Phkv`rskgog Ohgkho g`b Cuscf

BKC@HCKOGO \FQ SPH@GP [ OCQ@GKWOGO KHW@QHOCKFHOBN@HW@ \FQ BO QK@T 
CFHSWKWPCKÓH \FBÎWKCO
G@B \@QÚ [ GGMM 

B`cckóh 7: Bo @vfbuckóh Mkstórkco g` bfs G`r`cmfs Munohfs

K.  @vfbuckóh mkstórkco

@h `sto b`cckóh trotor`nfs bo `vfbuckóh mkstórkco g` bfs g`r`cmfs munohfs. \oro
`safzor gkcmo `vfbuckóh pfg`nfs g`stocor vorkfs mktfs:

?.  \rkn`rfs pr`c`g`ht`s

Bo bucmo pfr bknktor `b pfg`r pfbîtkcf `s toh ohtkiuo cfnf bo mkstfrko g` bo
munohkgog. \`rf hf du` skhf `h bo Aojo @gog N`gko qu` bfs bînkt`s ob pfg`r
pfg` r bb`iorfh
o s`r `xpr`sogfs `h ocu`rgfs vkhcuboht`s. G` `st`
`s t` nfgf, `h bo @spoÿo g`b skibf ?1,
cfh bo Corto Noiho poro `b Q`khf g` B`óh (??==), y `h bo Khibot`rro g` khkckfs g`b

skibf ?3, cfh bo Corto Noiho Arktïhkco (?1?0), s` `vktó qu` `b pfg`r cr`ck`ht` g`
bfs r`y`s du`s` utkbkzogf oraktrorkon`ht` cfhtro sus súagktfs, pfr n`gkf g` bo
cfhsoirockóh g`b g`r`cmf ob g`akgf prfc`sf y o bo prkvockgog g`b
g `b mfior.
Nucmf nïs torg`, `h ?4=;, `b Q`y g` Khibot`rro du` dfrzogf o oc`ptor bo Corto
g` G`r`cmfs Arktïhkco cfnf cfhgkckóh poro osc`hg`r ob trfhf.

1.  Justkdkcockóh rockfhob f dkbfsódkco g` bfs G`r`cmfs Munohfs

O dkh`s g`b skibf ?9, `b dkbósfdf arktïhkcf Jfmh Bfce` oriun`htó o dovfr g` r`strkhikr
`b pfg`r r`ob, g`d`hgk`hgf bo tfb`rohcko r`bkikfso y bo prft`cckóh g`b g`r`cmf

hoturob o bo prfpk`gog. Dkbósfdfs pfbîtkcfs drohc`s`s g`b skibf ?=, tob`s cfnf
Nfht`squk`u y Qfuss`ou, g`d`hgk`rfh bo gkvkskóh g` bfs pfg`r`s g`b @stogf poro
bknktor `b pfg`r. Guroht` `b nksnf p`rkfgf, `b dkbósfdf ob`nïh Knnohu`b Eoht
oriun`htó `h dovfr g` cfhc`g`r g`r`cmfs o tfgfs bfs s`r`s rockfhob`s, `h
r`cfhfcknk`htf g` su gkihkgog hoturob.

3.  Bos r`vfbuckfh`s bka`rob`s y bo t`hg`hcko o khcfrpfror bfs g`r`cmfs munohfs

`h `b G`r`cmf

@h `b dr`ht` pfbîtkcf, bos r`vfbuckfh`s bka`rob`s g` dkh`s g`b skibf ?= tonakëh

r`dfrzorfh bo couso g` bo prft`cckóh g` bfs g`r`cmfs khgkvkguob`s. Osî, bu`if g`b
ëxktf g` bo Q`vfbuckóh g` @stogfs Phkgfs, `b prkn`r cfhjuhtf g` `hnk`hgos o bo

?
 

Phkv`rskgog Ohgkho g`b Cuscf

BKC@HCKOGO \FQ SPH@GP [ OCQ@GKWOGO KHW@QHOCKFHOBN@HW@ \FQ BO QK@T 
CFHSWKWPCKÓH \FBÎWKCO
G@B \@QÚ [ GGMM 

Cfhstktuckóh Hfrt`on`rkcoho, `h ?9;?, vkhf `h bo dfrno g` uho Corto g`

G`r`cmfs. \fcf oht`s, `h bfs cfnk`hzfs g` bo Q`vfbuckóh Drohc`so, bo G`cborockóh
g` bfs G`r`cmfs g`b Mfnar` y g`b Ckugogohf du` `nktkgo pfr bfs r`vfbuckfhorkfs

`h `b pfg`r. @sto t`hg`hcko `s cfhfckgo cfnf bo ‒pfsktkvkzockóh„ g` bfs g`r`cmfs

munohfs, `stf `s, su khcfrpfrockóh `h `b g`r`cmf cr`ogf pfr `b s`r munohf.

7.  I`h`robkzockóh
Gogf qu` bos r`vfbuckfh`s bka`rob`s g`b skibf ?= du`rfh khspkrogos pfr `b
rockfhobksnf, bfs g`r`cmfs khgkvkguob`s knpbkcoaoh qu` tfgfs bfs s`r`s munohfs
g`aîoh s`r sus tktubor`s, khcbuy`hgf bfs `scbovfs y bos nuj`r`s, quk`h`s moaîoh skgf
trogkckfhobn`ht` `xcbukgfs g` bo ckugogohîo pb`ho. \fr bf tohtf, g`sg` `b skibf ?;
bfs g`r`cmfs munohfs du`rfh prfir`skvon`ht` r`cfhfckgfs o tfgos bos p`rsfhos.

0.  @xpohskóh
\oro n`gkogfs g`b skibf ?;, `h @urfpo `ro cborf qu` bfs g`r`cmfs cfhsoirogfs
bu`if g` bos r`vfbuckfh`s bka`rob`s hf s`rîoh sudkck`ht`s. @sfs g`r`cmfs s` r`d`rîoh o
bo bknktockóh ob pfg`r y o bo prft`cckóh g`b khgkvkguf `h su `sd`ro nïs îhtkno.
Wonakëh s` r`d`rîoh o bo portkckpockóh g`b khgkvkguf `h bo vkgo sfckob, `cfhónkco y
pfbîtkco g` bo cfnuhkgog, khcbuy`hgf `b g`r`cmf o `b`ikr duhckfhorkfs púabkcfs y
r`pr`s`htoht`s y pfstubors` o corifs púabkcfs. @h uho poboaro, `roh ‒g
‒g`r`cmfs
`r`cmfs g`
bka`rtog„, tonakëh cfhfckgfs cfnf ‒g`r`cmfs g` prkn`ro i`h`rockóh„ f
‒g`r`cmfs ckvkb`s y pfbîtkcfs„. 
\`rf omfro s` s`htîo bo h`c`skgog g` r`cfhfc`r bfs ‒g`r`cmfs g` kiuobgog„,
poro n`jfror bos cfhgkckfh`s not`rkob`s g` bfs pfar`s y bos cbos`s nïs vubh`roab`s
g` bo sfck`gog. @b cfhjuhtf g` g`r`cmfs qu` opuhtoao o sotksdoc`r bos
h`c`skgog`s aïskcos mo skgf bbonogf, `h bos úbtknos gëcogos, bo ‒s`iuhgo
i`h`rockóh„ g` g`r`cmfs, f ‒g`r`cmfs `cfhónkcfs, sfckob`s y cubturob`s„. S`
`sp`roao qu` `b @stogf `htr`ioro, hf sfbon`ht` qu` s` oastuvk`ro.

4.  Kht`rhockfhobkzockóh
Ouhqu` g`sg` `b tk`npf g` bo Kbustrockóh `b rockfhobksnf moaîo oafiogf pfr bo
`xpohskóh g` bfs g`r`cmfs o tfgfs bfs s`r`s rockfhob`s, du` sóbf `h ?;7=, bu`if g`
bo S`iuhgo Iu`rro Nuhgkob, qu` bo cfnuhkgog kht`rhockfhob prfcbonó bo

1
 

Phkv`rskgog Ohgkho g`b Cuscf

BKC@HCKOGO \FQ SPH@GP [ OCQ@GKWOGO KHW@QHOCKFHOBN@HW@ \FQ BO QK@T 
CFHSWKWPCKÓH \FBÎWKCO
G@B \@QÚ [ GGMM 

G`cborockóh Phkv`rsob g` bfs G`r`cmfs Munohfs. Nïs torg`, s` ocfrgorfh nucmfs

ftrfs khstrun`htfs kht`rhockfhob`s sfar` g`r`cmfs munohfs. @stfs
@st fs s`rïh ohobkzogfs
prfhtf `h uho cbos` g` `st` cursf g`gkcogo o `bbfs. S`ÿob`nfs sfbon`ht` qu`,

mkstórkcon`ht`, du` bo cfhck`hcko g` bo vubh`roakbkgog uhkv`rsob g` bo munohkgog

dr`ht` o bfs mfrrfr`s g` bo iu`rro, nïs qu` uho rockfhobkgog cfnúh, bo couso qu`
`b`vó o bfs g`r`cmfs munohfs o uho gkn`hskóh kht`rhockfhob.

9.  @sp`ckdkcockóh
Cfn`hzohgf `h bfs ?;9<s, uho hu`vo fbo g` g`r`cmfs surikó. @stfs `roh g`r`cmfs
ckvkb`s y pfbîtkcfs, osî cfnf tonakëh g`r`cmfs
g`r`c mfs `cfhónkcfs, sfckob`s y cubturob`s. Skh
`naorif, du`rfh gks`ÿogfs s`iúh bos h`c`skgog`s g` irupfs `sp`cîdkcfs tob`s
cfnf bos nuj`r`s, bfs hkÿfs, bos p`rsfhos gkscopocktogos y bfs pu`abfs khgîi`hos.
@stfs irupfs f sfh faj`tkvon`ht` vubh`roab`s (cfnf `h `b cosf g` bos p`rsfhos
gkscopocktogos f bfs hkÿfs) f moh skgf m`cmfs vubh`roab`s o bf borif g` uho mkstfrko
g` gkscrknkhockóh y `xcbuskóh (cfnf `h `b cosf g` bos nuj`r`s y bfs pu`abfs
khgîi`hos).

=.  G`r`cmfs cfb`ctkvfs 

‒g `r`cmfs cfb`ctkvfs„ du`rfh prfcbonogfs. \fr
Wonakëh, g`sg` bfs ?;9<s obiuhfs ‒g`r`cmfs
`j`npbf, `b g`r`cmf o bo poz, `b g`r`cmf ob g`sorrfbbf y `b g`r`cmf o uh n`gkf
onak`ht` bknpkf, sust`htoab`. @xc`ptf pfr `b úbtknf, `stïh khcbukgfs sfbon`ht` `h
‒G`cborockfh`s„, hf `h gfcun`htf b`iobn`ht` vkhcuboht`s. 

;.  G`r`cmf p`hob kht`rhockfhob 

@b g`r`cmf p`hob `s `b n`cohksnf b`iob nïs pfg`rfsf poro prft`i`r g`r`cmfs y
vobfr`s sfckob`s. Bu`if g` obiuhfs pr`c`g`ht`s mkstórkcfs, bo cfnuhkgog
kht`rhockfhob g`ckgkó cr`or, `h ?;;=, bo prkn`ro Cfrt` \`hob Kht`rhockfhob
p`rnoh`ht`. @b g`r`cmf p`hob kht`rhockfhob s`rï trotogf `h
` h uho cbos` `sp`ckob g`
`st` cursf.

3
 

Phkv`rskgog Ohgkho g`b Cuscf

BKC@HCKOGO \FQ SPH@GP [ OCQ@GKWOGO KHW@QHOCKFHOBN@HW@ \FQ BO QK@T 
CFHSWKWPCKÓH \FBÎWKCO
G@B \@QÚ [ GGMM 

KK.  Ftrfs crkt`rkfs poro gkoironor bo `vfbuckóh g` bfs g`r`cmfs munohfs

?. @b fabkiogf

Ftro noh`ro g` v`r bo `vfbuckóh mkstórkco g` bfs g`r`cmfs munohfs pu`g` s`r
pfh`r ot`hckóh ob ‒fabkiogf„, f bo `htkgog sfar` bo cuob r`co`h bos fabkiockfh`s
g` g`r`cmfs munohfs.
Oht`s g` bos r`vfbuckfh`s g`b skibf ?=, `b fabkiogf o r`cfhfc`r y r`sp`tor
g`r`cmfs aïskcfs `ro `b r`y f s`ÿfr.
Bu`if g` bos r`vfbuckfh`s bka`rob`s g` dkh`s g`b skibf ?=, bo `htkgog qu` g`aîo
r`cfhfc`r y r`sp`tor bfs g`r`cmfs g` bfs ckugogohfs yo hf `ro sóbf `b r`y, skhf `b
nfg`rhf @stogf Hockóh, cuyf pfg`r `ro duhgon`htobn`ht` `j`rckgf pfr `b

ifak`rhf.
G`sg` bo prfcbonockóh g` bo G`cborockóh Phkv`rsob g` bfs G`r`cmfs
Munohfs y bo suscrkpckóh g` trotogfs kht`rhockfhob`s suaskiuk`ht`s, hf `s
sfbon`ht` `b @stogf Hockóh, skhf tonakëh bo cfnuhkgog kht`rhockfhob,
`sp`ckobn`ht` r`pr`s`htogo pfr bos Hockfh`s Phkgos, bo fabkiogo o r`sp`tor y
prfnfv`r bfs G`r`cmfs Munohfs.
S`iúh posó `b tk`npf, `sto bóikco, `h bo qu` `b
` b fabkiogf `s `b @stogf u ftro
`htkgog pfbîtkco y `b tktubor g`b g`r`cmf `s uh khgkvkguf prkvogf, mo skgf
cfnpb`n`htogo pfr uho t`hg`hcko mocko oc`ptor qu` `b fabkiogf pu`g` s`r ftro
`htkgog prkvogo, tob cfnf ftrf khgkvkguf, uho cfrpfrockóh f irupfs ornogfs `h
tk`npfs g` iu`rro. @stf `s cfhfckgf cfnf `b ‒`d`ctf mfrkzfhtob„ g` bfs g`r`cmfs
munohfs.

1. @b b`hiuoj` g` ‒i`h`rockfh`s„ 

Cfnf du` n`hckfhogf oht`s, `s usuob moabor g` ‒i`h`rockfh`s„ ob `stugkor bo

`vfbuckóh g` bfs g`r`cmfs munohfs. G` `st` nfgf, bo ‒prkn`ro i`h`rockóh„ f
‒prkn`ro fb`ogo„ g` g`r`cmfs s`rîo bo qu` prft`i` bo `sd`ro îhtkno g`b khgkvkguf:
`b g`r`cmf o bo vkgo, o bo prkvockgog, o bo s`iurkgog y ftrfs sknkbor`s. @sto prkn`ro
i`h`rockóh tonakëh cfnpr`hg` `b g`r`cmf o portkckpor `h bo vkgo pfbîtkco

7
 

Phkv`rskgog Ohgkho g`b Cuscf

BKC@HCKOGO \FQ SPH@GP [ OCQ@GKWOGO KHW@QHOCKFHOBN@HW@ \FQ BO QK@T 
CFHSWKWPCKÓH \FBÎWKCO
G@B \@QÚ [ GGMM 

khcbuy`hgf bo `b`cckóh g` r`pr`s`htoht`s y pfstubors` o corifs púabkcfs. \oro

obiuhfs outfr`s, bfs g`r`cmfs pfbîtkcfs cfhstktukrîoh uho s`iuhgo i`h`rockóh.
Nïs torg`, g`akgf o bos r`vfbuckfh`s sfckob`s `h bo @urfpo g` n`gkogfs g`b

skibf ?;, uho ‒s`iuhgo i`h`rockóh„ u fb`ogo g` g`r`cmfs `htró `h `sc`ho. S`

r`dk`r` o bos cfhgkckfh`s g` vkgo not`rkob, khcbuy`hgf bfs g`r`cmfs ob troaojf, bo
sobug, bo `gucockóh y bo s`iurkgog sfckob.
@h bo s`iuhgo nktog g`b skibf 1<, s` mo gkcmf qu` uho ‒t`rc`ro i`h`rockóh„
g` g`r`cmfs mo surikgf. \oro obiuhfs, s` cfnpfh` g` bo `sp`ckdkcockóh g`
g`r`cmfs poro prft`i`r o ck`rtfs irupfs. \oro ftrfs, s` r`dk`r` o bfs g`r`cmfs
cfb`ctkvfs.
Sk ak`h `sto t`rnkhfbfiîo g` ‒i`h`rockfh`s„ mo t`hkgf ck`rto cuobkgog
gkgïctkco, tonakëh pu`g` sui`rkr bo hfckóh nïs ak`h p`bkirfso g` uho j`rorquîo
g` g`r`cmfs munohfs. @b puhtf `s qu` `stos ‒i`h`rockfh`s„ g` g`r`cmfs `stïh
`htr`bozogos y hf `s pfskab` `stoab`c`r uho j`rorquîo `htr` `bbos. \fr `j`npbf, `b
g`r`cmf o bo vkgo –  uh
 uh g`r`cmf g` prkn`ro i`h`rockóh –  h`c`skto
 h`c`skto g` bo prft`cckóh
og`cuogo g`b g`r`cmf o bo sobug  –  uh
  uh g`r`cmf g` s`iuhgo i`h`rockóh  –  y
  y g`b
g`r`cmf o uh n`gkf onak`ht` bknpkf –  uh
 uh g`r`cmf g` t`rc`ro i`h`rockóh  –  poro
 poro
s`r r`obn`ht` sotksd`cmf.