh` JQNJ 713
• Kh gj gjsh
sh lf
lf gghk
hktj
tjth
th gh
gh`
` hhss hnm
hnmhs,
hs,
njvf-hs b`flbjtj`fktf gh` ajstjktf
êiuj nb`pj f, sf kfgfssêrbh,
ghksuntf u` `âlbgh.
Qfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71
• Nj
Njvf
vf b`
b`flb
jdftjljs flbjt
ljjtj`f
j`fkt
pfnf ktf
f jjs`ubtj
gh` s ppjr
jrtf
tfs
s
êiuj I
nb`pj. H rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71 lfvf sfr
• Kh gj
gjsh
sh lf
lf bbki
kifst
fstçh
çh lf JQ JQNJ
NJ 71, jajstfgblh fxgnusbvj`fktf gh` fssf
njvf b`flbjtj`fktf j ahgj gh` êiuj prhluth. J bktrhluéçh lf qujnqufr hutrh
nb`pj f afaj `ubtj êiuj. Wf prhluth kh rfsfrvjt÷rbh gjusjrê sârbhs
kfgfssêrbh, ghksuntf u` `âlbgh. ljkhs kh sbstf`j lf p÷s-trjtj`fkth
lhs ijsfs lf fsgjpj`fkth.
 Jajstfgb`fkth lf gh`austàvfn f lf JQNJ 71
 

1:1

I
Hs rfsfrvjt÷rbhs lf gh`austàvfn f lf
Khtj sharf h `fbh j`abfktf M
JQNJ 71 sçh rfsfrvjt÷rbhs lbstbkths. H H JQNJ 71 â abhlfirjlêvfn.
rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71 lfvf sfr
jajstfgblh fxgnusbvj`fktf gh` Fktrftjkth, h sfu `jkusfbh bkjlfqujlh
JQNJ 71. rfprfsfktj u` pfrbih pjrj h `fbh
j`abfktf. Fvbtf quf h prhluth JQNJ 71
Kukgj `bsturf ÷nfh lbfsfn f JQNJ 71. sfcj njkéjlh kj rflf lf fsihths, kjs
êiujs lf supfrdàgbf, khs nfké÷bs
H vhnu`f lf JQNJ 71 ghktblh kh drfêtbghs hu kh shnh.
rfsfrvjt÷rbh â bklbgjlh kh bkstru`fkth
bklbgjlhr lf gh`austàvfn kh pjbkfn lf
bkstru`fkths (; pêibkj 9<).
9<).
Zujklh h vhnu`f lf JQNJ 71 ghktblh kh
  h
rfsfrvjt÷rbh fstê `ubth ajbxh, hu qujklh h
   ç rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71 fstê vjzbh, j nuz
  é
  j
  r bklbgjlhrj @BN ? (djnmj lf
  f
  p dukgbhkj`fkth) jgfklf f h `hstrjlhr lh
   H gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh lh vfàgunh fxbaf j
bklbgjéçh# (jajstfgb`fkth lf
JQNJ 71). Kfstf gjsh, rfjajstféj
b`flbjtj`fktf h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71.
Bkdhr`jéöfs sharf JQNJ 71
(; pêibkj 114).
114).
b H dukgbhkj`fkth lh `hthr sf`
JQNJ 71 fnfvj ghksblfrjvfn`fktf hs
àklbgfs lf f`bssöfs ijshsjs f h vfàgunh
lfbxj lf jtfklfr ås fxbiãkgbjs nfijbs lf
prhtféçh jh `fbh j`abfktf. J
ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh f` vbjs póanbgjs
kfstjs ghklbéöfs â u`j bkdrjéçh jh
g÷lbih lf tráksbth f sucfbtj h bkdrjthr j
`untj f hutrjs sjkéöfs prfvbstjs pfnj
nfibsnjéçh.

Qfahqufs f sf`brrfahqufs
\rjgbhkjklh rfahqufs
IJ\FKÉÇH
Qbsgh lf h rfahquf fsgjpjr lh vfàgunh-
trjthr.
Fxj`bkf lbjrbj`fktf j dhnij lh fkijtf
pjrj rfahquf, `hvfklh gh` dhréj h
ghrph lj njkéj lf fkijtf pjrj drfktf f
pjrj três. Kçh sfiurf h fqubpj`fkth lf
fkijtf kj ahgj lf jghpnj`fkth. Kçh â
jl`bssàvfn j fxbstãkgbj lf dhnij
nhkibtulbkjn.
Wf, lurjktf j ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh, vhgã
khtjr jniu`j dhnij nhkibtulbkjn fktrf h
pbkh lf fkijtf f j ajrrj lf
jghpnj`fkth, prhvblfkgbf
b`flbjtj`fktf hs rfpjrhs kfgfssêrbhs?
gjsh ghktrêrbh, phlf hghrrfr j rupturj
lh fqubpj`fkth f h lfsprfklb`fkth lh
rfahquf.
H ghrrfth jghpnj`fkth lh rfahquf jh
vfàgunh-trjthr â lf fxtrf`j b`phrtákgbj
pjrj j sfiurjkéj lf ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh.
] Gjngf js rhljs trjsfbrjs lh rfahquf pjrj
fvbtjr h sfu lfsnhgj`fkth jgblfktjn.
] Jprhxb`f h vfàgunh-trjthr lh rfahquf
jnbkmjklh-h ghkvfkbfktf`fktf f
ghkfgtf hs gjahs fnâtrbghs f js
tuaunjéöfs lf jr gh`prb`blh
(; pêibkj 1:6).
1:6).
] Jgbhkf h drfbh `jkujn lh rfahquf.
] Vtbnbzjklh u` gjvjnftf jprhprbjlh,
fsghrf j ajrrj lf jghpnj`fkth lh
rfahquf kj jnturj lh fqubpj`fkth lf
fkijtf kj trjvfssj trjsfbrj lh vfàgunh-
trjthr.
Qfahqufs f sf`brrfahqufs
1:7
] Uhsbgbhkf h pbkh lf jghpnj`fkth kj
phsbéçh lf fkijtf f `hvb`fktf h
vfàgunh-trjthr gubljlhsj`fktf f`
`jrgmj j râ, jtâ hghrrfr h jghpnj`fkth.
] Jktfs lf ghnhgjr h vfàgunh f` hpfrjéçh,
gfrtbdbquf-sf lf qufjghpnjlh
ghkvfkbfktf`fktf h rfahquf
jhfstfcj
vfàgunh-
trjthr f quf h pbkh lf fkijtf fstfcj
trjvjlh kj phsbéçh lf fkijtf.
b Hs prhgflb`fkths lf jghpnj`fkth, hs
gubljlhs f j `jkutfkéçh lh fkijtf
pjrj rfahqufs lfvf` sfr fxfgutjlhs
rbihrhsj`fktf lf jghrlh gh` js
bkstruéöfs lh djarbgjktf lh   h
   ç
fqubpj`fkth.   é
  j
  r
  f
  p
\rjgbhkjklh sf`brrfahqufs    H
IJ\FKÉÇH
Qbsgh lf h sf`brrfahquf fsgjpjr lh
vfàgunh-trjthr.
Kjs gh`abkjéöfs gh` sf`brrfahquf,
kçh lfvf fxbstbr dhnij fktrf h pbkh-rfb f h
lbsphsbtbvh lf fkijtf lj 6ª rhlj. Gjsh
ghktrêrbh, jh bkbgbjr j `jrgmj f jh drfjr
hajnjkéjr
vfàgunh-trjthr,
arusgj hf sf`brrfahquf
rfpfktbkj`fktfphlf
pjrj
drfktf f pjrj três f, lfstj dhr`j,
fsgjpjr lj 6ª rhlj.
Wf, lurjktf j ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh, vhgã
khtjr jniu`j dhnij fktrf h pbkh-rfb f h
lbsphsbtbvh lf fkijtf lj 6ª rhlj,
prhvblfkgbf b`flbjtj`fktf hs rfpjrhs
kfgfssêrbhs? gjsh ghktrêrbh, phlf
hghrrfr j rupturj lh pbkh-rfb f h
lfsprfklb`fkth lh sf`brrfahquf.
 

1:< Qfahqufs f sf`brrfahqufs

] Jktfs lf ghkluzbr h vfàgunh, gfrtbdbquf-sf

Ufnh `fkhs u`j vfz phr sf`jkj,
lfsjghpnf h sf`brrfahquf f nb`pf j
`fsj lh pbkh-rfb lh sf`brrfahquf f j
ajsf supfrbhr lj 6ª rhlj. Jpnbquf u`j
gj`jlj lf irjxj kj ajsf supfrbhr
supfr bhr lj 6ª
rhlj, kh `fgjkbs`h lf trjvj`fkth, kj
ijrrj lf Vtbnbzf
pbkh-rfb. trjvj`fkth
irjxjlj 6ª sfrvbéhs
pjrj rhlj f kh
pfsjlhs gh` jlbtbvh lf fxtrf`j
prfssçh.
Qfiunf j dhnij lh ghkcukth lf
trjvj`fkth lh pbkh-rfb, hasfrvjklh js
bkstruéöfs lh djarbgjktf lj 6ª rhlj.
Hasfrvf sf`prf js rfgh`fkljéöfs lf
  h `jkutfkéçh f lf nuarbdbgjéçh prfsgrbtjs
   ç
  é pfnh djarbgjktf lh fqubpj`fkth.
  j
  r
  f
  p
   H Jghpnj`fkth lh sf`brrfahquf
H ghrrfth jghpnj`fkth lh sf`brrfahquf jh
vfàgunh-trjthr â lf fxtrf`j b`phrtákgbj
pjrj j sfiurjkéj lf ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh.
] Tfrbdbquf sf j 6ª rhlj fstê nb`pj f
sudbgbfktf`fktf nuarbdbgjlj.
] Jprhxb`f h vfàgunh-trjthr lh
sf`brrfahquf f ghkfgtf hs gjahs
fnâtrbghs f js tuaunjéöfs lf jr
gh`prb`blh (; pêibkj 1:6).
1:6).
] Jgbhkf h drfbh `jkujn lh sf`brrfahquf.
] Jarj h fkijtf lh pbkh-rfb kj 6ª rhlj f
jcustf j jnturj lh sf`brrfahquf lf
jghrlh gh` j jnturj lh vfàgunh-trjthr. J
`fsj lh pbkh-rfb lh sf`brrfahquf lfvf
fstjr jprhxb`jlj`fktf 65 `` `jbs
ajbxj lh quf j ajsf supfrbhr lj 6ª
rhlj.
] @hvb`fktf gubljlhsj`fktf h vfàgunh-
lf quf h sf`brrfahquf fstfcj
ghrrftj`fktf jghpnjlh, gh`prhvf h
dukgbhkj`fkth ljs nuzfs lh
sf`brrfahquf f rfghnmj h jpjrfnmh lf
nfvjktj`fkth lh sf`brrfahquf.
b Hs prhgflb`fkths lf jghpnj`fkth, hs
gubljlhs f j `jkutfkéçh lh fkijtf
pjrj sf`brrfahquf lfvf` sfr
fxfgutjlhs rbihrhsj`fktf, lf jghrlh
gh` js bkstruéöfs lh djarbgjktf lh
fqubpj`fkth.
Lfsjghpnj`fkth lh sf`brrfahquf
H lfsjghpnj`fkth lh sf`brrfahquf lfvf
sfr dfbth, sf`prf quf phssàvfn, f` u` tfr-
rfkh pnjkh f gh`pjgth. Gjsh sfcj kfgfs-
sêrbh lfsjghpnjr
tfrrfkh h sf`brrfahquf
lf ajbxj ghksbstãkgbj, f` u`
rfgh`fklj-
`hs j ghnhgjéçh lf prjkgmjs f`ajbxh ljs
sjpjtjs lh jpjrfnmh lf nfvjktj`fkth lh
sf`brrfahquf.
] Jgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth lh
vfàgunh-trjthr f h drfbh `jkujn lh
sf`brrfahquf.
] Lfsghkfgtf js tuaunjéöfs pkfu`êtbgjs
f hs gjahs fnâtrbghs (; pêibkj 1:4).
1:4).
] Jajbxf h jpjrfnmh lf nfvjktj`fkth lh
sf`brrfahquf jtâ jphbjr js sjpjtjs
dbr`f`fktf kh shnh.
] Jarj h fkijtf lh pbkh-rfb kj 6ª rhlj f
`hvb`fktf nfktj`fktf h vfàgunh-trjthr
pjrj j drfktf.

trjthr f` `jrgmj jjnbkmjlh

ghkvfkbfktf`fktf râ, `jktfklh-h
jtâ hghrrfr
h jghpnj`fkth.

Ghkfgtjr js tuaunjéöfs lf jr
gh`prb`blh f h ghkfgthr lf gjahs
fnâtrbghs
Ghkfxöfs fnâtrbgjs f pkfu`êtbgjs pjrj
jghpnj`fkth lf rfahquf
: Urfssçh lf jtujéçh (j`jrfnj)
Urfssçh lf trjajnmh (vfr`fnmj)
1
7 \h`jlj fnâtrbgj
Ghkfxöfs fnâtrbgjs f pkfu`êtbgjs pjrj
jghpnj`fkth lf sf`brrfahquf
: Urfssçh lf jtujéçh (j`jrfnj)
1 Urfssçh lf trjajnmh (vfr`fnmj)
7 \h`jlj fnâtrbgj
< \h`jlj pjrj JAW
Qfahqufs f sf`brrfahqufs 1:6
I
Hs gjahs fnâtrbghs f js tuaunjéöfs lf jr
gh`prb`blh lfvf` sfr lbsphsths lf tjn
dhr`j quf phssj` sfr sudbgbfktf`fktf
lbstfklblhs pjrj pfr`btbr h `êxb`h
gàrgunh lf vbrjif` lh vfàgunh sf`
gjusjrlf
Jktfs tfksöfs, thréöfs
ghkfgtjr hu jarjsöfs.
hs gjahs fnâtrbghs,
gfrtbdbquf-sf lf quf j tfksçh fnâtrbgj
lhs fqubpj`fkths lh rfahquf hu
sf`brrfahquf sfcj ghrrftj.
Ghkfgtjr js tuaunjéöfs lf jr
gh`prb`blh
] Ghkfgtf j gjaféj lf jghpnj`fkth lh   h
   ç
gbrgubth lf drfbh (j`jrfnj).   é
  j
  r
] Ghkfgtf j gjaféj lf jghpnj`fkth lh   f
  p
gbrgubth lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh (vfr`fnmj).     H
J vênvunj lf fkijtf rêpblh kj gjaféj lf
jghpnj`fkth jarf-sf juth`jtbgj`fktf
jh sfr ghkfgtjlj.
Jp÷s bkbgbjr j `jrgmj lh vfàgunh, vfrbdbquf
h dukgbhkj`fkth lh sbstf`j lf drfbh lh
rfahquf.
] Tfrbdbquf h dukgbhkj`fkth ljs nuzfs lh
rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf.
] Gfrtbdbquf-sf lf quf js njktfrkjs
rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf lh
fstfcj`
nb`pjs f dukgbhkf` ghrrftj`fktf,
bkgnusbvf js njktfrkjs ljs nuzfs
bklbgjlhrjs lf lbrféçh f lj nuz lf drfbh.
 Qfahqufs f sf`brrfahqufs
 

1:4

Lfsghkfgtjr js tuaunjéöfs lf jr
gh`prb`blh

IJ\FKÉÇH
Zujklh dhr lfsghkfgtjr js gjaféjs lf
jghpnj`fkth lh gbrgubth pkfu`êtbgh,
fxfgutf sf`prf hs trjajnmhs kfstj
hrlf`? gjsh ghktrêrbh, h drfbh lh
rfahquf phlf sfr lfsjgbhkjlh f h
rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf phlf
lfsnhgjr-sf f gjusjr u` jgblfktf.

] Lfsghkfgtf h jghpnj`fkth lf prfssçh

  h lh gbrgubth lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh (vfr`fnmh). 
   ç
  é H drfbh lh rfahquf hu sf`brrfahquf â
  j
  r
  f
jgbhkjlh juth`jtbgj`fktf.
  p
   H ] Lfsghkfgtf j gjaféj lf jghpnj`fkth lh
gbrgubth lf drfbh (j`jrfnj).
] Lfsghkfgtf hs gjahs fnâtrbghs.
 Hpfrjéçh lurjktf h bkvfrkh
 

1:9

Hpfrjéçh lurjktf h bkvfrkh

Jktfs lf bkbgbjr h bkvfrkh3 kfgfssêrbh pjrj phssbabnbtjr j ghkluéçh
• vfrb
vfrbdbqu
dbquff ssff h nàq
nàqubl
ublhh llff jjrrf
rrfdfgb
dfgb`fk
`fkth
th lh vfàgunh kj kfvf. 
ghktâ` jktbghkifnjktf sudbgbfktf Urhgurf sf`prf ghkmfgfr js
(; pêibkj 117).
117). lftfr`bkjéöfs nfijbs pjrj ush lf
ghrrfktfs jktblfsnbzjktfs. 
• gf
gfrt
rtbdb
bdbqu
quf-s
utbnbzjlh f-sf
f lf qquf
uf h pjrj
â jprhprbjlh ggh`
h`aus
austà
js tàvfn
vfn Js ghrrfktfs
pjrtf lh chihjktblfsnbzjktfs
lf dfrrj`fktjskçh
lh djzf`
ghklbéöfs lf bkvfrkh (; pêibkj 114).114). vfàgunh.
• sf h `h
`hth
thrr fst
fstbv
bvfr
fr jjajs
ajstf
tfgb
gblh
lh gh
gh`
` ÷n
÷nfh
fh
`hkhvbsghsh, trhquf h ÷nfh lh `hthr Vsh lf ghrrfktfs jktblfsnbzjktfs
phr u` nuarbdbgjktf jlfqujlh pjrj js H ush lf ghrrfktfs jktblfsnbzjktfs
ghklbéöfs lf bkvfrkh (; pêibkj 111).
111). ju`fktj j trjéçh lh vfàgunh kjs fstrjljs
• f` rfi
rfibö
böfs
fs hk
hklf
lf j tf`
tf`pfr
pfrjt
jturj
urj kh f` ghklbéöfs gràtbgjs.
  h
bkvfrkh â `ubth ajbxj, gfrtbdbquf-sf lf    ç
quf h sbstf`j njvjlhr lf pjrj-arbsj IJ\FKÉÇH   é
  j
  r
  f
ghktâ` jktbghkifnjktf sudbgbfktf.   p
• f` rrfib
fiböfs
öfs sucf
sucfbtj
btjss j kfvf,
kfvf, vfrb
vfrbdbqu
dbquff sf
sf Lbrbibr `ubth rêpblh gh` js ghrrfktfs    H
jktblfsnbzjktfs `hktjljs kjs rhljs
h vfàgunh fstê fqubpjlh gh` pkfus gh` phlf rfsuntjr kh rh`pb`fkth ljs
lfsfkmh lf jntj jlfrãkgbj, jprhprbjlhs ghrrfktfs, gjusjklh dfrb`fkths f`
pjrj ghklbéöfs lf bkvfrkh. hutrjs pfsshjs hu ljkhs kh vfàgunh.
Ghkluéçh lh vfàgunh lurjktf h Kçh ghkluzj h vfàgunh f` vfnhgbljlfs
bkvfrkh fnfvjljs qujklh fstbvfr hpfrjklh gh`
ghrrfktfs jktblfsnbzjktfs.
Jljptf sfu fstbnh lf lbrbibr ås ghklbéöfs lj Hasfrvf sf`prf hs rfqubsbths nfijbs lf
fstrjlj. gjlj pjàs qujkth jh ush lf ghrrfktfs
I jktblfsnbzjktfs.
Tfàgunhs sf` ghktrhnf lf lfsnbzj`fkth
kj jgfnfrjéçh (JWQ)3 u`j `uljkéj
rêpblj kjs gjrjgtfràstbgjs lj supfrdàgbf I
lj pbstj, lf ajbxj jlfrãkgbj pjrj jntj Wf h ush lf ghrrfktfs jktblfsnbzjktfs
jlfrãkgbj, f h lfsnbzj`fkth ljs rhljs dhr jashnutj`fktf kfgfssêrbh,
lf trjéçh jh `fs`h tf`ph phlf rfgh`fklj`hs quf sfcj` utbnbzjljs
ljkbdbgjr h lbdfrfkgbjn. Fvbtf h sh`fktf ghrrfktfs jktblfsnbzjktfs lf
lfsnbzj`fkth ljs rhljs lf trjéçh. qujnbljlf gh`prhvjlj pjrj fvbtjr
fvfktujbs ljkhs kh vfàgunh.
b F` rfiböfs hklf h bkvfrkh â
fxtrf`j`fktf rbihrhsh, hkjs
ghrrfktfs jktblfsnbzjktfs ushrhljs
lf lf Khs pjàsfs hklf h ush lf ghrrfktfs
jktblfsnbzjktfs â pfr`btblh, j nfibsnjéçh
trjéçh phlf fvfktujn`fktf sfr rfqufr quf js ghrrfktfs jktblfsnbzjktfs
 

1:= Hpfrjéçh lurjktf h bkvfrkh

sfcj` rf`hvbljs jssb` quf js ghklbéöfs

lf jlfrãkgbj ljs fstrjljs sfcj`
rfstjafnfgbljs (nbvrf lf kfvf, ifnh hu nj`j).
Js gjrjgtfràstbgjs lf ghkluéçh f lf
drfkjif` dbgj` lfdbgbfktfs jh ghkluzbr h
vfàgunh gh` ghrrfktfs jktblfsnbzjktfs f`
fstrjljs lf ahj jlfrãkgbj.
Lfvblh jhs lbdfrfktfs rfiunj`fkths f`
hutrhs pjàsfs, h ush lf ghrrfktfs
jktblfsnbzjktfs phlf lbvfribr ljs
bkstruéöfs lfsgrbtjs jqub.
Qfspfbtf sf`prf js lftfr`bkjéöfs nfijbs
lf gjlj pjàs.

  h
   ç
  é
  j
  r
  f
  p
   H
 

Nuarbdbgjktfs rfgh`fkljlhs pfnj @frgflfs-Afkz 1:2

Nuarbdbgjktfs rfgh`fkljlhs pfnj @frgflfs-Afkz

Hs nuarbdbgjktfs f dnublhs rfgh`fkljlhs f

jprhvjlhs pfnj @frgflfs-Afkz fstçh
gnjssbdbgjlhs lf jghrlh gh` sujs
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115

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11:

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111 Urhluths lf sfrvbéh

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 Urhluths lf sfrvbéh
 

117

Ghksblfrjéçh sharf j qujnbljlf lh ÷nfh H nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth â u`j `bsturj

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 Urhluths lf sfrvbéh
 

11<

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 Urhluths lf sfrvbéh
 

116

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114 Urhluths lf sfrvbéh
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ghksblfrjvfn`fktf hs kàvfbs lf
f`bssöfs ijshsjs f lf `jtfrbjbs
pjrtbgunjlhs, lfbxjklh h sfu vfàgunh f`
lfsjghrlh gh` js fxbiãkgbjs nfijbs,
gjusj ljkhs khs gh`phkfktfs lh
sbstf`j lf bkcféçh f lf p÷s-trjtj`fkth
lhs ijsfs lf fsgjpj`fkth f ju`fktj
ju `fktj h
lfsijstf lhs gbnbklrhs f lhs jkâbs lf
sfi`fkth lh `hthr.
I
Tfàgunhs gh` `hthrfs ghkdhr`f
UQHGHKTF U9 (Furh 6)3
Kçh jajstféj, f` kfkmu`j mbp÷tfsf,
gh` ÷nfh lbfsfn W655 hu W:=55, sha
pfkj lf gjusjr ljkhs kh `hthr.
tf`pfrjturjs
Kh Arjsbn, h ÷nfh lbfsfn lbsphkàvfn
gh`frgbjn`fktf jtfklf ås ghklbéöfs
gnb`êtbgjs lf thljs js rfiböfs f kçh rfqufr
F`
`jbspjàsfs hklfjprfsfktjklh
rbihrhsh, h bkvfrkh ifrjn`fktf â
tf`pfrjturjs
fxtrf`j`fktf ajbxjs, gfrtbdbquf-sf lf quf
h ÷nfh lbfsfn gh`frgbjnbzjlh phssuj
prhprbfljlfs lf dnublfz jprhprbjljs pjrj
fstjs ghklbéöfs. F` gjsh lf lóvbljs,
ghksuntf u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf
Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz.
b Kçh jlbgbhkf kfkmu` jlbtbvh, shnvfktfs
hu hutrhs gh`austàvfbs jh ÷nfh lbfsfn.
Js prhprbfljlfs lf dnublfz f lfksbljlf
lh ÷nfh lbfsfn dbgj` prfculbgjljs f
gjusj` ljkhs kh sbstf`j lf bkcféçh,
kh sbstf`j lf p÷s-trjtj`fkth lhs
ijsfs lf fsgjpj`fkth f kh `hthr.
JQNJ 71
H JQNJ 71 â u` prhluth nàqublh kçh
bkdnj`êvfn, kçh t÷xbgh, bkghnhr f bkhlhrh f
shnóvfn f` êiuj.
I
Vtbnbzf h JQNJ 71 rfgh`fkljlh,
prhluzblh lf jghrlh gh` j khr`j
LBK 95595. (Kh Arjsbn, h prhluth
JQNJ 71 lfvf sfr jprhvjlh pfnh
BK@F\QH). Kçh jlbgbhkf qujbsqufr
jlbtbvhs jh JQNJ 71.
Ujrj `jbhrfs bkdhr`jéöfs ghksuntf h
sbtf www.bk`ftrh.ihv.ar
Wf, lurjktf h jajstfgb`fkth, h
JQNJ 71 fktrjr f` ghktjth gh`
supfrdàgbfs pbktjljs hu supfrdàgbfs lf
jnu`àkbh, njvf b`flbjtj`fktf js
supfrdàgbfs jdftjljs gh` `ubtj êiuj.

I
Kçh `bsturf kfkmu` jlbtbvh jh
JQNJ 71, kf` lbnuj h JQNJ 71 gh`
êiuj. Bssh phlf prfculbgjr h
dukgbhkj`fkth lh sbstf`j lf p÷s-
trjtj`fkth lhs ijsfs lf fsgjpj`fkth
®
Anuf\fg6 .
Hs ljkhs lfghrrfktfs lh ush lf tjbs
jlbtbvhs hu lj `bsturj lf êiuj rfsuntj`
kj pfrlj lhs lbrfbths lf ijrjktbj.
Khtj sharf h `fbh j`abfktf M grbstjbs lf JQNJ 71 phlf` sfr rf`hvblhs
H JQNJ 71 â abhlfirjlêvfn.
\hljvbj, h sfu `jkusfbh bkjlfqujlh
phlf rfprfsfktjr
j`abfktf. u`irjklfs
Fvbtf quf pfrbih pjrj h `fbh
qujktbljlfs lf JQNJ 71 pfkftrf` kj
rflf lf fsihths, kjs êiujs lf
supfrdàgbf, khs nfké÷bs drfêtbghs hu kh
shnh.
JQNJ 71 f` tf`pfrjturj fxtfrkj
fnfvjlj
Wf h JQNJ 71, kh rfsfrvjt÷rbh, jqufgfr-sf
phr u` pfràhlh prhnhkijlh j tf`pfrjturjs
jgb`j lf 65 µG (phr fxf`pnh, lfvblh å
bkgblãkgbj lbrftj lf rjbhs shnjrfs), phlf`
suribr vjphrfs lf j`hkàjgh lfvblh å
lfgh`phsbéçh lh JQNJ 71.
Wf j tj`pj lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf JQNJ 71 dhr
rf`hvblj gh` h JQNJ 71 jqufgblh, phlf`
sfr nbafrjlhs vjphrfs lf j`hkàjgh. Hs
vjphrfs lf j`hkàjgh tã` u` gmfbrh
pfkftrjktf f brrbtj` sharftulh j pfnf, js
`ughsjs f hs hnmhs. Lfpfklfklh lj
ghkgfktrjéçh f lh tf`ph lf bkjnjéçh
lfstfs vjphrfs lf j`hkàjgh, phlf hghrrfr
jrlhr khs hnmhs, kh kjrbz f kj ijrijktj,
Urhluths lf sfrvbéh
119
af` gh`h jgfsshs lf thssf f nêirb`js.
Fvbtf bkjnjr hs vjphrfs lf j`hkàjgh
nbafrjlhs.
JQNJ 71 f` tf`pfrjturj fxtfrkj ajbxj
H JQNJ 71 ghkifnj j u`j tf`pfrjturj lf
jprhxb`jlj`fktf -:: µG.
Js ajbxjs tf`pfrjturjs phlf` gjusjr j
dhr`jéçh lf grbstjbs lf JQNJ 71 kh tuah
dnfxàvfn fktrf h `hthr f h j`hrtfgflhr lf
ruàlhs. Fssj grbstjnbzjéçh kçh gjusj
kfkmu`j djnmj lf dukgbhkj`fkth kh
sbstf`j lf p÷s-trjtj`fkth lhs ijsfs lf
fsgjpj`fkth. Gjsh sfcj kfgfssêrbh, hs
gh` êiuj nb`pj.   h
   ç
  é
  j
  r
Jr`jzfkj`fkth lf JQNJ 71   f
  p
I    H
Qfsfrvjt÷rbhs lf jnu`àkbh, lf gharf, lf
nbijs lf gharf, af` gh`h lf jéh kçh
nbijlhs hu zbkgjlhs, kçh sçh jlfqujlhs
pjrj h jr`jzfkj`fkth lf JQNJ 71. Kh
gjsh lf sfr jr`jzfkjlh kfstfs
rfsfrvjt÷rbhs, h JQNJ 71 phlf lbsshnvfr
hs gh`phkfktfs lfstfs `ftjbs f
lfstrubr h sbstf`j lf p÷s-trjtj`fkth
lhs ijsfs lf fsgjpj`fkth Anuf\fg6 ®.
Hs ljkhs gjusjlhs phr `jtfrbjbs
lbsshnvblhs pfnh JQNJ 71, lfvblh jh sfu
jr`jzfkj`fkth f` rfsfrvjt÷rbhs
bkjlfqujlhs, kçh sçh ghafrths pfnj
ijrjktbj lj @frgflfs-Afkz.
Ujrj jr`jzfkjr JQNJ 71, utbnbzf
fxgnusbvj`fktf rfsfrvjt÷rbhs lf jntj nbij
f` jéh Gr-Kb hu jéh @h-Gr-Kb lf jghrlh
gh` j khr`j LBK KF :55==-:/1/7 hu
rfsfrvjt÷rbhs lf pnêstbgh f` phnbprhpbnfkh
hu phnbftbnfkh.
 Urhluths lf sfrvbéh
 

11=

b Wf hptjr phr `jktfr jniu` fsthquf lh

prhluth JQNJ 71, `jktfkmj h prhluth
f` suj f`ajnjif` hrbibkjn f hasfrvf h
sfu prjzh lf vjnbljlf lf :1 `fsfs j
ghktjr lf suj ljtj lf djarbgjéçh. H
prhluth JQNJ 71 lfvf sfr `jktblh f`
j`abfktfs prhtfiblhs lhs rjbhs shnjrfs,
j75tf`pfrjturjs j`abfktfsj`abfktfs
µG. F` tf`pfrjturjs jajbxh lf
jgb`j lf 75 µG, j qujnbljlf lh prhluth
JQNJ 71 phlf sfr gh`prh`ftblj.

Lfsgjrtf lh JQNJ 71

  h
Khtj sharf h `fbh j`abfktf M
   ç
  é
  j
  r Lfsgjrtf h JQNJ 71 rfspfbtjklh js
  f khr`js lf prhtféçh jh `fbh j`abfktf.
  p
   H
Ujrj lfsgjrtjr h JQNJ 71, rfspfbtf js nfbs f
khr`js fspfgàdbgjs lf gjlj pjàs.

Uurfzj lh JQNJ 71
H irju lf purfzj lh JQNJ 71 â
fxtrf`j`fktf b`phrtjktf pjrj fvbtjr
djnmjs lf dukgbhkj`fkth lh sbstf`j lf
p÷s-trjtj`fkth lf ijsfs lf fsgjpj`fkth
Anuf\fg6®.
Wf, phr fxf`pnh, kh gjsh lf u`j
rfpjrjéçh, h JQNJ 71 prfgbsjr sfr
ah`afjlh pjrj dhrj lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh, fstf
kçh phlfrê sfr rfutbnbzjlh, phbs h sfu irju
lf purfzj lfbxhu lf sfr ijrjktblh.

I
J ghktj`bkjéçh lh JQNJ 71 (phr
fxf`pnh, gh` nuarbdbgjktfs f hutrhs
nàqublhs, prhluths lf nb`pfzj, p÷) phlf
gjusjr vjnhrfs
djnmjs lf lf f`bssçhf ljkhs
dukgbhkj`fkth fnfvjlhs,
kh
gjtjnbzjlhr hu kh `hthr.

Nb`pfzj f gubljlhs
Gubljlhs rfiunjrfs jculj` j `jktfr h
vjnhr lh vfàgunh.
IJ\FKÉÇH
@jktfkmj sf`prf hs prhluths lf
nb`pfzj f` suj f`ajnjif` hrbibkjn f
dhrj lh jngjkgf lf grbjkéjs. Hasfrvf js
bkstruéöfs sharf h `jkusfbh lfstfs
prhluths.
Kçh usf gh`austàvfbs gh`h prhluths lf
nb`pfzj. Hs gh`austàvfbs sçh jntj`fktf
bkdnj`êvfbs f sçh prfculbgbjbs pjrj j
sjólf.
Wf vhgã tbvfr quf njvjr j pjrtf supfrbhr
lh vfàgunh, usf
jlfqujljs. Fvbtfsf`prf fsgjljs quf
b`prhvbsjéöfs
phlf` prhvhgjr qufljs f gjusjr nfsöfs
irjvfs hu djtjbs.
b H ush lf prhluths bkjlfqujlhs pjrj j
nb`pfzj lh vfàgunh phlf ljkbdbgjr j
pbkturj f prhvhgjr ghrrhsçh prf`jturj
kjs pjrtfs `ftênbgjs. Uhrtjkth,
rfgh`fklj`hs sh`fktf j utbnbzjéçh lf
xj`pus kfutrhs jprhprbjlhs.  `hktjlhs kh `fs`h f fvbtf lbrbibr cjths
Kçh utbnbzf qufrhsfkf, ênghhn hu sjaçh
lf jéçh fxgfssbvj`fktf gêustbgj, phbs
fstfs prhluths ljkbdbgj` j pbkturj f hs
gh`phkfktfs lf ahrrjgmj lh vfàgunh f
jgfnfrj` j ghrrhsçh ljs pjrtfs
`ftênbgjs.  gh`phkfktfs fnftrükbghs lh vfàgunh,
Urhtfcj jlfqujlj`fktf j jafrturj lf
jl`bssçh lf jr lh `hthr pjrj fvbtjr j
fktrjlj lf êiuj quf phlf ljkbdbgjr h
dbntrh lf jr f h `hthr.
Nb`pfzj f gubljlhs
112
Khtj sharf h `fbh j`abfktf M
Njvf h vfàgunh sh`fktf f` phsths lf
sfrvbéhs lfstbkjlhs pjrj fstj dbkjnbljlf,
hklf prhvjvfn`fktf sçh hasfrvjljs js
`flbljs lf prhtféçh jh `fbh j`abfktf.
Lfsgjrtf hs rfgbpbfktfs lhs prhluths lf
nb`pfzj f hutrhs `jtfrbjbs lf nb`pfzj lf
`jkfbrj j`abfktjn`fktf rfsphksêvfn.
Gh`phkfktfs fnâtrbghs f fnftrükbghs
  h
   ç
I   é
  j
  r
Lfpfklfklh lj fxfguéçh, h vfàgunh   f
  p
phlf fstjr fqubpjlh gh` u`j sârbf lf    H
`÷lunhs fnftrükbghs, tjbs gh`h3
ifrfkgbj`fkth lh `hthr,
ifrfkgbj`fkth lh vfàgunh/`hthr, pfljn
lh jgfnfrjlhr, pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths,
JAW, rftjrljlhr lf drfbh, sbstf`j lf
`uljkéjs lf `jrgmjs juth`êtbgh,
lfktrf hutrhs.
Zujklh dhr njvjr h sfu vfàgunh, prhgurf
blfktbdbgjr hs `÷lunhs fnftrükbghs
lf êiuj, af` gh`h punvfrbzjr prhluths
lf nb`pfzj sharf hs `fs`hs f f` sfus
rfspfgtbvhs ghkfgthrfs. Ujrj `jbhr
sfiurjkéj, sf`prf quf dhr kfgfssêrbh,
prhtfcj ghkvfkbfktf`fktf hs
fkvhnvfklh-hs gh` u` pnêstbgh pjrj
fvbtjr bkdbntrjéçh lf êiuj kfssfs
gh`phkfktfs.

175 Nb`pfzj f gubljlhs
Fvbtf tj`aâ` lbrbibr cjths dhrtfs lf
êiuj khs djr÷bs, njktfrkjs, jntfrkjlhrfs
f `hthr lf pjrtblj pjrj fvbtjr fvfktujbs
ljkhs hu djnmjs lf dukgbhkj`fkth
kfstfs gh`phkfktfs.
Kçh chiuf êiuj kj gfktrjn fnâtrbgj lh
vfàgunh.
Nb`pfzj bktfrkj lh vfàgunh
] Nb`pf h pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths sh`fktf
gh` u` pjkh `jgbh hu dnjkfnj
u`flfgblh gh` êiuj f sjaçh kfutrh,
pjssjklh h `fs`h ukbdhr`f`fktf f`
  h
   ç
thlj j êrfj lh pjbkfn lf hklf lfsfcj
  é rf`hvfr j sucfbrj.  Nb`pfzj lf fsthdj`fkths lf vbkbn f
  j
  r
  f Kçh utbnbzf prhluths quà`bghs hu
  p
   H jarjsbvhs, tjbs gh`h ênghhn, shnvfktfs,
prhluths å ajsf lf gnhrh, sjphkêgfhs
ftg, phbs hs `fs`hs ljkbdbgj` h pjbkfn
f j nfktf lhs bkstru`fkths.
b Jh rf`hvfr j pfnàgunj lf prhtféçh lj
nfktf lh pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths, â
ifrjlj u`j lfsgjrij lf fnftrbgbljlf
fstêtbgj quf prhvhgj h jgfklb`fkth lf
jniuks dbnj`fkths lhs sfi`fkths lh
`hstrjlhr lbibtjn, fdfbth fstf quf
lfsjpjrfgf nhih f` sfiublj. 
Fstf `fs`h fdfbth phlf hghrrfr qujklh
sf fdftuj j nb`pfzj lh pjbkfn gh` u`
pjkh sfgh, f gh` `jbhr bkgblãkgbj
qujklh j u`bljlf rfnjtbvj lh jr fstê
`ubth ajbxj, hu sfcj, f` gnb`js `ubth
sfghs.  phssàvfn, jpnbquf cjths lf jr
Fstf fdfbth kçh ljkbdbgj f kf` bktfrdfrf
kh dukgbhkj`fkth lh pjbkfn lf
bkstru`fkths. Fktrftjkth, pjrj quf j
lurjéçh lfstf fdfbth sfcj j `jbs
rfluzblj phssàvfn, rfgh`fklj`hs quf j
nb`pfzj lh pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths sfcj
dfbtj gh` h bktfrrupthr lf pjrtblj
lfsnbijlh.
] Ujrj j nb`pfzj lf rfvfstb`fkth bktfrkh
ljs pjrflfs, phrtjs f tfth, utbnbzf
lftfrifktf kfutrh gh` jnth phlfr
ajgtfrbgblj pjrj fnb`bkjr j sucfbrj f hs
hlhrfs lfsjirjlêvfbs. Lbnuj
prfvbj`fktf h lftfrifktf f` êiuj kj
prhphréçh lf 65 `n phr nbtrh lf êiuj f
jibtf af`lfj fsthdj`fkths
Nb`pfzj shnuéçh.  lf tfgblh3 
Jpnbquf j fspu`j sharf j supfrdàgbf j
sfr nb`pj gh` u`j fsghvj lf gfrljs
`jgbjs f dbr`fs, fsdrfijklh
dhrtf`fktf. Lfbxf sfgjr f jspbrf.
Hasfrvf quf h fxgfssh lf êiuj phlf
pfkftrjr khs fsthdj`fkths f ljkbdbgê-
nhs. 
rfvfstb`fkths ljs pjrflfs, phrtjs f
tfth3 
V`flféj u`j fsphkcj gh` j shnuéçh f
fsdrfiuf dbr`f`fktf j êrfj j sfr nb`pj
jtâ fnb`bkjr thlj j sucfbrj f, f`
sfiublj, sfquf gh` u`j dnjkfnj arjkgj
nb`pj.
] Nb`pf js gjkjnftjs lhs vblrhs gh` u`
pbkgfn, jpnbgjklh u` phugh lf tjngh.
Fsdrfiuf nfvf`fktf js iujrkbéöfs lf
ahrrjgmj gh` tjngh.
] Nb`pf rfiunjr`fktf
trãs `fsfs) (pfnh `fkhs
h `fgjkbs`h j gjlj
lh sbstf`j lf
rfiunjif` lh fkghsth lh ajkgh pjrj
rf`hvfr j phfbrj jgu`unjlj f fvbtjr h
sfu trjvj`fkth. 
Fdftuf j nb`pfzj gh` u` pbkgfn f, sf
gh`prb`blh.Jpnbquf lfsfkirbpjktf f`
sprjy kh `fgjkbs`h f jgbhkf hs ahtöfs
lf rfiunjif` pjrj `hvb`fktjr h
ghkcukth. 
Kjs fxfguéöfs
mblrêunbgj, lf lujs
jpnbquf ajkghj gh` ajsf lf
trãs ihtjs
÷nfh nuarbdbgjktf lf `hthr khs phkths
lf jrtbgunjéçh lj suspfksçh lh ajkgh.

] Nb`pf hs gbkths lf sfiurjkéj
fxgnusbvj`fktf gh` u` pjkh
nbifbrj`fktf ó`blh. Ujrj djgbnbtjr j
nb`pfzj, phlf sfr utbnbzjlh u` phugh lf
lftfrifktf kfutrh.
I
Qf`hvj b`flbjtj`fktf `jkgmjs f
sucfbrjs lhs fsthdj`fkths f lhs gbkths
lf sfiurjkéj pjrj prfvfkbr ljkhs f
jgó`unh lf rfsàluhs.
Nb`pf hs gbkths lf sfiurjkéj gh` u`j
shnuéçh lf nb`pfzj sujvf. Kçh sfquf hs
gbkths lf sfiurjkéj lbrftj`fktf sha hs
rjbhs shnjrfs hu j tf`pfrjturjs jgb`j
lf =5 µG.
Kukgj jnvfcf hu tbkcj hs gbkths lf
sfiurjkéj. Bsth gbkths
rfsbstãkgbj lhs phlfrbjlfprfculbgjr
sfiurjkéj.j
Nb`pfzj lj pjrtf bkdfrbhr lh vfàgunh
] Njvf j pjrtf bkdfrbhr lh vfàgunh
fxgnusbvj`fktf gh` êiuj.
] Fnb`bkf fvfktujbs ljkhs f phkths lf
ghrrhsçh kj pjrtf bkdfrbhr lh vfàgunh f,
sf kfgfssêrbh, prhvblfkgbf h rfthquf lj
pbkturj f lj prhtféçh jktbghrrhsbvj.
] F`ahrj kçh sfcj kfgfssêrbh, j pjrtf
bkdfrbhr lh vfàgunh phlf sfr punvfrbzjlj
gh` ÷nfhs vfiftjbs. Kçh utbnbzf
prhluths lfrbvjlhs lf pftr÷nfh. Urhtfcj
prfvbj`fktf js `jkiufbrjs lh sbstf`j
lf drfbh f hutrjs pjrtfs lf ahrrjgmj.
b Tfàgunhs quf hpfrj` kh nbthrjn hu f`
rfiböfs hklf phssj` shdrfr j jéçh lh
sjn f lj jrfbj lfvf` sfr
gh`pnftj`fktf njvjlhs jp÷s j
utbnbzjéçh.
Nb`pfzj f gubljlhs 17:
Nb`pfzj fxtfrkj lh vfàgunh
Njvf h vfàgunh gh` êiuj jaukljktf f
xj`pus kfutrhs jprhprbjlhs pjrj j
nb`pfzj. Lurjktf j njvjif`, fvbtf j jéçh
lbrftj lhs rjbhs shnjrfs sharf h vfàgunh.
Ujrj rf`hvfr `jkgmjs lj pbkturj, utbnbzf
afkzbkj.
  h
   ç
  é
  j
  r
  f
  p
: \h`jlj lf jl`bssçh lf jr pjrj h    H
`hthr
I
Zujklh njvjr h vfàgunh fxtfrkj`fktf,
kçh lbrbcj cjths lf êiuj lbrfth kj
th`jlj lf jr lf jl`bssçh lh `hthr.
` hthr. Wf
dhr kfgfssêrbh, prhtfcj prfvbj`fktf j
th`jlj lf jr lf jl`bssçh pjrj h `hthr
gh` u` sjgh pnêstbgh pjrj fvbtjr quf
fktrf êiuj kh dbntrh lf jr. Jp÷s njvjr h
vfàgunh, rf`hvj h sjgh pnêstbgh jktfs lf
dukgbhkjr h `hthr.
Wf, fvfktujn`fktf, hghrrfr bkdbntrjéçh
lf êiuj kh dbntrh lf jr, rf`hvj f sfquf
gh`pnftj`fktf hs fnf`fkths dbntrjktfs
(phr fxf`pnh3 gh` u` sfgjlhr lf
gjafnhs hu lfbxjklh-hs fxphsths jhs
rjbhs shnjrfs) f h bktfrbhr lj gjrgjéj lh
dbntrh. Kçh utbnbzf cjths lf jr gh`prb`blh
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179

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17= @jkutfkéçh

Wbstf`j pkfu`êtbgh Qfgh`fklj`hs quf vhgã fkgj`bkmf h

vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
I lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz
Tjzj`fkth lf jr kh sbstf`j pjrj fxfgutjr fstfs sfrvbéhs. \hlhs hs
pkfu`êtbgh lh vfàgunh f lh rfahquf hu sfrvbéhs f` sbstf`js rfnjgbhkjlhs å
sf`brrfahquf hgjsbhkj ju`fkth sfiurjkéj lfvf` sfr fxfgutjlhs f`
fxgfssbvh kh djthr lf utbnbzjéçh fdftbvj u`j hdbgbkj qujnbdbgjlj f fspfgbjnbzjlj.
lh gh`prfsshr lf jr f,
ghksfqufktf`fktf, phlf gjusjr js @hktjif` lf lbsphsbtbvhs pkfu`êtbghs
sfiubktfs djnmjs3 jlbgbhkjbs
• gj
gjrah
rahkb
kbzj
zjéçh
éçh fxg
fxgfs
fssb
sbvj
vj kkhh ã`
ã`ah
ahnh
nh I
lh gh`prfsshr, kj vênvunj f kj
rfibçh lf lfsgjrij? J `hktjif` lf lbsphsbtbvhs
pkfu`êtbghs jlbgbhkjbs gh`h, phr
• lfs
lfsij
ijst
stff pr
prf`
f`jt
jturh
urh lh ggbnbnbk
bklrh
lrh f fxf`pnh, suspfkshr lf fbxh juxbnbjr,
  h jkâbs lh ã`ahnh lh gh`prfsshr,
   ç ju`fktj sbikbdbgjtbvj`fktf j lf`jklj
  é rfsuntjklh kj pjssjif` lf ÷nfh
  j
  r lf jr gh`prb`blh.
  f pjrj h sbstf`j pkfu`êtbgh?
  p
   H • quf
qufarj
arj lj vên
vênvun
vunjj llff lf
lfsg
sgjr
jrij
ij f lj Uhrtjkth, pjrj qujnqufr
b`pnf`fktjéçh tbph lf
gh` lbsphsbtbvhs
nj`fnj lf jl`bssçh lh gh`prfsshr pkfu`êtbghs, h sbstf`j lf suprb`fkth
(fstf gjsh rfqufr j b`habnbzjéçh lf jr prfgbsj sfr rfvbsth pjrj jssfiurjr
b`flbjtj lh vfàgunh pjrj rfpjrhs)? h dukgbhkj`fkth jlfqujlh lhs
• ljk
ljkhs
hs f` vên
vênvun
vunjs
js lh sbs
sbstf
tf`j
`j sbstf`js pkfu`êtbghs. Ghksuntf h sfu
pkfu`êtbgh lfvblh å ghktj`bkjéçh Ghkgfssbhkêrbh @frgflfs-Afkz.
phr ÷nfh lh `hthr?
• ju
ju`f
`fkt
kthh lh gh
ghks
ksu`
u`hh lf
gh`austàvfn.

Uhrtjkth,
vjzj`fkthsflfdhr
jrkhtjlh jniu`
kh sbstf`j pkfu`êtbgh
lh vfàgunh f lh rfahquf hu
sf`brrfahquf, prhvblfkgbf
b`flbjtj`fktf quf h sbstf`j sfcj
vfrbdbgjlh f rfpjrjlh f` u`j hdbgbkj
fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj, quf tfkmj
hs ghkmfgb`fkths fspfgbjnbzjlhs
kfgfssêrbhs f dfrrj`fktjs pjrj
fxfgutjr hs sfrvbéhs rfqufrblhs.
 @jkutfkéçh
 

172

Gjpü lh `hthr ] Uuxf js jnjvjkgjs ljs trjvjs lh gjpü

IJ\FKÉÇH
Jh jarbr hu dfgmjr h gjpü, gublf pjrj quf
kçh mjcj pfsshjs kj êrfj lf ibrh lh
gjpü,gjpü
pfnh phbs ffstjs
shdrfrphlf` sfr jtbkibljs
nfsöfs.
Gfrtbdbquf-sf, tj`aâ`, lf quf h fspjéh
å drfktf lh vfàgunh fstfcj nbvrf f sfcj
sudbgbfktf pjrj pfr`btbr j jafrturj lh
gjpü? gjsh ghktrêrbh, h gjpü sfrê
ljkbdbgjlh.
nhgjnbzjljs kh bktfrbhr lj gjabkf,
rfspfgtbvj`fktf sha js fxtrf`bljlfs
lbrfbtj f fsqufrlj lh pjbkfn. 
Ajsgunf h gjpü pjrj j drfktf f dbxf-h kj
phsbéçh jafrtj, fkijkgmjklh j
fxtrf`bljlf nbvrf lj mjstf lf
sustfktjéçh
lbsphsth
: kh pjrjdush-ákghrj 1 
kh suphrtf lh rjlbjlhr.
Dfgmjr h gjpü lh `hthr

Jarbr h gjpü lh `hthr   h

   ç
  é
  j
  r
  f
  p
   H

: Mjstf lf sustfktjéçh lh gjpü

1 Urfsbnmj lf rftfkéçh

Jnjvjkgjs lf jgbhkj`fkth lj trjvj lh gjpü :

Dfgmj`fkth lh gjpü lh `hthr (f`purrjr h

gjpü pfnj suj pjrtf drhktjn)
: Mjstf lf sustfktjéçh lh gjpü ] Lfsfkijkgmf lh pjrjdush-ákghrj j
mjstf lf sustfktjéçh lh gjpü f dbxf-j
1 Ujrjdush-ákghrj
ghkvfkbfktf`fktf kjpjrtf
rftfkéçh lbsphstj kj prfsbnmj lf lh
bktfrkj
gjpü.
 

1<5 @jkutfkéçh

] Dfgmf h gjpü f`purrjklh-h pfnj suj Ghafrturj lh `hthr kh bktfrbhr lj

pjrtf drhktjn pjrj fvbtjr thréöfs f gjabkf
jssfiurjr h sfu trjvj`fkth f` j`ahs
hs njlhs, lbrfbth f fsqufrlh.

: Irj`phs lf dbxjéçh

  h Qf`hvfr j ghafrturj lh `hthr 

   ç
  é
  j
  r ] Qf`hvj j dhrrjéçh lf gb`j lj ghafrturj
  f
  p lh `hthr.
   H
] Whntf hs irj`phs lf dbxjéçh :.
] Qf`hvj j ghafrturj lh `hthr.

Bkstjnjr j ghafrturj lh `hthr 

] Uhsbgbhkf ghkvfkbfktf`fktf j ghafrturj
lh `hthr.
] Fkijkgmf hs irj`phs lf dbxjéçh njtfrjbs
: f trjvf-hs ghkvfkbfktf`fktf.
]
Qfghnhquf
ghafrturj jlhdhrrjéçh
`hthr. f` gb`j lj
 

@jkutfkéçh 1<:

Uhkths lf `jkutfkéçh kh gh`pjrtb`fkth lh `hthr

  h
   ç
  é
  j
  r
: \j`pj lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf fxpjksçh lh nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth   f
  p
1 \j`pj lh ahgjn lf jajstfgb`fkth lf ÷nfh lh `hthr    H

7 Tjrftj `flblhrj lh kàvfn lf ÷nfh lh `hthr

< Qfsfrvjt÷rbh lf dnublh lh sbstf`j lf jgbhkj`fkth lj f`arfjif`
6 Qfsfrvjt÷rbh lf dnublh lj lbrféçh mblrêunbgj
4 Qfsfrvjt÷rbh lf nàqublh lh njvjlhr lh pjrj-arbsj
 @jkutfkéçh
1<1
Kàvfn lh nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth
I
Wf h kàvfn lh nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth
kh rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf fxpjksçh fstbvfr
`ubth ajbxh, h `hstrjlhr lh
gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh lh vfàgunh fxbaf h
sà`ahnh^ (kàvfn lh nàqublh lf
jrrfdfgb`fkth) f h sfi`fkth lh
bklbgjlhr lf fstjlh jgfklf-sf kj ghr
j`jrfnj. Kfstf gjsh, gh`prhvf
vbsujn`fktf h kàvfn lh nàqublh lf
jrrfdfgb`fkth f, sf kfgfssêrbh, jlbgbhkf
h nàqublh rfgh`fkljlh pjrj
rfstjafnfgfr h kàvfn ghrrfth.
  h
   ç Wf u`j qujktbljlf fxgfssbvj lf nàqublh
  é
  j
  r jqufgblh, guarj j tj`pj gh` u` pjkh
  f
lf jrrfdfgb`fkth fstbvfr sfklh pfrlblj,
  p irhssh f lfsfkrhsquf-j nfktj`fktf
   H vfrbdbquf j fstjkqufbljlf
jrrfdfgb`fkth lh sbstf`j
f lf jqufgb`fkth. Wf lf
mhuvfr vjzj`fkths, prhvblfkgbf h
rfpjrh kfgfssêrbh f` u`j hdbgbkj
fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj, quf tfkmj
hs ghkmfgb`fkths fspfgbjnbzjlhs
kfgfssêrbhs f dfrrj`fktjs pjrj
fxfgutjr h sfrvbéh rfqufrblh.
Qfgh`fklj`hs quf vhgã fkgj`bkmf h
vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz
pjrj fxfgutjr fstfs sfrvbéhs.
Gh`prhvjr h kàvfn lf nàqublh lf jrrfdfg-
b`fkth f jlbéçh lf nàqublh
IJ\FKÉÇH
Wf mhuvfr kfgfssbljlf lf jlbgbhkjr
nàqublh jh sbstf`j lf jrrfdfgb`fkth,
rf`hvj j tj`pj lh ahgjn lf
jajstfgb`fkth kh rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf
fxpjksçh sh`fktf qujklh j
tf`pfrjturj lh `hthr fstbvfr jajbxh lf
65 µG.
Ujrj rf`hvfr j tj`pj lh sbstf`j lf
jrrfdfgb`fkth, prhgflj
gubljlhsj`fktf pjrj fvbtjr jgblfktfs.
Wf h nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth fstbvfr
gfrgj lf `fbj vhntj pjrj jnbvbjr h vjphr
ghktblh kh sbstf`j. F` sfiublj,
lfsfkrhsquf gh`pnftj`fktf f rf`hvj
j tj`pj lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf fxpjksçh.
Vsf nuvjs f ÷gunhs lf sfiurjkéj.
Kçh rf`hvj j tj`pj lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf
fxpjksçh qujklh j tf`pfrjturj lh
nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth fstbvfr jgb`j
lf 65 µG.
H sbstf`j lf jrrfdfgb`fkth f h
rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf fxpjksçh dbgj`
prfssurbzjlhs qujklh h `hthr fstê
qufktf. Wf j tj`pj lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf
fxpjksçh dhr rf`hvblj qujklh j
tf`pfrjturj lh `hthr fstbvfr fnfvjlj,
fxbstf h rbsgh lf qufb`jlurjs gjusjljs
pfnj fcféçh lh nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth
qufktf.

IUFQBIH
H nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth ghktâ` inbghn
f, phrtjkth, â t÷xbgh. Kçh bkifrbr nàqublh
lf jrrfdfgb`fkth. Wf h nàqublh lf
jrrfdfgb`fkth dhb bkifrblh
jgblfktjn`fktf,
u` `âlbgh. prhgurf b`flbjtj`fktf
I H kàvfn lh nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth
J jlbéçh lf nàqublh jh sbstf`j lf
jrrfdfgb`fkth gh` h `hthr qufktf
(jgb`j lf 65 µG) kçh â rfgh`fkljlj,
phbs phlf prhvhgjr gmhqufs târ`bghs f
ljkbdbgjr h `hthr. Fktrftjkth, f`
f`friãkgbjs, sf dhr jashnutj`fktf
kfgfssêrbh jlbgbhkjr
lf jrrfdfgb`fkth gh`nàqublh jh qufktf,
h `hthr sbstf`j
jlbgbhkf h nàqublh nfktj`fktf gh` h
`hthr dukgbhkjklh f` `jrgmj nfktj.
Hasfrvf j prhphréçh lj `bsturj lh
nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth f j qujnbljlf
lj êiuj rfqufrblj (; pêibkj 117).
117).
Qfsfrvjt÷rbh lf fxpjksçh
: \j`pj lh ahgjn lf jajstfgb`fkth
lh sbstf`j lf jrrfdfgb`fkth
1 Tênvunj njgrjlj (kçh rf`hvfr)
7 Bklbgjéöfs lf kàvfn
@jkutfkéçh
1<7
Gh`prhvf h kàvfn lh nàqublh lf
jrrfdfgb`fkth sh`fktf qujklh h vfàgunh
fstbvfr pjrjlh f` u`j supfrdàgbf kbvfnjlj,
gh` h `hthr pjrjlh f j tf`pfrjturj lh
nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth jajbxh lf 65 µG.
] Jarj h gjpü lh `hthr (; pêibkj 172).
172).
] Hasfrvf h kàvfn jtrjvâs
jrrfdfgb`fkth lh nàqublh
lh lf
`jtfrbjn
trjksnógblh lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf
fxpjksçh. 
lfvfrê fstjr fktrf j bklbgjéçh lf kàvfn
`àkb`h (@ÀK) f `êxb`h (@Ê])
fstj`pjljs kh rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf
fxpjksçh.   h
   ç
Wf h kàvfn lh nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth   é
  j
  r
fstbvfr kj jnturj lf kàvfn `àkb`h hu jajbxh3   f
  p
] Ujrj jnbvbjr jniu`j prfssçh lh sbstf`j    H
lf jrrfdfgb`fkth, ibrf nfktj`fktf j
tj`pj lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf fxpjksçh lh
nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth, gfrgj lf `fbj
vhntj, kh sfktblh jktb-mhrêrbh.
] F` sfiublj, lfsfkrhsquf
gh`pnftj`fktf f rf`hvj j tj`pj lh
rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf fxpjksçh.
] Jcustf h sfnfthr lf tf`pfrjturj lh
jqufgflhr kj phsbéçh lf jqufgb`fkth
thtjn.
] Jlbgbhkf nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth jh
sbstf`j jtâ jngjkéjr j bklbgjéçh lf
kàvfn `êxb`h. Nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth
rfgh`fkljlh, (; pêibkj 117).
117).
] Qfghnhquf j tj`pj lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf
fxpjksçh lh nàqublh lf jrrfdfgb`fkth f
jpfrtf-j dbr`f`fktf.
Dukgbhkf arfvf`fktf h `hthr f`
]
rhtjéöfs vjrbjljs.
 @jkutfkéçh
 

1<<

] Hasfrvf h kàvfn lh nàqublh lf

jrrfdfgb`fkth f, sf kfgfssêrbh,
jlbgbhkf `jbs nàqublh.
] Dfgmf h gjpü lh `hthr (; pêibkj 172).
172).
Wbstf`j lf jgbhkj`fkth mblrêunbgh
lj f`arfjif`
H sbstf`j lf jgbhkj`fkth lj f`arfjif`
â mblrêunbgh gh` juxànbh pkfu`êtbgh. H
sbstf`j mblrêunbgh â jajstfgblh gh` dnublh
lf drfbh.
IUFQBIH
  h H dnublh lf drfbh â jntj`fktf t÷xbgh. Kçh
   ç vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
  é bkifrbr dnublh lf drfbh. Wf h dnublh lf drfbh
  j
  r lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz
  f dhr bkifrblh jgblfktjn`fktf, ghksuntf
  p
   H b`flbjtj`fktf u` `âlbgh.
Kçh pfr`btj quf h dnublh lf drfbh fktrf
f` ghktjth gh` suj pfnf, rhupjs hu
hnmhs. Njvf js pjrtfs jtbkibljs gh`
ajstjktf êiuj nb`pj f, sf kfgfssêrbh,
ghksuntf u` `âlbgh.
Zujklh trhgjr h dnublh lf drfbh, utbnbzf
sf`prf nuvjs f ÷gunhs lf sfiurjkéj.
Jr`jzfkf dnublh lf drfbh sf`prf f` suj
f`ajnjif` hrbibkjn ghkvfkbfktf`fktf
I
H dnublh lf drfbh ljkbdbgj j pbkturj. Wf h
dnublh lf drfbh fktrjr f` ghktjth gh`
supfrdàgbfs pbktjljs, njvf-js
b`flbjtj`fktf gh` êiuj.
Wf h sbstf`j mblrêunbgh pfrlf dnublh, h
sbstf`j lfvf jprfsfktjr jniu`
vjzj`fkth. Urhvblfkgbf quf h sbstf`j
sfcj vfrbdbgjlh f rfpjrjlh f` u`j
hdbgbkj fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj, quf
tfkmj hs ghkmfgb`fkths fspfgbjnbzjlhs
kfgfssêrbhs f dfrrj`fktjs pjrj
fxfgutjr hs sfrvbéhs rfqufrblhs.
Qfgh`fklj`hs quf vhgã fkgj`bkmf h
pjrj fxfgutjr fstfs sfrvbéhs. \hlhs hs
sfrvbéhs f` sbstf`js rfnjgbhkjlhs å
sfiurjkéj lfvf` sfr fxfgutjlhs f`
u`j hdbgbkj qujnbdbgjlj f fspfgbjnbzjlj.
Khtj sharf h `fbh j`abfktf M
Fvbtf quf h dnublh lf drfbh fktrf f` rflfs
rfl fs
lf fsihth, supfrdàgbfs lf êiuj, nfké÷bs
lf êiuj hu shnh.

tj`pjlj f dhrj lhjsjngjkgf

Hasfrvf sf`prf lf grbjkéjs.
prfsgrbéöfs lf Lfsgjrtf h dnublhrfsphksêvfn.
j`abfktjn`fktf lf drfbh lf `jkfbrj
Hasfrvf
sfiurjkéj qujklh `jkusfjr dnublh lf js bkstruéöfs lh djarbgjktf.
drfbh.
Tfrbdbgjéçh lh kàvfn lf dnublh lh sbstf`j
lf jgbhkj`fkth lj f`arfjif`
H rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf dnublh lh sbstf`j lf
jgbhkj`fkth lj f`arfjif` lfvf sfr
`jktblh sudbgbfktf`fktf jajstfgblh, `js
kukgj jgb`j lh kàvfn `êxb`h.
 

@jkutfkéçh 1<6

Jajstfgb`fkth lh sbstf`j njvjlhr

lf pjrj-arbsj

Qfsfrvjt÷rbh lf dnublh lh sbstf`j lf

jgbhkj`fkth lj f`arfjif`

: Bklbgjéçh lf kàvfn `êxb`h (@Ê])

1 Bklbgjéçh lf kàvfn `àkb`h (@ÀK)
  h
   ç
] Jarj h gjpü lh `hthr (; pêibkj 172).
172).   é
  j
  r
  f
] Hasfrvf h kàvfn lf dnublh jtrjvâs lh   p
`jtfrbjn trjksnógblh lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh.  Qfsfrvjt÷rbh lh sbstf`j njvjlhr lf pjrj-
arbsj    H
Wf h kàvfn lf dnublh fstbvfr fktrf js @jktfkmj h rfsfrvjt÷rbh lh sbstf`j
bklbgjéöfs lf kàvfn `êxb`h (@Ê]) f njvjlhr lf pjrj-arbsj sf`prf jajstfgblh.
`àkb`h (@ÀK) f j f`arfjif` fstbvfr Ujrj `jbhr fdbgbãkgbj kj nb`pfzj lh pjrj-
dukgbhkjklh ghrrftj`fktf, kçh â arbsj, jlbgbhkf u` phugh lf lftfrifktf
kfgfssêrbh jlbgbhkjr dnublh jh sbstf`j.   lh`âstbgh kj êiuj lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh.
Wf h kàvfn lf dnublh fstbvfr kj jnturj lj
bklbgjéçh lf kàvfn `àkb`h hu jajbxh, ] Jarj h gjpü lh `hthr (; pêibkj 172).
172).
jlbgbhkf dnublh kh rfsfrvjt÷rbh jtâ ] Qf`hvj j tj`pj lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh.
jngjkéjr j bklbgjéçh lf kàvfn `êxb`h f
] Jajstféj h rfsfrvjt÷rbh gh` u`j
gh`prhvf j fstjkqufbljlf lh sbstf`j.
`bsturj lf êiuj f u` phugh lf
Jajstféj h sbstf`j lf jgbhkj`fkth lj lftfrifktf lh`âstbgh.
f`arfjif` sh`fktf gh` dnublhs lf drfbh
] Qfghnhquf j tj`pj lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh.
tfstjlhs f jprhvjlhs pfnj @frgflfs-Afkz
(; pêibkj 11<).
11<). ] Dfgmf h gjpü lh `hthr (; pêibkj 172).
172).
Wf h sbstf`j lf jgbhkj`fkth lj
f`arfjif` jprfsfktjr djnmjs lf
dukgbhkj`fkth, gh`prhvf j fstjkqufbljlf
lh gbrgubth mblrêunbgh. Wf dhr kfgfssêrbh,
fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh
hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-
Afkz pjrj fnb`bkjr fvfktujbs vjzj`fkths f
fdftujr j sjkirbj kh sbstf`j.
 

1<4 @jkutfkéçh

Kàvfn lf ÷nfh lh `hthr gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh fxbabr j bklbgjéçh

5 (kàvfn lf ÷nfh lh `hthr ajbxh hu
H kàvfn lf ÷nfh lh `hthr phlf sfr vfrbdbgjlh `ubth ajbxh). Kfstf gjsh, jlbgbhkf j
kh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh lh vfàgunh. qujktbljlf lf ÷nfh bklbgjlj pfnh
Ujrj vfrbdbgjr h kàvfn lf ÷nfh lh `hthr, vfcj3 gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh. 
Ujrj vfàgunhs gh` pjàkfn lf bkstru`fkths Jktfs lf bkbgbjr u`j vbjif` nhkij,
BKW15:< rfgh`fklj`hs quf vhgã vfrbdbquf j
Whnbgbtjéçh lf bkdhr`jéöfs kh gh`putjlhr bklbgjéçh
jlbgbhkf jlf kàvfn lf ÷nfh
qujktbljlf lh `hthr
lf ÷nfh f
djntjktf
lf ahrlh, pjbkfn BKW 15:< (; pêibkj ==).
==). fxbablj kh `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf
Wf h kàvfn lf ÷nfh lh `hthr fstbvfr ajbxh,
a jbxh, h ahrlh.
`hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh lh
vfàgunh fxbabrê j bklbgjéçh kj ghr j`jrfnj3 Tfrbdbgjéçh lh kàvfn lf ÷nfh lh `hthr
"Kàvfn lf ÷nfh lh `hthr ajbxh. Gh`pnftjr h phr `fbh lj vjrftj `flblhrj
÷nfh lh `hthr." Kfstf gjsh, jssb` quf H kàvfn lf ÷nfh lh `hthr lfvf sfr vfrbdbgjlh
  h phssàvfn, pjrf h vfàgunh, gh`prhvf h kàvfn
   ç gh` h vfàgunh fstjgbhkjlh f` pbsh pnjkh,
  é lf ÷nfh phr `fbh lj vjrftj `flblhrj f
  j
  r jktfs lf dukgbhkjr h `hthr hu, fktçh, gbkgh
  f gh`pnftf h kàvfn. `bkuths jp÷s tfr pjrjlh h `hthr.
  p
   H Wf h kàvfn lf ÷nfh lh `hthr fstbvfr `ubth
ajbxh, h `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf
ahrlh lh vfàgunh fxbabrê j bklbgjéçh kj ghr
vfr`fnmj3 "Kàvfn lf ÷nfh lh `hthr `ubth
ajbxh. Gh`pnftjr b`flbjtj`fktf h ÷nfh lh
`hthr." Kfstf gjsh, fstjgbhkf
b`flbjtj`fktf h vfàgunh f` u` nhgjn
sfiurh, pjrf h `hthr, gh`prhvf h kàvfn lf
÷nfh phr `fbh lj vjrftj `flblhrj f
gh`pnftf h kàvfn.

Wf h kàvfn lf ÷nfh lh `hthr fstbvfr `ubth : Tjrftj `flblhrj lh kàvfn lf ÷nfh

jnth, h `hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
lh vfàgunh fxbabrê j bklbgjéçh kj ghr
j`jrfnj3 "Kàvfn lf ÷nfh lh `hthr `ubth
jnth". Kfstf gjsh, prhvblfkgbf pjrj quf h
fxgfssh lf ÷nfh sfcj fsvjzbjlh lh gêrtfr.
Wf kçh dhr phssàvfn fdftujr j nfbturj lf kàvfn
lf ÷nfh ghrrftj, h gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh lh
vfàgunh fxbabrê u`j bklbgjéçh lf djnmj kh
`hstrjlhr.
b Wh`fktf
kfgfssêrbjjlbgbhkf j qujktbljlf
pjrj rfstjafnfgfr lf ÷nfh
h kàvfn
`êxb`h qujklh h `hstrjlhr lh
1 Ahgjn lf jajstfgb`fkth lf ÷nfh
] Jarj h gjpü lh `hthr (; pêibkj 172).
172).
] Qftbrf j vjrftj `flblhrj lh kàvfn lf ÷nfh.
] Nb`pf j vjrftj `flblhrj gh` u` pjkh
nb`ph, sf` dbjphs, f ghnhquf-j
khvj`fktf f` sfu jnhcj`fkth,
fkgjbxjklh-j gh`pnftj`fktf.
] Qftbrf khvj`fktf j vjrftj `flblhrj f
hasfrvf h kàvfn lf ÷nfh.

H ÷nfh kçh lfvf fxgflfr j bklbgjéçh lf
kàvfn `êxb`h. Fsghf h fxgfssh lf ÷nfh lh
gêrtfr.
Wf h kàvfn lf ÷nfh fstbvfr lfktrh lj djbxj
lf hpfrjéçh, kçh jlbgbhkf `jbs ÷nfh jh
gêrtfr.
Wf h kàvfn
kàvfn lf hu
`àkb`h ÷nfhjajbxh,
fstbvfrjlbgbhkf
kj bklbgjéçh lf
÷nfh jh
gêrtfr jtâ j bklbgjéçh lf kàvfn `êxb`h.
] Jp÷s vfrbdbgjr h kàvfn lf ÷nfh lh `hthr,
ghnhquf j vjrftj `flblhrj f` sfu
jnhcj`fkth, fkgjbxjklh-j
gh`pnftj`fktf.
] Dfgmf h gjpü lh `hthr (; pêibkj 172).
172).
Jlbéçh lf ÷nfh jh `hthr
I prbkgbpjn.
Vsf sh`fktf hs ÷nfhs lf `hthr
jprhvjlhs, hasfrvjklh js gnjssfs lf
vbsghsbljlf WJF fspfgbdbgjljs
(; pêibkj 111).
111).
Ujrj rfstjafnfgfr h kàvfn lf ÷nfh lh
`hthr, utbnbzf, lf prfdfrãkgbj, prhluths
lf `fs`j `jrgj, `fs`j vbsghsbljlf f
`fs`j qujnbljlf lh ÷nfh ghktblh kh
gêrtfr lh `hthr.
] Jarj h gjpü lh `hthr (; pêibkj 172).
172).
] Gh`prhvf h kàvfn lf ÷nfh phr `fbh lj
vjrftj `flblhrj.
] Qf`hvj j tj`pj lh ahgjn lf
jajstfgb`fkth lf ÷nfh.
] Jlbgbhkf j qujktbljlf lf ÷nfh djntjktf
bklbgjlj pfnh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh
pjrj rfstjafnfgfr h kàvfn lf ÷nfh
`êxb`h.
@jkutfkéçh 1<9
] Qfghnhquf j tj`pj lh ahgjn lf
jajstfgb`fkth lf ÷nfh, jpfrtf-j
dbr`f`fktf f vfrbdbquf suj
fstjkqufbljlf.
] Dfgmf h gjpü lh `hthr (; pêibkj 172).
172).
Dbntrh lf jr lh `hthr
J `jkutfkéçh lh dbntrh lf jr ghksbstf kj
suastbtubéçh lhs fnf`fkths dbntrjktfs f
nb`pfzj bktfrkj lj gjrgjéj lh dbntrh f lj
tuaunjéçh lf fktrjlj lf jr. H fnf`fkth
dbntrjktf prbkgbpjn lfvf sfr suastbtuàlh
qujklh j bklbgjéçh lf jlvfrtãkgbj
(dbntrh lf jr sjturjlh) dhr fxbablj kh
`hstrjlhr lh gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh lh
vfàgunh. H fnf`fkth dbntrjktf lf sfiurjkéj,   h
   ç
qujklh utbnbzjlh, lfvf sfr suastbtuàlh j   é
  j
  r
gjlj trãs suastbtubéöfs lh fnf`fkth   f
  p
   H
Hs fnf`fkths lh dbntrh lf jr, prbkgbpjn f lf
sfiurjkéj, lfvf` sfr harbijthrbj`fktf
suastbtuàlhs jp÷s, kh `êxb`h, 1 jkhs lf
ush.
I
J nb`pfzj lhs fnf`fkths dbntrjktfs
prbkgbpjn f lf sfiurjkéj kçh â
rfgh`fkljlj.
H rfjprhvfbtj`fkth
dbntrjktfs, af` gh`hlf fnf`fkthslf
j utbnbzjéçh
fnf`fkths dbntrjktfs kçh jprhvjlhs pfnj
@frgflfs-Afkz, phlf rfsuntjr kj
dbntrjif` lfdbgbfktf lh jr f gjusjr
sârbhs ljkhs jh `hthr.
Zujklh suastbtubr hs fnf`fkths lh dbntrh
lf jr, utbnbzf sh`fktf fnf`fkths
dbntrjktfs ifkuàkhs @frgflfs-Afkz.
 @jkutfkéçh
 

1<=

I
Kh gjsh lf njvjr j drfktf lj gjabkf gh`
j tj`pj lf `jkutfkéçh drhktjn jafrtj,
prhtfcj ghkvfkbfktf`fktf gh` u`
pnêstbgh hu sb`bnjr j th`jlj lf
jl`bssçh lf jr pjrj h dbntrh, pjrj
pjr j fvbtjr

fktrjlj lf êiuj kh dbntrh lf jr.

Jp÷s njvjr j drfktf lj gjabkf, rf`hvj j
prhtféçh lj th`jlj lf jr jktfs lf
jgbhkjr j pjrtblj lh `hthr.
Gjsh fktrf êiuj kj gjrgjéj lh dbntrh lf
jr, rf`hvj f sfquf gh`pnftj`fktf hs
fnf`fkths dbntrjktfs (phr fxf`pnh,gh`
u` sfgjlhr lf gjafnhs hu lfbxjklh-hs
  h J - lfdnfxçh `êxb`j lj ghrrfbj lf
   ç fxphsths jhs rjbhs shnjrfs) f h bktfrbhr
  é jgbhkj`fkth 0 15 ``
  j
  r lj gjrgjéj lh dbntrh. Kçh utbnbzf cjths lf
  f jr gh`prb`blh pjrj sfgjr hs fnf`fkths
  p
   H dbntrjktfs.
Ghrrfbjs lf jgbhkj`fkth
IJ\FKÉÇH
J vfrbdbgjéçh f j suastbtubéçh lj ghrrfbj
lf jgbhkj`fkth lfvf` sfr dfbtjs
sh`fktf gh` h `hthr pjrjlh.
Hutrhs sfrvbéhs f vfrbdbgjéöfs quf
rfqufbrj` h dukgbhkj`fkth lh `hthr
lfvf` sfr fxfgutjlhs sh`fktf phr
pfsshjs trfbkjljs f qujnbdbgjljs, phbs h
ghktjth jgblfktjn gh` pféjs `÷vfbs hu
f` phkths jqufgblhs lh `hthr phlf
rfsuntjr f` irjvfs dfrb`fkths. Ujrj suj
sfiurjkéj, fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u`
Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj
fxfguéçh lfstfs sfrvbéhs
] Tfrbdbquf rfiunjr`fktf j tfksçh f h
fstjlh lj ghrrfbj lf jgbhkj`fkth. 
Wf j ghrrfbj fstbvfr drhuxj, prhvblfkgbf
b`flbjtj`fktf j suj rfiunjif`. 
Wf j ghrrfbj jprfsfktjr ljkhs (trbkgjs,
dbssurjs, lfsdbjlhs ftg.), hu sf fstbvfr
b`prfikjlj lf ÷nfh hu vbtrbdbgjlj,
fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u`j hdbgbkj f
prhvblfkgbf j suj suastbtubéçh.
\rhgj lj ghrrfbj lf jgbhkj`fkth, f`
f`friãkgbjs
] Gjsh sfcj kfgfssêrbh trhgjr j ghrrfbj lf
jgbhkj`fkth ku`j sbtujéçh lf
f`friãkgbj, rfiunf j tfksçh lj ghrrfbj
lf dhr`j quf, jh prfssbhkê-nj gh` h
phnfijr, kh gfktrh lj lbstákgbj fktrf
phnbjs, sfcj hasfrvjlj u`j lfdnfxçh (J)
lf jprhxb`jlj`fktf 15 ``.
] Fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u`j hdbgbkj tçh
nhih sfcj phssàvfn pjrj fdftujr khvj
rfiunjif` lj ghrrfbj lf jgbhkj`fkth,
utbnbzjklh u` `flblhr lf tfksçh
jlfqujlh.

I
Kçh dukgbhkf h `hthr sf` j ghrrfbj lf
jgbhkj`fkth. Kh gjsh lf rh`pb`fkth
lj ghrrfbj, pjrf b`flbjtj`fktf h
vfàgunh f` nhgjn sfiurh, pjrf h `hthr f
prhvblfkgbf j `hktjif` lf u`j ghrrfbj
khvj.
Kàvfn lf dnublh lj lbrféçh mblrêunbgj
Qfsfrvjt÷rbh lf dnublh lj lbrféçh mblrêunbgj
: Tjrftj `flblhrj lf kàvfn lf dnublh
1 \j`pj lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh
7 Kàvfn lf dnublh (vfrbdbgjéçh gh`
dnublh jqufgblh)
< Kàvfn lf dnublh (vfrbdbgjéçh gh`
dnublh drbh)
H kàvfn lf dnublh lj lbrféçh mblrêunbgj lfvf
sfr vfrbdbgjlh gh` h `hthr f` `jrgmj
nfktj f h dnublh jqufgblh. Wf kfgfssêrbh,
jktfs lf gh`prhvjr h kàvfn lf dnublh,
dukgbhkf h `hthr f` `jrgmj nfktj f ibrf h
vhnjktf lj lbrféçh lf njlh j njlh, vêrbjs
vfzfs, pjrj jqufgfr h dnublh lh sbstf`j.
] Ibrf j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj
lj
lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lf `jrgmj, sf`
dukgbhkjr h `hthr.
] Jarj h gjpü lh `hthr (; pêibkj 172).
172).
@jkutfkéçh 1<2
] Jgbhkf j pjrtblj f lfbxf h `hthr
dukgbhkjklh f` `jrgmj nfktj.
] Hasfrvf h kàvfn lf dnublh jtrjvâs lh
`jtfrbjn trjksnógblh lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh. 
H kàvfn lf dnublh lfvfrê fstjr fktrf js
bklbgjéöfs lf kàvfn `êxb`h f `àkb`h,
kj djbxj lf vfrbdbgjéçh gh` h dnublh
jqufgblh.
Wf kçh dhr phssàvfn gh`prhvjr h kàvfn lf
dnublh jtrjvâs lh `jtfrbjn trjksnógblh lh
rfsfrvjt÷rbh, gh`prhvf h kàvfn lf dnublh phr
`fbh lj vjrftj `flblhrj, prhgflfklh gh`
h `êxb`h gubljlh pjrj fvbtjr j fktrjlj lf
b`purfzjs kh rfsfrvjt÷rbh.
] Nb`pf j vjrftj `flblhrj f sujs   h
   ç
b`flbjéöfs kh rfsfrvjt÷rbh, rf`hvj j   é
  j
  r
vjrftj f nb`pf-j gh` u` pjkh nb`ph   f
  p
sf` dbjphs.    H
] F` sfiublj, rfbktrhluzj j vjrftj
`flblhrj f` sfu jnhcj`fkth, rf`hvj-j
khvj`fktf f hasfrvf h kàvfn lf dnublh
quf lfvfrê fstjr kj djbxj lf vfrbdbgjéçh
gh` h dnublh qufktf.
Wf h kàvfn lf dnublh fstbvfr kj bklbgjéçh lf
kàvfn `àkb`h hu jajbxh3
] Nb`pf fxtfrkj`fktf j tj`pj lh
rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf dnublh f sujs
b`flbjéöfs pjrj fvbtjr j fktrjlj lf
b`purfzjs kh sbstf`j mblrêunbgh.
] Qf`hvj j tj`pj lh rfsfrvjt÷rbh lf
dnublh f jlbgbhkf dnublh kh rfsfrvjt÷rbh,
jhs phughs, jtâ jngjkéjr j bklbgjéçh lf
kàvfn `êxb`h.
] Qfghnhquf j tj`pj kh rfsfrvjt÷rbh f
jpfrtf-j dbr`f`fktf.
 @jkutfkéçh
 

165

rfjnbzjéçh khs gj`phs lf ghktrhnf

I
prfvbsths kh `jkujn lf `jkutfkéçh lh
Vsf sh`fktf dnublhs pjrj lbrféçh vfàgunh.
mblrêunbgj jprhvjlhs f rfgh`fkljlhs
pfnj @frgflfs-Afkz. Vtbnbzf sh`fktf hs nuarbdbgjktfs
rfgh`fkljlhs f jprhvjlhs pfnj @frgflfs-
H kàvfn lf dnublh lj lbrféçh mblrêunbgj Afkz, fspfgbdbgjlhs lf jghrlh gh` h tbph
kçh lfvf fxgflfr j bklbgjéçh lf kàvfn lh jirfijlh f j jpnbgjéçh lh vfàgunh. Kçh
`êxb`h. Lrfkf h fxgfssh lf dnublh. `bsturf nuarbdbgjktfs lf gnjssfs lbdfrfktfs,
phbs bsth phlf jntfrjr kfijtbvj`fktf js
b Jh lfsnbijr h `hthr, h kàvfn lf dnublh lj prhprbfljlfs lhs nuarbdbgjktfs f ljkbdbgjr
lbrféçh mblrêunbgj sf fnfvj lf : j 1 g` hs jirfijlhs hu rfluzbr j suj lurjabnbljlf.
jgb`j lj bklbgjéçh lf kàvfn `êxb`h. Wf
h kàvfn lf dnublh sf fnfvjr `jbs lf 1 g`,
sfrê bklbgjéçh lf fxbstãkgbj lf jr kh Khtj sharf h `fbh j`abfktf M
sbstf`j mblrêunbgh lj lbrféçh. Kfstf
  h gjsh, fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u` Wf hs prhluths lf sfrvbéh kçh dhrf`
   ç
  é Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh `jkusfjlhs ghrrftj`fktf, fnfs phlf`
  j
  r
  f Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj gjusjr ljkhs jh `fbh j`abfktf.
  p
   H gh`prhvjr j fstjkqufbljlf f fdftujr j Fvbtf quf hs prhluths lf sfrvbéh sfcj`
sjkirbj lh sbstf`j. njkéjlhs f` sbstf`j lf fsihth,
supfrdàgbfs lf êiuj, nfké÷bs lf êiuj hu
Jirfijlhs lh vfàgunh kh shnh.
Tfrbdbquf lbjrbj`fktf j fstjkqufbljlf lhs
jirfijlhs. Wf hasfrvjr sbkjbs lf
vjzj`fkth (gh`h, phr fxf`pnh, `jkgmjs
lf ÷nfh lfbxjljs kh nhgjn hklf h vfàgunh
dbghu fstjgbhkjlh), vfrbdbquf j gjusj f
prhvblfkgbf b`flbjtj`fktf hs rfpjrhs
kfgfssêrbhs f` u`j hdbgbkj fspfgbjnbzjlj f
qujnbdbgjlj, quf tfkmj hs ghkmfgb`fkths
fspfgbjnbzjlhs kfgfssêrbhs f dfrrj`fktjs
pjrj fxfgutjr hs sfrvbéhs rfqufrblhs.
Urhvblfkgbf j trhgj lf ÷nfh lhs jirfijlhs
rbihrhsj`fktf khs bktfrvjnhs bklbgjlhs kh
`jkujn lf `jkutfkéçh, lf jghrlh gh` j
gjtfihrbj lf sfrvbéh lh vfàgunh (sfrvbéh
sfvfrh, sfrvbéh `bsth hu sfrvbéh
rhlhvbêrbh).
Wf j trhgj lf ÷nfh dhr rfjnbzjlj f` u`
Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lfhWfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz, rfsphksêvfn
pfnh sfrvbéh lfvfrê ghkdbr`jr j suj

Tfrbdbgjéçh lj prhtféçh
jktbghrrhsbvj
J gjabkf â trjtjlj gh` prhtféçh
jktbghrrhsbvj kjs gjvbljlfs f kj supfrdàgbf
bkdfrbhr.
I
F` rfiböfs gh` prfgbpbtjéçh lf kfvf,
hasfrvf quf h sjn njkéjlh kjs vbjs
póanbgjs tf` fdfbth ghrrhsbvh. Kh
bkvfrkh, njvf h vfàgunh gh` `jbs
drfquãkgbj pjrj rf`hvfr hs rfsàluhs lf
sjn.
] Fxj`bkf rfiunjr`fktf h vfàgunh qujkth
j sbkjbs lf ljkhs phr ghrrhsçh. F`
fspfgbjn, hasfrvf js tuaunjéöfs lf jr
gh`prb`blh f js tuaunjéöfs
qujkth j phssàvfbs ljkhs. mblrêunbgjs
] Gh`h `flblj lf prfgjuéçh, punvfrbzf j
pjrtf bkdfrbhr lh vfàgunh gh` prhluth
prhtftbvh j ajsf lf gfrj.
] Qfpjrf qujnqufr ljkh hasfrvjlh kj
prhtféçh jktbghrrhsbvj lj gjabkf.
@jkutfkéçh
16:
Drfbh lf sfrvbéh
IJ\FKÉÇH
Tfàgunhs gh` drfbh j tj`ahr gh`
rfiunjlhrfs lf drfbh `jkujbs3
Khs vfàgunhs`jkujbs,
rfiunjlhrfs gh` drfbhj jrfiunjif`
tj`ahr gh` lh
drfbh lfvf sfr gh`prhvjlj pfnh `fkhs
u`j vfz phr sf`jkj hu gh` `jbs
drfquãkgbj sf, lfvblh ås ghklbéöfs lf
hpfrjéçh lh vfàgunh (rfiböfs
`hktjkmhsjs, ghklbéöfs dhrj lf
fstrjlj, tráksbth bktfksh ftg.), h drfbh lf
sfrvbéh dhr lf`jsbjlj`fktf shnbgbtjlh.   h
   ç
Gjsh fstj ghklbéçh kçh sfcj hasfrvjlj,   é
  j
h drfbh lf sfrvbéh phlf pfrlfr suj   r
  f
  p
fdbgbãkgbj f djnmjr.
sfrvbéh phlf J djnmj
rfsuntjr f` u`lh jgblfktf
drfbh lf    H
gh` phssàvfbs nfsöfs f` vhgã hu f`
hutrjs pfsshjs.
Tfàgunhs gh` drfbh j tj`ahr gh`
rfiunjlhrfs lf drfbh juth`êtbghs3
Wf h vfàgunh fstbvfr fqubpjlh gh` drfbh
j tj`ahr gh` rfiunjlhrfs lf drfbh
juth`êtbghs, fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh
rfiunjr`fktf j u`j hdbgbkj pjrj
vfrbdbgjr h lfsijstf ljs iujrkbéöfs lf
drfbh f gh`prhvjr h dukgbhkj`fkth lhs
rfiunjlhrfs juth`êtbghs.
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f` u`j hdbgbkj fspfgbjnbzjlj f
qujnbdbgjlj, quf tfkmj hs
ghkmfgb`fkths fspfgbjnbzjlhs
kfgfssêrbhs f dfrrj`fktjs pjrj fxfgutjr
hs trjajnmhs rfqufrblhs.
 

161 @jkutfkéçh

Qfgh`fklj`hs quf vhgã fkgj`bkmf h : Jrrufnj bklbgjlhrj lf lfsijstf ljs

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sfiurjkéj lfvf` sfr fxfgutjlhs f`
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lf drfbh `jkujbs lf lfsijstf `hktjlj kjs êrvhrfs lf
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rfiunjlhr lf drfbh `jkujn (fxf`pnh)

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drfbh phr `fbh ljs jrrufnjs bklbgjlhrjs
lf lfsijstf - vfàgunhs gh` rfiunjlhrfs
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lfsijstf ljs iujrkbéöfs)
1 Qfdfrãkgbj lf nb`btf lf lfsijstf
ljs iujrkbéöfs
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lf lfsijstf lj jrrufnj
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kjs êrvhrfs lf
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@jkutfkéçh 167
Zujklh j rfdfrãkgbj A lf lfsijstf ljs
iujrkbéöfs lf drfbh dbgjr jnbkmjlj gh` j
rfdfrãkgbj lf nb`btf lf lfsijstf kj jnj-
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ljs iujrkbéöfs lf drfbh fstê pr÷xb`j lh
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h lfsijstf ljs iujrkbéöfs lf drfbh jtrjvâs
ljs cjkfnjs lf bkspféçh.
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ljs sjpjtjs lf drfbh prb`êrbj f
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iujrkbéöfs fstbvfr pr÷xb`j lh nb`btf lf
lfsijstf, prhvblfkgbf j suastbtubéçh
ljs iujrkbéöfs lf drfbh.
] Jp÷s j bkspféçh, fkgjbxf hs tj`pöfs lf
ahrrjgmj kjs cjkfnjs lf bkspféçh.

16< @jkutfkéçh
Qfiunjif` lh drfbh ljs rhljs (drfbh gh`
rfiunjlhrfs lf drfbh `jkujbs)
H drfbh ljs rhljs lfvf sfr rfiunjlh
sh`fktf qujklh hs tj`ahrfs lf drfbh
fstbvfrf` drbhs.
] Nfvjktf js rhljs lh vfàgunh jtâ quf fnjs
dbquf` nbvrf lh shnh f jphbf h vfàgunh
sharf gjvjnftfs.
] Lfsjgbhkf h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth.
] Gfrtbdbquf-sf lf quf hs rfsfrvjt÷rbhs lf
jr fstfcj` jajstfgblhs gh` j prfssçh
lf trjajnmh, lf :5 ajr. Wf kfgfssêrbh,
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phssj `jbs sfr ibrjlj gh` js `çhs.
Fktçh, ibrf h pjrjdush lf rfiunjif` f`
sfktblh ghktrêrbh, phssbabnbtjklh quf j
rhlj ibrf nbvrf`fktf.  I
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dhnij fktrf js iujrkbéöfs f h tj`ahr lf
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drfbh ljs rhljs lh rfahquf hu
sf`brrfahquf sfcj dfbtj, lf dhr`j ifrjn,
j gjlj 7.555 o` rhljlhs.
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vfàgunh f fdftuf u` pfrgursh lf prhvj.
Hs tj`ahrfs lf drfbh kçh lfvf`
jqufgfr jp÷s pfrghrrfr u` gurth
trjcfth sf` shnbgbtjr hs drfbhs.
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sfpjrjlhr lf ÷nfh
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sfpjrjlhr lf ÷nfh lh sbstf`j pkfu`êtbgh
fstê nhgjnbzjlh sharf j vênvunj rfiunjlhrj
lf prfssçh lh sbstf`j lf drfbhs.
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lhs sbstf`js pkfu`êtbghs lh vfàgunh, h
gjrtugmh sfgjlhr lf jr gh`prb`blh f
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kh pnjkh lf `jkutfkéçh lh vfàgunh.
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gh`prb`blh f sfpjrjlhr lf ÷nfh, utbnbzf
sh`fktf pféjs ifkuàkjs @frgflfs-Afkz.
J nb`pfzj lh gjrtugmh sfgjlhr lf jr f
sfpjrjlhr lf ÷nfh kçh â jl`bssàvfn.
H rfjprhvfbtj`fkth lh gjrtugmh
sfgjlhr lf jr gh`prb`blh f sfpjrjlhr
lf ÷nfh, af` gh`h j utbnbzjéçh lf
gjrtugmhs kçhrfsuntjr
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kj sfgjif`
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gh`prfsshr f gjusjr sârbhs ljkhs khs
gh`phkfktfs lhs sbstf`js lf drfbhs f
lf bkcféçh lf JQNJ 71.

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I
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suastbtuàlhs, f fvfktujbs vjzj`fkths
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lf jghrlh gh` suj ghkdbiurjéçh
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I A
Tfàgunhs gh` `hthrbzjéçh ghkdhr`f
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pjrj h ghrrfth dukgbhkj`fkth lh
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lf fsgjpj`fkth Anuf\fg6®.
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fsgjpj`fkth quf kçh jtfklj js
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gjusjr ljkhs kh gh`phkfktfs lh
sbstf`j lf p÷s-trjtj`fkth lhs ijsfs
lf fsgjpj`fkth. F` gjsh lf lóvbljs,
ghksuntf u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz.
@jkutfkéçh
166
Ajtfrbjs
IJtfkéçh
J Qbsgh lf fxpnhsçh.
Zujklh js ajtfrbjs rfgfaf` gjrij,
fnjs f`jkj`
Gjrrfiuf iês fxpnhsbvh.
js ajtfrbjs sh`fktf f`
êrfjs af` vfktbnjljs.
L Qbsgh lf fxpnhsçh.
Uhr gjusj lh rbsgh lf fxpnhsçh,
fvbtf j dhr`jéçh lf djàsgjs
prhvfkbfktfs lf dhih, gmj`js
fxphstjs hu gbijrrhs.
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rhupjs usjklh fspu`j lf sjaçh
hu kfutrjnbzjlhr lf êgblh f nb`pf
gh` êiuj.
F Vsf ÷gunhs lf sfiurjkéj.
J shnuéçh êgblj phlf rfspbkijr f`
sfus hnmhs jh `bsturjr h êgblh gh`
êiuj. Wf j shnuéçh êgblj rfspbkijr
f` sfus hnmhs, njvf-hs
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sf kfgfssêrbh, ghksuntf u`
`âlbgh.
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Js grbjkéjs kçh sçh gjpjzfs lf
rfghkmfgfr hs pfrbihs jtrbauàlhs
jh `jkusfbh lf ajtfrbjs f êgblhs.
D Hasfrvf sf`prf js prfsgrbéöfs lf
sfiurjkéj, js `flbljs prfvfktbvjs
f js rfgh`fkljéöfs ghktbljs
kfstf `jkujn lf hpfrjéçh.
 @jkutfkéçh
 

164

Ujrj jtbkibr nhkij vblj ótbn, js ajtfrbjs

Khtj sharf h `fbh j`abfktf M lfvf` sfr `jktbljs sf`prf
Js ajtfrbjs ghktã` phnufktfs. Kçh
lfsgjrtf ajtfrbjs usjljs kh nbxh gh`u`.
Lfsgjrtf js ajtfrbjs lf u`j `jkfbrj
j`abfktjn`fktf rfsphksêvfn.
Kh Arjsbn, j nfibsnjéçh lftfr`bkj quf
thljs js ajtfrbjs usjljs lfvf` sfr
lfvhnvbljs pfnh ghksu`blhr/usuêrbh
dbkjn j u` phkth lf vfklj lj `fs`j hu
jh sfu djarbgjktf, jntfrkjtbvj`fktf f j
sfu grbtârbh. H phkth lf vfklj lf
ajtfrbjs dbgj harbijlh j jgfbtjr js
ajtfrbjs usjljs f rfpjssê-njs jh
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j`abfktjn`fktf ghrrftj.
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lfsgjrtf lf ajtfrbjs usjljs.
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kjs ajtfrbjs, sf lfsgjrtjlhs lf dhr`j
bkghrrftj, phlf` ghktj`bkjr h shnh, h
suashnh f js êiujs, af` gh`h gjusjr
rbsghs å sjólf lh sfr mu`jkh.
sudbgbfktf`fktf gjrrfijljs.
J gjrij ljs ajtfrbjs lfvf sfr vfrbdbgjlj
gh` `jbs drfquãkgbj sf h vfàgunh dhr usjlh
prbkgbpjn`fktf f` pfrgurshs gurths, hu sf
dhr lfbxjlh dhrj lf ush phr nhkihs pfràhlhs
lf tf`ph.
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sf`prf hpfrjgbhkjn`fktf prhktjs pjrj h
ush, fnjs lfvf` rfgfafr gjrij nfktj
rfiunjr`fktf khs gjshs lf nhkihs pfràhlhs
lf bkjtbvbljlf lh vfàgunh.
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IJ\FKÉÇH
Mê rbsghs lf gurths-gbrgubths gjsh h
tfr`bkjn phsbtbvh lf u`j ajtfrbj
ghkfgtjlj fktrf f` ghktjth gh` hs
gh`phkfktfs lh vfàgunh. Bsth phlf
bkdnj`jr h iês f`jkjlh ljs ajtfrbjs f
gjusjr nfsöfs irjvfs f` vhgã hu f`
hutrjs pfsshjs.
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ghnhquf
quf ha
hacft
cfths
hs `
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ftên
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bghs
hs hhuu
dfrrj`fktjs sharf js ajtfrbjs.

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klhh lfsghkfgtf
dhr lfs
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fvbtjr quf th`af` lurjktf h trjksphrtf. phsbtbvh.
H êgblh lj ajtfrbj phlfrbj lfrrj`jr kh • Zuj
Zujkl
klhh dh
dhrr rfgh
rfghkf
kfgt
gtjr
jr jjss aj
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js,,
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kfijtbvh.
Js ajtfrbjs lh vfàgunh sçh lh tbph nbvrf lf • Kç
Kçhh shn
shntf
tf hu lfs
lfsgh
ghkfg
kfgtftf hs gjgjahs
ahs
`jkutfkéçh f, phrtjkth, lbspfksj` h ljs ajtfrbjs qujklh h `hthr fstbvfr
ghktrhnf pfrb÷lbgh lh kàvfn lj shnuéçh dukgbhkjklh.
fnftrhnàtbgj.
 

@jkutfkéçh 169

Qfghkfgtjr js ajtfrbjs
] Qf`hvj j gmjvf lh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj
lj lbrféçh. \hlhs hs ghksu`blhrfs
fnâtrbghs lfvf` fstjr lfsnbijlhs.
] Ghkfgtf hs gjahs phsbtbvhs. 
Kçh bkvfrtj j nbijéçh lhs gjahs ljs
ajtfrbjs.
] Ghkfgtf hs gjahs kfijtbvhs.
] Bkstjnf j ghafrturj ljs ajtfrbjs f jpfrtf
Nhgjnbzjéçh ljs ajtfrbjs dbr`f`fktf js phrgjs lf dbxjéçh.
: Uhrgjs lf dbxjéçh Lfphbs lf u`j bktfrrupéçh kj jnb`fktjéçh
lf ghrrfktf fnâtrbgj (phr fxf`pnh3 qujklh
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Ujrj lfsghkfgtjr hs gjahs ljs ajtfrbjs, fqubpj`fkth).
lfvf-sf jiujrljr, kh `àkb`h, 6 `bkuths
jp÷s pjrjr h `hthr. Fstf â h tf`ph Gubljlhs gh` js ajtfrbjs
kfgfssêrbh pjrj quf h sbstf`j lf
ifrfkgbj`fkth fnftrükbgh lh `hthr f lh I
sbstf`j lf p÷s-trjtj`fkth lhs ijsfs • \fr`
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bkjb
jbss f su
supfr
pfrdàdàgb
gbff ljs ajt
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tuaunjéçh lf JQNJ 71 pjrj fvbtjr j quf phlf lfsgjrrfijr js ajtfrbjs.
grbstjnbzjéçh lj urfbj, quf phlfrbj @jktfkmj sf`prf hs tfr`bkjbs f j
gjusjr fktupb`fkths kj tuaunjéçh f
ljkhs khs gh`phkfktfs lh sbstf`j lf supfrdàgbf
sfghs. ljs ajtfrbjs nb`phs f
bkcféçh lf JQNJ 71.
• Nb`pf
Nb`pf js aj
ajtf
tfrb
rbjs
js sh
sh`fk
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tf gh
gh`
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lj lbrféçh. ghnhgjljs pjrj fvbtjr j fktrjlj lf
sucfbrj khs fnf`fkths ljs ajtfrbjs.
] Lfsnbiuf thlhs hs ghksu`blhrfs
fnâtrbghs. • Urhlu
Urhluth
thss llff nnb`
b`pfz
pfzjj gghk
hktf
tfkl
klhh
gh`austàvfn ghrrhf` j gjrgjéj lj
] Lfsfkrhsquf js phrgjs lf dbxjéçh : f ajtfrbj. Nb`pf j gjrgjéj ljs
rf`hvj j ghafrturj ljs ajtfrbjs. ajtfrbjs gh` prhluths lf nb`pfzj
] Lfsghkfgtf hs gjahs kfijtbvhs. jprhprbjlhs.
] Lfsghkfgtf hs gjahs phsbtbvhs.
 @jkutfkéçh
 

16=

• Hs ddurh
urhss lf rfs
rfspb
pbrh
rh kjs
kjs ttj`p
j`pjs
js lhs
lhs I
fnf`fkths lfvf` sfr `jktblhs Gfrtbdbquf-sf lf jpnbgjr j tfksçh lf
lfshastruàlhs? gjsh ghktrêrbh, hs gjrij ghrrftj. Vsf u` gjrrfijlhr lf
ijsfs kçh phlf` fsgjpjr. Nb`pf hs ajtfrbj lbsphkàvfn gh`frgbjn`fktf pjrj
rfspbrhs hastruàlhs gh` u` hacfth gjrrfijr js ajtfrbjs.
jprhprbjlh, phr fxf`pnh u` pfljéh
lf jrj`f. Qftbrf hs tj`pöfs jktfs Kçh jpnbquf gjrij rêpblj f` ajtfrbjs
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Dfrrj`fktjs f fqubpj`fk
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Dfrrj`fktjs f fqubpj`fkths lf ahrlh lh vfàgunh 147

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Kh fbxh trjsfbrh sfr rf`hvblj f suspfklj h vfàgunh gh`
h `jgjgh, jtâ j rhlj dbgjr nbvrf lh shnh.
] Lfsfkrhsquf f rf`hvj js phrgjs lf
dbxjéçh lj rhlj lfbxjklh, phrâ`, trãs
phrgjs jntfrkjljs pjrj fvbtjr j quflj
lj rhlj. 
Gfrtbdbquf-sf lf quf j rhlj fstfcj
jphbjlj sf` tfksöfs khs pjrjdushs f,
sh`fktf fktçh, lfsfkrhsquf js trãs
óntb`js phrgjs lf dbxjéçh f rf`hvj j
rhlj.
] Uhsbgbhkf h `jgjgh sha h tuah lh fbxh
trjsfbrh, h `jbs pr÷xb`h phssàvfn lj
rhlj j sfr rf`hvblj. 
Kçh phsbgbhkf h `jgjgh sha j gjrgjéj
gfktrjn lh fbxh trjsfbrh.
 Qhljs
 

142

@hktjif` lj rhlj Qfjpfrth ljs phrgjs ljs rhljs

] Vktf nfvf`fktf gh` ÷nfh js supfrdàgbfs
lf ghktjth fktrf h prjth lf prfssçh f j IJ\FKÉÇH
phrgj lj rhlj.
Jktfs lf `hktjr j rhlj3 Js phrgjs lf dbxjéçh lf u`j rhlj khvj
hu lf u`j rhlj quf tfkmj sblh rf`hvblj
rf`hvbl j
] Nb`pf js supfrdàgbfs lf jphbh kh jrh lf
rhlj f kh tj`ahr lf drfbh. Nb`pf fu`rfbkstjnjlj phlf` shntjr-sf
`jn jssfktj`fkth lfvblh
ljs phrgjs. j
Kfstf
tj`aâ` j rhsgj lhs pjrjdushs f phrgjs
gjsh, vhgã phlf pfrlfr h ghktrhnf lh
lf dbxjéçh, fnb`bkjklh fvfktujbs
vfàgunh f gjusjr u` jgblfktf gh`
rfajrajs f hxbljéçh.
phssàvfbs nfsöfs f` vhgã hu f` hutrjs
] Bkstjnf j rhlj f fkrhsquf js phrgjs jtâ pfsshjs.
fkghstjr.  Uhrtjkth, jp÷s u` pfrgursh lf
F` rhljs lupnjs, hasfrvf quf js jprhxb`jlj`fktf 65 o` (75 `bnmjs),
vênvunjs lf fkgmfr pkfus lfvf` dbgjr rfjpfrtf js phrgjs lf dbxjéçh lf u`j
f` phsbéöfs lbj`ftrjn`fktf hphstjs. rhlj quf tfkmj sblh rfbkstjnjlj hu lf
] Jpfrtf js phrgjs lf dbxjéçh lj rhlj u`j rhlj khvj.
  s
jntfrkjlj`fktf f` dhr`j lf gruz. Wf dhrf` `hktjljs rhljs khvjs hu    b
  j
  g
Hasfrvf h `h`fkth lf jpfrth rfpbktjljs, js phrgjs lf dbxjéçh ljs   k
(; pêibkj 751).
751).    ã
rhljs lfvfrçh sfr rfjpfrtjljs   i
  r
] Wf j rhlj tbvfr gjpjs lf prhtféçh ljs khvj`fktf lfphbs lf :.555 j 6.555 o`   f
rhljlhs. Hasfrvf h `h`fkth lf jpfrth   `
phrgjs, `hktf js gjpjs lf prhtféçh f   f
 
dbxf-js utbnbzjklh j gmjvf lf rhljs. ljs phrgjs lf dbxjéçh ljs rhljs   `
(; pêibkj 751).
751).    F
] Qfjpfrtf js phrgjs lf dbxjéçh ljs rhljs
jh pfrghrrfr gfrgj lf 65 o` jp÷s j
`hktjif` ljs rhljs. I
Tfrbdbquf rfiunjr`fktf h jpfrth ljs
phrgjs ljs rhljs f rfjpfrtf-js, sf
kfgfssêrbh.
Wuastbtuj b`flbjtj`fktf js phrgjs
ljkbdbgjljs.
Hasfrvf h `h`fkth lf jpfrth ljs
phrgjs lf dbxjéçh ljs rhljs
(; pêibkj 751).
751).
 

195 Wbstf`j fnâtrbgh

Wbstf`j fnâtrbgh
Ghkcukths ÷tbghs f njktfrkjs
Hs djr÷bs f njktfrkjs sçh gh`phkfktfs lf
sfiurjkéj lh vfàgunh. Uhrtjkth, gublf pjrj
quf fstfcj` sf`prf nb`phs f gfrtbdbquf-sf
lf quf dukgbhkj` ghrrftj`fktf.
Jnbkmj`fkth lhs djr÷bs
Uhr qufstçh lf sfiurjkéj kh tráksbth, hs
djr÷bs lfvf` sfr `jktblhs sf`prf
ghrrftj`fktf rfiunjlhs. H jnbkmj`fkth
lhs djr÷bs lfvf sfr gh`prhvjlh f jcustjlh
gh` fqubpj`fkth dhth`âtrbgh fspfgàdbgh
pjrj ijrjktbr j ghrrftj nbkmj lf ghrtf lhs
djgmhs lf nuz.
  s H jnbkmj`fkth lhs djr÷bs lfvf sfr
   b
  j
  g gh`prhvjlh f, sf kfgfssêrbh, jcustjlh pfnh
  k `fkhs j gjlj 4 `fsfs, hu jp÷s rfjnbzjr
   ã
  i
  r fvfktujbs rfpjrhs kj suspfksçh lh vfàgunh
  f lh pjrj-arbsj, nàqublh lf sbstf`j lf
  `
hu sfrvbéhs lf dukbnjrbj.
  f
 
  `
Hs pjrjdushs lf rfiunjif` lfvf` sfr
   F `jkfcjlhs gh` dfrrj`fktjs jlfqujljs,
sf` dhréj fxgfssbvj. Jktfs lf prhgflfr j
rfiunjif`, lfvf-sf rf`hvfr js b`purfzjs
bkgrustjljs kj rfibçh lhs pjrjdushs.
Js nfktfs lhs ghkcukths ÷tbghs f ljs
njktfrkjs lfvf` sfr njvjljs gh` êiuj, f
lfvf-sf fvbtjr h ghktjth lbrfth ljs nfktfs
gh` `jtfrbjbs quf phssj` gjusjr rbsghs
(kukgj pjssf u` pjkh kj supfrdàgbf sucj lj
nfktf sf` jktfs rf`hvfr js pjrtàgunjs lf
sucfbrj b`prfikjljs).
Lurjktf j nb`pfzj, fvbtf fsdrfijr `ubth js
nfktfs lhs ghkcukths ÷tbghs f ljs
njktfrkjs, phbs bsth phlf gjusjr `bgrh-
rbsghs f, gh` h tf`ph, j nfktf phlf pfrlfr
suj trjksnugblfz f lb`bkubr j gjpjgbljlf lf
bnu`bkjéçh.
Fvbtf h ghktjth lf prhluths quà`bghs f`
ifrjn gh` j nfktf lhs ghkcukths ÷tbghs f
ljs njktfrkjs, tjbs gh`h3 ÷nfh lbfsfn hu
qujbsqufr hutrhs gh`austàvfbs, dnublh lf
drfbh, nàqublh ljs ajtfrbjs, ÷nfhs
nuarbdbgjktfs f` ifrjn, nàqublh lf nb`pfzj
jrrfdfgb`fkth, jktbghkifnjktfs, ênghhn
`ftànbgh, abhlbfsfn, prhluths lf nb`pfzj lf
vblrhs, rf`hvflhrfs lf `jkgmjs ftg.

Gubljlhs
njktfrkjs ifrjbs gh` ghkcukths ÷tbghs f
Jh njvjr h vfàgunh, fvbtf lbrbibr cjths lf êiuj
lf jntj prfssçh sharf hs ghkcukths ÷tbghs f
kjs njktfrkjs. Fvbtf lbrbibr cjths lf êiuj
khs ghkcukths ÷tbghs sf suj tj`pj trjsfbrj
fstbvfr rf`hvblj.
@jktfkmj js nfktfs lhs ghkcukths ÷tbghs
ljs njktfrkjs sf`prf nb`pjs pjrj
prhnhkijr suj vblj ótbn. @jktfr js nfktfs
lhs ghkcukths
sf`prf nb`pjs ÷tbghs f ljs njktfrkjs
rfluz phssbabnbljlf lf
j`jrfnj`fkth.
 Wbstf`j fnâtrbgh
 

19:

\rhgjr ná`pjljs
• Kç
Kçhh usf
usf u`j ná`p
ná`pjlj
jlj quf tfkm
tfkmjj
IJ\FKÉÇH gjàlh hu quf jprfsfktf trbkgjs kh
vblrh. J ná`pjlj phlf fxpnhlbr. Thgã
• Vt
Vtbnbnbz
bzff ÷g
÷gun
unhs
hs llff sf
sfiu
iurjk
rjkéj
éj f nnuvj
uvjss phlf shdrfr nfsöfs gjusjljs pfnhs
lf prhtféçh jlfqujljs pjrj fvbtjr fstbnmjéhs lf ná`pjlj qufarjlj.
nfsöfs qujklh dhr suastbtubr • Wh
Wh`f
`fkt
ktff nnbi
biuf
uf js ná`pj
ná`pjlj
ljss ff`
`
ná`pjljs. njktfrkjs dfgmjljs
fstj dbkjnbljlf, f usfprhcftjljs
sh`fktf pjrj
• Gub
Gubljl
ljlhh jjhh ffxfr
xfrgf
gfrr dhr
dhréj
éj ssha
harf
rf h
aunah lf vblrh lj ná`pjlj pjrj ná`pjljs lf rfphsbéçh lh `fs`h
rf`hvã-nj lh shquftf, phbs fnf phlf tbph f lf `fs`j tfksçh fnâtrbgj.
qufarjr f gjusjr nfsöfs f` sfus • Urh
Urhtf
tfcj
cj jjss ná
ná`p
`pjlj
jljss gh
ghkt
ktrj
rj uu`b
`bljl
ljlff
lflhs. H `jbs jlfqujlh â rftbrjr j qujklh f` ush f kçh pfr`btj quf
ná`pjlj fxfrgfklh dhréj sharf j fktrf` f` ghktjth gh` nàqublhs.
suj ajsf. • @j
@jkt
ktfk
fkmj
mj js ná`p
ná`pjlj
jljss ddhr
hrjj llhh
• Js ná
ná`pj
`pjljljss ssff jqu
jqufgf
fgf``` `ub
ubth
th jngjkgf lf grbjkéjs.
qujklh fstçh jgfsjs. Mê rbsgh lf Wf phssàvfn, prhvblfkgbf pjrj quf js
qufb`jlurjs. Uhrtjkth, fspfrf js   s
ná`pjljs fsdrbjrf` gh`pnftj`fktf ná`pjljs lfdfbtuhsjs
suastbtuàljs sfcj` qujnbdbgjlj
f` u`j hdbgbkj    b
  j
  g
jktfs lf thgê-njs.   k
f fspfgbjnbzjlj, quf tfkmj hs    ã
  i
  r
ghkmfgb`fkths kfgfssêrbhs f   f
dfrrj`fktjs pjrj fxfgutjr hs sfrvbéhs   `
  f
 
rfqufrblhs. Qfgh`fklj`hs quf vhgã
  `
fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u`    F
Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz pjrj
fxfgutjr fstfs sfrvbéhs.
\hlhs hs sfrvbéhs f` sbstf`js
rfnjgbhkjlhs å sfiurjkéj lfvf` sfr
fxfgutjlhs f` u`j hdbgbkj
fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj.
 

191 Wbstf`j fnâtrbgh

Uhrtjkth, suastbtuj b`flbjtj`fktf hs

I
shquftfs ljkbdbgjlhs f hasfrvf j
Zujklh dhr prhgflfr j trhgj lf ghrrftj `hktjif` ljs pféjs.
ná`pjljs lh ghkcukth ÷tbgh f ljs
njktfrkjs, hasfrvf h sfiubktfs phkths3 ] Gfrtbdbquf-sf lf quf hs rfspbrhs lhs
• Has
Hasfr
frvf
vf j nnb`
b`pfz
pfzjj ff`
` iifr
frjn
jn ljs ghkcukths ÷tbghs kçh jprfsfktj` ljkhs
pféjs j sfrf` suastbtuàljs. Fvbtf j f fstfcj` `hktjlhs ghrrftj`fktf.
Wuastbtuj b`flbjtj`fktf hs rfspbrhs
fktrjlj
b`purfzjs lfkhs
qujnqufr tbph lf
ghkcukths ÷tbghs f ljkbdbgjlhs. Jh prhgflfr j `hktjif`
kjs njktfrkjs. lh ghkcukth ÷tbgh, gublf pjrj kçh
rf`hvfr h rfspbrh jgblfktjn`fktf.
• Fv
Fvbt
btff j ffkt
ktrj
rjlj
lj llff qu
qujn
jnquf
qufrr tbp
tbphh lf
u`bljlf khs ghkcukths ÷tbghs f kjs ] Gfrtbdbquf-sf lf quf thlhs hs vfljlhrfs
njktfrkjs. lhs ghkcukths ÷tbghs f ljs njktfrkjs
• Fv
Fvbt
btff h gghk
hktj
tjth
th llbr
brft
fthh lh
lhss lf
lflh
lhss kh fstfcj` ghrrftj`fktf `hktjlhs.
aunah ljs ná`pjljs. @jrgjs f Wuastbtuj b`flbjtj`fktf hs vfljlhrfs
b`prfssöfs kh vblrh ljs ná`pjljs ljkbdbgjlhs.
rfluzf` j suj vblj ótbn. Kçh sfiurf ] Wf u`j ná`pjlj khvj kçh jgfklfr,
js ná`pjljs gh` js `çhs sucjs. Wf fkgj`bkmf h vfàgunh j u`j hdbgbkj
  s
   b
  j
  g kfgfssêrbh, nb`pf gh` ênghhn h vblrh fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj pjrj rfpjrjr
  k ljs ná`pjljs qujklh fnjs h gbrgubth fnâtrbgh, phr fxf`pnh, u`
   ã fstbvfrf` drbjs f sfquf-js gh` u`
  i Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
  r
  f pjkh sf` dbjphs. Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz.
  `
  f
  \rhgjr ná`pjlj lhs djr÷bs, ljs nuzfs lf
  ` Jnâ` lhs gubljlhs lfsgrbths phsbéçh lbjktfbrjs f ljs nuzfs bklbgjlh-
   F jktfrbhr`fktf, qujklh dhr trhgjr ná`pjljs rjs lf lbrféçh lbjktfbrjs
lhs ghkcukths ÷tbghs hu ljs njktfrkjs,
hasfrvf js sfiubktfs rfgh`fkljéöfs3 Qf`hvfr f `hktjr j tj`pj lh ghkcukth
] Lfsnbiuf j bnu`bkjéçh jktfs lf trhgjr ÷tbgh lbjktfbrh
u`j ná`pjlj pjrj fvbtjr u` gurth
gbrgubth.
] Jktfs lf prhgflfr j `hktjif` lf u`j
ná`pjlj khvj, vfrbdbquf hs ghktjths
fnâtrbghs lh shquftf qujkth å ghrrhsçh.
Wf kfgfssêrbh, nb`pf hs tfr`bkjbs lh
shquftf.
] Jh prhgflfr j `hktjif`, hasfrvf quf,
sf h shquftf fstbvfr ljkbdbgjlh hu kçh
dhr `hktjlh ghrrftj`fktf, fnf phlf
pfr`btbr j fktrjlj lf êiuj f b`purfzjs Ghkcukth ÷tbgh lbjktfbrh fsqufrlh (vbsth phr
kh ghkcukth ÷tbgh hu kjs njktfrkjs. três)
: \j`pj

1 Urfsbnmjs lf rftfkéçh lj tj`pj
7 Ghkfgthr lf gjahs fnâtrbghs
] Ibrf j pféj lf rftfkéçh lh ghkfgthr lf
gjahs fnâtrbghs lh ghkcukth ÷tbgh
lbjktfbrh fsqufrlh hu lbrfbth :/= lf
vhntj f` sfktblh
lfsghkfgtf jktb-mhrêrbh f
h ghkfgthr.
] Lfsnhquf njtfrjn`fktf js prfsbnmjs lf
rftfkéçh lj tj`pj lh ghkcukth ÷tbgh f,
f` sfiublj, lfsfkgjbxf f rf`hvj j
tj`pj.
Jp÷s trhgjr j(s) ná`pjlj(s) lfdfbtuhsj(s)3
] Uhsbgbhkf ghkvfkbfktf`fktf j tj`pj kj
gjrgjéj lh ghkcukth ÷tbgh f dbxf-j gh`
js prfsbnmjs lf rftfkéçh.
Ghkcukth ÷tbgh lbjktfbrh fsqufrlh (vbsth phr
três, sf` j tj`pj)
: Nuz bklbgjlhrj lf lbrféçh
1 Djrhn lf phsbéçh
7 Djrhn lf nuz ajbxj
< Djrhn lf nuz jntj
6 Nuz lf phsbéçh njtfrjn
\rhgjr j ná`pjlj lj nuz lf phsbéçh
lbjktfbrj
] Qf`hvj j tj`pj lh ghkcukth ÷tbgh.
Wbstf`j fnâtrbgh 197
] Wfiurf h shquftf lj nuz lf phsbéçh, ibrf-
h :/< lf vhntj f` sfktblh jktb-mhrêrbh f
lfsfkgjbxf-h lf sfu jnhcj`fkth.
Lfsfkgjbxf j ná`pjlj lfdfbtuhsj lh
shquftf f suastbtuj-j.
] Fkgjbxf j ná`pjlj khvj kh shquftf,
phsbgbhkf ghkvfkbfktf`fktf f
bktrhluzj h ghkcukth shquftf/ná`pjlj
f` sfu jnhcj`fkth f ibrf-h gfrgj lf
:/< lf vhntj f` sfktblh mhrêrbh pjrj
dbxê-nh.
] Qfghnhquf j tj`pj lh ghkcukth ÷tbgh.
\rhgjr j ná`pjlj lj nuz lf phsbéçh
njtfrjn 
] Qf`hvj j tj`pj lh ghkcukth ÷tbgh.
] Nfvjktf nbifbrj`fktf j ijrrj lh shquftf   s
f lfsfkgjbxf h ghkcukth shquftf/    b
  j
  g
ná`pjlj lj nuz lf phsbéçh njtfrjn lf   k
   ã
sfu jnhcj`fkth.   i
  r
  f
] Lfsfkgjbxf j ná`pjlj lfdfbtuhsj lh   `
  f
shquftf f suastbtuj-j.   `
   F
] Fkgjbxf ghkvfkbfktf`fktf j ná`pjlj
khvj kh shquftf, fxfrgfklh nfvf
prfssçh pjrj gfrtbdbgjr-sf lf quf dbquf
af` fkgjbxjlj.
] Uhsbgbhkf h ghkcukthfshquftf/ná`pjlj
f` sfu jnhcj`fkth prfssbhkf-h pjrj
fkgjbxê-nh jtâ j ijrrj lh shquftf
trjvjr-sf kj gjrgjéj lh ghkcukth ÷tbgh.
] Qfghnhquf j tj`pj lh ghkcukth ÷tbgh.
\rhgjr j ná`pjlj lhs djr÷bs lf nuz ajbxj
] Qf`hvj j tj`pj lh ghkcukth ÷tbgh
] Wfiurf h shquftf lj ná`pjlj lh djrhn lf
nuz ajbxj, ibrf-h gfrgj lf :/= lf vhntj
f` sfktblh jktb-mhrêrbh, lfsfkgjbxf-h f
rf`hvj-h lh ghkcukth ÷tbgh.
 

19< Wbstf`j fnâtrbgh

] Lfsfkgjbxf j ná`pjlj lfdfbtuhsj lh \rhgjr j ná`pjlj lj nuz bklbgjlhrj lf

shquftf f suastbtuj-j. lbrféçh lbjktfbrj
] Fkgjbxf ghkvfkbfktf`fktf j ná`pjlj ] Qf`hvj j tj`pj lh ghkcukth ÷tbgh.
khvj kh shquftf, fxfrgfklh nfvf ] Nfvjktf nbifbrj`fktf j ijrrj njtfrjn lh
prfssçh pjrj gfrtbdbgjr-sf lf quf dbquf ghkfgthr lf gjahs f lfsfkgjbxf h
af` fkgjbxjlj. ghkfgthr lf gjahs lh shquftf.
] Uhsbgbhkf h ghkcukth
kh ghkcukth shquftf/ná`pjlj
÷tbgh, hasfrvjklh h ] Wfiurf h shquftf f ibrf-h gfrgj lf :/=
lf vhntj f` sfktblh jktb-mhrêrbh pjrj
jnbkmj`fkth ljs ijrrjs lh shquftf gh` lfsfkgjbxê-nh f rf`hvã-nh lf sfu
js rffktrákgbjs lj gmjpj lf rftfkéçh. jnhcj`fkth kh ghkcukth ÷tbgh.
Urfssbhkf h shquftf f` sfu jnhcj`fkth
f ibrf-h gfrgj lf :/= lf vhntj f` ] Urfssbhkf j ná`pjlj f ibrf-j :/= lf
sfktblh mhrêrbh pjrj dbxê-nh kj gmjpj lf vhntj f` sfktblh jktb-mhrêrbh pjrj
rftfkéçh. lfsfkgjbxê-nj f rf`hvã-nj lh shquftf.
Wuastbtuj j ná`pjlj lfdfbtuhsj.
] Qfghnhquf j tj`pj lh ghkcukth ÷tbgh.
] Bktrhluzj j ná`pjlj khvj kh shquftf,
\rhgjr j ná`pjlj lhs djr÷bs lf nuz jntj fkgjbxjklh sfus pbkhs lf rftfkéçh kjs
  s
   b
  j ]
  g Qf`hvj j tj`pj lh ghkcukth ÷tbgh rjkmurjs bktfrkjs lh shquftf.
  k Urfssbhkf j ná`pjlj f ibrf-j f`
   ã ] Wfiurf h shquftf f ibrf-h :/= lf vhntj sfktblh mhrêrbh pjrj trjvê-nj kh
  i
  r
  f f` sfktblh jktb-mhrêrbh pjrj shquftf.
  ` lfsfkgjbxê-nh f rf`hvã-nh lf sfu
  f
  ] Fkgjbxf ghkvfkbfktf`fktf h ghkcukth
  `
jnhcj`fkth. shquftf/ná`pjlj f` sfu jnhcj`fkth
   F
] Lfsfkgjbxf j ná`pjlj lfdfbtuhsj lh kh ghkcukth ÷tbgh, prfssbhkf-h f ibrf-h
shquftf f suastbtuj-j. gfrgj lf :/= lf vhntj f` sfktblh
] Fkgjbxf ghkvfkbfktf`fktf j ná`pjlj mhrêrbh pjrj dbxê-nh.
khvj kh shquftf, fxfrgfklh nfvf ] Ghkfgtf h ghkfgthr lf gjahs kh
prfssçh pjrj gfrtbdbgjr-sf lf quf dbquf
af` fkgjbxjlj. shquftf, fkgjbxjklh-h
njtfrjn trjvjr-sf jtâlhj suj
kh ghrph ijrrj
shquftf.
] Uhsbgbhkf ghrrftj`fktf h jkfn lf ] Qfghnhquf j tj`pj lh ghkcukth ÷tbgh.
vfljéçh kh shquftf.
] Uhsbgbhkf ghkvfkbfktf`fktf h ghkcukth
shquftf/ná`pjlj f` sfu jnhcj`fkth,
prfssbhkf-h f ibrf-h gfrgj lf :/= lf
vhntj f` sfktblh mhrêrbh pjrj dbxê-nh.
] Qfghnhquf j tj`pj lh ghkcukth ÷tbgh.
 

Wbstf`j fnâtrbgh 196

\rhgjr ná`pjlj lhs djr÷bs lf kfanbkj \rhgjr ná`pjljs ljs njktfrkjs trjsfb-
lbjktfbrhs rjs

Ghkcukth djrhn lf kfanbkj (vbsth phr três)

Njktfrkj trjsfbrj fsqufrlj
: Whquftf lj ná`pjlj lh djrhn lf
kfanbkj

] Nfvjktf nbifbrj`fktf j ijrrj lh ghkfgthr

lf gjahs f lfsghkfgtf h ghkfgthr lh
  s
shquftf lh djrhn lf kfanbkj.    b
  j
  g
] Wfiurf h shquftf f ibrf-h gfrgj lf :/=   k
   ã
lf vhntj f` sfktblh jktb-mhrêrbh pjrj   i
  r
  f
lfsfkgjbxê-nh f rf`hvã-nh lf sfu   `
jnhcj`fkth.   f
 
Njktfrkj trjsfbrj lbrfbtj   `
] Lfsfkgjbxf j ná`pjlj lfdfbtuhsj lh    F
shquftf f suastbtuj-j. : Ujrjdushs lf dbxjéçh lj nfktf.
] Fkgjbxf j ná`pjlj khvj kh shquftf, 1 Nuz bklbgjlhrj lf lbrféçh.
fxfrgfklh nfvf prfssçh pjrj gfrtbdbgjr- 7 Nuz lf phsbéçh
sf lf quf dbquf af` fkgjbxjlj.
] Fkgjbxf js ijrrjs lh shquftf kjs < Nuz lf drfbh.
rjkmurjs lj pféj lf rftfkéçh kj 6 Nuz lf `jrgmj j râ.
gjrgjéj lh djrhn lf kfanbkj f, 4 Njktfrkj lf bnu`bkjéçh lj pnjgj lf
prfssbhkjklh nfvf`fktf h shquftf, nbgfkéj.
ibrf-h f` sfktblh mhrêrbh, jtâ h ajtfktf,
pjrj dbxê-nh. ] Gh` u`j gmjvf pmbnbps, shntf hs
] Ghkfgtf h ghkfgthr lf gjahs kh pjrjdushs lf dbxjéçh f rf`hvj j nfktf
shquftf, fkgjbxjklh-h jtâ j suj ijrrj lj njktfrkj trjsfbrj.
trjvjr-sf kh ghrph lh shquftf. ] Urfssbhkf j ná`pjlj rfqufrblj, ibrf-j kh
sfktblh jktb-mhrêrbh f rftbrf-j lh
shquftf.
 

194 Wbstf`j fnâtrbgh

] Ghnhquf u`j ná`pjlj khvj kh shquftf, ] Bktrhluzj j ná`pjlj khvj kh shquftf,

prfssbhkf-j f ibrf-j kh sfktblh mhrêrbh,
fkgjbxjklh hs pbkhs lf rftfkéçh lj
ná`pjlj khs rjsihs fxbstfktf kh ghrph
lh shquftf.
] Ujrj trhgjr j ná`pjlj lf bnu`bkjéçh lj
pnjgj lf nbgfkéj, rf`hvj h ghkcukth
rfdnfthr/suphrtf ljs ná`pjljs lj
njktfrkj trjsfbrj.
] Uhsbgbhkf j nfktf kj njktfrkj trjsfbrj,
rfghnhquf hs pjrjdushs f jpfrtf-hs
dbr`f`fktf.
\rhgjr ná`pjlj ljs njktfrkjs lf nuz lf
lfnb`btjéçh
fkgjbxjklh sfus pbkhs lf rftfkéçh kjs
rjkmurjs bktfrkjs lh shquftf.
Urfssbhkf j ná`pjlj f ibrf-j f`
sfktblh mhrêrbh pjrj trjvê-nj kh
shquftf.
] Fkgjbxf j iubj bkdfrbhr lj ghafrturj lj
njktfrkj kh rfspfgtbvh hnmjn fxbstfktf
kj ahrlj bkdfrbhr lj gjrgjéj lj
njktfrkj, phsbgbhkf ghkvfkbfktf`fktf
j ghafrturj lj njktfrkj f dbxf-j,
jpfrtjklh dbr`f`fktf h pjrjdush lf
dbxjéçh.
\rhgjr ná`pjlj ljs njktfrkjs lf
bnu`bkjéçh lhs lfirjus

  s
   b
  j
  g
  k
   ã
  i
  r
  f
  `
  f
 
  `
   F

: Ujrjdush lf dbxjéçh lj ghafrturj/

nfktf lj njktfrkj : Ghkfgthr lf gjahs fnâtrbghs
1 Ná`pjlj 1 Whquftf.

] Whntf f rf`hvj h pjrjdush lf dbxjéçh lj ] Urfssbhkf j `hnj lf rftfkéçh lh

ghafrturj/nfktf lj njktfrkj.
] Urfssbhkf j ná`pjlj kh shquftf, ibrf-j
nbifbrj`fktf f` sfktblh jktb-mhrêrbh f
rf`hvj-j.
ghkfgthr lf gjahs fnâtrbghs f lfsnbiuf h
ghkfgthr lh shquftf.
] Ibrf h shquftf :/< lf vhntj f` sfktblh
jktb-mhrêrbh f rf`hvj h shquftf lj
njktfrkj. Lfsfkgjbxf j ná`pjlj lh
shquftf f suastbtuj-j phr u`j ná`pjlj
khvj.
 

Wbstf`j fnâtrbgh 199

] Fkgjbxf h shquftf gh` j ná`pjlj f` ] Uhsbgbhkf js mjstfs lf dbxjéçh lj nfktf

sfu jnhcj`fkth kj njktfrkj f ibrf-h :/<
lf vhntj f` sfktblh mhrêrbh pjrj dbxê-nh.
] Nbiuf h ghkfgthr lf gjahs fnâtrbghs kj
njktfrkj, prfssbhkjklh-h jtâ quf dbquf
rftblh pfnj `hnj lf rftfkéçh.
kjs iubjs bktfrkjs fxbstfktfs kh ghrph
lj njktfrkj, f fktçh prfssbhkf js
fxtrf`bljlfs lj nfktf pjrj djzfr js
mjstfs lf dbxjéçh fkijtjrf` kh ghrph
lj njktfrkj.

\rhgjr ná`pjlj lj njktfrkj lf \rhgjr ná`pjlj

bnu`bkjéçh ljslh
bktfrkj njktfrkjs
phsth lhlf
bnu`bkjéçh bktfrkj gfktrjn f njktfrkjs
lj êrfj lh nfbth `hthrbstj f lh jgh`pjkmjktf

  s
   b
  j
  g
  k
   ã
  i
  r
  f
  `
  f
 
  `
   F

: Nfktf : Nfktf
1 Ná`pjlj 1 Ná`pjljs
7 @hnj lf rftfkéçh

] Urfssbhkf nbifbrj`fktf
lj nfktf lj u`jlfsfkgjbxjr
njktfrkj pjrj fxtrf`bljlf
suj mjstf lf dbxjéçh.
] Urfssbhkf j ná`pjlj kh shquftf, ibrf-j
nbifbrj`fktf f` sfktblh jktb-mhrêrbh f
rf`hvj-j.
] Bktrhluzj j khvj ná`pjlj kh shquftf,
fkgjbxjklh sfus pbkhs lf rftfkéçh kjs
rjkmurjs bktfrkjs lh shquftf.
Urfssbhkf j ná`pjlj f ibrf-j f`
sfktblh mhrêrbh pjrj trjvê-nj kh
shquftf.
] Gh` u`j gmjvf lf dfklj pfqufkj,
lfsfkgjbxf lh rfvfstb`fkth lh tfth j
fxtrf`bljlf lj nfktf hphstj jh
bktfrrupthr f rf`hvj j njktfrkj lf sfu
jnhcj`fkth.
] Qf`hvj j ná`pjlj lfdfbtuhsj f `hktf
u`j ná`pjlj khvj fktrf hs tfr`bkjbs
lj njktfrkj. Hasfrvf quf j ná`pjlj
lfvf dbgjr af` dbr`f fktrf hs tfr`bkjbs.
tfr` bkjbs.
] @hktf j njktfrkj f` sfu jnhcj`fkth kh
rfvfstb`fkth lh tfth, fkgjbxjklh,
bkbgbjn`fktf, j ijrrj lj nfktf (njlh lh
bktfrrupthr) kj ahrlj lh rfvfstb`fkth f,
 Wbstf`j fnâtrbgh
 

19=

f` sfiublj, prfssbhkjklh j hutrj ] Fkgjbxf f phsbgbhkf ghkvfkbfktf`fktf j

fxtrf`bljlf lj nfktf jtâ j `hnj lf
rftfkéçh lj njktfrkj dbxjr-sf kh tfth.
Dusàvfbs
J ajsf lf dusàvfbs fstê nhgjnbzjlj kj gfktrjn
fnâtrbgj lbsphstj kj pjrtf gfktrjn lh pjbkfn,
å lbrfbtj lj ghnukj lj lbrféçh.
IJ\FKÉÇH
Kçh `hktf dusàvfbs gh` gjpjgbljlf lf
ghrrfktf `jbs jntj lh quf h
fspfgbdbgjlh. Bsth phlf rfsuntjr f`
ljkhs kh sbstf`j fnâtrbgh hu f`
bkgãklbh khs gjahs fnâtrbghs.
Vsf sh`fktf dusàvfbs lf gjpjgbljlf
  s fspfgbdbgjlj f kçh djéj phktfs lf
   b
  j
  g nbijéöfs fnâtrbgjs f kf` tfktf rfpjrjr
  k dusàvfbs lfdfbtuhshs. Kçh suastbtuj hs
   ã
  i
  r dusàvfbs jktfs lf lftfgtjr f rfpjrjr j
  f gjusj lj djnmj lf dukgbhkj`fkth.
  ` b Ujrj blfktbdbgjr hs dusàvfbs f rfnâs
  f
  `
   F ftbquftj lf blfktbdbgjéçh lf dusàvfbs,
gfktrjn fnâtrbgj f` sfu jnhcj`fkth kh
pjbkfn f dbxf-j, jpfrtjklh dbr`f`fktf
hs pjrjdushs lf dbxjéçh.
Tfrbdbgjéçh f suastbtubéçh lf dusàvfbs
Wf hghrrfr sharfgjrij f` u` gbrgubth
fnâtrbgh, h dbnj`fkth lh dusàvfn
ghrrfsphklfktf sf rh`pf, bktfrrh`pfklh h
gbrgubth lfdfbtuhsh.
] Nhgjnbzf h dusàvfn kj gfktrjn fnâtrbgj lh
vfàgunh. Wf h dusàvfn fstbvfr qufb`jlh,
fnf jprfsfktj h dbnj`fkth rh`pblh.
] Wfiurf dbr`f`fktf h ghrph pnêstbgh lh
dusàvfn f puxf-h pjrj rf`hvã-nh lj ajsf
lf dusàvfbs.
] Uhsbgbhkf h dusàvfn khvh kj ajsf lf
dusàvfbs f prfssbhkf-h pjrj fkgjbxjr
sfus tfr`bkjbs khs ghkfgthrfs lj ajsf
lf dusàvfbs.
lbsphsths kj gfktrjn fnâtrbgj, ghksuntf j
rfnâs f làhlhs ghnjlj kj djgf
dj gf bktfrkj lh
pjrj-shn bktfrkh, njlh lh `hthrbstj, hu
ghksuntf j lbsphsbéçh jprfsfktjlj j
sfiubr.

Gfktrjn fnâtrbgj
: Ujrjdushs lf dbxjéçh

Jarbr j gfktrjn fnâtrbgj

] Whntf hs pjrjdushs lf dbxjéçh : f rfajtj
j gfktrjn fnâtrbgj pjrj dhrj lh pjbkfn.
Dfgmjr j gfktrjn fnâtrbgj
 

Wbstf`j fnâtrbgh 192

Ftbquftj lf dusàvfbs f rfnâs Gfktrjn Fnâtrbgj

D:1 Tfktbnjéçh dhréjlj (:6Q) 15 J
D:7 \h`jlj lf dhréj (:6) :5 J
D:< Anhqufbh lhs fbxhs (:6) :5 J
JAW (:6)

D:6 \jg÷irjdh f pj(:6)

bkstru`fkths bkfn lf :5 J
D:4 Jntfrkjlhr (:6) 6J
D:9 Wbstf`j lf p÷s :5 J
trjtj`fkth (:6)
D:= @÷lunh UNL (:6) :5 J
D:2 Fqubpj`fkth J Jkktbdurth 6J
Harbijt÷rbh (75)
: Gfktrjn fnâtrbgj D15 Nuzfs bk
bktfr`btfktfs lf lf :5 J
1 Qfnâs (J7:) jlvfrtãkgbj (75)   s
D1: Bnu`bkjéçh bktfrkj (75) :5 J    b
  j
  g
  k
Gfktrjn Fnâtrbgj D11 Nuzfs bk
bklbgjlhrjs llff 15 J    ã
  i
  r
lbrféçh lj gjrrftj (75)   f
D: Qfsfrvj   `
D17 Fqubpj`fkth J Jkktbdurth :6 J   f
 
D1 Bnu`bkjéçh lh pjbkfn (6=) :5 J Harbijt÷rbh lj gjrrftj   `
D7 Nuzfs lf phsbéçh :5 J    F
(75)
fsqufrljs (6=) D1< Ujbkfn lf
lf bbkkstru`fkths f :5 J
D< Nuzfs lf phsbéçh lbrfbtjs :5 J lbjikhsf (75)
(6=) D16 Fqubpj`fkth J Jkktbdurth 6J
D6 Djrhn ajbxh fsqufrlh. :5 J Harbijt÷rbh (:6)
D4 Djrhn ajbxh lbrfbth. :5 J D14 Nuzfs bk
bklbgjlhrjs llff :5 J
D9 Djrhn jnth fsqufrlh. :5 J lbrféçh (:6)
D= Djrhn jnth lbrfbth. :5 J D19 Nb`pjlhr f njvjlhr llhh :5 J
pjrj-arbsj (:6)
D2 Jgfklflhr lf gbijrrhs :5 J
(:6Q) D1= Lbjikhsf f auzbkj (:6) :5 J
D:5 Jgbhkj`fkth ffnnâtrbgh llhh :6 J D12 Nuzfs lf drfbh f râ (:6) 6J
vblrh njlh lh `hthrbstj D75 Qfsfrvj
(:6Q) D7: Qfsfrvj
D:: J gbhknjlh
vblrh j`fklh
th pjssjifbrh
ffnnâtrbgh llhh :6 J D71 Djr÷bs lf kfanbkj (75) :5 J
(:6Q)
 

1=5 Wbstf`j fnâtrbgh

Gfktrjn Fnâtrbgj Gfktrjn Fnâtrbgj

D77 Wfiuklj vfnhgbljlf lh 6J O99 Qfnâ ju juxbnbjr J
JAAW ppjjrj
fbxh trjsfbrh (:6) ghrtf lh anhqufbh lhs
Wfkshr lf kàvfn lh nàqublh fbxhs
lf jrrfdfgb`fkth (:6) O9= Qfnâ bnbnu`bkjéçh ((66=)
D7< Qfiunjif` f :5 J O92 Qfnâ bnbnu`bkjéçh ((664)
jqufgb`fkth lhs O=5 Qfnâ djrhn jnth (64)
rftrhvbshrfs f J/G (L+)
O=: Qfnfnââ sfiuklj
uklj vfnh
fnhgblj
ljllf
D76 Fqubpj`fkth J Jkktbdurth 6J lh fbxh trjsfbrh
Harbijt÷rbh lj gjrrftj
(:6) O::9
O::9 Qfnâ
Qfnâ jgbh
jgbhkj
kj`f
`fktkthh fn
fnât
âtrb
rbgh
gh
lh vblrh njlh lh `hthrbstj
D74 Qfsfrvj (suabr h vblrh)
D79 Ghkvfrshr 1</:1 T (75) :5 J O::=
O::= Qfnâ
Qfnâ jgbh
jgbhkj
kj`f
`fktkthh fn
fnât
âtrb
rbgh
gh
D7= Gnb`jtbzjlhr (75) :5 J lh vblrh njlh lh `hthrbstj
D72 Wbstf`j lf p÷s :5 J (lfsgfr h vblrh)
  s
   b
  j
  g trjtj`fkth (75) O::2
O::2 Qfnâ
Qfn
lh âvblrh
jgbh
jgbhkj
kj`f
`fkt
njlh kthh fn
lh fnât
âtrb
rbgh
gh
  k D<5 Qfsfrvj
   ã pjssjifbrh (suabr h vblrh)
  i
  r
  f
D<: Inhajn JAW (ON.:6) 6J
O:15
O:15 Qfnâ
Qfnâ jgbh
jgbhkj
kj`f
`fkt
kthh fn
fnât
âtrb
rbgh
gh
  ` D<1 Inhajn JAW (ON.75) 75 J
  f
  lh vblrh njlh lh
  ` O: Qfnâ nuzfs bklbgjlhrjs lf pjssjifbrh (lfsgfr h
   F
lbrféçh vblrh)
O6 Qfnâ L+
O4 Qfnâ nuzfs lf drfbh
O9 Qfnâ nuzfs lf râ
O= Qfnâ ON.:6
O=.: Qfnâ ON.:6Q
O: 5 Qfnâ vvffktbnjéçh ddhhréjlj
O: 1 Qfnâ djr÷bs lf kfanbkj
O9 7 Qfnâ tf`phrbzjlhr lh
nb`pjlhr
O9 6 Qfnâ nnuuzfs llbbrfgbhkjbs
fsqufrljs lj gjrrftj

O9 4 Qfnâ nnuuzflj
lbrfbtjs s llb
brfgbhkjbs
gjrrftj
 

Wbstf`j fnâtrbgh 1=:

J7: Qfnâs Ifrfkgbj`fkth fnftrükbgh lh `hthr

O= Qfnâ th`jlj lf dhréj I
(lfsjgfnfrjéçh)
Ujrj fvbtjr ljkhs khs `÷lunhs
O2 Qfnâ th`jlj lf dhréj fnftrükbghs lh sbstf`j lf
(rfsft jgfnfrjéçh) ifrfkgbj`fkth lh `hthr, hasfrvf hs
O:5 Qfnâ th`jlj lf dhréj sfiubktfs gubljlhs3
(jgfnfrjéçh) • Kukg
Kukgjj jg
jgbh
bhkf
kf j ppjrt
jrtbl
bljj llhh `h
`hth
thr,
r,
O:: Jr-ghklbgbhkjlh phr qujbsqufr `fbhs, gh` js
O77 Qfnâ kàvfn lh nàqublh lf ajtfrbjs lfsghkfgtjljs.
(1) jrrfdfgb`fkth • Fvbt
Fvbtff dj
djzf
zfrr dukg
dukgbh
bhkj
kjrr h `
`ht
hthr
hr pphr
hr
`fbh lf „trjkghs‐.
O7= Gh`prfsshr lh jr-
ghklbgbhkjlh • Kçh
Kçh lfsg
lfsghkf
hkfgt
gtff jjss aj
ajtf
tfrb
rbjs
js gh
gh`
`h
`hthr dukgbhkjklh.
b H gbrgubth kfijtbvh lj vfàgunh rfthrkj • Kçh
Kçh bkv
bkvfr
frtj
tj j pphnj
hnjrb
rbljl
ljlff ljs
ljs
jh kfijtbvh lj ajtfrbj gh` h prhp÷sbth ajtfrbjs.
  s
lf bshnjrkfijtbvh
gbrgubth j gjabkf,lf
h `hthr f h gmjssb. H
thlh sbstf`j • Kçh
Kçh utbn
utbnbz
bzff gj
gjrr
rrfij
fijlh
lhrr lf aj
ajtf
tfrb
rbjs
js    b
  j
  g
nbijlh f` pjrjnfnh pjrj juxbnbjr j   k
fnâtrbgh jlbgbhkjn lfvfrê sfr ghkfgtjlh    ã
pjrtblj. Wf js ajtfrbjs lh vfàgunh   i
  r
jh tfr`bkjn kfijtbvh lj ajtfrbj phr u`   f
fstbvfrf` lfsgjrrfijljs, utbnbzf
lbsphsbtbvh lf ghkfxçh kh gmjssb.   `
ajtfrbjs juxbnbjrfs   f
 
ghkvfkbfktf`fktf gjrrfijljs,   `
   F
ghkfgtjljs f` pjrjnfnh, ghkdhr`f
bkstruéöfs ghktbljs kfstf `jkujn.
• Wf dhr
dhr pr
prfg
fgbs
bshh gj
gjrr
rrfi
fijr
jr js aajt
jtfrb
frbjs
js,,
lfsghkfgtf-js lh sbstf`j fnâtrbgh
lh vfàgunh
gjrij, f fdftuf
lf jghrlh h prhgfssh
gh` lf
js bkstruéöfs
lh djarbgjktf lh fqubpj`fkth lf
gjrij.
• Kçh
Kçh ghk
ghkfgt
fgtff hhuu llfs
fsghk
ghkfg
fgtf
tf hs
`÷lunhs lf ifrfkgbj`fkth lh
`hthr (@Q) f ifrfkgbj`fkth lh
`hthr/vfàgunh (DQ) gh` j gmjvf kh
bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj lbrféçh kj
phsbéçh „nbijlj‐ (tfr`bkjn :6
fkfribzjlh).
 

1=1 Wbstf`j fnâtrbgh

• Has
Hasfr
frvf
vf quf h gmb
gmbgh
ghtf
tf lh `h
`hth
thrr • Kç
Kçhh fdft
fdftuf
uf nnbi
bijé
jéöf
öfss lb
lbrf
rftj
tjss kkhh
(ghkfgthr lf 66 vbjs) kçh â `hthr lf pjrtblj pjrj djzfr
prhtfiblh ghktrj gurths-gbrgubths jh dukgbhkjr h `hthr.
phsbtbvh f, phrtjkth, fvfktujbs • Wf dhr kfgfs
kfgfssê
sêrb
rbhh rrf`
f`hvf
hvfrr hs
hs
gurths-gbrgubths phlf` ljkbdbgjr h `÷lunhs fnftrükbghs, kçh utbnbzf
`÷lunh fnftrükbgh. dfrrj`fktjs pjrj lfsnbijr hs
ghkfgthrfs. Hs ghkfgthrfs lfvf`
• Kç
Kçhh utbnb
utblf
(phktj nbzf
zfprhvjs,
`
`jt
jtfrb
frbjb
jbs
s bk
bkjlf
jlfquj
pfljéhs qujlhs
lhs
lf jrj`f sfr lfsnbijlhs jpfkjs gh` js `çhs.
ftg.) pjrj djzfr `flbéöfs kjs • Kç
Kçhh fdft
fdftuf
uf ff`f
`fklj
kljss khs
khs gm
gmbg
bght
htfs
fs
ghkfxöfs fnâtrbgjs, phbs fstf fnâtrbghs ghkfgtjlhs khs `÷lunhs
prhgflb`fkth phlf hgjsbhkjr fnftrükbghs.
duturhs prhanf`js lf `ju ghktjth.
• Jh fdftu
fdftujr
jr tr
trja
jajn
jnmhs
mhs lf sh
shnl
nljj Bkstjnjéçh lf fqubpj`fkths jlbgbhkjbs
fnâtrbgj kj fstruturj hu f` Hs fqubpj`fkths jlbgbhkjbs quf
gh`phkfktfs lh vfàgunh, kfgfssbtj` lf sbkjbs lf sfkshrfs lh `hthr
lfsghkfgtf prfvbj`fktf hs gjahs (gh`h, phr fxf`pnh, gh`putjlhr lf ahrlh)
ljs ajtfrbjs f thlhs hs `÷lunhs lfvf` sfr ghkfgtjlhs fktrf h `÷lunh @Q
  s
   b
  j
  g fnftrükbghs. Nbiuf h gjah `jssj lh f h pjbkfn lf bkstru`fkths. \jbs
  k fqubpj`fkth lf shnlj lbrftj`fktf fqubpj`fkths kçh lfvf` sfr ghkfgtjlhs,
   ã kj pféj j sfr shnljlj.
  i
  r f` kfkmu`j mbp÷tfsf, lbrftj`fktf khs
  f sfkshrfs, sha pfkj lf gh`prh`ftfr h
  `
• Kç
Kçhh fdft
fdftuf
uf sshn
hnlj
lj fnât
fnâtrb
rbgj
gj ppr÷
r÷xb`
xb`hh j
  f
  sfkshrfs, jtujlhrfs, `÷lunhs dukgbhkj`fkth lh `hthr.
  ` fnftrükbghs f gmbghtfs fnâtrbghs. Wf
   F J `hktjif` lf fqubpj`fkths fnftrükbghs
kfgfssêrbh, rf`hvj prfvbj`fktf jlbgbhkjbs phlf gjusjr bktfrdfrãkgbjs khs
fstfs gh`phkfktfs. `÷lunhs fnftrükbghs lh vfàgunh. Jktfs lf
• Lf
Lfs`h
s`hktktff hs `
`÷lu
÷lunh
nhss fn
fnft
ftrü
rükb
kbgh
ghss bkstjnjr tjbs fqubpj`fkths, ghksuntf u`
lh vfàgunh qujklh dhr kfgfssêrbh Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
sua`ftfr h vfàgunh
tf`pfrjturjs jgb`jf`
lf fstudjs
=5 µG. gh` Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz.
Ghkfxçh å `jssj
• Jh nnjvj
jvjrr h `
`ht
hthr,
hr, kçh
kçh lb
lbrb
rbcj
cj ccjt
jths
hs llff Khs vfàgunhs gh` ifrfkgbj`fkth
êiuj prfssurbzjlj kh `÷lunh fnftrükbgh lh `hthr, h gbrgubth kfijtbvh
fnftrükbgh @Q, khs sfkshrfs f f` rfthrkj jh phnh kfijtbvh lj ajtfrbj f,
sujs ghkfxöfs. phrtjkth, j gjabkf, h `hthr f h gmjssb fstçh
• Kç
Kçhh `hkt
`hktff gm
gmjv
jvff ifrj
ifrjnn lf gb
gbrg
rgub
ubth
th fnftrbgj`fktf bshnjlhs.
fnâtrbgh kh vfàgunh. @jktfkmj Zujnqufr gbrgubth fnâtrbgh jlbgbhkjn lfvfrê
jpfkjs j gmjvf ifrjn hrbibkjn lh tfr h gbrgubth kfijtbvh nbijlh lbrftj`fktf
vfàgunh, sf mhuvfr. jh phnh kfijtbvh lj ajtfrbj, jtrjvâs lh
phkth lf ghkfxçh lbsphsth kj nhkijrbkj lh
qujlrh lh gmjssb.
 Ujrtblj lh `hthr f` f`friãkgbjs
 

1=7

Ujrtblj lh `hthr f` f`friãkgbjs

Jgbhkj`fkth lj pjrtblj gh` nbijéöfs I
phktfs lf ajtfrbjs juxbnbjrfs Kçh usf fqubpj`fkths lf gjrij rêpblj
Wf js ajtfrbjs lh vfàgunh fstbvfrf` pjrj juxbnbjr h jgbhkj`fkth lj pjrtblj.
lfsgjrrfijljs, hutrh vfàgunh phlf sfr V`j ajtfrbj lfsgjrrfijlj phlf
usjlh
nbijéçhpjrj jgbhkjr j pjrtblj gh` u`j
phktf. ghkifnjr-sf å tf`pfrjturj lf -:5 µG. Wf
bsth jghktfgfr, kçh jgbhkf j pjrtblj lh
`hthr. Fspfrf jtâ quf js ajtfrbjs sf
IJ\FKÉÇH lfsghkifnf`.
Fxbstf h rbsgh lf hs ijsfs f`jkjlhs ljs Wh`fktf jgbhkf j pjrtblj gh` nbijéöfs
ajtfrbjs sf bkdnj`jrf`, gjusjklh j phktfs lf gjahs juxbnbjrfs usjklh3
fxpnhsçh ljs ajtfrbjs. Uhrtjkth, sf dhr • lujs
lujs aj
ajtf
tfrb
rbjs
js lf :1 T ghkf
ghkfgt
gtjlj
jljss
kfgfssêrbh djzfr nbijéöfs phktfs gh` f` sârbf.
gjahs juxbnbjrfs pjrj jgbhkjr j pjrtblj
lh `hthr, fvbtf j dhr`jéçh lf djàsgjs, • hutr
hutrhh vvfàg
fàgun
unhh ggh`
h` sbst
sbstf`
f`jj lf 1< T.
  s
gmj`js fxphstjs
qujklh fstbvfr f gbijrrhs jgfshs
`jkusfjklh js ajtfrbjs. Vtbnbzf
ghktrj nbijéöfs
bkvfrsçh phktfs prhtfibljs
lf phnjrbljlf, gh`    b
  j
  g
gjahs lf sféçh trjksvfrsjn lf gfrgj lf   k
   ã
  i
95 ``±
` `± f pbkéjs lhs tfr`bkjbs bshnjljs.   r
  f
IJ\FKÉÇH Jktfs lf jgbhkjr j pjrtblj gh` nbijéöfs   `
  f
 
phktfs lf u`j fstjéçh lf gjrij `÷vfn   `
H êgblh lj ajtfrbj phssub jéçh gêustbgj. (ajtfrbjs gh` u` fstêibh lf dhréj    F
Fxbstf h rbsgh lf qufb`jlurjs gjusjljs prbkgbpjn), lfsnbiuf h ghkfgthr prbkgbpjn.
phr rfspbkihs lf êgblh ljs ajtfrbjs J sharftfksçh phlf ljkbdbgjr hs
lurjktf j pjrtblj gh` nbijéöfs phktfs. gh`phkfktfs fnftrükbghs lh vfàgunh.
Uhrtjkth, dbquf h `jbs jdjstjlh phssàvfn
ljs ajtfrbjs
pjrtblj lurjktf hphktfs
gh` nbijéöfs prhgflb`fkth
lf gjahslf
] Jktfs lf fdftujr nbijéöfs phktfs pjrj
jgbhkjr j pjrtblj, lfsghkfgtf hs
juxbnbjrfs. sbstf`js lf gh`ukbgjéçh `÷vfbs, phr
@jktfkmj grbjkéjs lbstjktf ljs fxf`pnh tfnfdhkfs, rêlbh lf 1 gjkjbs,
ajtfrbjs. jpjrfnmh lf djx ftg.
Njvf b`flbjtj`fktf gh` ajstjktf êiuj ] Gfrtbdbquf-sf lf quf hs lhbs vfàgunhs kçh
nb`pj fvfktujbs rfspbkihs lf êgblh quf fstfcj` fkghstjlhs u` kh hutrh.
tfkmj` jtbkiblh j suj pfnf, hnmhs hu
] Ibrf j gmjvf lh vfàgunh kh bktfrrupthr lj
lj
rhupjs f, sf kfgfssêrbh, ghksuntf u`
ghnukj lf lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh
`âlbgh.
lfsnbijlj.
] Lfsnbiuf thlhs hs ghksu`blhrfs
fnâtrbghs.
] Qf`hvj j ghafrturj ljs ajtfrbjs.
 Ujrtblj lh `hthr f` f`friãkgbjs
1=<
] Ghkfgtf prb`fbrh hs tfr`bkjbs phsbtbvhs
ljs ajtfrbjs juxbnbjrfs f, f` sfiublj, hs
tfr`bkjbs kfijtbvhs
Tfàgunh lhjlhr3
] Dukgbhkf h `hthr j u`j rhtjéçh fnfvjlj.
Tfàgunh j sfr jgbhkjlj j pjrtblj3
] Ibrf j gmjvf lh vfàgunh kh bktfrrupthr lj
ghnukj lj lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lf
`jrgmj.
Tfàgunhs gh` sbstf`j juxbnbjr lf pjrtblj
dnj``stjrt (; pêibkj :46).
:46).
] Jgbhkf j pjrtblj lh `hthr f lfbxf h
`hthr dukgbhkjr f` `jrgmj nfktj.
I ghkvfkbfktf`fktf js ajtfrbjs pjrj
  s H `hthr lh vfàgunh quf fstê sfklh
   b
  j
  g phsth f` dukgbhkj`fkth lfvf
  k dukgbhkjr sh`fktf f` `jrgmj nfktj
   ã
  i
  r qujklh hs gjahs juxbnbjrfs lf pjrtblj
  f Djzfr dukgbhkjr h `hthr rfahgjklh h
  ` fstbvfrf` ghkfgtjlhs.
  f
 
  ` `uljkéjs lf `jrgmjs `jkujn)
   F ] Lfsghkfgtf hs gjahs juxbnbjrfs, prb`fbrh
lhs tfr`bkjbs kfijtbvhs f, f` sfiublj,
lhs tfr`bkjbs phsbtbvhs.
] Urhvblfkgbf pjrj quf js ajtfrbjs sfcj`
vfrbdbgjljs f` u`j hdbgbkj
fspfgbjnbzjlj f qujnbdbgjlj, phr
fxf`pnh, u` Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth
lf Wfrvbéh Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz.
Khtj sharf h `fbh j`abfktf M
Js ajtfrbjs ghktã` gmu`ah. Kçh
lfsgjrtf ajtfrbjs usjljs kh nbxh
lh`âstbgh.
Lfsgjrtf js ajtfrbjs vfnmjs lf u`j
`jkfbrj j`abfktjn`fktf rfsphksêvfn.
Fkgj`bkmf js ajtfrbjs lfdfbtuhsjs pjrj
u`j hdbgbkj fspfgbjnbzjlj, u`
Ghkgfssbhkêrbh hu Uhsth lf Wfrvbéh
Juthrbzjlh @frgflfs-Afkz hu u` phsth
lf ghnftj lf ajtfrbjs usjljs.
\rjksphrtf f jr`jzfkf ajtfrbjs
jajstfgbljs gh` shnuéçh gh` h thph
vhntjlh pjrj gb`j. Dbxf
prfvfkbr quf th`af` lurjktf h
trjksphrtf.
vfàgunh (vfàgunhs gh` sbstf`j lf
Hs vfàgunhs gh` sbstf`j lf `uljkéjs lf
`jrgmjs `jkujn phlf` fvfktujn`fktf sfr
rfahgjlhs pjrj djzfr dukgbhkjr h `hthr.
] Ibrf j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj
lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lf `jrgmj.
] Jgbhkf thtjn`fktf h pfljn lj
f`arfjif`.
] Fkijtf j 7ª hu <ª `jrgmj.
] Qfahquf h vfàgunh sf` fxgflfr j
vfnhgbljlf `êxb`j lf 15 o`/m.
] Zujklh jngjkéjr j vfnhgbljlf lf
rfahgj`fkth `êxb`j pfr`btblj, shntf
nfktj`fktf h pfljn lj f`arfjif` f
prfssbhkf h pfljn lh jgfnfrjlhr.
 

Ujrtblj lh `hthr f` f`friãkgbjs 1=6

Jssb` quf h `hthr gh`féjr j dukgbhkjr3

] Jgbhkf thtjn`fktf h pfljn lj
f`arfjif` f `ulf j jnjvjkgj lj gjbxj
lf `uljkéjs pjrj kfutrh (phkth-
`hrth).

  s
   b
  j
  g
  k
   ã
  i
  r
  f
  `
  f
 
  `
   F
 Bkstruéöfs pjrj rfahgjr h vfàgunh
 

1=4

Bkstruéöfs pjrj rfahgjr h vfàgunh

fstbvfrf` lfsgjrrfijljs hu pjrj sfr
Fkijtf lbjktfbrh trjksphrtjlh f` gjsh lf fvfktujbs djnmjs
hu jgblfktfs.
IJ\FKÉÇH b H pbkh lf fkijtf pjrj rfahquf kçh djz
Wf h vfàgunh tbvfr quf sfr trjksphrtjlh pjrtf lh chih lf dfrrj`fktjs lh
sharf u` vfàgunh trjksphrtjlhr (phr vfàgunh.
fxf`pnh, jp÷s u` jgblfktf), hasfrvf
quf j jnturj lf qujtrh `ftrhs sfrê
fxgflblj. H vfàgunh trjksphrtjlhr lfvf
sfr ghkluzblh gubljlhsj`fktf pjrj
prfvfkbr jgblfktfs, lfvfklh-sf prfstjr
`ubtj jtfkéçh å jnturj `êxb`j
jl`bssàvfn jh pjssjr sha vbjluths.

  s J\FKÉÇH
   b
  j I
  g
  k Wf h vfàgunh tbvfr quf sfr rfahgjlh
rfahgjl h gh`
   ã
  i
  r h `hthr sf` dukgbhkjr, hasfrvf quf h
  f
  `
sbstf`j mblrêunbgh lj lbrféçh dbgj
  f
  bkhpfrjktf f h fsdhréh kfgfssêrbh pjrj
  ` ibrjr h vhnjktf lj lbrféçh dbgj : Wuphrtf lj pnjgj lf nbgfkéj
   F
ghksblfrjvfn`fktf `jbs fnfvjlh. Kfstf 1 Jnhcj`fkth pjrj pbkh lf fkijtf
gjsh, vhgã phlf pfrlfr h ghktrhnf lh
vfàgunh f sjbr lj pbstj hu ghnblbr kh
] Wfiurf h suphrtf lj pnjgj lf nbgfkéj
vfàgunh rfahgjlhr.
pfnj suj jaj supfrbhr f puxf-j pjrj
Gh`abkf
`hthrbstju` sbstf`jrfahgjlhr
lh vfàgunh lf sbkjbs gh`
jktfshlf dhrj, lfsfkgjbxjklh-j lf suj dbxjéçh.
rfahgjr h vfàgunh, f gfrtbdbquf-sf lf quf ] Vtbnbzf u`j ajrrj ràiblj pjrj rfahgjr h
vhgã f h `hthrbstj lh vfàgunh rfahgjlhr vfàgunh. H hnmjn lj ajrrj lf rfahquf
jljptf` sfus fstbnhs lf lbrbibr lf lfvf pfr`btbr quf h pbkh sfcj
jghrlh gh` js lbdbgunljlfs lf ghkluéçh gh`pnftj`fktf bktrhluzblh kh
lh vfàgunh. jnhcj`fkth kj trjvfssj lbjktfbrj lh
gmjssb.
H fkijtf lbjktfbrh lh vfàgunh dhb prhcftjlh ] Uhsbgbhkf j ajrrj lf rfahquf kh pjrj-
phssbabnbtjr quf h vfàgunh bkhpfrjktf phssj gmhquf lbjktfbrh f bktrhluzj
sfr rfahgjlh pjrj rfjnbzjr `jkharjs, djzfr gh`pnftj`fktf u` pbkh lf fkijtf
dukgbhkjr h `hthr qujklh js ajtfrbjs jlfqujlh khahgjn
fxbstfktf kh jnhcj`fkth pjrj pbkh
lf fkijtf.
 Bkstruéöfs pjrj rfahgjr h vfàgunh
 

1=9

Jp÷s rfahgjr h vfàgunh3 Qfahgj`fkth lh vfàgunh - bklbgjéöfs

] Qfajtj h suphrtf lj pnjgj lf nbgfkéj ifrjbs
pjrj gb`j lf dhr`j quf js fspbijs lf
dbxjéçh supfrbhr lh suphrtf dbquf` IJ\FKÉÇH
jnbkmjljs gh` js rfspfgtbvjs augmjs
lbsphstjs kh pjrj-gmhquf, f prfssbhkf Wf vhgã tbvfr quf rf`hvfr j êrvhrf lf
h suphrtf lj pnjgj pjrj dbxê-nh jh pjrj- trjks`bssçh pjrj rfahgjr h vfàgunh,
gmhquf. hasfrvf
rf`héçhquf fnj phlf
f gjusjr gjbrf`
nfsöfs lurjktf
vhgã. j
I
Wustfktf jlfqujlj`fktf j êrvhrf lf
trjks`bssçh jktfs lf rf`hvã-nj pjrj
Wf h `hthr kçh dukgbhkjr f h vfàgunh prfvfkbr quf fnj gjbj - phr fxf`pnh, gh`
tbvfr quf sfr rfahgjlh3 juxànbh lf hutrj pfsshj, hu j`jrrjklh-j
• fxb
fxbst
stff h rb
rbsg
sghh lf ljkb
ljkbdbdbgj
gjrr j gjbx
gjbxjj lf kh qujlrh lf gmjssb.
`uljkéjs. Hasfrvf j sféçh Khs vfàgunhs gh` sbstf`j JAW, sf h
„Qfahgjr h vfàgunh gh` `hthr vfàgunh tbvfr quf sfr rfahgjlh gh` h
jvjrbjlh‐. fbxh lbjktfbrh suspfksh, kçh ibrf gmjvf
• h ssbsbstf
tf`j
`j lf drfb
drfbhh kkçh
çh ttfr
frêê lh vfàgunh kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj
  s
suprb`fkth lf jr. lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lf `jrgmj. Gjsh    b
  j
  g
ghktrêrbh, js rhljs lh fbxh trjsfbrh   k
Wf`prf quf dhr phssàvfn, rfahquf h phlf` sfr drfjljs sf` ghktrhnf    ã
  i
  r
vfàgunh gh` h `hthr dukgbhkjklh hu fkqujkth h vfàgunh fstbvfr sfklh   f
gfrtbdbquf-sf lf quf h jr gh`prb`blh rfahgjlh lfvblh j jtujéçh lh sbstf`j   `
  f
 
fstfcj sfklh dhrkfgblh pfnh vfàgunh JAW. H vfàgunh phlf sfr ljkbdbgjlh hu   `
rfahgjlhr. pfrlfr j fstjabnbljlf lbrfgbhkjn f gjusjr    F
Wf h sbstf`j pkfu`êtbgh kçh pulfr sfr u` jgblfktf.
prfssurbzjlh, lfsjgbhkf `jkujn`fktf
h drfbh lf fstjgbhkj`fkth lf `hnjs Jh rfahgjr h vfàgunh, ghnhquf j gjbxj lf
jgu`unjlhrjs (; pêibkj 12:).
12:). `uljkéjs f` kfutrh f, sf`prf quf
phssàvfn, `jktfkmj h `hthr dukgbhkjklh
pjrj jssfiurjr h ghrrfth dukgbhkj`fkth lh
sbstf`j lf drfbh f lj lbrféçh mblrêunbgj.
Lf `hlh ifrjn, sf kçh mhuvfr kfkmu`j
lftfr`bkjéçh fspfgàdbgj pjrj
lftfr`bkjlhs jirfijlhs, h nb`btf `êxb`h
lf vfnhgbljlf pjrj rfahgjr h vfàgunh â lf
<5 o`/m. Qfspfbtf js lftfr`bkjéöfs
nfijbs lf gjlj pjàs sharf j vfnhgbljlf
`êxb`j pfr`btblj pjrj rfahgjr h vfàgunh.
 Bkstruéöfs pjrj rfahgjr h vfàgunh
 

1==

sbstf`j lf drfbh f lj lbrféçh mblrêunbgj. 

I Kçh fxgflj j vfnhgbljlf lf <5 o`/m.
Kçh rfahgjr h vfàgunh gjrrfijlh gh` Qfspfbtf js lftfr`bkjéöfs nfijbs lf
pfsh aruth thtjn hu gh` rfahquf hu gjlj pjàs.
sf`brrfahquf jghpnjlh. H ahgjn lf Lbstákgbjs jgb`j lf :55 o`
fkijtf lbjktfbrh â lb`fksbhkjlh pjrj
trjgbhkjr gh` sfiurjkéj jtâ 65% lh ] Qf`hvj j êrvhrf lf trjks`bssçh
pfsh aruth thtjn. jghpnjlj jh fxgflfr
vfàgunh sf` fbxh trjsfbrh f rfahquf
j vfnhgbljlf lfh
Lfvblh ås bkó`frjs vjrbêvfbs fkvhnvbljs rfahgj`fkth `êxb`j jl`bssàvfn.
kh rfahgj`fkth lf vfàgunhs, h
phsbgbhkj`fkth lh lbsphsbtbvh pjrj Qfahgjr h vfàgunh gh` h `hthr jvjrbjlh
nfvjktjr f rfahgjr, af` gh`h h
jtfklb`fkth ås fxbiãkgbjs nfijbs
pfrtbkfktfs, â lf ókbgj IJ\FKÉÇH
rfsphksjabnbljlf lh hpfrjlhr lh
vfàgunh rfahgjlhr. Hasfrvf quf hs vfàgunhs gh` `hthr
bkhpfrjktf jprfsfktj` u`j dhnij
Wf h vfàgunh fstbvfr jpfkjs fkgjnmjlh, ghksblfrêvfn lj lbrféçh jh sfrf`
  s
   b
  j
  g gh` js rhljshu
ghksbstãkgbj lfnj`jgfkth,
trjéçh f` tfrrfkh
rfahgjrsf`
h rfahgjlhs, khr`jn kfstjs ghklbéöfs.
  k Hasfrvf tj`aâ` quf j lbrféçh
   ã vfàgunh gh` h `êxb`h gubljlh,
  i
  r mblrêunbgj kçh rfgfaf juxànbh mblrêunbgh,
  f prbkgbpjn`fktf sf h `fs`h fstbvfr
  ` gjrrfijlh. Kçh puxf h vfàgunh f` sfklh kfgfssêrbh fsdhréhs `jbhrfs pjrj
  f
  ibrjr h vhnjktf lj lbrféçh. Uhrtjkth, h
  `
trjkghs, hanàquj hu njtfrjn`fktf, phbs
   F fstf prhgflb`fkth phlf ljkbdbgjr j vfàgunh lfvf sfr rfahgjlh gh` h
fstruturj lh vfàgunh. `êxb`h gubljlh, f` ajbxjs vfnhgbljlfs.
Wf tbvfr quf rfahgjr h vfàgunh f kçh dhr
Lbstákgbjs jtâ : o`, kh `êxb`h
phssàvfn `jktfr h `hthr dukgbhkjklh
pjrj suprbr h sbstf`j pkfu`êtbgh, ] Ghnhquf j gjbxj lf `uljkéjs f` phkth-
lfsjgbhkf `jkujn`fktf h drfbh lf `hrth (kfutrh) kh iruph lf vfnhgbljlfs
fstjgbhkj`fkth. lf `jrgmjs jntjs (1³ M).
] Qfahquf h vfàgunh sf` fxgflfr j
Qfahgjr h vfàgunh gh` h `hthr f` vfnhgbljlf lf :5 o`/m.
ghklbéöfs lf dukgbhkj`fkth
Lbstákgbjs jgb`j lf : o`
Lbstákgbjs jtâ :55 o`
] Qf`hvj j êrvhrf lf trjks`bssçh
] Uhsbgbhkf j jnjvjkgj lj gjbxj lf jghpnjlj jh fbxh trjsfbrh f rfahquf h
`uljkéjs f` kfutrh (phkth-`hrth) vfàgunh sf` fxgflfr j vfnhgbljlf lf
gh` h iruph lf `jrgmjs jntjs <5 o`/m.
sfnfgbhkjlh f `jktfkmj h `hthr
dukgbhkjklh f` `jrgmj nfktj, pjrj
jssfiurjr j nuarbdbgjéçh lj gjbxj lf
`uljkéjs f h dukgbhkj`fkth lh
 Bkstruéöfs pjrj rfahgjr h vfàgunh
 

1=2

Qfahgjr h vfàgunh gh` j gjbxj lf Qfahgjr h vfàgunh gh` h fbxh trjsfbrh

`uljkéjs jvjrbjlj jvjrbjlh
] Ibrf j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj
IJ\FKÉÇH lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lf `jrgmj.
V`j êrvhrf lf trjks`bssçh phlf gjbr Tfàgunhs gh` anhqufbh trjksvfrsjn lh fbxh
qujklh fstbvfr sfklh rf`hvblj f gjusjr trjsfbrh3
nfsöfs f` vhgã. Wustfktf
jlfqujlj`fktf j êrvhrf lf
] Fkijtf h anhqufbh trjksvfrsjn. Kçh
nfvjktf h fbxh lbjktfbrh.
trjks`bssçh jktfs lf rf`hvã-nj pjrj
prfvfkbr quf fnj gjbj - phr fxf`pnh ,gh` ] Qf`hvj hs lhbs sf`bfbxhs lh fbxh
juxànbh lf hutrj pfsshj, hu j`jrrjklh j trjsfbrh. 
êrvhrf lf trjks`bssçh kh qujlrh lf Khs vfàgunhs gh` lhbs fbxhs trjsfbrhs
gmjssb. lf trjéçh, rf`hvj hs sf`bfbxhs lf
j`ahs hs fbxhs trjsfbrhs.
] Qf`hvj j êrvhrf lf trjks`bssçh ] Qfahquf h vfàgunh sf` fxgflfr j
jghpnjlj jhs fbxhs `htrbzfs f rfahquf vfnhgbljlf lf rfahgj`fkth `êxb`j
h vfàgunh, hasfrvjklh j vfnhgbljlf lf jl`bssàvfn
  s
rfahgj`fkth `êxb`j jl`bssàvfn.    b
  j
  g
Qf`héçh lhs sf`bfbxhs   k
   ã
Qfahgjr h vfàgunh gh` h fbxh lbjktfbrh   i
  r
jvjrbjlh   f
  `
  f
 
IJ\FKÉÇH   `
   F
Khs vfàgunhs gh` sbstf`j JAW, sf h
vfàgunh tbvfr quf sfr rfahgjlh gh` h
fbxh lbjktfbrh suspfksh, kçh ibrf gmjvf
lh vfàgunh kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj
lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lf `jrgmj. Gjsh
ghktrêrbh, js rhljs lh fbxh trjsfbrh : Jkfn-trjvj
phlf` sfr drfjljs sf` ghktrhnf
fkqujkth h vfàgunh fstbvfr sfklh
rfahgjlh lfvblh jh dukgbhkj`fkth lh
sbstf`j JAW. H vfàgunh phlf, fktçh,
pfrlfr j fstjabnbljlf lbrfgbhkjn f
lfrrjpjr.

] Qfahquf h vfàgunh gh` h fbxh lbjktfbrh

suspfksh, hasfrvjklh js `fs`js
bkstruéöfs f lftfr`bkjéöfs pjrj
rfahgjr h vfàgunh gh` `hthr jvjrbjlh.
 

125 Bkstruéöfs pjrj rfahgjr h vfàgunh

] Qfghnhquf j tj`pj lh guah pnjkftêrbh f

jpfrtf dbr`f`fktf hs pjrjdushs lf
dbxjéçh.
I
Ujrj rfahgjr h vfàgunh f` lbstákgbjs
jgb`j lf :55 o`, hs guahs pnjkftêrbhs

lfvfrçh sfr rfjajstfgblhs gh` h ÷nfh

rfgh`fkljlh.

1 Qf`héçh lh sf`bfbxh (fxf`pnh)

Ujrj rf`hvfr hs sf`bfbxhs3

] Ibrf j rhlj lf dhr`j quf h aucçh lf
fsghj`fkth lf ÷nfh lh guah pnjkftêrbh
dbquf kj phsbéçh `jbs ajbxj phssàvfn.
] Qftbrf h aucçh lf fsghj`fkth f lfbxf
  s
   b
  j
  g fsghjr thlh h ÷nfh lh guah pnjkftêrbh.
  k Jp÷s lrfkjr h ÷nfh, rfghnhquf h aucçh
   ã lf fsghj`fkth f jpfrtf-h dbr`f`fktf.
  i
  r
  f Ghnftf h ÷nfh lrfkjlh f` u` rfgbpbfktf
  `
  f
  jlfqujlh.
  `
   F ] Wf h vfàgunh fstbvfr fqubpjlh gh`
anhqufbh trjksvfrsjn lh lbdfrfkgbjn, ibrf
j gmjvf kh bktfrrupthr lj ghnukj lj
lbrféçh pjrj j phsbéçh lf `jrgmj f
fkijtf h anhqufbh lh lbdfrfkgbjn. Kçh
nfvjktf h fbxh lbjktfbrh.
] Qftbrf hs pjrjdushs lf dbxjéçh f rf`hvj
j tj`pj lh guah pnjkftêrbh.
] Gh` u` jnbgjtf lf trjvjs jlfqujlh,
rf`hvj h jkfn-trjvj : lh sf`bfbxh.
] Gh` h juxànbh lf u`j dfrrj`fktj
jlfqujlj hu lf u` pjrjdush lf
:15 `` lf gh`prb`fkth lf rhsgj @=,
rf`hvj h sf`bfbxh. (J dfrrj`fktj hu h
pjrjdush pjrj rf`héçh lh sf`bfbxh kçh
fstê lbsphkàvfn kh chih lf dfrrj`fktjs
lf ahrlh lh vfàgunh).
 Bkstruéöfs pjrj rfahgjr h vfàgunh
 

12:

Lfsjgbhkj`fkth `jkujn lh drfbh lf I

fstjgbhkj`fkth lf `hnjs @h`fkth lf dhréj `êxb`h lf shnturj
jgu`unjlhrjs 76 K`. Kçh usf u`j gmjvf lf b`pjgth.

IJ\FKÉÇH Ujrj rfthrkjr h gbnbklrh lf drfbh lf

fstjgbhkj`fkth lf `hnj jgu`unjlhrj
Jktfs
drfbh lflffstjgbhkj`fkth,
lfsjgbhkjr `jkujn`fktf h
gjngf js rhljs pjrj suj ghklbéçh lf hpfrjéçh3
] Urfssurbzf h gbrgubth lf drfbh jtâ quf j
lh vfàgunh pjrj prfvfkbr quf h vfàgunh sf prfssçh lf lfsgjrij sfcj jngjkéjlj.
lfsnhquf.
H gbnbklrh lf `hnj jgu`unjlhrj lh drfbh ] Jgbhkf j jnjvjkgj lh drfbh lf
lf fstjgbhkj`fkth lfvf sfr ghnhgjlh fstjgbhkj`fkth pjrj j phsbéçh lf drfbh
f` ghklbéöfs lf hpfrjéçh jktfs lf lfsjgbhkjlh.
ghnhgjr h vfàgunh f` hpfrjéçh ] Fkrhsquf thtjn`fktf h pjrjdush lf jnàvbh
khvj`fktf. lh gbnbklrh lf `hnj jgu`unjlhrj f
jpfrtf-h kj phsbéçh lf trjajnmh : gh`
F` u`j f`friãkgbj, h drfbh lf u` `h`fkth lf jpfrth lf 16 j <6 K`.
  s
fstjgbhkj`fkth lf `hnjs jgu`unjlhrjs    b
  j
  g
phlf sfr lfsjgbhkjlh `jkujn`fktf pjrj   k
   ã
quf sfcj phssàvfn rfahgjr h vfàgunh qujklh   i
  r
j prfssçh khs rfsfrvjt÷rbhs lh sbstf`j lf   f
  `
drfbh dhr bksudbgbfktf.   f
 
  `
   F

Ujrjdush lf jnàvbh lh gbnbklrh lf `hnj

jgu`unjlhrj
: Uhsbéçh lf trjajnmh.
1 Uhsbéçh lf shnturj.

] Lfsfkrhsquf h pjrjdush lf jnàvbh jtâ h

ajtfktf kj phsbéçh lf shnturj 1.
 

127

Blfktbdbgjéçh lh vfàgunh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12<

Ghktrhnf ljs
ljs f`bssöf
f`bssöfss lf phnufktf
phnufktfss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Ghktrhnf lf f`bssçh shkhrj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Gjpjgbljlfs
Gjpjgbl jlfs lf jajs
jajstfgb`fkth
tfgb`fkth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
Ljlhs lf dukgbhkj`fkth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751

\jafnj lf prfssçh
prfssçh lhs pkfus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756

  s
  h
  g
   b
  k
  g
   â
   t
  s
  h
   l
  j
   L
 

12< Blfktbdbgjéçh lh vfàgunh

Blfktbdbgjéçh lh vfàgunh
Unjquftj lf blfktbdbgjéçh lh vfàgunh hklf h vfàgunh sfrê utbnbzjlh, lfvfklh
prfvjnfgfr sf`prf js bklbgjéöfs lf
`fkhr vjnhr.
Kó`frh lf blfktbdbgjéçh lh vfàgunh
(TBK)

: Unjquftj lf blfktbdbgjéçh lh vfàgunh

Bkdhr`jéçh kj pnjquftj lf blfktbdbgjéçh

• @hlfn
hlfnhh llhh vvffàgunh
• Kó`
Kó`frh
frh lf bblf
lfkt
ktbdb
bdbgj
gjéç
éçhh lh vvfà
fàgun
gunhh : Kó`frh lf blfktbdbgjéçh lh vfàgunh
(TBK) f jkh lf djarbgjéçh
  s • Ufs
Ufshh `ê
`êxb
xb`h
`h jl`bs
jl`bssà
sàvf
vfn,n, phr fbxh
fbxh
  h H kó`frh lf blfktbdbgjéçh lh vfàgunh (TBK)
  g
   b
  k • Uf
Ufssh aaru
rutth th
thtjn f h jkh lf djarbgjéçh fstçh irjvjlhs kj
  g
   â
   t • Uf
Ufsh
sh aaru
ruth
th ttht
htjn
jn gh`a
gh`abk
bkjl
jlhh nhkijrbkj lbrfbtj lh qujlrh lh gmjssb,
  s pr÷xb`h jh fbxh lbjktfbrh lh vfàgunh.
  h • Gj
Gjpj
pjgb
gblj
ljlf
lf `
`êx
êxb`
b`jj lf ttrj
rjéç
éçhh
   l
  j
   L • Jk
Jkhh lf djar
djarbg
bgjé
jéçh
çh Kó`frh lf blfktbdbgjéçh sfgbhkjlh
(TBW)
Jnâ` ljs bklbgjéöfs jgb`j,
Jnâ` lh kó`frh lf blfktbdbgjéçh lh vfàgunh
fspfgbdbgj`fktf pjrj h Arjsbn,
lf blfktbdbgjéçh ghktã` js pnjquftjs
js sfiubktfs (TBK) irjvjlh kj nhkijrbkj lh qujlrh lh
bklbgjéöfs jlbgbhkjbs3 gmjssb f kj pnjquftj lf blfktbdbgjéçh, h
vfàgunh phssub u` kó`frh lf blfktbdbgjéçh
• Ufs
Ufshh jjut
uthr
hrbz
bzjlh
jlh/n
/nfi
fijn
jn `êxb
`êxb`h
`h sfgbhkjlh, lbsphsth khs sfiubktfs phkths3
jl`bssàvfn, phr fbxh hu gh`abkjéçh lf
fbxhs • ghn
ghnuk
ukjj lb
lbjk
jktf
tfbr
brjj lj pphrt
hrtjj lb
lbrf
rfbt
btjj -
ftbquftj abhlfirjlêvfn
• Ufsh arut
aruthh tthtj
htjnn juthrbz
juthrbzjlh/
jlh/nfi
nfijn
jn (UA\)
(UA\)
• pjr
pjrflf
flf drhkt
drhktjn
jn lj ggjab
jabkf
kf,, jt
jtrê
rêss lj
b Js gjpjgbljlfs tâgkbgjs lf pfsh lh tj`pj drhktjn lf `jkutfkéçh - ftbquftj
vfàgunh sçh lftfr`bkjljs pfnj dêarbgj. abhlfirjlêvfn
Jh gjrrfijr h vfàgunh, lfvf` sfr
hasfrvjlhs tj`aâ`
fstjafnfgblhs hs nb`btfslhlfpjàs
pfnj nfibsnjéçh pfsh • `hthrbstj
pbs
pbshh lj gja
gjabk
- bkf,
f, å fsq
fsqufr
ftbquftj ufrlj
lj lh
lh aj
ajkg
kghh lh
abhlfirjlêvfn
 

Blfktbdbgjéçh lh vfàgunh 126

• pjr
pjrj-a
j-arb
rbsj
sj,, vblrhs
vblrhs ljs phr
phrtj
tjss f vb
vblrh
lrh Lfsbikjéçh lh `hthr 
trjsfbrh - irjvjéçh phr lfsijstf J lfsbikjéçh lh `hthr blfktbdbgj h tbph lh
Kó`frh lf blfktbdbgjéçh lj gjabkf `hthr f j khr`j lf f`bssçh lf phnufktfs
ijshshs quf fnf jtfklf.
Fxf`pnh3 H@ <69 NJ.T/1:
H@ 0 `hthr lbfsfn
<69 0 tbph lh `hthr
NJ 0 sbstf`j lf jl`bssçh gh`
turahjnb`fktjlhr f p÷s-rfsdrbjlhr lh jr lf
jl`bssçh
T 0 ghkdhr`f khr`j lf f`bssçh
UQHGHKTF U9 (Furh 6)
: Unjquftj lf blfktbdbgjéçh lj gjabkf 1: 0 vjrbjktf lf prhluéçh

Blfktbdbgjéçh lh `hthr

  s
  h
  g
   b
  k
  g
   â
   t
  s
  h
   l
  j
   L

Nhgjnbzjéçh lj pnjquftj lf blfktbdbgjéçh lh

`hthr
J lfsbikjéçh f h kó`frh lh `hthr fstçh
fstj`pjlhs f` u`j pnjquftj dbxjlj kh
njlh fsqufrlh lh anhgh lh `hthr.
 

124 Ghktrhnf ljs f`bssöfs lf phnufktfs

Ghktrhnf ljs f`bssöfs lf phnufktfs

fksjbh. 
Urhtféçh jh `fbh j`abfktf H ÷nfh lbfsfn gh`frgbjn tj`aâ` â
H sfu vfàgunh @frgflfs-Afkz fstê lf fspfgbdbgjlh f` Qfshnuéçh lj JKU f,
jghrlh gh` js fxbiãkgbjs nfijbs lf qujklh kçh jtfklfrf` fstjs
prhtféçh jh `fbh j`abfktf vbifktfs kj fspfgbdbgjéöfs, jprfsfktjklh u` tfhr
lf fkxhdrf `jbs fnfvjlh f hutrjs
ljtj lf suj
fstê f` prhluéçh. Kh
ghkdhr`bljlf gh`Arjsbn, h vfàgunh
js fxbiãkgbjs gjrjgtfràstbgjs quf kçh djvhrféj` j
lh UQHGHKTF, jtfklfklh jhs btfks ahj gh`austçh, phlfrê jgjrrftjr
fstjafnfgblhs pfnh Ghksfnmh Kjgbhkjn lh prhanf`js gh`h3
@fbh J`abfktf (GHKJ@J). • lft
lftfr
frbh
bhrj
rjéçh
éçh prf
prf`jt
`jturj
urj lh ÷n
÷nfh
fh
J f`bssçh lf dunbif` f lhs ijsfs lf nuarbdbgjktf?
fsgjpj`fkth sfrçh `jktblhs lfktrh lhs • lfs
lfsij
ijst
stff jjgf
gfnf
nfrjl
rjlhh lhs
lhs jjkâ
kâbs
bs lf
nb`btfs fstjafnfgblhs, sf rfspfbtjlhs sfi`fkth f lhs gbnbklrhs?
rbihrhsj`fktf hs prhgflb`fkths lf • ju`
ju`fkt
fkthh fxgfs
fxgfssbsbvh
vh lljj f`b
f`bss
ssçh
çh llff
`jkutfkéçh ghkstjktfs khs rfspfgtbvhs dunbif`?
`jkujbs lf `jkutfkéçh f lf hpfrjéçh lh • gj
gjrah
rahkb
kbzj
zjéç
éçhh jgfkt
jgfktujl
ujljj kjs ggá`j
á`jrj rjss
vfàgunh. lf gh`austçh f khs abghs bkcfthrfs?
b Gh`austàvfn  • vjr
vjrbj
bjéç
éçhh kh lfs
lfsf`p
f`pfkfkmh
mh llhh vf
vfàg
àgun
unh?
h?
  s J nfibsnjéçh lf prhtféçh jh `fbh • vjr
vjrbj
bjéç
éçhh kh gghks
hksu`u`hh lf ggh`a
h`austustàv
àvfn
fn??
  h j`abfktf fstjafnfgf pjlröfs `êxb`hs
  g
   b • lbd
lbdbg
bgun
unljl
ljlff kj pjrt
pjrtbl
bljj j drb
drbhh f f`
f`bsbssç
sçhh
  k lf f`bssçh lf phnufktfs phr vfàgunhs
  g lf du`jéj arjkgj?
   â
   t juth`hthrfs, guch lfsgu`prb`fkth
  s
• `fk
`fkhr hr lurjab
lurjabnbnbljl
ljlff lh prh
prhlut
luth?
h?
  h
sucfbtj hs djarbgjktfs lf vfàgunhs quf
   l kçh jtfklj` jhs pjlröfs lf f`bssçh j • gh
ghrrh
rrhsç
sçhh pr
prf`
f`jt jturj
urj kh ssbs
bstf
tf`j
`j llff
  j gh`austàvfn.
   L kçh rfgfafr hu tfr gjkgfnjlj j nbgfkéj
pjrj ush lj ghkdbiurjéçh lh vfàgunh hu b Ujrj jtfklfr hs rfqubsbths nfijbs lf
`hthr. Lfstj dhr`j, hs vfàgunhs quf prhtféçh jh `fbh j`abfktf, h vfàgunhs
kçh jtfklf` ås fxbiãkgbjs nfijbs lf gh` `hthrbzjéçh ghkdhr`f UQHGHKTF
prhtféçh jh `fbh j`abfktf dbgj` U9 (Furh 6) lfvf` sfr jajstfgblhs
prhbablhs lf sfr gh`frgbjnbzjlhs khs sh`fktf gh` ÷nfh lbfsfn gh` ajbxh
tfrrbt÷rbhs jarjkiblhs pfnj nfibsnjéçh.  tfhr lf fkxhdrf (÷nfh lbfsfn W65 hu
Kh Arjsbn, pjrj jtfklfr å nfibsnjéçh lf W:5).
f`bssöfs, hs vfàgunhs `hvblhs j lbfsfn
prfgbsj` sfr gfrtbdbgjlhs gh` ÷nfh
gh`austàvfn lf rfdfrãkgbj fspfgbdbgjlh
kj Qfshnuéçh JKU (Jiãkgbj Kjgbhkjn lh
Uftr÷nfh, Iês Kjturjn f
Abhgh`austàvfbs), vbifktf kj ljtj lf
suj prhluéçh, j qujn nb`btj h tfhr lf
fkxhdrf f lfdbkf js lf`jbs
gjrjgtfràstbgjs lh gh`austàvfn lf
 

Ghktrhnf ljs f`bssöfs lf phnufktfs 129

Nb`btfs `êxb`hs lf f`bssçh lf dunbif`

b NB@B\F @Ê]B@H LF F@BWWÇH LF DVNBIF@ (GHKLBÉÖFW LF QFDFQÃKGBJ)3

\f`pfrjturj lf jl`bssçh3 16 µG
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Ghktrhnf lf f`bssçh shkhrj 122

Ghktrhnf lf f`bssçh shkhrj

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755 Gjpjgbljlfs lf jajstfgb`fkth (f` nbtrhs)

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Gjpjgbljlfs lf jajstfgb`fkth (f` nbtrhs) 75:

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751 Ljlhs lf dukgbhkj`fkth

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756

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