LHZ^Z @MAAEHB FGZJM^BV F_^CZ,Gbj

EHLHIH@

Znohchg Tnbyhbcch` fhihe Ehth Luigh` Zgstne Tnbcnbfhighb Ehbhknenb

fgsusub min`;

Enych Eniys`h - 8883444>

Wmihbfh Hprgigh - 888344?8

Zgiwy Qhinbtgbh - 888344?

Eht`gifh Ign  ‚   88834468

AHL^IVHZ GIE^ ZMZGHI FHB @^EHBGM_H

T_MC_HE ZV^FG HL^BVHBZG

^BGQN_ZGVHZ O^BFH E^IGH

KHLH_VH

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 FHAVH_ GZG

FHAVH_ GZG...........................................................................................................................g

OHO 8 TNBFH@^I^HB ............................................................................................. 8

OHO ? VNM_G .................................................................................................................1

OHO : _^E^ZHB EHZHIH@ ..................................................................................0

OHO 6 TNEOH@HZHB............................................................................................7

OHO > LNZGET^IHB ................................................................................................8 ?

FHAVH_ _NAN_NBZ ................................................................................................. 8: 

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 OHO 8

TNBFH@^I^HB

@maaehb Fgsjmubt Frucs, Gbj (@FFG) hfhih` khrgbchb tmlm moht rgtni yhbc

enegiglg inog` fhrg 644 tmlm fgsniuru` ohcghb ohrht Henrglh Znrglht.

Tnrush`hhb gbg enegiglg inog` fhrg 804 tmlm fg wgihyh` Ohrht fhyh Henrglh

Znrglht, tnrehsul Jhigamrbgh ohcghb snihthb, Hrgzmbh, fhb Bnvhfh. Vmlm

@FFG oghshbyh onrimlhsg fgpusht pnronihbkhhb onshr yhbc kuch enegiglg

supnrehrlnt.

Lgbnrkh tnrlgbg @FFG onrvhrghsg. Ononrhph th`ub tnrhl`gr, tgbclht

 pnbkuhihb tnrus enbgbclht fhb shht tnrtgbccg fhihe snkhrh` pnrush`hhb. Bheub,

lhrnbh lmepntgsg yhbc lntht fhihe onrohchg phshr utheh pnrush`hhb, pnbfhphthb

ush`h pnrush`hhb `hbyh snfglgt fghths tgtgl gephs. Thfh hl`gr 877>, prnsgfnb
@FFG fgpnjht, `hbyh ? th`ub sntnih` pnbubkulhbbyh, fhb fgchbtglhb min` Ehtt

InCnyt.

Ehtt ihbcsubc eneuihg bncmsghsg fnbchb ononrhph pnrush`hhb

hsurhbsg utheh hchr @FFG enbkhfg fgstrgoutmr moht shtu-shtubyh ubtul phrh

pnenchbc

 pmigs hsurhbsg tnrsnout. Fnbchb enbfhphtlhb `hl fgstrgousg moht rnsnp

tnrsnout, Ehtt yhlgb oh`wh kueih` pnihbcchb @FFG hlhb enbgbclht.

Bheub, Ehtt

 pnrjhyh oh`wh lubjg sulsns @FFG snsubccu`byh hfhih` fnbchb

enbgbclhtlhb lgbnrkh mpnrhsgmbhi phfh invni tmlm. Gh enrhsh pnrush`hhb gbg

enenriulhb strhtncg

 pnehshrhb imlhi yhbc inog` nanltga, ihyhbhb pnihbcchb yhbc inog` ohgl,

fhb mpnrhsgmbhi yhbc inog` nagsgnb. Bheub, gh tgfhl gbcgb enruoh` entmfn

?
6
mpnrhsgmbhi tnrfnsnbtrhigshsg pnrush`hhb. Gh pnrjhyh oh`wh `hi gtu eubcgb shih`

shtu lninog`hb @FFG fgohbfgbclhb phrh pnshgbc yhbc tnrsnbtrhigshsg.

?
6
 Znouh` tmlm @FFG enegiglg pnrsnfghhb snbgihg $8 kuth, enihyhbg `hepgr

044.444 mrhbc pnihbcchb pnr th`ub, fhb enbc`hsgilhb pnbkuhihb th`ubhb snlgthr

$84 kuth snrth ihoh onrsg` $>44.444.

Fhihe pnr`gtubchb ihoh onrsg`, sneuh pnbcniuhrhb pnrush`hhb lnjuhig

 oubch fhb TT` fgihjhl hthu fghimlhsglhb onrfhshrlhb tmlm. Znihgb gtu, tghp tmlm

 kuch fglnbhlhb oghyh pnbygephbhb pnrsnfghhb onrfhshrlhb pnrlgrhhb th`ubhb hths

 oghyh emfhi ehrcgbhi pnrush`hhb.

@FFG enegiglg lminlsg prmful yhbc shbcht onrvhrghsg. Trmful

ueue hbthrh ihgb tnrfgrg hths pnrinbclhphb lnsn`hthb fhb lnjhbtglhb,

fntnrknb fhb

 prmful shoub, pnrinbclhphb ohyg, lhrtu ujhphb, ehgbhb, fhb ohrhbc eusgehb.

Vghp tmlm snjhrh rnihtga onrmtmbmeg. Ehbhknr tmlm fggzgblhb ubtul

enbchfhpthsg rhbclhghb prmful yhbc enrnlh thwhrlhb snsuhg fnbchb phshr
imlhi ehsgbc-

ehsgbc. Egshibyh tmlm yhbc onrimlhsg fnlht phbthg enbhwhrlhb ohbyhl

pgig`hb lnpnriuhb phbthg snpnrtg thogr suryh, `hbful phbthg, fhb phphb

iubjur.hthupub tmlm yhbc onrimlhsg fg igbclubchb enbnbch` ln hths fnbchb

ohbyhl lniuhrch eufh enegiglg ohbyhl stml prmful lnpnriuhb ohyg fhb hbhl

kuch ninltrmbgl snpnrtg

 pnrhbclht pnrnlhe vgfnm, stnrnm, fhb lhenrh.

Ehbhknr tmlm fggzgblhb ubtul eneouht lnputushb enbcnbhg

pnbcglihbhb imlhi. Enrnlh fhpht enegig` knbgs fhb gbtnbsgths pnbcglihbhb

sntnepht (egshibyh enihiug surht lhohr, rhfgm, fhb tninvgsg), whihupub ehbhknr

ohru oghshbyh fgegbth

ubtul enbjhrg shrhb fhrg tge h`ig pnrush`hhb fhb ehbhknr fgstrgl enrnlh.

Znouh` tmlm onshr oghshbyh enbc`hogslhb fhbh `hepgr $644.444 ubtul

:
pnbcglihbhb imlhi.

:
 Lnogkhlhb @FFG hfhih` eneonrg chkg ehbhknr tmlm fnbchb kueih` snfglgt

fgohwh` tgbclht phshrhb, bheub eneonrglhb pniuhbc ombus yhbc

enbkhfglhb tmthi phlnt lmepnbshsg enbkhfg onrshgbc. Ombus tnrsnout

fgehlsuflhb ubtul enemtgvhsg phrh ehbhknr ubtul onlnrkh lnrhs fhb

onrtgbfhl snsuhg fnbchb lnpnbtgbchb pnrush`hhb.

Zlneh ombus ehbhknenb tmlm @FFG onrfhshrlhb pnbjhphghb thrcnt

 pnbkuhihb fhb ihoh onrsg` ubtul tghp tmlm. Vhrcnt-thrcnt tnrsnout

fgtnbtulhb fnbchb jhrh tmp-fmwb. Lhrnbh pnrush`hhb tnrus ehbheoh`

tmlm ohru fhb enbgbclhtlhb ononrhph imlhsg tmlm, thrcnt lmrpmrht, wgihyh`,

fhb fgstrgl oghshbyh tnrus enbgbclht, fnbchb rhth-rhth pnrtueou`hb 6-3% pnr >

th`ub. Bheub thrcnt

 pnrtueou`hb invni tmlm oghshbyh inog` rnbfh`. Vnrlhfhbc thrcnt tmlm oh`lhb
ogsh fglurhbcg, jmbtm`byh kglh supnrehrlnt onshr fgimlhsg pusht pnronihbkhhb
@FFG

fgtutup.

Vhrcnt tghp tmlm fgohcg enbkhfg pnrgmfn ouihbhb enbccubhlhb

pmih eusgehb `gstmrgs, fhb kglh fgpnriulhb, kuch enbccubhlhb

pnrtgeohbcthb ehbhkhenb. Thrh ehbhknr tmlm enbnrgeh ihpmrhb ouihbhb yhbc

eneohbfgbclhb lgbnrkh pnbkuhihb, ihoh onrsg`, fhb pnrsnfghhb tmlm fnbchb

thrcnt ouihbhb tnrsnout

fhb thrcnt snkhl hwhi th`ub. Fnthgi pnr outgr ohrgs kuch fgonrglhb ubtul

tukuhb hbhigsgs.

Thrh ehbhknr lmrpmrht @FFG enegiglg `hl ubtul enihlulhb pnbynsuhghb

suoknltga tnr`hfhp ombus hphogih lgbnrkh tnrchbccu min` lnkhfghb fgiuhr

lnbfhig;

 onbjhbh hihe, pnrhepmlhb, fhb lnrushlhb, snrth pnbkhrh`hb. Fg tmlm onshr,

 pnbynsuhghb `hbyh hlhb fgpnrtgeohbclhb kglh bgihg lnrucghb lnkhfghb

fgiuhr lnbfhig onshrbyh inog` fhrg $84.444. lnkhfghb yhbc enbynoholhb

lnrucghb
fgohwh` $84.444 fghbcchp tgfhl ehtnrghi. Lnrucghb `hbyh fgpnr`gtubclhb

snjhrh gbfgvgfu, tgfhl lueuihtga, fhb shbcht khrhbc tnrkhfg inog` fhrg shtu

hthu fuh lnkhfghb fgiuhr lnbfhig phfh shtu tmlm fhihe shtu th`ub yhbc sheh.

Ehtt InCnyt, prnsgfnb pnrush`hhb yhbc ohru, enyhlgbg oh`wh

lubjg lnsulsnshb pnrush`hhb hfhih` fnbchb enbgbclhtlhb lgbnrkh mpnrhsgmbhi

tmlm. Gh tnih` enbyhthlhb egbhtbyh ubtul enihlulhb nvhiuhsg enbyniuru`

enbcnbhg

 prmcrhe lmepnbshsg ehbhknenb tmlm. Zhht Khbn Agstnbonrc enbcniu`lhb

lntgfhlwhkhrhb sgtuhsg phfh hthshbbyh, phrh ehbhknr @FFG sntuku ubtul

enihlshbhlhb tuchs gbg. Lniu`hb Khbn Agstnbonrc tnrsnout fgurhglhb fghwhi

stufg lhsus. Fnphrtnenb sueonr fhyh ehbusgh @FFG fgegbth ubtul enihlulhb

hbhigsgs

enbyniuru` enbcnbhg prmcrhe tnrsnout fhb eneprnsnbthsglhb rnlmenbfhsgbyh

 phfh rhpht ehbhknenb fgouihb Kuig.
?
OHO ?

VNM_G

:
 OHO :

_^E^ZHB EHZHIH@

8.  Hphlh` ahltmr-ahltmr yhbc tgfhl fhpht fglnbfhiglhb fhrg lhsus tnrsnout=

?.  Ohchgehbh hbhigsgs fhb rnlmenbfhsg yhbc fhpht fgonrglhb fhrg lhsus

yhbc tnrkhfg=

6
 OHO 6

TNEOH@HZHB

Trgbsgp pnbcnbfhighb

Enbyhthlhb oh`wh lhryhwhb sn`hrusbyh `hbyh onrthbccubc

khwho tnr`hfhp hph yhbc enrnlh lnbfhiglhb. Tnbculurhb ogsh fglnbfhiglhb

snpnbu`byh min` snmrhbc lhryhwhb kglh `hbyh fgpnbchru`g min` tgbfhlhb

lnputushbbyh.

^btul enihlulhb prgbsgp pnbcnbfhighb, pnbcnvhiuhsghb lgbnrkh

fhpht enbcurhbcg hthu enbc`gihbclhb pnbchru` yhbc enbcchbccu fhrg

ahltmr yhbc tgfhl fhpht fglnbfhiglhb.

Vgpn Ahltmr Whbc Vgfhl Fhpht Fglnbfhiglhb

8. Ahltmr nlmbmeg fhb pnrshgbchb

Whbc enepnbchru`g shtu `hsgi pnbculurhb hthu inog`. Zhih` shtu `hsgi

 pnbculurhb yhbc pnbtgbc ghih` ihoh, yhbc fhpht fgpnbchru`g min` ononrhph

ahltmr yhbc fhpht onruoh`, yhgtu pnregbthhb lmsuenb, `hrch prmful/khsh,

hthu oghyh ubtul enihlulhb ogsbgs.

>
 OHO >

LNZGET^IHB

Enburut lnimepml lheg, fnbchb hfhbyh pnrehshih`hb tnrsnout, ehlh pg`hl

 pnrush`hhb JZG sn`hrusbyh inog` enepnrtgeohbclhb ihcg ubtul ononrhph

`hi snohchg onrglut ;

   Zn`hrusbyh ehbhcnr enbyninshglhb `hl phtnbt yhbc oniue

tnrsninshglhb, lhrnbh kglh tgfhl `hi gbg fhpht onrhlgoht ahthi

ubtul lnfnphbbyh Enbcgbcht oh`wh lmepntgtmr sufh` euihg eneouht

prmfulsg hiht yhbc sheh snpnrtg hiht yhbc fg prmfulsg min` JZG

   Tnrush`hhb (JZG) `hrus eneglgrlhb thrcnt lnubtubchb khbclh pnbfnl fhb

thrcnt lnubtubchb khbclh phbkhbc

   Tnrush`hhb (JZG) snohglbyh eneonrglhb pnbchrh`hb yhbc knihs

lnphfh lhryhwhb tnbthbc hph yhbc `hrus fgihlulhb tnrinog` fh`uiu.

1
 FHAVH_ _NAN_NBZG

Enrj`hbt, L. H., & Qhb fnr Ztnfn, S. H. (?486). Zgstne Tnbcnbfhighb

 Ehbhknenb; Tnbculurhb Lgbnrkh, Nvhiuhsg, fhb Gbsnbtga Nfgsg :.  Khlhrth;
Zhineoh Nepht.