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Kstngêstb`n Oîsb`n `lc PWNWN

Lsvnhgl Cbcn
Gl`kctk
K`lcljên ‐ [JPN
&
Bcvkstbmnglr
Fucgn`bðc BCKPNG

Pkptbkjork ?9>=
Hn Ynz - Olhbvbn
 @lctkcbgl
>. Bctrlgu``bðc >
?. @lc`kptls Oîsb`ls >
?.>. _k`lpbhn`bðc gk gntls >
?.?. Ylohn`bðc >
?.0. Jukstrn ?
?.7. Vnrbnohks kstngêstb`ns ?
0. Kstngêstb`n Gks`rbptbvn 0
0.>. Onsk gk gntls 0
0.?. @ljncgls jîs utbhbzngls ;
0.0. Gbstrbou`bðc gk frk`ukc`bn >>
0.7. Jkgbgns gk tkcgkc`bn `kctrnh >7
0.;. Jkgbgns gk plsb`bðc >=
0.6. Jkgbgns gk gbspkrsbðc >2
0.=. @lkfb`bkctk gk vnrbn`bðc ??
0.5. @lkfb`bkctk gk `lrrkhn`bðc ?7
7. Kstngêstb`n Bcfkrkc`bnh ?6
7.>. Gbstrbou`blcks
Gbstrbou`blc ks jukstrnhks ?6
7.?. Hn gbstrbou`bðc clrjnh ?5
7.0. Bctkrvnhls gk `lcfbnczn 07
7.7. Yrukon gk Ebpðtksbs 02
7.;. Yrukons `uncgl sk tbkckc gls plohn`blcks 77
7.;.>. Kstbjn`bðc `lc jukstrns mrncgks 77
7.;.?. Kstbjn`bðc `lc jukstrns pkqukþns 77
>. Bctrlgu``bðc
Kh jncunh ks ucn bctrlgu``bðc oîsb`n n hn kstngêstb`n nphb`ngn utbhbzncgl kh prlmrnjn PWNWN. Kc
ksk skctbgl, gksnrrlhhnrn `lc`kptls oîsb`ls pnrn hn rknhbzn`bðc gk hn gks`rbp`bðc k bcfkrkc`bn
kstngêstb`n.

Hn Kstngêstb`n ks hn pnrtk gk hns jntkjîtb`ns quk sk kc`nrmn gkh kstugbl gk ucn gktkrjbcngn
`nrn`tkrêstb`n kc ucn plohn`bðc, rk`lmbkcgl hls gntls, lrmncbzîcglhls kc tnohns, rkprkskctîcglhls
mrîfb`njkctk y ncnhbzîcglhls pnrn `lc`husblcks gk hn plohn`bðc.

Hn Kstngêstb`n sk `hnsbfb`n kc1

∟ Kstngêstb`n gks`rbptbvn1 _knhbzn kh kstugbl slork hn plohn`bðc `ljphktn,

loskrvncgl ucn `nrn`tkrêstb`n gk hn jbsjn y `nh`uhncgl ucls pnrîjktrls quk gkc
bcflrjn`bðc mhlonh gk tlgn hn plohn`bðc.
∟ Kstngêstb`n bcfkrkc`bnh1 _knhbzn kh kstugbl gks`rbptbvl slork uc suo`lcauctl gk hn
plohn`bðc hhnjngl jukstrn y, plstkrblrjkctk, kxtbkcgk hls rksuhtngls n tlgn hn
plohn`bðc.

?. @lc`kptls Oîsb`ls
?.>. _k`lpbhn`bðc gk gntls
Hls gntls pukgkc skr mkckrngls plr kh prlpbl bctkrksngl, l obkc enokr sbgl rk`lpbhngls plr uc
tkr`krl, yn skn uc bcgbvbgul l ucn lrmncbzn`bðc. Kc kh prbjkr `nsl, hn fukctk gk gntls sk
gkcljbcn prbjnrbn, y kc kh skmucgl `nsl, sk`ucgnrbn.

Kc njons sbtun`blcks, hls gntls pukgkc skr mkckrngls oîsb`njkctk gk trks jnckrns1

>. _knhbzncgl uc `kcsl4

?. Wljncgl ucn jukstrn4
0. Gbskþncgl uc kxpkrbjkctl.
@lctnr `lc gntls `kcsnhks bjphb`n quk kh bctkrksngl hlmrð loskrvnr l jkgbr tlgns hns ucbgngks l
suaktls gk bctkrâs kxbstkctks. Pbc kjonrml, kc ju`ens sbtun`blcks prî`tb`ns, cl ks plsbohk n``kgkr
n tlgns hns ucbgngks kxbstkctks, plr skr ucn tnrkn `lstlsn, nrgun y, kc l`nsblcks, enstn bjplsbohk,
l obkc plrquk hn jkgb`bðc gkstrubrên n hn ucbgng l suaktl kc kstugbl.

?.?. Ylohn`bðc
Hn plohn`bðc ks kh `lcauctl gk khkjkctls, bcgbvbguls l kctks suaktls n kstugbl y gk hls `unhks
qukrkjls lotkckr uc rksuhtngl. Hn plohn`bðc pukgk `hnsbfb`nrsk kc1

∟ Ylohn`bðc fbcbtn1 `uncgl kh cñjkrl gk khkjkctls quk hn flrjnc ks fbcbtl, plr

kakjphl kh cñjkrl gk nhujcl gk uc `kctrl, l mrupl `hnsk.
>
 ∟ Ylohn`bðc bcfbcbtn1 `uncgl kh cñjkrl gk khkjkctls quk hn flrjnc ks bcfbcbtl, l tnc
mrncgk quk pugbkskc `lcsbgkrnrsk bcfbcbtls.

Kh tnjnþl gk hn plohn`bðc n kstugbnr aukmn uc pnpkh `ru`bnh nh jljkctl gk gk`bgbr gk quâ jnckrn
sk enc gk rk`lpbhnr gntls1 sb hn plohn`bðc ks bcfbcbtn l fbcbtn pkrl gk mrnc tnjnþl, hn jukstrn skrî
hn jnckrn jîs rnzlcnohk y kfb`bkctk gk rk`lpbhnr gntls.

[c pnrîjktrl ks tlgn jkgbgn gks`rbptbvn gk ucn plohn`bðc. Nhmucls kakjphls slc1 hn prlgu``bðc
tltnh gk tlgns hns kjprksns jncufn`turkrns l kh bcmrksl prljkgbl gk tlgls hls nsnhnrbngls gk
Olhbvbn. Kh puctl `hnvk pnrn rk`lrgnr ks quk uc pnrîjktrl gks`rbok ucn plohn`bðc.

?.0. Jukstrn
Nucquk mkckrnhjkctk hls kstngêstb`ls sk bctkrksnc kc nhmñc nspk`tl gk tlgn hn plohn`bðc,
mkckrnhjkctk gks`uorkc quk hns plohn`blcks slc gkjnsbngl mrncgks pnrn skr kstugbngns kc su
tltnhbgng. Ylr `lcsbmubkctk, mkckrnhjkctk gkok skr sufb`bkctk kstugbnr tnc sðhl ucn pkqukþn
plr`bðc gk gb`en plohn`bðc. N kstn plr`bðc jîs pkqukþn y jîs jnckanohk sk hk gkcljbcn
jukstrn.

[cn jukstrn ks ucn pnrtk rkprkskctntbvn gk hn plohn`bðc quk sk skhk``blcn pnrn skr kstugbngn yn
quk hn plohn`bðc ks gkjnsbngl mrncgk `ljl pnrn ncnhbznrhn kc su tltnhbgng.

[c kstngêstb`l ks ucn jkgbgn gks`rbptbvn gk ucn jukstrn. Kh bcmrksl prljkgbl gk ksls jbhks gk
trnonanglrks, `nh`uhngl plr kh Jbcbstkrbl gk Wrnonal, ks uc kstngêstb`l. Kh kstngêstb`l ks n hn
jukstrn hl quk kh pnrîjktrl ks n hn plohn`bðc. Kh kstngêstb`l sbrvk `ljl ucn kstbjn`bðc gkh
pnrîjktrl. Nucquk kc rknhbgng kh bctkrâs sk fban kc kh vnhlr gkh pnrîjktrl gk hn plohn`bðc, `lc
frk`ukc`bn gkok enokr `lcflrjbgng `lc sðhl `nh`uhnrhl `lc uc kstngêstb`l gk hn jukstrn quk sk en
skhk``blcngl.

?.7. Vnrbnohks kstngêstb`ns

Nh en`kr uc kstugbl gk ucn gktkrjbcngn plohn`bðc, loskrvnjls ucn `nrn`tkrêstb`n l prlpbkgng gk

sus khkjkctls
kstngêstb`ns1 l bcgbvbguls.
hn gkcsbgng @ngn ucn
gkh jucb`bpbl, gk kstns
hn nhturn `nrn`tkrêstb`ns
slork kstugbngns
kh cbvkh gkh jnr, sk hhnjnkt`.
hn tkjpkrnturn, vnrbnohks

Hns vnrbnohks kstngêstb`ns quk `hnsbfb`nc kc1 `unhbtntbvns y `unctbtntbvns.

Hns vnrbnohks `unhbtntbvns slc nqukhhns `nrn`tkrêstb`ns quk cl plgkjls kxprksnr `lc cñjkrls sbcl
eny quk kxprksnrhns `lc pnhnorns. Ylr kakjphl, kh humnr gk rksbgkc`bn, `ljbgn fnvlrbtn, prlfksbðc
quk tk mustn, kt`.

Kstns pukgkc `hnsbfb`nrsk kc1

∟ Lrgkcnohks1 nqukhhns quk sumbkrkc ucn lrgkcn`bðc. Ylr kakjphl, cbvkh gk kstugbls,
kt`.

?
 ∟ Cl lrgkcnohks1 nqukhhns quk sðhl ngjbtkc ucn sbjphk lrgkcn`bðc nhfnoâtb`n, pkrl
cl kstnohk`k lrgkc plr su cnturnhkzn. Ylr kakjphl, kh `lhlr gkh `nokhhl, skxl,
kstngl `bvbh, kt`.

Hns vnrbnohks `unctbtntbvns slc `nrn`tkrêstb`ns quk sk pukgkc kxprksnr `lc cñjkrls. Ylr kakjphl,
kh cñjkrl gk ekrjncls, hn kstnturn, cñjkrl gk nhujcls.

Gkctrl gk kstn vnrbnohk plgkjls gbstbcmubr gls tbpls1

∟ Gbs`rktn1 ks nqukhhn quk pukgk tljnr ñcb`njkctk uc cñjkrl fbcbtl gk vnhlrks. Ylr
kakjphl, cñjkrl gk ekrjncls.
∟ @lctbcun1 ks nqukhhn vnrbnohk quk pukgk tljnr `unhqubkr vnhlr gkctrl gk uc
bctkrvnhl rknh. Ylr kakjphl, hn kstnturn.

0. Kstngêstb`n Gks`rbptbvn
Hn kstngêstb`n gks`rbptbvn tbkck hn fbcnhbgng gk gks`rbobr nprlpbngnjkctk hns `nrn`tkrêstb`ns gk hn
plohn`bðc. Kstk ncîhbsbs sk hl pukgk en`kr `lc jâtlgls mrîfb`ls y cujârb`ls. Ngkjîs, ks uc
kstugbl `nh`uhncgl ucn skrbk gk jkgbgns gk tkcgkc`bn `kctrnh, pnrn vkr kc quâ jkgbgn hls gntls sk
nmrupnc l gbspkrsnc kc tlrcl n uc vnhlr `kctrnh.

0.>. Onsk gk gntls

Hls kakjphls gkh jncunh kstîc `lc onsk n gls fukctks gk bcflrjn`bðc1

>. Kh nr`ebvl Ylohn`blc?9>?.xhsx, quk prlplr`blcn bcflrjn`bðc oîsb`n gkh @kcsl Cn`blcnh
gk Ylohn`bðc y Vbvbkcgn ?9>? gk Olhbvbn n cbvkh jucb`bpnh.
?. Kh nr`ebvl Onsk\NO@\Olhbvbn.xhsx , quk gks`rbok hn bcflrjn`bðc gkh hborl Kh NO@ gkh
gksnrrlhhl kc Olhbvbn puohb`ngl plr hn Fucgn`bðc BCKPNG.

Kh trnonal gk ncîhbsbs `ljbkczn `lc hn `rkn`bðc gk hn `nrpktn gk trnonal, quk gkok skmubr hls
sbmubkctks pnsls1

>. @rknr ucn `nrpktn gk trnonal kc kh humnr glcgk gkskk1 @nrpktn cljorngn ‘no`‚ (Ncîhbsbs
Oîsb`l @unctbtntbvl) kc kh gbs`l ‘@‚
?. Ynrn rk-gbrk``blcnr nh PWNWN n hn `nrpktn gk trnonal ‘no`‚. Ks`rbobr kc hn vkctncn gk
@ljjncg hl sbmubkctk1 `g `1Xno`

Gkspuâs gk `rknr hn `nrpktn gk trnonal, sk gkok `lcstrubr hn onsk gk gntls, hl quk rkqubkrk rknhbznr
hn `ljobcn`bðc gk gls onsks gk gntls. Hls pnsls n skmubr slc hls sbmubkctks1

>. @rknr kh nr`ebvl kakjphl>.gl, quk `lctbkck hns bcstru``blcks pnrn hn `lcstru``bðc gk hn
cukvn onsk.
?. @rknr gls onsks gk gntls kc flrjntl PWNWN `lc onsk n hls nr`ebvls gk KU@KH.
0. _knhbznr hn `ljobcn`bðc gk hns onsks gk gntls

0
* Kstngêstb`n Oîsb`n `lc PWNWN
* Kakjphl >
* @ljncgls pnrn pnrn kh nr`ebvl GL1 kakjphl>.gl
`hknr // olrrn hls gntls kc jkjlrbn
skt jlrk lff //pnrn `lrrkr hls `ljncgls sbc bctkrrup`blcks

// @rkn`bðc gk hn onsk gk gntls plohn`blc.gtn

plo hn`blc.gtn
* Bjplrtnr hn onsk gk gntls
bjplrt kx`kh Ylohn`blc?9>?.xhsx, sekkt("plohn`blc") fbrstrlw //hkkr onsk gk gntls
* _kcljornr hns vnrbnohks
rkcnjk @lgbmljucb`bpnh `lgbml
rkcnjk Cljorkgkhjucb`bpbl jucb`bpbl
rkcnjk Cljorkgkhgkpnrtnjkctl gkpnrtnjkctl
rkcnjk Nrknjucb`bpnhdj? nrkn
rkcnjk Wkjpkrnturnprljkgblncunh@ tkjp
rkcnjk Nhturngkhmlobkrcljucb`bpnhj nhturn
rkcnjk Ylohn`bcKjpngrlcngn?9>? plotltnh
rkcnjk Ylohn`bckjpngrlcngneljorks?9 ploeljork
rkcnjk Ylohn`bckjpngrlcngnjuakrks?9 plojuakr
rkcnjk Ynrtb`bpn`bcplohn`blcrknuro uroncl
rkcnjk Ynrtb`bpn`bcplohn`blcrknrur rurnh
* Vkrbfb`nr hn onsk gk gntls
tno // gks`rbp`bðc mkckrnh gk hn onsk gk gntls
snvk plohn`blc, rkphn`k // munrgn onsk gk gntls kc flrjntl .gtn gk PWNWN
`hknr

// @rkn`bðc gk hn onsk gk gntls no`.gtn

no`.g tn
bjplrt kx`kh Onsk\NO@\Olhbvbn.xhsx, sekkt("onskstntn") fbrstrlw
* _kcljornr hns vnrbnohks
rkcnjk @lcsujlpkr`pbtn[PGgk?99> `lcsujlp`
rkcnjk N``kslnmunpltnohk?9>? nmun
rkcnjk Wnsngkgkpkcgkc`bntltnh?9>?
@lokrturngkrk`lalgkonsurn?9gkpkcgkc`bn
onsurn
rkcnjk Wnsngknsbstkc`bnks`lhnr6n nks`lhnr
rkcnjk Wrncsfkrkc`bnspkr`pbtn?9>? trncsfp`
rkcnjk @lokrturngkBctkrckt?9>? bctkrckt
rkcnjk @lokrturnpkcsblcks?9>? pkcsblcks
rkcnjk @lokrturngkkckrmnkh`trb`n? kckrmbn
rkcnjk Wnsngkjbmrn`bcbctkrcncktn? jbmrn`blc
rkcnjk Wrnonalbcfnctbh?9>? tbcfnctbh
rkcnjk Wbkrrn`uhtbvnohk?9>0 t`uhtbvl
rkcnjk @lokrturngkskrvb`blsgksnhug snhug
rkcnjk @lokrturngksncknjbkctl?9>? sncknjbkctl
rkcnjk Kjphklsvuhckrnohks?9>? kjvuhck
rkcnjk Gkcsbgngvbnh?9>> vbns
7
rkcnjk Wnsnsgkfkrtbhbgngkcnglhks`kc fkrtbhbgng
tno // gks`rbp`bðc mkckrnh gk hn onsk gk gntls
snvk no`, rkphn`k
`hknr

// @rkn`bðc gk hn onsk gk gntls onskno`.gtn

ons kno`.gtn
* Norbr hn prbjkrn onsk gk gntls
usk plohn`blc
* @ljobcnr `lc hn skmucgn onsk gk gntls
jkrmk >1> `lgbml usbcm no`.gtn // vnrbnohk `lgbml pnrn hn `ljobcn`bðc
orlwsk
snvk onskno`, rkphn`k

0.?. @ljncgls jîs utbhbzngls

Kh ncîhbsbs gks`rbptbvl utbhbznrî hn bcflrjn`bðc gkh nr`ebvl onskno`.gtn. Ngkjîs, sk `rknrî kh
nr`ebvl kakjphl?.gl.

Vnjls n mkckrnr trks `rbtkrbls pnrn kh ncîhbsbs kstngêstb`l1 gkpnrtnjkctls, rkmblcks y cbvkhks gk
nhturn.
⋋ gkptl, quk gbvbgbrî n hls jucb`bpbls kc gkpnrtnjkctls kc lrgkc gk zlcn mklmrîfb`n.
⋋ cnhturn, quk gbvbgbrî n hls jucb`bpbls kc trks `ntkmlrêns1 Nhtn, Jkgbn y Onan.
⋋ rkmblc, quk gbvbgbrî n hls jucb`bpbls kc gls rkmblcks1 [roncn y _urnh.

* Kstngêstb`n Oîsb`n `lc PWNWN

* Kakjphl ?
* @ljncgls pnrn pnrn kh nr`ebvl GL1 kakjphl;.gl
* Mkckrn`blc gk cukvns vnrbnohks
* Gkpnrtnjkctls
mkc gkptl:.

rkphn`k gkptl:>
gkptl:? bf gkpnrtnjkctl:: ‘Hn Ynz‚
‘Lrurl‚
rkphn`k gkptl:0 bf gkpnrtnjkctl:: ‘Yltlsê‚
rkphn`k gkptl:7 bf gkpnrtnjkctl:: ‘@euqubsn`n‚
rkphn`k gkptl:; bf gkpnrtnjkctl:: ‘@l`enonjon‚
rkphn`k gkptl:6 bf gkpnrtnjkctl:: ‘Wnrban‚
rkphn`k gkptl:= bf gkpnrtnjkctl:: ‘Pnctn @ruz‚
rkphn`k gkptl:5 bf gkpnrtnjkctl:: ‘Okcb‚
rkphn`k gkptl:2 bf gkpnrtnjkctl:: ‘Yncgl‚
hnokh vnr gkptl ‘Gkpnrtnjkctl‚
hnokh gkfbck gkptl > ‘Hn Ynz‚ ? ‘Lrurl‚ 0 ‘Yltlsê‚ 7 ‘@euqubsn`n‚ ; ‘@l`enonjon‚
hnokh gkfbck gkptl 6 ‘Wnrban‚ = ‘Pnctn @ruz‚ 5 ‘Okcb‚ 2 ‘Yncgl‚, ngg
hnokh vnhuks gkptl gkptl

;
* _kmblcks
mkc rkmblc:.
rkphn`k rkmblc:9 bf rurnh8:;9
rkphn`k rkmblc:> bf rurnh3;9
hnokh vnr rkmblc ‘_kmbðc‚
hnokh gkfbck rkmblc 9 ‘[roncn‚ > ‘_urnh‚
hnokh vnhuks rkmblc rkmblc
* Cbvkh gk nhturn
mkc cnhturn:.
rkphn`k cnhturn:> bf nhturn 8:>999
rkphn`k cnhturn:? bf nhturn 3>999 & nhturn 8:0999
rkphn`k cnhturn:0 bf nhturn30999
hnokh vnr cnhturn ‘Cbvkh gk nhturn‚
hnokh gkfbck cnhturn > ‘Onan‚ ? ‘Jkgbn‚ 0 ‘Nhtn‚
hnokh vnhuks cnhturn cnhturn

* Gkcsbgng
mkc gkcsbgng:plotltnh/nrkn
hnokh vnr gkcsbgng "Gkcsbgng"

Hls `ljncgls jîs utbhbzngls pnrn kh ncîhbsbs gks`rbptbvl slc1 tnouhntk y tnohk
tnouhntk
Kh `ljncgl tnouhntk gksphbkmn hn tnohn gk frk`ukc`bn gk ucn l gls vnrbnohks. Wbkck gbstbctns
lp`blcks tnhks `ljl plr`kctnaks plr fbhn, `lhujcn y `khgn.

Ynrn `lcl`kr hns frk`ukc`bns l gbstrbou`bðc gk hns cukvns vnrbnohks1

tno gkptl
Gkpnrtnjkct |
l | Frkq. Ykr`kct @uj.
------------+-----------------------------------
Hn Ynz | 5= ?;.66 ?;.66
Lrurl | 0; >9.0? 0;.22
Yltlsê | 79 >>.59 7=.=2
@euqubsn`n | ?2 5.;; ;6.07
@l`enonjon | 7= >0.56 =9.?>
Wnrban | >> 0.?7 =0.7;
Pnctn @ruz | ;6 >6.;? 52.2=
Okcb | >2 ;.69 2;.;5
Yncgl | >; 7.7? >99.99
------------+-----------------------------------
Wltnh | 002 >99.99

6
tno rkmblc
_kmbðc | Frkq. Ykr`kct @uj.
------------+-----------------------------------
[roncn | => ?9.27 ?9.27
_urnh | ?65 =2.96 >99.99
------------+-----------------------------------
Wltnh | 002 >99.99

tno nhturn
Cbvkh gk |
nhturn | Frkq. Ykr`kct @uj.
------------+-----------------------------------
Onan | 55 ?;.26 ?;.26
Jkgbn | 5; ?;.9= ;>.90
Nhtn | >66 75.2= >99.99
------------+-----------------------------------
Wltnh | 002 >99.99

Ynrn `lcl`kr hns frk`ukc`bns l gbstrbou`bðc gk gls vnrbnohks1

tno gkptl rkmblc

Gkpnrtnjkc | _kmbðc
tl | [roncn _urnh | Wltnh
-----------+----------------------+----------
Hn Ynz | = 59 | 5=
Lrurl | 0 0? | 0;
Yltlsê | 6 07 | 79
@euqubsn`n | > ?5 | ?2
@l`enonjon | >9 0= | 7=
Wnrban | 7 = | >>
Pnctn @ruz | ?5 ?5 | ;6
Okcb | >9 2 | >2
Yncgl | ? >0 | >;
-----------+----------------------+----------
Wltnh | => ?65 | 002

tno gkptl nhturn

Gkpnrtnjkc | Cbvkh gk nhturn
tl | Onan Jkgbn Nhtn | Wltnh
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
Hn Ynz | 0 >2 6; | 5=
Lrurl | 9 9 0; | 0;
Yltlsê | 9 > 02 | 79
@euqubsn`n | > ?0 ; | ?2
@l`enonjon | 7 ?0 ?9 | 7=
Wnrban | 0 6 ? | >>
Pnctn @ruz | 70 >0 9 | ;6
Okcb | >2 9 9 | >2
Yncgl | >; 9 9 | >;
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
Wltnh | 55 5; >66 | 002

=
tno rkmblc nhturn
| nhturn
rkmblc | Onan Jkgbn Nhtn | Wltnh
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
[roncn | ?2 6 >7 | 72
_urnh | 72 =0 >79 | ?6?
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
Wltnh | =5 =2 >;7 | 0>>

Ynrn `lcl`kr hn `ljplsb`bðc kc plr`kctnak plr fbhn1

tno gkptl nhturn, rlw

+----------------+
| Dky |
|----------------|
| frkqukc`y |
| rlw pkr`kctnmk |
+----------------+

Gkpnrtnjkc | Cbvkh gk nhturn

tl | Onan Jkgbn Nhtn | Wltnh

-----------+---------------------------------+----------
Hn Ynz | 0 >2 6; | 5=
| 0.7; ?>.57 =7.=> | >99.99
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
Lrurl | 9 9 0; | 0;
| 9.99 9.99 >99.99 | >99.99
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
Yltlsê | 9 > 02 | 79
| 9.99 ?.;9 2=.;9 | >99.99
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
@euqubsn`n | > ?0 ; | ?2
| 0.7; =2.0> >=.?7 | >99.99
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
@l`enonjon | 7 ?0 ?9 | 7=
| 5.;> 75.27 7?.;; | >99.99
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
Wnrban | 0 6 ? | >>
| ?=.?= ;7.;; >5.>5 | >99.99
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
Pnctn @ruz | 70 >0 9 | ;6
| =6.=2 ?0.?> 9.99 | >99.99
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
Okcb | >2 9 9 | >2
| >99.99 9.99 9.99 | >99.99
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
Yncgl | >; 9 9 | >;
| >99.99 9.99 9.99 | >99.99
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
Wltnh | 55 5; >66 | 002
| ?;.26 ?;.9= 75.2= | >99.99

5
Ynrn `lcl`kr hn `ljplsb`bðc kc plr`kctnak (kx`huykcgl hn frk`ukc`bn) plr `lhujcn1

tno rkmblc nhturn, `lh clf

Gkpnrtnjkc | Cbvkh gk nhturn
tl | Onan Jkgbn Nhtn | Wltnh
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
Hn Ynz | 0.7> ??.0; 02.>6 | ?;.66
Lrurl | 9.99 9.99 ?>.95 | >9.0?
Yltlsê | 9.99 >.>5 ?0.72 | >>.59
@euqubsn`n | >.>7 ?=.96 0.9> | 5.;;
@l`enonjon | 7.;; ?=.96 >?.9; | >0.56
Wnrban | 0.7> =.96 >.?9 | 0.?7
Pnctn @ruz | 75.56 >;.?2 9.99 | >6.;?
Okcb | ?>.;2 9.99 9.99 | ;.69
Yncgl | >=.9; 9.99 9.99 | 7.7?
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
Wltnh | >99.99 >99.99 >99.99 | >99.99

Ynrn `lcl`kr hn frk`ukc`bn y plr`kctnak plr `khgn1

tno rkmblc cnhturn, `khh

+-----------------+
| Dky |
|-----------------|
| frkqukc`y |
| `khh pkr`kctnmk |
+-----------------+

| Cbvkh gk nhturn
_kmbðc | Onan Jkgbn Nhtn | Wltnh
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
[roncn | 79 >9 ?> | =>
| >>.59 ?.2; 6.>2 | ?9.27
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
_urnh | 75 =; >7; | ?65
| >7.>6 ??.>? 7?.== | =2.96
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
Wltnh | 55 5; >66 | 002
| ?;.26 ?;.9= 75.2= | >99.99

tnohk
Kh `ljncgl tnohk sk pukgk `rknr tnohns kstngêstb`ns `lctrlhncgl kh `lctkcbgl gk `ngn `nsbhhn. Ylr
kakjphl, plgkjls `nh`uhnr ucn tnohn gk glohk kctrngn y sbtunr kc `ngn `khgn kh kstngêstb`l
slhb`btngl.

Hls kstngêstb`ls pukgkc skr1

frkq frk`ukc`bn
jknc cljorkvnr jkgbn gk hn vnrbnohk
sg cljorkvnr gksvbn`bðc kstîcgnr

suj cljorkvnr gntls kstngêstb`ls oîsb`ls

2
 `luct cljorkvnr `ukctn hns loskrvn`blcks ‘clcjbssbcm‚
c cljorkvnr cñjkrl gk loskrvn`blcks, sbjbhnr n ‘`luct‚
jnx cljorkvnr jîxbjl
jbc cljorkvnr jêcbjl
jkgbnc cljorkvnr jkgbncn
p> cljorkvnr >kr pkr`kctbh
p? cljorkvnr ?gl pkr`kctbh
... 0rl-72vl pkr`kctbh
p;9 cljorkvnr ;9vl pkr`kctbh (jkgbncn)
... ;>vl-2=vl pkr`kctbh
p25 cljorkvnr 25vl pkr`kctbh
p22 cljorkvnr 22vl pkr`kctbh
bqr cljorkvnr bctkrqunrtbhk rncmk

Kh `ljncgl tnohk pukgk rkphb`nr hls kstngêstb`ls gkh `ljncgl suj1 cñjkrl gk loskrvn`blcks,
jkgbn, gksvbn`bðc kstîcgnr, jêcbjl y jîxbjl gk hn vnrbnohks tkjp. Ngkjîs, hls cñjkrls tbkckc
uc flrjntl (ekhp flrjnt).

tnohk gkptl, `lctkcts (c tkjp jknc tkjp sg tkjp jbc tkjp jnx tkjp) flrjnt (%5.?f)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Gkpnrtnjkc |
tl | C(tk
C(tkjp)
jp) jknc(tkjp) sg(tkjp) jbc(tkjp) jnx(tkjp)
-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------
Hn Ynz | 5= >9.=0 ;.?5 7.6= ?;.00
Lrurl | 0; =.;0 >.05 0.50 2.;>
Yltlsê | 79 >9.9= ?.5? 7.0; >6.5?
@euqubsn`n | ?2 >6.2= ?.;0 >0.?; ?0.9=
@l`enonjon | 7= >;.>; 7.96 =.>0 ?;.>5
Wnrban | >> >5.>9 0.2? >9.;5 ?0.09
Pnctn @ruz | ;6 ?0.95 ?.;> >6.29 ?;.=2
Okcb | >2 ?;.=; 9.;> ?7.27 ?6.7=
Yncgl | >; ?;.== 9.6? ?7.6= ?6.7>
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Kh ncîhbsbs gks`rbptbvl rkqubkrk ucn tnohn gk glohk kctrngn, kstl pukgk lotkckrsk gk kstn jnckrn1
tnohk gkptl cnhturn, `lctkcts (jknc tkjp) flrjnt ( %5.?f)
--------------------------------
Gkpnrtnjkc | Cbvkh gk nhturn
tl | Onan Jkgbn Nhtn
-----------+--------------------
Hn Ynz | ?7.77 >=.22 =.2=
Lrurl | =.;0
Yltlsê | >6.5? 2.52
@euqubsn`n | ?0.9= >=.7? >0.=?
@l`enonjon | ?7.?7 >6.;6 >>.=>
Wnrban | ??.6> >=.5> >?.>2
Pnctn @ruz | ?7.00 >5.2=
Okcb | ?;.=;
Yncgl | ?;.==
--------------------------------
>9
tnohk gkptl rkmblc, `lctkcts (jknc tkjp) flrjnt ( %5.?f)
---------------------------
Gkpnrtnjkc | _kmbðc
tl | [roncn _urnh
-----------+---------------
Hn Ynz | 5.9; >9.26
Lrurl | =.?7 =.;6
Yltlsê | 2.02 >9.>5
@euqubsn`n | >6.09 >=.99
@l`enonjon | >0.00 >;.67
Wnrban | ?>.9? >6.7?
Pnctn @ruz | ?0.5> ??.0;
Okcb | ?;.59 ?;.=9
Yncgl | ?7.2= ?;.52
---------------------------

tnohk rkmblc cnhturn, `lctkcts (jknc tkjp) flrjnt ( %5.?f)

-------------------------------
| Cbvkh gk nhturn
_kmbðc | Onan Jkgbn Nhtn
----------+--------------------
[roncn | ?7.6? >=.>9 5.2>
_urnh | ?7.26 >=.60 2.9?
-------------------------------

tnohk gkptl rkmblc cnhturn, `(jknc tkjp) flrjnt ( %5.?f) // ` ks kqubvnhkctk n `lctkcts
---------------------------------------------------------------
| Cbvkh gk nhturn ncg _kmbðc
Gkpnrtnjkc | ---- Onan ---- ---- Jkgbn --- ---- Nhtn ----
tl | [roncn _urnh [roncn _urnh [roncn _urnh
-----------+---------------------------------------------------
Hn Ynz | ?7.77 >=.22 5.9; =.26
Lrurl | =.?7 =.;6
Yltlsê | >6.5? 2.02 2.25
@euqubsn`n | ?0.9= >6.09 >=.7= >0.=?
@l`enonjon | ?7.?7 >6.>0 >6.6= >9.;? >?.>>
Wnrban | ??.6> >6.?= >5.>? >?.>2
Pnctn @ruz | ?7.06 ?7.?5 >2.?6 >5.55
Okcb | ?;.59 ?;.=9
Yncgl | ?7.2= ?;.52
---------------------------------------------------------------

0.0. Gbstrbou`bðc gk frk`ukc`bn

Hn rk`lhk``bðc gk gntls lrbmbcnhks rkvkhn juy pl`l plr sê slhn, sk gkok lrmncbznr y gks`rbobr tnhks
gntls gk jnckrn `lc`bsn y sbmcbfb`ntbvn. Ynrn gktkrjbcnr su sbmcbfb`nc`bn, hls gntls sk lrmncbznc
gk jnckrn quk, `lc uc sbjphk vbstnzl, sk pukgn tkckr ucn bgkn gk hl quk pukgkc gk`brcls.

Kctrk hns ekrrnjbkctns kstngêstb`ns quk rksuhtnc gk pnrtb`uhnr utbhbgng pnrn lrmncbznr hls gntls sk
bc`huykc1
>>
 ∟ Wnohns gk frk`ukc`bn quk `lhl`nc tlgls hls gntls kc `hnsks kspk`êfb`ns4
∟ Gbvkrsls mrîfb`ls quk pukgkc prlplr`blcnr ucn rkprkskctn`bðc vbsunh gk hls gntls.

[cn skrbk gk gntls kc orutl ks bjprlonohk pukgn prlplr`blcnrcls bcflrjn`bðc ñtbh y sbmcbfb`ntbvn,
ks prk`bsl nmrupnr y prkskctnr hls gntls gk jnckrn `lc`bsn y rkvkhnglrn pnrn fn`bhbtnr kh n``ksl n
hn bcflrjn`bðc quk `lctbkckc.

[cn gbstrbou`bðc gk frk`ukc`bn (l tnohn gk frk`ukc`bn) lrgkcnrî hls gntls sb kstls sk gbvbgkc kc
`hnsks y sk rkmbstrnrî kh cñjkrl gk loskrvn`blcks kc `ngn `hnsk.

Kh `ljncgl tnouhntk gksphbkmn hn tnohn gk frk`ukc`bn gk ucn l gls vnrbnohks. Wbkck gbstbctns
lp`blcks tnhks `ljl plr`kctnaks plr fbhn, `lhujcn y `khgn.

Ynrn `lcl`kr kh cñjkrl gk jucb`bpbls plr gkpnrtnjkctl, plr kakjphl, sk gkok ks`rbobr kh
sbmubkctk `ljncgl1

tno gkptl

Gkpnrtnjkct
l |
| Frkq. Ykr`kct @uj.
------------+-----------------------------------
Hn Ynz | 5= ?;.66 ?;.66
Lrurl | 0; >9.0? 0;.22
Yltlsê | 79 >>.59 7=.=2
@euqubsn`n | ?2 5.;; ;6.07
@l`enonjon | 7= >0.56 =9.?>
Wnrban | >> 0.?7 =0.7;
Pnctn @ruz | ;6 >6.;? 52.2=
Okcb | >2 ;.69 2;.;5
Yncgl | >; 7.7? >99.99
------------+-----------------------------------
Wltnh | 002 >99.99

Kh `ljncgl ebstlmrnj mrîfb`n hn gbstrbou`bðc gk frk`ukc`bn gk ucn vnrbnohk `ntkmðrb`n l

`lctbcun. Wbkck vnrbns lp`blcks, ks`rbobr ekhp ebstlmrnj. Ylr kakjphl, plgkjls mrnfb`nr kh
ebstlmrnjn pnrn hn frk`ukc`bn l kh plr`kctnak.

Ynrn mrnfb`nr hn frk`ukc`bn, plr kakjphl, sk gkok ks`rbobr hls sbmubkctks `ljncgls1

>. Kh prbjkr `ljncgl kstî mrnfb`ncgl hn tnohn gk frk`ukc`bn `lc ucn vnrbkgng gk lp`blcks.
?. Kh skmucgl `ljncgl kstî rk-cljorncgl hn mrîfb`n pnrn plgkr loskrvnrhn `lc ltrns
mrîfb`ns.
0. Kh tkr`kr `ljncgl kstî munrgncgl hn mrîfb`n kc flrjntl .mpe gk PWNWN.
7. Cltn1 hls sêjolhls ‘/*‚ y ‘*/‚ ks pnrn bcgb`nr nh prlmrnjn hn `lctbcubgng gkh `ljncgl.
Ks gk`br, `ljl cl kxbstbkrn skpnrn`bðc kctrk hls pîrrnfls.

>?
ebstlmrnj gkptl, frkqukc`y ngghnokhs ytbthk("Frk`ukc`bn") /*
*/ suotbthk("Gbstrbou`bðc plr Gkpnrtnjkctls") /*
*/ xhnokh(> ? 0 7 ; 6 = 5 2, vnhukhnokh hnosbzk(vsjnhh)) /*
*/ cltk("Fukctk1 Fucgn`bðc BCKPNG")
mrnpe rkcnjk fbmurn>
mrnpe snvk fbmurn>, rkphn`k
mrnpe kxplrt fbmurn>.pcm, ns(pcm) rkphn`k

Ynrn mrnfb`nr kh plr`kctnak gk hn tnohn gk frk`ukc`bn, plr kakjphl, sk gkok ks`rbobr hls sbmubkctks
`ljncgls1

ebstlmrnj gkptl, pkr`kct ngghnokhs ytbthk("Kc Ylr`kctnak") /*

*/ suotbthk("Gbstrbou`bðc plr Gkpnrtnjkctls") /*
*/ xhnokh(> ? 0 7 ; 6 = 5 2, vnhukhnokh hnosbzk(vsjnhh)) /*
*/ cltk("Fukctk1 Fucgn`bðc BCKPNG")
mrnpe rkcnjk fbmurn?
mrnpe snvk fbmurn?, rkphn`k
mrnpe kxplrt fbmurn?.pcm, ns(pcm) rkphn`k

>0
Kh `ljncgl ebstlmrnj tnjobâc mrîfb`n hn gbstrbou`bðc gk frk`ukc`bn gk ucn vnrbnohk `lctbcun.
Wbkck vnrbns lp`blcks pnrn ncnhbznr hn vnrbnohk. Ylr kakjphl, nh kspk`bfb`nr clrjnh, sk supkrplck
ucn gkcsbgng clrjnh kc kh ebstlmrnjn4 kc `njobl, nh kspk`bfb`nr dgkcsbty, sk supkrplck ucn
kstbjn`bðc ngk`ungn gk hn gkcsbgng kc kh ebstlmrnjn.

ebstlmrnj `lcsujlp`, gkcsbty clrjnh dgkcsbty /*

*/ suotbthk("@lcsujl pkr `îpbtn") /*
*/ ytbthk("Gkcsbgng") xtbthk("@lcsujl") /*
*/ cltk("Fukctk1 Fucgn`bðc BCKPNG")
mrnpe rkcnjk fbmurn0, rkphn`k
mrnpe snvk fbmurn0, rkphn`k
mrnpe kxplrt fbmurn0.pcm, ns(pcm) rkphn`k

0.7. Jkgbgns gk tkcgkc`bn `kctrnh

Hls gntls gk ucn vnrbnohk kstîc prlpkcsls n rkucbrsk nhrkgkglr gk uc puctl `kctrnh gkcljbcngl

jkgbgn
gntls. gk hn tkcgkc`bn `kctrnh, quk uob`n k bgkctbfb`n kh puctl nhrkgkglr gkh `unh sk `kctrnc hls

Kxbstkc trks jâtlgls pnrn bgkctbfb`nr kh `kctrl gk uc `lcauctl gk gntls1

∟ Hn jkgbn4
∟ Hn jkgbncn4
∟ Hn jlgn.

>7
Hn jkgbn l jkgbn nrbtjâtb`n ks hn jkgbgn gk hn tkcgkc`bn `kctrnh quk usunhjkctk hhnjngn
prljkgbl. Hn jkgbn gk ucn jukstrn `lc c loskrvn`blcks sk gktkrjbcn nsê1


  +  + ⋬ +    
󰀺  󰀺 

Hn jkgbncn nhmucns vk`ks ks hhnjngn jkgbn plsb`blcnh, plrquk qukgn kxn`tnjkctk kc hn jbtng
gkh `lcauctl gk gntls gkspuâs gk quk hns loskrvn`blcks sk enc `lhl`ngl kc skrbk lrgkcngn. Hn
jbtng gk hns loskrvn`blcks kstnrî plr kc`bjn gk hn jkgbncn, hn ltrn jbtng kstnrî plr gkonal gk
khhn.

Pb kh `lcauctl gk gntls tbkck uc cñjkrl bjpnr gk loskrvn`blcks, hn plsb`bðc gk hn jkgbncn ks

󰃰
󰃰    󰀺  +? >
@lc uc `lcauctl gk gntls quk `lctbkck uc cñjkrl pnr gk loskrvn`blcks ks ck`ksnrbl prljkgbnr
hls gls vnhlrks jkgbls.

Hn jlgn ks hn loskrvn`bðc quk l`urrk `lc jnylr frk`ukc`bn.

Kh `ljncgl tnohk pukgk `rknr tnohns kstngêstb`ns `lctrlhncgl kh `lctkcbgl gk `ngn `nsbhhn. Ylr
kakjphl, plgkjls `nh`uhnr hn jkgbn y hn jkgbncn gk uc vnrbnohk pnrn ucn vnrbnohk `ntkmðrb`n.

tnohk gkptl, ` (jknc tkjp jkgbnc tkjp) flrjnt(%5.?f)

-----------------------------------

Gkpnrtnjkc
tl |
| jknc(tkjp) jkg(tkjp)
-----------+-----------------------
Hn Ynz | >9.=0 5.97
Lrurl | =.;0 =.=5
Yltlsê | >9.9= 2.5?
@euqubsn`n | >6.2= >6.=5
@l`enonjon | >;.>; >;.65
Wnrban | >5.>9 >5.99
Pnctn @ruz | ?0.95 ?7.?;
Okcb | ?;.=; ?;.=?
Yncgl | ?;.== ?6.99
-----------------------------------

>;
Kh `ljncgl mrnpe onr mrîfb`n kstngêstb`l gk ucn vnrbnohk `ntkmðrb`n. Hls `ljncgls pnrn lotkckr
ucn mrîfb`n `lc hls kstngêstb`ls slc1

mrnpe onr (jknc) tkjp (jkgbnc) tkjp, lvkr(gkptl, hnokh(hnosbzk(vsjnhh)))/*

*/ tbthk("Wkjpkrnturn plr Gkpnrtnjkctl") suotbthk("Kc @kctbmrngls")/*
*/ ytbthk("Wkjpkrnturn") /*
*/ ohnokh(onr, flrjnt(%5.>f) sbzk(vsjnhh)) /*
*/ hkmkcg( hnokh(> "Jkgbn") hnokh(? "Jkgbncn")) /*
*/ cltk("Fukctk1 Fukctk BCKPNG")
mrnpe rkcnjk fbmurn7, rkphn`k
mrnpe snvk fbmurn7, rkphn`k
mrnpe kxplrt fbmurn7.pcm, ns(pcm) rkphn`k

Ltrl kakjphl, plgkjls `nh`uhnr hn jkgbn y hn jkgbncn gk uc vnrbnohk tljncgl kc `unctn gls
vnrbnohks `ntkmðrb`ns1 rkmblc y nhturn.

tnohk rkmblc cnhturn, `(jknc tkjp jkgbnc tkjp) flrjnt(%5.?f)

-------------------------------
| Cbvkh gk nhturn
_kmbðc | Onan Jkgbn Nhtn
----------+--------------------
[roncn | ?7.6? >=.>9 5.2>
| ?7.50 >6.7> 5.?7
|
_urnh | ?7.26 >=.60 2.9?
| ?;.92 >=.76 5.>0
-------------------------------

>6
Kh `ljncgl mrnpe onr tnjobâc mrîfb`n kstngêstb`l gk gls vnrbnohks `ntkmðrb`ns. Hls `ljncgls
pnrn lotkckr ucn mrîfb`n `lc hls kstngêstb`ls slc1

mrnpe onr (jknc) tkjp (jkgbnc) tkjp, lvkr(rkmblc, hnokh(hnosbzk(vsjnhh))) lvkr(cnhturn,

hnokh(hnosbzk(jkgsjnhh))) /*
*/ tbthk("Wkjpkrnturn plr _kmbðc y Nhturn") suotbthk("Kc @kctbmrngls")/*
*/ ytbthk("Wkjpkrnturn") /*
*/ ohnokh(onr, flrjnt(%5.>f) sbzk(vsjnhh)) /*
*/ hkmkcg( hnokh(> "Jkgbn") hnokh(? "Jkgbncn")) /*
*/ cltk("Fukctk1 Fucgn`bðc BCKPNG")
mrnpe rkcnjk fbmurn;, rkphn`k
mrnpe snvk fbmurn;, rkphn`k
mrnpe kxplrt fbmurn;.pcm, ns(pcm) rkphn`k

0.;. Jkgbgns gk plsb`bðc

Hns jkgbgns gk plsb`bðc gbvbgkc uc `lcauctl gk gntls kc mrupls `lc kh jbsjl cñjkrl gk
bcgbvbguls. Ynrn `nh`uhnr hns jkgbgns gk plsb`bðc ks ck`ksnrbl quk hls gntls kstâc lrgkcngls gk
jkclr n jnylr.

Hn jkgbgns gk plsb`bðc jîs `ljucks slc1 @unrtbhks, ^ubctbhks, Gk`bhks y Ykr`kctbhks.

@unrtbhks1 Hls `unrtbhks slc hls trks vnhlrks gk hn vnrbnohk quk gbvbgkc n uc `lcauctl gk gntls
lrgkcngls kc `untrl pnrtks bmunhks. Ylr kakjphl, ^>, ^? y ^0 gktkrjbcnc hls vnhlrks
`lrrksplcgbkctks nh ?;%, nh ;9% y nh =;% gk hls gntls. ^? `lbc`bgk `lc hn jkgbncn.

>=
^ubctbhks1 Hls qubctbhks slc hls `untrl vnhlrks gk hn vnrbnohk quk gbvbgkc n uc `lcauctl gk gntls
lrgkcngls kc `bc`l pnrtks bmunhks. Hls vnhlrks `lrrksplcgbkctks nh ?9%, nh 79%, nh 69% y nh 59%
gk hls gntls.

Gk`bhks1 Hls gk`bhks slc hls cukvk vnhlrks quk gbvbgkc hn skrbk gk gntls kc gbkz pnrtks bmunhks.
Hls gk`bhks gnc hls vnhlrks `lrrksplcgbkctks nh >9%, nh ?9%... y nh 29% gk hls gntls. G; `lbc`bgk
`lc hn jkgbncn.

Ykr`kctbhks1 Hls pkr`kctbhks slc hls 22 vnhlrks quk gbvbgkc hn skrbk gk gntls kc >99 pnrtks bmunhks.
Hls pkr`kctbhks gnc hls vnhlrks `lrrksplcgbkctks nh >%, nh ?%... y nh 22% gk hls gntls. Y;9
`lbc`bgk `lc hn jkgbncn.

Kh `ljncgl tnohk pukgk `rknr tnohns kstngêstb`ns `lc hns jkgbgns gk plsb`bðc gk ucn vnrbnohk. Ylr
kakjphl, plgkjls `nh`uhnr hls `unrtbhks gk hn vnrbnohk tkjpkrnturn plr gkpnrtnjkctl.

tnohk gkptl, `( p?; tkjp p;9 tkjp p=; tkjp) flrjnt(%5.?f)

-----------------------------------------------
Gkpnrtnjkc |
tl | p?;(tkjp) jkg(tkjp) p=;(tkjp)
-----------+-----------------------------------
Hn Ynz | =.?6 5.>9 >0.;>
Lrurl | 6.5= =.== 5.;2
Yltlsê | 5.?7 2.5? >?.>7
@euqubsn`n | >;.7> >6.50 >5.06
@l`enonjon | >?.60 >;.09 >6.=7
Wnrban | >6.92 >5.99 ?>.55
Pnctn @ruz | ?9.2= ?0.5? ?7.6>
Okcb | ?;.7? ?;.=? ?6.?=
Yncgl | ?7.25 ?6.99 ?6.?2
-----------------------------------------------

Kh `ljncgl mrnpe onr tnjobâc mrîfb`n kstngêstb`l gk plsb`bðc. Hls `ljncgls pnrn lotkckr ucn
mrîfb`n `lc hls kstngêstb`ls slc1

mrnpe onr (p?;) tkjp (p;9) tkjp (p=;) tkjp, lvkr(gkptl, hnokh(hnosbzk(vsjnhh)))/*
*/ tbthk("Wkjpkrnturn plr Gkpnrtnjkctl1 @unrtbhks") suotbthk("Kc @kctbmrngls")/*
*/ ytbthk("Wkjpkrnturn") /*
*/ ohnokh(onr, flrjnt(%5.>f)sbzk(vsjnhh)) /*
*/ hkmkcg( hnokh(> "Y?;") hnokh(? "Y;9") hnok(0 "Y=;" )) /*
*/ cltk("Fukctk1 YC[G")
>5
mrnpe rkcnjk fbmurn6, rkphn`k
mrnpe snvk fbmurn6, rkphn`k

Wkjpkrnturn plr Gkpnrtnjkctl1 @unrtbhks

Kc @kctbmrngls
?6.0 ?6.9?6.0
?;.7?;.= ?;.9
; ?7.6
?0.5
?
?>.2
?>.9
9
? >5.7 >5.9
rn >6.5 >6.=
>6.>
tu >;.7 >;.0
rn ;
k > >0.;
>?.6
p >?.>
j
k 9 2.5
W > 5.>
5.6 5.?
=.5
=.0 6.2

9
Hn Ynz Lrurl Yltlsê @euqub sn`n @l`enonjon W nrb an Pnctn @ruz Okcb Yncgl

Y?; Y;9
Y=;
Fukctk1 YC[G

0.6. Jkgbgns gk gbspkrsbðc

Hn uob`n`bðc gkh `kctrl gk uc `lcauctl gk gntls ks gk utbhbgng pnrn gks`rbp`bðc gk uc `lcauctl gk

cñjkrls. Ykrl bgkctbfb`nr ucn jkgbgn gk tkcgkc`bn `kctrnh rnrn vkz ks sufb`bkctk. [cn gks`rbp`bðc
jîs `ljphktn gkh `lcauctl gk gntls pukgk lotkckrsk sb sk jbgk quâ tnc gbspkrsl kstîc hls gntls
nhrkgkglr gk gu`el puctl `kctrnh. Kstl ks prk`bsnjkctk hl quk en`kc hns jkgbgns gk gbspkrsbðc.
Bcgb`nc `uîctl sk gksvênc hns loskrvn`blcks nhrkgkglr gk su jkgbn.

Kh rncml ks hn jkgbgn gk gbspkrsbðc jîs sbjphk (y jkcls ñtbh). Kh rncml ks sbjphkjkctk hn

gbfkrkc`bn kctrk hn loskrvn`bðc jîs nhtn y hn jîs onan. Pu vkctnan ks quk ks fî`bh gk `nh`uhnr. Pu
gksvkctnan ks quk `lcsbgkrn sðhl gls gk hls `bkctls gk loskrvn`blcks quk eny kc uc `lcauctl gk
gntls. Kh rkstl gk hns loskrvn`blcks sk bmclrnc.

>2
Hn vnrbnczn y hn gksvbn`bðc kstîcgnr slc jkgbgns gk gbspkrsbðc ju`el jîs ñtbhks. Yrlplr`blcnc
ucn jkgbgn jîs sbmcbfb`ntbvn slork kh puctl enstn kh `unh sk gbspkrsnc hns loskrvn`blcks
nhrkgkglr gk su jkgbn.

Hn vnrbnczn ks kh ‘prljkgbl gk hns gksvbn`blcks rkspk`tl n su jkgbn khkvngns nh `ungrngl‚. ¼^uâ

sbmcbfb`n kstl< Pbmcbfb`n quk1 >) sk kc`ukctrn hn `nctbgng plr hn `unh `ngn loskrvn`bðc sk gksvên
gk hn jkgbn4 ?) sk khkvnc nh `ungrngl tnhks gksvbn`blcks4 y 0) sk enhhn hn jkgbn gk tnhks
gksvbn`blcks khkvngns nh `ungrngl.

Hn gksvbn`bðc kstîcgnr ks hn rnêz `ungrngn gk hn vnrbnczn. Ks ucn jkgbgn bjplrtnctk gk hn

gbspkrsbðc gk hls gntls.

Hn vnrbnczn y hn gksvbn`bðc kstîcgnr pnrn ucn jukstrn rkprkskctnc jkgbgns gk gbspkrsbðc

nhrkgkglr gk hn jkgbn. Pk `nh`uhnc gk hn sbmubkctk jnckrn1

 ( ∟ )
(  ) 󰀺󰀺
∟>

󰃰 󰃮() 󰀺   

Kh `ljncgl tnohk pukgk `rknr tnohns kstngêstb`ns `lc hns jkgbgns gk gbspkrsbðc gk ucn vnrbnohk.
Ylr kakjphl, plgkjls `nh`uhnr hn gksvbn`bðc kstîcgnr, kh jîxbjl y kh jêcbjl gk hn vnrbnohk
êcgb`k gk gksnrrlhhl eujncl (bge?99>) y gk tlgn hn jukstrn.

tnohk gkptl, `( jknc bge?99> sg bge?99> jnx bge?99> jbc bge?99>) rlw flrjnt(%5.?f)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

?9
Gkpnrtnjkc |
tl | jknc(bge?99>) sg(bge?99>) jnx(bge?99>) jbc(bge?99>)
-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------
Hn Ynz | 9.;; 9.9; 9.=> 9.7?
Lrurl | 9.;7 9.97 9.62 9.75
Yltlsê | 9.75 9.92 9.6= 9.07
@euqubsn`n | 9.72 9.95 9.62 9.0;
@l`enonjon | 9.;0 9.>9 9.=7 9.0>
Wnrban | 9.;2 9.96 9.62 9.7=
Pnctn @ruz | 9.6> 9.9; 9.=7 9.;?
Okcb | 9.6? 9.90 9.62 9.;6
Yncgl | 9.;= 9.97 9.62 9.;>
|
Wltnh | 9.;; 9.95 9.=7 9.0>
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Kh `ljncgl ebstlmrnj mrîfb`n hn gbstrbou`bðc gk frk`ukc`bn gk ucn vnrbnohk `lctbcun, glcgk sk

pukgk bctrlgu`br hn jkgbn y hn gksvbn`bðc kstîcgnr. Hls `ljncgls pnrn lotkckr ucn mrîfb`n `lc
hls kstngêstb`ls slc1

ebstlmrnj bge?99>, frkq clrjnh dgkcsbty /*

*/ xnxbs(> ?) /*
*/ yhnokh(9(>9)69, mrbg) /*
*/ xhnokh(9.;; "jkgbn" /*
*/ 9.7= "-> sg" /*
*/ 9.60 "+> sg" /*
*/ 9.02 "-? sg" /*
*/ 9.=> "+? sg", nxbs(?) mrbg mjnx) /*
*/ tbthk("Bcgb`k gk GGksnrrlhhl
ksnrrlhhl Eujncl") suotbthk("Nþl ?99>")/*
*/ xtbthk("", nxbs(?)) /*
*/ ytbthk("Frk`ukc`bn") /*
*/ cltk("Fukctk1 YC[G")

?>
 Bcgb`k gk Gksnrrlhhl Eujncl
Nþl ?99>
-? sg -> s g jkgbn +> sg +? sg
9
6

9
;

9
bn 7
`
c
k
u 9
` 0
rk
F
9
?

9
>

9
.0 .7 .; .6 .=
bge?99>
Fukctk1 YC[G

0.=. @lkfb`bkctk gk vnrbn`bðc

@ljl sk en kcfntbzngl, uc usl bjplrtnctk gk hn gksvbn`bðc kstîcgnr ks skrvbr `ljl jkgbgn gk

gbspkrsbðc. Pbc kjonrml sk nphb`nc `bkrtns hbjbtn`blcks. @uncgl sk `lcsbgkrnc gls l jîs
gbstrbou`blcks quk tbkck jkgbns sbmcbfb`ntbvnjkctk gbfkrkctks, l quk kstîc jkgbgns kc ucbgngks
gbstbctns, ks pkhbmrlsl sn`nr `lc`husblcks rkspk`tl n hn gbspkrsbðc sðhl `lc onsk kc hn gksvbn`bðc
kstîcgnr.
Ylr tnctl, `lc frk`ukc`bn gkokjls `lcsbgkrnr kh `lkfb`bkctk gk vnrbn`bðc (`v), kh `unh sbrvk `ljl
jkgbgn rkhntbvn gk gbspkrsbðc. Kh `lkfb`bkctk gk vnrbn`bðc gktkrjbcn kh mrngl gk gbspkrsbðc gk uc
`lcauctl rkhntbvl n su jkgbn. Pk `nh`uhn gbvbgbkcgl hn gksvbn`bðc kstîcgnr gk ucn gbstrbou`bðc plr
su jkgbl y juhtbphb`ncgl plr >99.


  󰃰 () 󰀺 

Ylr ltrl hngl, prkskctn prlohkjns yn quk n gbfkrkc`bn gk hn gksvbn`bðc kstîcgnr kstk `lkfb`bkctk ks
vnrbnohk nctk `njobls gk lrbmkc. Ylr khhl ks bjplrtnctk quk tlgls hls vnhlrks sknc plsbtbvls y su
jkgbn gâ, plr tnctl, uc vnhlr plsbtbvl. N jnylr vnhlr gkh `lkfb`bkctk gk vnrbn`bðc jnylr
ektkrlmkckbgng gk hls vnhlrks gk hn vnrbnohk4 y n jkclr `v, jnylr eljlmkckbgng kc hls vnhlrks
gk hn vnrbnohk.

Kh `lkfb`bkctk gk vnrbn`bðc ks têpb`njkctk jkclr quk ucl. Pbc kjonrml, kc `bkrtns gbstrbou`blcks

gk prlonobhbgng pukgk skr > l jnylr quk >.

??
Kh `ljncgl tnostnt sk utbhbzn pngn `lcstrubr tnohns gk kstngêstb`ls rksujkc1 hn jkgbn, kh jîxbjl,
kh jêcbjl, kh rncml, hn vnrbnczn, hn gksvbn`bðc kstîcgnr, hls pkr`kctbhks, kh `lkfb`bkctk gk
vnrbn`bðc, kctrk ltrls, vkr ekhp tnostnt.

Hls `ljncgls pnrn lotkckr ucn tnohn rksujkc gk hls kstngêstb`ls ncnhbzngls pnrn ucn vnrbnohk, sk
gkok ks`rbobr kh sbmubkctk `ljncgl1

tnostnt tkjp, oy(gkptl) stnt(jknc jkgbnc rncmk vnrbnc`k sg `v) flrjnt(%5.?f)

Pujjnry flr vnrbnohks1 tkjp
oy `ntkmlrbks lf1 gkptl (Gkpnrtnjkctl)
gkptl | jknc p;9 rncmk vnrbnc`k sg `v
-----------+------------------------------------------------------------
Hn Ynz | >9.=> 5.>9 ?9.66 ?=.7? ;.?7 9.72
Lrurl | =.;? =.== ;.62 >.2; >.79 9.>2
Yltlsê | >9.97 2.5? >?.75 5.>; ?.5; 9.?5
@euqubsn`n | >=.99 >6.50 2.5? 6.6> ?.;= 9.>;
@l`enonjon | >7.5= >;.09 >5.9; >;.7= 0.20 9.?6
Wnrban | >5.>9 >5.99 >?.=> >;.07 0.2? 9.??
Pnctn @ruz | ??.=6 ?0.5? 5.52 6.=5 ?.69 9.>>
Okcb | ?;.=; ?;.=? >.;? 9.?6 9.;> 9.9?
Yncgl | ?;.== ?6.99 >.=7 9.02 9.6? 9.9?
-----------+------------------------------------------------------------
Wltnh | >;.>6 >7.62 ??.67 75.92 6.20 9.76
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Kh `ljncgl tnostnt tnjobâc `nh`uhn kstngêstb`l pnrn jîs gk gls vnrbnohks, sk gkok ks`rbobr kh
sbmubkctk `ljncgl1

tnostnt cob?99> bge?99> kspvbg

kspvbgn?99>,
n?99>, stnt(jknc jkgbnc rncmk vnrbnc`k
vnrbnc`k sg `v) flrjnt(%5.?f)

stnts | cob?99> bge?99> ksp~?99>

---------+------------------------------
jknc | 57.?5 9.;; 69.70
p;9 | 2>.9; 9.;6 6>.92
rncmk | 59.2? 9.70 ?2.29
vnrbnc`k | 0?>.7; 9.9> ?;.0>
sg | >=.20 9.95 ;.90
`v | 9.?> 9.>7 9.95
----------------------------------------

?0
0.5. @lkfb`bkctk gk `lrrkhn`bðc

Kc kstngêstb`n, kh `lkfb`bkctk gk `lrrkhn`bðc gk Yknrslc (  ) ks ucn jkgbgn gk hn rkhn`bðc hbcknh

kctrk gls vnrbnohks nhkntlrbns `unctbtntbvns (U, R). N gbfkrkc`bn gk hn `lvnrbnczn, hn `lrrkhn`bðc gk
Yknrslc ks bcgkpkcgbkctk gk hn ks`nhn gk jkgbgn gk hns vnrbnohks.

Gk jnckrn jkcls flrjnh, plgkjls gkfbcbr kh `lkfb`bkctk gk `lrrkhn`bðc gk Yknrslc `ljl uc

êcgb`k quk pukgk utbhbznrsk pnrn jkgbr kh mrngl gk rkhn`bðc gk gls vnrbnohks sbkjprk y `uncgl
njons sknc `unctbtntbvns.

Pk `nh`uhn gbvbgbkcgl hn `lvnrbnczn kctrk hns gls vnrbnohks (U,R) plr sus gksvbn`blcks kstîcgnrks1

(,)
  󰃰 ( ) 󰀺
 

Kh `lkfb`bkctk gk `lrrkhn`bðc pukgk nsujbr `unhqubkr vnhlr kctrk -> y +> ( ∟> ≧  ≧ >). [c
vnhlr gk  󰀺 ∟> bcgb`n ucn rkhn`bðc ckmntbvn pkrfk`tn kctrk U y R4 kc `njobl, jukstrn ucn
rkhn`bðc plsbtbvn pkrfk`tn kctrk U y R `lc gk  󰀺 +>.

Kh `ljncgl `lrrkhntk `nh`uhn `lrrkhn`blcks kctrk vnrbnohks `unctbtntbvns,

`unctbtntbvns , sk gkok ks`rbobr kh
sbmubkctk `ljncgl1

`lrrkhntk tkjp rnbc nhtbtugk cob?99> bge?99> kspvbgn?99>

| tkjp rnbc nhtbtugk cob?99> bge?99> ksp~?99>
-------------+------------------------------------------------------
tkjp | >.9999
rnbc | 9.=206 >.9999
nhtbtugk | -9.2562 -9.597= >.9999
cob?99> | -9.09?? -9.>>=9 9.?275 >.9999
bge?99> | 9.0=?6 9.?206 -9.7?;> -9.=929 >.9999
kspvbgn?99> | 9.7;;5 9.?299 -9.75=6 -9.;76? 9.5?09 >.9999

Kh `ljncgl mrnpe twlwny s`nttkr pukgk prlplr`blcnrcls ucn mrîfb`n quk jukstrn hls plsbohks
vnhlrks pnrn kh `lkfb`bkctk gk `lrrkhn`bðc. Kh `ljncgl pnrn lotkckr hn mrîfb`n ks1

?7
mrnpe twlwny (s`nttkr rnbc tkjp) (hfbt rnbc tkjp), /*
*/ tbthk("_khn`bðc kctrk Wkjpkrnturn y Yrk`bpbtn`bðc Yhuvbnh") /*
*/ ytbthk("Yrk`bpbtn`bðc Yhuvbnh") xtbthk("Wkjpkrnturn") /*
*/ hkmkcg( lrgkr(> "Loskrvn`bðc" ? "Wkcgkc`bn"))/*
*/ cltk("Fukctk1 YC[G")
mrnpe rkcnjk fbmurn5, rkphn`k
mrnpe snvk fbmurn5, rkphn`k

_khn`bðc kctrk Yrk`bpbtn`bðc Yhuvbnh y Wkjpkrnturn

9
9
7

h 9
9
bn 0
v
hu
Y
c
bð 9
` 9
?
n
tb
bp
`
rk 9
Y 9
>

; >9 >; ?9 ?;
Wkjpkrnturn

Loskrvn`bðc Wkcgkc`bn
Fukctk1 YC[G

mrnpe twlwny (s`nttkr cob?99> tkjp) (hfbt cob?99> tkjp), /*

*/ tbthk("_khn`bðc kctrk COB y Wkjpkrnturn") /*
*/ ytbthk("COB") xtbthk("Wkjpkrnturn") /*
*/ hkmkcg( lrgkr(> "Loskrvn`bðc" ? "Wkcgkc`bn"))/*
*/ cltk("Fukctk1 YC[G")
mrnpe rkcnjk fbmurn2, rkphn`k
mrnpe snvk fbmurn2, rkphn`k

?;
 _khn`bðc kctrk COB y Wkjpkrnturn
9
9
>

9
5

B 9
O 6
C

9
7

9
?

; >9 >; ?9 ?;
Wkjpkrnturn

Loskrvn`bðc Wkcgkc`bn
Fukctk1 YC[G

7. Kstngêstb`n Bcfkrkc`bnh
Hn kstngêstb`n bcfkrkc`bnh bcvlhu`rn hn utbhbzn`bðc gk ucn jukstrn pnrn sn`nr nhmucn bcfkrkc`bn l
`lc`husbðc slork hn plohn`bðc gk hn `unh en`k pnrtk hn jukstrn.

Hn kxn`tbtug gk tlgn kstbjn`bðc ks gk kclrjk bjplrtnc`bn. Kstn kxn`tbtug gkpkcgk kc mrnc pnrtk
gk hn flrjn `ljl sk tljð hn jukstrn y gkh `ubgngl quk sk tkcmn pnrn mnrnctbznr quk hn jukstrn
prlplr`blck ucn bjnmkc `lcfbnohk gk hn plohn`bðc. Pbc kjonrml, `lc ju`en frk`ukc`bn sk
`ljprukon quk hn jukstrn cl ks gkh tlgl rkprkskctntbvn gk hn plohn`bðc y rksuhtnrî uc krrlr gk
jukstrkl. Kh krrlr gk jukstrkl ks hn gbfkrkc`bn kctrk kh kstngêstb`l gk hn jukstrn utbhbzngn pnrn
`nh`uhnr kh pnrîjktrl gk hn plohn`bðc y kh vnhlr rknh pkrl gks`lcl`bgl gkh pnrîjktrl.

7.>. Gbstrbou`blcks jukstrnhks

Kh vnhlr kstngêstb`l gkpkcgk gk hn jukstrn tljngn. Gk `unhqubkr plohn`bðc gngn gk tnjnþl , ks

plsbohk lotkckr ju`ens jukstrns gbfkrkctks gk tnjnþl . @ngn jukstrn pukgk tnjobâc tkckr ucn
jkgbn gbfkrkctk. Gk ek`el, ks plsbohk lotkckr ucn gbstrbou`bðc `ljphktn gk jkgbns gbfkrkctks gk
vnrbns jukstrns plsbohks gk ucn vnrbnohk nhkntlrbn.

[cn vnrbnohk nhkntlrbn ks ucn vnrbnohk `uyl vnhlr ks kh rksuhtngl gk uc kvkctl nhkntlrbl. Hns
vnrbnohks nhkntlrbns pukgkc skr gbs`rktns l `lctbcuns. [cn vnrbnohk nhkntlrbn gbs`rktn pukgk nsujbr
sðhl `bkrtls vnhlrks, `lc frk`ukc`bn cñjkrls kctkrls, y rksuhtn prbc`bpnhjkctk gkh `lctkl. [cn
vnrbnohk nhkntlrbn `lctbcun rksuhtn prbc`bpnhjkctk gk hn jkgb`bðc y pukgk tljnr `unhqubkr vnhlr,
nh jkcls gkctrl gk uc rncml gngl.
?6
[cn gbstrbou`bðc gk prlonobhbgng ks uc gksphbkmuk gk tlgls hls plsbohks rksuhtngls gk uc
kxpkrbjkctl auctl `lc hns prlonobhbgngks gk `ngn rksuhtngl, tnctl gk ucn vnrbnohk nhkntlrbn
gbs`rktn l `lctbcun.

Ylr kakjphl, suplcbkcgl quk sk hnczn ucn jlckgn trks vk`ks y sk ncltn kh cñjkrl gk `nrns quk sk
lotbkckc. Hls plsbohks rksuhtngls slc 9 `nrns, > `nrn, ? `nrns, l 0 `nrns. Hn vnrbnohk nhkntlrbn ks kh
cñjkrl gk `nrns quk sk lotbkckc, y hls plsbohks rksuhtngls slc hls vnhlrks gk hn vnrbnohk nhkntlrbn.
Ylr tnctl, sk pukgk gktkrjbcnr quk hn prlonobhbgng gk hncznr ucn jlckgn trks vk`ks y lotkckr1
∟ cbcmucn `nrn ks >/54
∟ > `nrn ks 0/54
∟ ? `nrns ks 0/54 y
∟ 0 `nrns ks >/5.

Kstn gbstrbou`bðc gk prlonobhbgng jukstrn tlgls hls rksuhtngls plsbohks y sus prlonobhbgngks. Vnhk
hn pkcn gkstn`nr quk hns prlonobhbgngks sujnc >, `ljl sk nprk`bn kc hn Fbmurn ?.

Fbmurn >. Gbstrbou`bðc Gbs`rktn gk prlonobhbgng pnrn kh cñjkrl gk `nrns

[c mrnc cñjkrl gk gk`bsblcks gkpkcgk gk hn gbstrbou`bðc gk prlonobhbgng, quk pukgk kstnr

kxprksngl plr hns sbmubkctks1
∟ Gbstrbou`bðc obcljbnh
∟ Gbstrbou`bðc ebpkrmkljâtrb`n
∟ Gbstrbou`bðc Ylbsslc
∟ Gbstrbou`bðc kxplckc`bnh
?=
 ∟ Gbstrbou`bðc ucbflrjk
∟ Gbstrbou`bðc clrjnh

Gk tlgns hns gbstrbou`blcks gk prlonobhbgng, hn gbstrbou`bðc clrjnh ks hn jîs bjplrtnctk.

7.?. Hn gbstrbou`bðc clrjnh

Kh `lc`kptl gk ucn gbstrbou`bðc clrjnh sk kc`ukctrn usunhjkctk kc ncîhbsbs kstngêstb`l y ks gk
bjplrtnc`bn `lcsbgkrnohk. Ylr kakjphl, hn gksvbn`bðc kstîcgnr pukgk utbhbznrsk pnrn sn`nr `bkrtns
`lc`husblcks sb kh `lcauctl gk gntls kc `ukstbðc kstî gbstrboubgl clrjnhjkctk.

[cn gbstrbou`bðc clrjnh ks ucn gbstrbou`bðc gk gntls `lctbculs (cl gbs`rktls) quk prlgu`k ucn
`urvn sbjâtrb`n kc flrjn gk `njpncn, jlstrncgl quk hns loskrvn`blcks kc `ngn kxtrkjl
l`urrbrîc rkhntbvnjkctk gk flrjn pl`l frk`ukctk, pkrl hns loskrvn`blcks quk kstîc jîs `kr`n gk
hn jbtng l`urrbrîc `lc ucn frk`ukc`bn nhtn. Kc ucn gbstrbou`bðc clrjnh, hn jkgbn, hn jkgbncn y hn
jlgn slc tlgns bmunhks, `ljl sk jukstrn kc hn Fbmurn >.

Fbmurn ?. Gbstrbou`bðc Clrjnh

Ngkjîs, ks gk bjplrtnc`bn quk hn jbtng gk hns loskrvn`blcks kstî plr kc`bjn gk hn jkgbn y hn
jbtng kstî plr gkonal. Hn rkmhn kjpêrb`n gb`k quk sb sk bc`huykc tlgns hns loskrvn`blcks quk kstîc
nuc gksvbn`bðc kstîcgnr gk hn jkgbn (ucn gksvbn`bðc kstîcgnr plr kc`bjn gk hn jkgbn y ucn

?5
gksvbn`bðc kstîcgnr plr gkonal gk hn jkgbn) kstns skrîc kh 65.0% gk tlgns hns loskrvn`blcks4
kctlc`ks, hns loskrvn`blcks kstîc gbstrboubgns clrjnhjkctk.

Hn flrjn y plsb`bðc gk ucn gbstrbou`bðc clrjnh kstîc gktkrjbcngns plr gls pnrîjktrls1 su
jkgbn ( ) y su gksvbn`bðc kstîcgnr ().

Hn kvbgkc`bn jukstrn quk pukgk kxbstbr uc cñjkrl bcfbcbtl gk gbstrbou`blcks clrjnhks plsbohks,
`ngn ucn `lc su prlpbn jkgbn y su gksvbn`bðc kstîcgnr. Rn quk cl sk pukgk ncnhbznr uc cñjkrl
tnc mrncgk gk plsbobhbgngks, ks ck`ksnrbl `lcvkrtbr tlgns kstns gbstrbou`blcks clrjnhks n ucn
flrjn kstîcgnr.

Kstn `lcvkrsbðc n hn gbstrbou`bðc clrjnh kstîcgnr sk kfk`tñn `lc hn fðrjuhn gk `lcvkrsbðc (l

fðrjuhn ‐ Q)1

∟
󰀺


Kc glcgk Q ks hn gksvbn`bðc clrjnh y U ks nhmñc vnhlr kspk`êfb`l gk hn vnrbnohk nhkntlrbn.

Gkspuâs gk kstk prl`ksl gk `lcvkrsbðc, hn jkgbn gk hn gbstrbou`bðc ks `krl y hn gksvbn`bðc
kstîcgnr ks >.

Kh prlmrnjn PWNWN tbkck vnrbns lp`blcks pnrn tkstknr sb hn gbstrbou`bðc gk ucn vnrbnohk tbkck ucn
gbstrbou`bðc clrjnh. Kc ucn prbjkrn pnrtk, sk ncnhbznrî mrîfb`njkctk sb hn gbstrbou`bðc sk nskjkan
n ucn gbstrbou`bðc (jâtlgls mrîfb`ls), hukml sk utbhbznrî nhmucns kstngêstb`ns pnrn gktkrjbcnr sb hn
gbstrbou`bðc ks clrjnh (jâtlgls cujârb`ls).

Jâtlgls mrîfb`ls

Kh `ljncgl dgkcsbty sk utbhbzn pnrn prlgu`br ucn mrîfb`n gk hn kstbjn`bðc gk hn gkcsbgng dkrckh
gk hn vnrbnohk
mrîfb`n. gk bctkrâs. Khpukgk
Hn `ljpnrn`bðc `ljncgl clrjnh slhb`btn
prlplr`blcnrcls ucn quk
bgknucn
gk gkcsbgng clrjnh gk
hn gbstrbou`bðc sk ngauctk n hn
hn vnrbnohk
nhkntlrbn. Hn mrîfb`n pukgk skr pkcsngn `ljl uc ebstlmrnjn `lc hls `ljpnrtbjbkctls kstrk`els y
jkgbn jðvbh. Hls `ljncgls slc1

dgkcsbty bge?99>, clrjnh tbthk("Gbstrbou`bðc gkh BGE1 Jucb`bpbls") /*

*/ ytbthk("Gkcsbgng") xtbthk("Bcgb`k gk Gksnrrlhhl Eujncl") /*
*/ hkmkcg(lrgkr(> "Kstbjn`bðc Gkcsbgng Dkrckh" ? "Gkcsbgng Clrjnh"))
mrnpe rkcnjk fbmurn>9, rkphn`k
mrnpe snvk fbmurn>9, rkphn`k

?2
 Gbstrbou`bðc gkh BGE1 Jucb`bpbls
6

7
g
n
g
bs
c
k
G
?

.0 .7 .; .6 .= .5
Bcgb`k gk Gksnrrlhhl Eujncl

Kstbjn`bðc Gkcsbgng Dkrckh

Gkcsbgng Clrjnh
dkrckh : kpnck`ecbdlv, oncgwbgte : 9.9>52

Wnjobâc sk pukgk utbhbznr kh `ljncgl ebstlmrnj quk mrîfb`n hn gbstrbou`bðc gk frk`ukc`bn `lc
hns lp`blcks gk dgkcsbty y clrjnh. Hls `ljncgls pnrn lotkckr hn mrîfb`n1

Gbstrbou`bðc gkh BGE1

6.0;0
Jucb`bpbls
6 ;.57;

;.950
7.2;6

7
g
n
g
b
s
c ?.=2;
k
G ?.;7>

?.900
>.296 >.296
?
>.6;?

.552; .552;
.=6?7 .=6?7 .=6?7

.?;7>
.>?=>
9
.0 .7 .; .6 .=
Bcgb`k gk Gksnrrlhhl Eujncl

09
Kh `ljncgl pclrj rkprkskctn mrîfb`njkctk kctrk hn prlonobhbgng clrjnh kstncgnrbzngn gk hn
vnrbnohk y hn gktkrjbcngn kjpêrb`njkctk. Kstk `ljncgl pkrjbtk kvnhunr hns gbfkrkc`bns kc hk
`kctrl gk hn gbstrbou`bðc. Kh `ljncgl qclrj pmrîfb`n hls `unctbhks gk hn vnrbnohk gk bctkrâs
`lctrn hls `unctbhks gk hn gbstrbou`bðc clrjnh. Kstk `ljncgl pkrjbtk kvnhunr hns `lhns gk hn
gbstrbou`bðc. Kh `ljncgl mrnpe olx gbouan gbnmrnjns gk `nans vkrtb`nhks glcgk sk rkprkskctn hn
jkgbn y hns loskrvn`blcks ‘luthbkrs‚. Fbcnhjkctk, kh `ljncgl gltphlt mrîfb`n uc gbnmrnjn gk
gbspkrsbðc `lc hls vnhlrks nmrupngls vkrtb`nhjkctk y `lc hls puctls rkprkskctngls skpnrngls
elrbzlctnhjkctk, glcgk kh loaktbvl ks jlstrnr tlgls hls gntls gk vnrbns vnrbnohks l mrupls kc uc
mrîfb`l `ljpn`tl.

󰁹󰁣󰁬󰁿󰁪 󰁢󰁧󰁥󰀿󰀹󰀹󰀾 󰁾󰁣󰁬󰁿󰁪 󰁢󰁧󰁥󰀿󰀹󰀹󰀾

9
9
. .5
>

; .=
Z =
.
s/) 9
j
-
>
9 .6
9 >
? 9 9
e ; 9
g
b( . ?
T 9 e
F g
b
h .;
n
rj
l
C ;
?
.
9
.7

9
9
. .0
9
9.99 9.?; 9.;9 9.=; >.99 .0 .7 .; .6 .= .5
Kjpbrb`nh YTbZ : b/(C+>) Bcvkrsk Clrjnh

󰁭󰁿󰁮󰁹󰁥 󰁯󰁬󰁵 󰁢󰁧󰁥󰀿󰀹󰀹󰀾 󰁧󰁬󰁷󰁹󰁨󰁬󰁷 󰁢󰁧󰁥󰀿󰀹󰀹󰀾

.=
=
.

.6
6
.
>
9
> 9
9 ?
9 e ;
? g .
b
e ;
g
b .

.7
7
.

.0

0
.
9 >9 ?9 09 79
Frkqukc`y

0>
[cl pukgk vkrbfb`nr `lc hns mrîfb`ns quk hn gbstrbou`bðc gkh BGE sk `nsb nskjkan n ucn
gbstrbou`bðc clrjnh4 sbc kjonrml, pnrn uc rksuhtngl sk gkok tkstknr sb hn vnrbnohk tbkck ucn
gbstrbou`bðc clrjnh jkgbnctk jâtlgls cujârb`ls.

Jâtlgls cujârb`ls

Hls tksts gk clrjnhbgng sk nphb`nc n `lcauctls gk gntls pnrn gktkrjbcnr su sbjbhbtug `lc ucn
gbstrbou`bðc clrjnh. Hn ebpðtksbs cuhn ks, kc kstls `nsls, sb kh `lcauctl gk gntls ks sbjbhnr n ucn
gbstrbou`bðc clrjnh, plr hl quk uc Y-vnhlr sufb`bkctkjkctk pkqukþl bcgb`n gntls cl clrjnhks.

Hls `ljncgls slc1

swbhd Wkst gk Penpbrl-]bhd.

sfrnc`bn Wkst gk Penpbrl-Frnc`bn
sdtkst Wkst Pdkwckss/Durtlsbs
Pdkwckss/Durt lsbs

Ynrn jnylr bcflrjn`bðc gk hls gbstbctls tkst rk`urrbr nh `ljjncgl ekhp.

swbhd tkjp rnbc nhtbtugk shlpk plo?99> rurnh?99> cob?99> bge?99> kspvbgn?99>
Penpbrl-]bhd ] tkst flr clrjnh gntn

Vnrbnohk | Los ] V z Yrlo3z

-------------+--------------------------------------------------
tkjp | 0>> 9.2>09? >2.>00 6.279 9.99999
rnbc | 0>> 9.5507; ?;.606 =.6?5 9.99999
nhtbtugk | 0>> 9.56?00 09.?50 5.9?9 9.99999
shlpk | 0>> 9.29>=2 ?>.690 =.??; 9.99999
plo?99> | 0>> 9.?>>25 >=0.007 >?.>?? 9.99999
rurnh?99> | 0>> 9.2?060 >6.=25 6.607 9.99999
cob?99> | 0>> 9.59;70 7?.=25 5.500 9.99999
bge?99> | 0>> 9.2592> 7.>22 0.0=7 9.9990=
kspvbgn?99> | 0>> 9.2=;00 ;.7?= 0.2== 9.99990

sfrnc`bn tkjp rnbc nhtbtugk shlpk plo?99> rurnh?99> cob?99> bge?99> kspvbgn?99>
Penpbrl-Frnc`bn ]' tkst flr clrjnh gntn

Vnrbnohk | Los ]' V' z Yrlo3z

-------------+--------------------------------------------------
tkjp | 0>> 9.2>6=7 >2.;29 6.>6? 9.9999>
rnbc | 0>> 9.55?6? ?=.6>2 6.5?2 9.9999>
nhtbtugk | 0>> 9.566>? 0>.;9> =.95? 9.9999>
shlpk | 0>> 9.2>62? >2.;72 6.>;= 9.9999>
plo?99> | 0>> 9.?9;>5 >5=.9>7 >9.055 9.9999>
rurnh?99> | 0>> 9.2;0=? >9.529 ;.999 9.9999>
cob?99> | 0>> 9.592?9 77.520 =.=;5 9.9999>

bge?99> |
kspvbgn?99> | 0>>
0>> 9.25>6;
9.2=;09 7.0>=
;.5>0 0.>>=
0.=09 9.9992>
9.999>9
0?
sdtkst tkjp rnbc nhtbtugk shlpk plo?99> rurnh?99> cob?99> bge?99> kspvbgn?99>
Pdkwckss/Durtlsbs tksts flr Clrjnhbty
------- albct ------
Vnrbnohk | Los Yr(Pdkwckss) Yr(Durtlsbs) nga `eb?(?) Yrlo3`eb?
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------
tkjp | 0>> 9.9296 9.9999 . 9.9999
rnbc | 0>> 9.9999 9.9999 6?.>= 9.9999
nhtbtugk | 0>> 9.99>9 9.9999 . 9.9999
shlpk | 0>> 9.02;9 . . .
plo?99> | 0>> 9.9999 9.9999 . 9.9999
rurnh?99> | 0>> 9.9999 9.9?>? ;?.?= 9.9999
cob?99> | 0>> 9.9999 9.9990 6>.29 9.9999
bge?99> | 0>> 9.9905 9.?2=9 5.=? 9.9>?5
kspvbgn?99> | 0>> 9.9999 9.>=0? >6.70 9.9990

Hls tksts gk clrjnhbgng jukstrnc quk tlgns hns vnrbnohks cl tbkckc ucn gbstrbou`bðc clrjnh. [cn
kxphb`n`bðc hns gbfkrkc`bns mklmrîfb`ns gk Olhbvbn. @lc hn fbcnhbgng gk `lctnr `lc gbstrbou`blcks
nprlpbngns sk ncnhbzn `lc vnrbnohks `ntkmðrb`ns (nhturn).

slrt nhturn

oy nhturn1 swbhd tkjp rnbc nhtbtugk shlpk plo?99> rurnh?99> cob?99> bge?99> kspvbgn?99>
-----------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------
-3 nhturn : Onan

Penpbrl-]bhd ] tkst flr clrjnh gntn

Vnrbnohk | Los ] V z Yrlo3z

-------------+--------------------------------------------------
tkjp | =5 9.2765; 0.;=7 ?.=5= 9.99?66
rnbc | =5 9.2?290 7.==> 0.7>2 9.9990>
nhtbtugk | =5 9.==0=0 >;.?>? ;.2;6 9.99999
shlpk | =5 9.;6956 ?2.;?0 =.79= 9.99999
plo?99> | =5 9.>505; ;7.5=9 5.=60 9.99999
rurnh?99> | =5 9.2=;>> >.6=7 >.>?= 9.>?22;
cob?99> | =5 9.52;>9 =.9;? 7.?=7 9.9999>
bge?99> | =5 9.259;? >.0>9 9.;29 9.?==;7
kspvbgn?99> | =5 9.20==7 7.>56 0.>00 9.9995=

-----------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------
-3 nhturn : Jkgbn

Penpbrl-]bhd ] tkst flr clrjnh gntn

Vnrbnohk | Los ] V z Yrlo3z

-------------+--------------------------------------------------
tkjp | =2 9.2=>2= >.297 >.7>9 9.9=2?;
rnbc | =2 9.50=2; >>.992 ;.?;? 9.99999

00
 nhtbtugk | =2 9.20?07 7.;26 0.079 9.9997?
shlpk | =2 9.556;9 =.=>> 7.7=? 9.99999
plo?99> | =2 9.?=60? 72.>60 5.;?2 9.99999
rurnh?99> | =2 9.=9?0= ?9.??9 6.;50 9.99999
cob?99> | =2 9.50=92 >>.96= ;.?67 9.99999
bge?99> | =2 9.2527? 9.=>2 -9.=?? 9.=6720
kspvbgn?99> | =2 9.2=72> >.=97 >.>6= 9.>?>;=

-----------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------
-3 nhturn : Nhtn

Penpbrl-]bhd ] tkst flr clrjnh gntn

Vnrbnohk | Los ] V z Yrlo3z

-------------+--------------------------------------------------
tkjp | >;7 9.20626 =.;90 7.;=; 9.99999
rnbc | >;7 9.2565; >.;6; >.9>= 9.>;767
nhtbtugk | >;7 9.2;6=9 ;.>;0 0.=?? 9.999>9
shlpk | >;7 9.277;0 6.69? 7.?5; 9.9999>
plo?99> | >;7 9.??70> 2?.0>6 >9.?=0 9.99999
rurnh?99> | >;7 9.=297; ?7.202 =.09? 9.99999
cob?99> | >;7 9.652>0 06.22= 5.>2= 9.99999
bge?99> | >;7 9.260>9 7.02? 0.0;2 9.99902
kspvbgn?99> | >;7 9.26>=0 7.;;7 0.77? 9.999?2

Hn vnrbnohk bge?99> pukgk kstnr `nrn`tkrbzngl plr ucn gbstrbou`bðc clrjnh kc hls jucb`bpbls `lc
nhturn onan y jkgbn4 kc `njobl, cl sk `ujphk pnrn hls jucb`bpbls `lc nhturn nhtn.

7.0. Bctkrvnhls gk `lcfbnczn

Eny plr hl jkcls gls tbpls gk kstbjnglrks quk sk utbhbznc jîs `ljñcjkctk pnrn kstbjnr hn
jkgbn plohn`blcnh `lc hn jkgbn gk ucn jukstrn rkprkskctntbvn1 uc kstbjnglr puctunh y uc
kstbjnglr plr bctkrvnhl.

[c kstbjnglr puctunh utbhbzn uc kstngêstb`l pnrn kstbjnr kh pnrîjktrl kc uc slhl vnhlr l puctl4 kc
`njobl, ucn kstbjn`bðc plr bctkrvnhl kspk`êfb`n kh rncml gkctrl gkh `unh kstî kh pnrîjktrl
gks`lcl`bgl. Wnh bctkrvnhl `lc frk`ukc`bn vn n`ljpnþngl gk ucn nfbrjn`bðc slork kh cbvkh gk
`lcfbnczn quk sk gn kc su kxn`tbtug. Ylr tnctl sk hhnjn bctkrvnhl gk `lcfbnczn (B@).

Kc rknhbgng eny trks cbvkhks gk `lcfbnczn rkhn`blcngls `ljñcjkctk `lc hls bctkrvnhls gk
`lcfbnczn1 22%, 2;%, y 29%. Cl eny cngn jîmb`l slork kstls trks vnhlrks. Kstls trks cbvkhks gk
`lcfbnczn, gkcljbcngls `lkfb`bkctks gk `lcfbnczn, slc sbjphkjkctk `lcvkc`blcnhks.

Hns kstbjn`blcks plr bctkrvnhl mlznc gk `bkrtns vkctnans slork hns kstbjn`blcks puctunhks. Gkobgl
nh krrlr gk jukstrkl, prlonohkjkctk  cl skrî bmunh n  . Pbc kjonrml, cl eny jnckrn gk snok quâ
tnc mrncgk ks kh krrlr gk jukstrkl. Ylr tnctl, hls bctkrvnhls sk utbhbznc pnrn kxphb`nr kstn
gbs`rkpnc`bn gks`lcl`bgn.

07
[c bctkrvnhl gk `lcfbnczn tbkck uc hêjbtk bcfkrblr gk `lcfbnczn (HB@) y uc hêjbtk supkrblr gk
`lcfbnczn (HP@). Kstls hêjbtks sk enhhnc `nh`uhncgl prbjkrl hn jkgbn jukstrnh  . Hukml sk sujn
ucn `bkrtn `nctbgng n  pnrn lotkckr kh HP@, y hn jbsjn `nctbgng sk rkstn gk  pnrn lotkckr kh
HB@.

Ynrn `lcstrubr uc bctkrvnhl gk `lcfbnczn gkh 2;%, sbjphkjkctk sk kspk`bfb`n uc bctkrvnhl gk >.26
krrlrks kstîcgnr plr kc`bjn y plr gkonal gk hn jkgbn jukstrnh. Kstk vnhlr gkh 2;% ks hhnjngl
`lkfb`bkctk gk `lcfbnczn, quk ks kh cbvkh gk `lcfbnczn quk sk tbkck kc kh quk kh bctkrvnhl `lctkcmn
kh vnhlr gks`lcl`bgl gkh pnrîjktrl, vkr Fbmurn 0.

Fbmurn 0. Bctkrvnhl gk `lcfbnczn gkh 2;% pnrn kstbjnr hn jkgbn plohn`blcnh

Kc kh `nsl gk jukstrnc mrncgks (  ), kh bctkrvnhl gk `lcfbnczn pnrn hn jkgbn plohn`blcnh ks1

 󰀺     
Glcgk Q ks kh `lkfb`bkctk gk `lcfbnczn (l vnhlr `rêtb`l), glcgk sus vnhlrks slc1
∟ 22% gk cbvkh gk `lcfbnczn, kh vnhlr `rêtb`l ks ?.;=;
∟ 2;% gk cbvkh gk `lcfbnczn, kh vnhlr `rêtb`l ks >.26
∟ 29% gk cbvkh gk `lcfbnczn, kh vnhlr `rêtb`l ks >.67;

Kh cbvkh gk `lcfbnczn (p) sk gksbmcn jkgbnctk > - ξ. Kh cbvkh gk sbmcbfb`n`bðc sk gksbmcn jkgbnctk
ξ, quk ks gkcljbcngl kh vnhlr nhfn y rkprkskctn hn prlonobhbgng gk krrlr. Kh vnhlr nhfn ks hn

prlonobhbgng gk quk `unhqubkr bctkrvnhl gngl cl `lctkcmn hn jkgbn plohn`blcnh.

Kc kh `nsl gk jukstrnc pkqukþns (  ), kh bctkrvnhl gk `lcfbnczn pnrn hn jkgbn plohn`blcnh

ks1

0;
  󰀺      󰀺    


     
@uncgl sk utbhbzn ucn jukstrn pkqukþn, hn gbstrbou`bðc clrjnh cl pukgk nphb`nrsk. Kc ksk skctbgl,
`uncgl sk utbhbzn ucn jukstrn pkqukþn, sk gkok utbhbznr ucn gbstrbou`bðc nhtkrcntbvn1 hn

gbstrbou`bðc
`ujphkc trkst `lcgb`blcks1
Ptugkct (sbjphkjkctk hn gbstrbou`bðc
ks pkqukþn4 t).
?) Kstn gbstrbou`bðc sk utbhbzn `uncgl sk
>) hn jukstrn

ks gks`lcl`bgn4
clrjnh l `nsb clrjnh. Hn Fbmurn 7 gktnhhn hls gbfkrkctks kstngêstb`ls.
y 0) hn plohn`bðc ks

Fbmurn 7. Pkhk``bðc gkh kstngêstb`l nprlpbngl pnrn kstbjnr 

06
Kh `ljncgl jknc `nh`uhn hn jkgbn nrbtjâtb`n `lc sus bctkrvnhls gk `lcfbnczn `lrrksplcgbkctks,
pnrn `ngn vnrbnohk kspk`bfb`ngn l pnrn tlgns hns vnrbnohks gk hn onsk gntls sb cl sk kspk`bfb`n hn
vnrbnohk gk bctkrâs. Kc hns lp`blcks sk pukgkc gkfbcbr kh cbvkh gk `lcfbnczn y gbvbgbr plr ucn
vnrbnohk `ntkmðrb`n

jknc tkjp rnbc nhtbtugk shlpk plo?99> rurnh?99> cob?99> bge?99> kspvbgn?99>
Jknc kstbjntblc Cujokr lf los : 0>>

--------------------------------------------------------------

| Jknc Ptg. Krr. T2;% @lcf. BctkrvnhZ

-------------+------------------------------------------------
tkjp | >;.>6?72 .020?>9= >7.055=2 >;.206>2
rnbc | 5>.=050; 0.9;7;9> =;.=?5>= 5=.=75;?
nhtbtugk | ?;99.5?; 57.??92; ?00;.>95 ?666.;7?
shlpk | 79.;20=7 >.576=0 06.26990 77.??=7;
plo?99> | ?669;.;; ;?60.0>6 >6?72.? 0626>.52
rurnh?99> | .5>0?572 .9>69?=2 .=5>=7=6 .5775???
cob?99> | 57.?==9; >.9>666; 5?.?=66> 56.?==72
bge?99> | .;759590 .997;992 .;02??7> .;;6206;
kspvbgn?99> | 69.700>0 .?5;?5?= ;2.5=>5 69.2277=
--------------------------------------------------------------

jknc bge?99>, hkvkh (22) lvkr(nhturn)

Jknc kstbjntblc Cujokr lf los : 0>>

Onan1 nhturn : Onan

Jkgbn1 nhturn : Jkgbn
Nhtn1 nhturn : Nhtn

--------------------------------------------------------------
Lvkr | Jknc Ptg. Krr. T22% @lcf. BctkrvnhZ
-------------+------------------------------------------------
bge?99> |
Onan | .69296; .99;;?=6 .;27=05= .6?002>0
Jkgbn | .;069;27 .992>;=2 .;>?0?7> .;;2=275
Nhtn | .;?00;5; .99690>; .;9==?6? .;052292
--------------------------------------------------------------

jknc bge?99>, hkvkh (22) lvkr(nhturn rkmblc)

Jknc kstbjntblc Cujokr lf los : 0>>

0=
 Lvkr1 nhturn rkmblc
\suoplp\>1 Onan [roncn
\suoplp\?1 Onan _urnh
\suoplp\01 Jkgbn [roncn
\suoplp\71 Jkgbn _urnh
\suoplp\;1 Nhtn [roncn
\suoplp\61 Nhtn _urnh

--------------------------------------------------------------
Lvkr | Jknc Ptg. Krr. T22% @lcf. BctkrvnhZ
-------------+------------------------------------------------
bge?99> |
\suoplp\> | .6;?;29? .99=?2;6 .60065>= .6=>7255
\suoplp\? | .;5009;? .997=026 .;=>9?>> .;2;;520
\suoplp\0 | .656?00 .9>?;620 .6;06;6? .=>55925
\suoplp\7 | .;?0=>67 .9950797 .;9?9222 .;7;000
\suoplp\; | .6027??> .9>>>;?= .6>9;>6= .6650?=;
\suoplp\6 | .;>>=;?? .99;6=66 .72=902= .;?6767=
--------------------------------------------------------------

Kh `ljncgl ebstlmrnj mrîfb`n hn gbstrbou`bðc gk frk`ukc`bn gk ucn vnrbnohk `lctbcun, glcgk sk

pukgk bctrlgu`br kh bctkrvnhl gk `lcfbnczn. Hls `ljncgls pnrn lotkckr ucn mrîfb`n `lc hls

kstngêstb`ls slc1

ebstlmrnj bge?99> bf nhturn::>, frkq dgkcsbty obc(>6)/*

*/ xnxbs(> ?) /*
*/ yhnokh(9(?)>7, mrbg) /*
*/ xhnokh(9.;(9.9?)9.=6, nxbs(>)) /*
*/ xhnokh(9.69296; "Jkgbn" /*
*/ 9.;2750>70 "HB@" /*
*/ 9.6?0?25;= "HP@", nxbs(?) mmrbg rbg mjnx hnosbzk(vsjnh
hnosbzk(vsjnhh)
h) ) /*
*/ tbthk("Jucb`bpbls `lc Nhturn OnanOnan11 BGE") suotbthk("Bctkrvnhl gk @lcfbnczn
@lcfbnczn (22%)")/*
*/ xtbthk("Bcgb`k gk Gk
Gksnrrlhhl
snrrlhhl Eujncl", nxnxbs(>))
bs(>)) /*
*/ xtbthk("", nxbs(?)) /*
*/ ytbthk("Frk`ukc`bn") /*
*/ rkcnjk
mrnpe cltk("Fukctk1 Kstb
Kstbjn`bðc
fbmurn>;, jn`bðc gkh nutlr")
rkphn`k
mrnpe snvk fbmurn>;, rkphn`k

05
 Jucb`bpbls `lc Nhturn Onan1 BGE
Bctkrvnhl gk @lcfbnczn (22%)
HB@ Jkgbn HP@

7
>

?
>

9
>
bn
`
c 5
k
u
`
rk 6
F

9
.; .;? .;7 .;6 .;5 .6 .6? .67 .66 .65 .= .=? .=7 .=6
Bcgb`k gk Gksnrrlhhl Eujncl
Fukctk1 Kstbjn`bðc gkh nutlr

7.7. Yrukon gk Ebpðtksbs

Kh prlpðsbtl gkh ncîhbsbs kstngêstb`l ks rkgu`br kh cbvkh gk bc`krtbgujork kc kh prl`ksl gk tljn gk
gk`bsblcks. Hn prukon gk ebpðtksbs ks ucn ekrrnjbkctn ncnhêtb`n juy kfk`tbvn pnrn lotkckr kstn
vnhblsn bcflrjn`bðc, onal ucn vnrbkgng gk `br`ucstnc`bns.

Ynrn rknhbznr ucn prukon gk ebpðtksbs, sk en`kc nhmucns bcfkrkc`bns l supukstls n`kr`n gk hn

) 
plohn`bðc. Ylr kakjphl, uc bcvkstbmnglr pukgk nsujbr l phnctknr hn ebpðtksbs quk hn tkjpkrnturn
prljkgbl ks gk >6¹@ kc Olhbvbn. Kstn ebpðtksbs cuhn ( ) sk prukon `lctrn hn ebpðtksbs nhtkrcntbvn
( quk kstnohk`k hl `lctrnrbl. Kc kstk `nsl, hn tkjpkrnturn prljkgbl cl ks gk >6¹@ . 󰀥 ≩ >6)
Ylr tnctl, sk tkcgrî quk1
1   >6
1  ≩ >6
@lc onsk kc hls gntls jukstrnhks, kstn ebpðtksbs cuhn ks rk`enzngn l cl rk`enzngn. Cuc`n sk
pukgk ‘n`kptnr‚ hn ebpðtksbs cuhn `ljl vkrgngkrn. Kh cl rk`enzl gk hn ebpðtksbs cuhn slhnjkctk
sbmcbfb`n quk hn kvbgkc`bn jukstrnh cl ks hl sufb`bkctkjkctk fukrtk `ljl pnrn hhkvnr n su rk`enzl.

Bc`husl sb , cl prukon quk . Ylgrên skr quk (l `unhqubkr ltrl cñjkrl), y

  >6   >6 02   >;󰀣5
gkobgl nh krrlr gk jukstrkl hn jkgbn jukstrnh n`non gk bmunhnr nh vnhlr gk >6 quk sk phnctkn
`ljl ebpðtksbs.

Pb hn gbfkrkc`bn kctrk kh vnhlr gk hn jkgbn gk >6 onal hn ebpðtksbs y kh enhhngl kc hn jukstrn gk

>6.>; ks bcsufb`bkctk pnrn rk`enznr hn ebpðtksbs cuhn, kh nsuctl kctlc`ks sk vukhvk sbjphkjkctk
quâ tnc mrncgk gkok skr hn gbfkrkc`bn pnrn quk skn kstngêstb`njkctk sbmcbfb`ntbvn y `lcguz`n uc
rk`enzl gk hn ebpðtksbs cuhn. Ylr tnctl, gkokjls trncsflrjnr tlgn ucbgng gk jkgbgn enstn hls
vnhlrks `lrrksplcgbkctks gk Q `lc hn fðrjuhn Q1

 
 
    
 
Pb  ks gks`lcl`bgn, sk utbhbzn hn gksvbn`bðc kstîcgnr jukstrnh s.

Hn gbstrbou`bðc clrjnh rksuhtnctk gk hls vnhlrks gk Q tbkck ucn jkgbn gk `krl y ucn gksvbn`bðc
kstîcgnr gk ucl. Hn rkmhn kjpêrb`n gb`k quk kh 2;% gk hns jkgbns kc hn gbstrbou`bðc gk jukstrn
kstîc n >.26 krrlrks kstîcgnr gk hn jkgbn plohn`blcnh gks`lcl`bgn, tnh `ljl sk jukstrn kc hn
Fbmurn ;.

Hls vnhlrks `rêtb`ls gk Q gk 󰂾>󰀣26

pkrjbtkc kstnohk`kr ucn rkmhn gk gk`bsbðc quk gbmn sb sk

vnhlrks Q kstîc kctrk

‚.
󰂾>󰀣26
. Pk rk`enzn sb kh vnhlr ks jkclr quk gk >󰀣26
rk`enzn hn ebpðtksbs cuhn l cl. Hn rkmhn gk gk`bsbðc ks1 ‘Cl sk rk`enzn hn ebpðtksbs cuhn sb hl

+>󰀣26 l jnylr quk gk

Fbmurn ;. Vnhlrks `rêtb`ls gk Q y zlcns gk rk`enzl

79
Nh prlonr ucn ebpðtksbs sk pukgkc `ljktkr gls tbpls gk krrlrks.

[c krrlr tbpl B ks rk`enznr ucn ebpðtksbs cuhn quk ks vkrgngkrn. Kh vnhlr nhfn (
prlonobhbgng gk uc krrlr tbpl B.
) rkprkskctn hn

[c krrlr tbpl BB ks cl rk`enznr ucn ebpðtksbs cuhn quk ks fnhsn. Jbkctrns quk hn prlonobhbgng gk
krrlr tbpl B ks uc vnhlr skhk``blcngl, hn prlonobhbgng gk uc krrlr tbpl BB, rkprkskctngl `lc hn hktrn
, cl sk gktkrjbcn fî`bhjkctk. Cl sk pukgk nsujbr quk .
  +  >
Hls cbvkhks gk sbmcbfb`nc`bn, l vnhlrks , `ljñcjkctk skhk``blcngls pnrn prukons gk ebpðtksbs


slc gkh >9%, ;% y >%. Pbc kjonrml, nh bmunh quk `lc hls bctkrvnhls gk `lcfbnczn cl eny cngn


kspk`bnh l jîmb`l slork kstls vnhlrks . Pk plgrên prlonr ucn ebpðtksbs `lc uc cbvkh gk
sbmcbfb`nc`bn gkh 7% sb nsê sk gk`bgk. Hn skhk``bðc gk uc vnhlr gkpkcgk gkh tbpl gk krrlr, tbpl B l
tbpl BB, quk jîs sk gkskn kvbtnr.

Kc mkckrnh, eny `untrl pnsls bcvlhu`rngls kc ucn prukon gk ebpðtksbs1

>. Yhnctknr hn ebpðtksbs4
?. @lc onsk kc hls rksuhtngls gk hn jukstrn, `nh`uhnr kh vnhlr gkh kstngêstb`l gk prukon Q4
0. Gktkrjbcnr hn rkmhn gk gk`bsbðc `lc onsk kc hls vnhlrks `rêtb`ls gk Q4
7. Bctkrprktn`bðc y `lc`husblcks.

7>
Kh `ljncgl ttkst rknhbzn prukons ‘t‚ pnrn hn bmunhgng gk jkgbns kc trks flrjns. Hn prbjkrn flrjn
prukon quk hn vnrbnohk gk bctkrâs tbkck ucn jkgbn gktkrjbcngn (uc cñjkrl prlpukstl plr kh
bcvkstbmnglr). Kc hn skmucgn flrjn, hn prukon sb gls vnrbnohks tbkckc hn jbsjn jkgbn, suplcbkcgl
gntls cl npnrkngls. Kc hn tkr`krn flrjn rknhbzn hn prukon sb gls vnrbnohks tbkckc hn jbsjn
suplcbkcgl gntls npnrkngls. Fbcnhjkctk, hn `unrtn flrjn rknhbzn hn prukon sb ucn vnrbnohk
gktkrjbcngn tbkck hn jbsjn jkgbn kc gls mrupls gkfbcbgls.

Yrukon gk ebpðtksbs gk hn prbjkrn flrjn1

Yrbjkr `nsl1
1   󰀣62
1  ≩ 󰀣62
ttkst bge?99>:9.692 bf nhturn::>
Lck-snjphk t tkst
-----------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------
Vnrbnohk | Los Jknc Ptg. Krr. Ptg. Gkv. T2;% @lcf. BctkrvnhZ
---------+-------------------------------------------------
---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------
bge?99> | =5 .69296; .99;;?=6 .9755>50 .;259;5? .6?99=>5
-----------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------
jknc : jknc(bge?99>) t : 9.9>>5
El1 jknc : 9.692 gkmrkks lf frkkglj : ==

En1 jknc 8 9.692 En1 jknc !: 9.692 En1 jknc 3 9.692

Yr(W 8 t) : 9.;97= Yr(|W| 3 |t|) : 9.2296 Yr(W 3 t) : 9.72;0

Kh vnhlr kstbjngl gk t kstî gkctrl gk hls vnhlrks `rêtb`ls, kc ksk skctbgl, kc tlgls hls `nsls sk
n`kptn hn ebpðtksbs cuhn.

Pkmucgl `nsl1

1  ≩ 󰀣=
ttkst bge?99>:9.= bf nhturn::>
Lck-snjphk t tkst
-----------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------
Vnrbnohk | Los Jknc Ptg. Krr. Ptg. Gkv. T2;% @lcf. BctkrvnhZ
---------+-------------------------------------------------
---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------
bge?99> | =5 .69296; .99;;?=6 .9755>50 .;259;5? .6?99=>5
-----------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------
jknc : jknc(bge?99>) t : ->6.7;>>
El1 jknc : 9.= gkmrkks lf frkkglj : ==

En1 jknc 8 9.= En1 jknc !: 9.= En1 jknc 3 9.=

Yr(W 8 t) : 9.9999 Yr(|W| 3 |t|) : 9.9999 Yr(W 3 t) : >.9999

7?
Kh vnhlr kstbjngl gk t kstî plr gkonal gk vnhlr `rêtb`l, kc ksk skctbgl, kc tlgls hls `nsls sk
rk`enzn hn ebpðtksbs cuhn kc hls `nsls1
1  ≩ 󰀣=
1  8 󰀣=
Kc `njobl, sk n`kptn hn ebpðtksbs cuhn kc kh `nsl gk1

1  3 󰀣=
Wkr`kr `nsl1
1   󰀣;
1  ≩ 󰀣;
ttkst bge?99>:9.; bf nhturn::>

Lck-snjphk t tkst
-----------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------
Vnrbnohk | Los Jknc Ptg. Krr. Ptg. Gkv. T2;% @lcf. BctkrvnhZ
---------+-------------------------------------------------
---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------
bge?99> | =5 .69296; .99;;?=6 .9755>50 .;259;5? .6?99=>5
-----------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------
jknc : jknc(bge?99>) t : >2.=0>>
El1 jknc : 9.; gkmrkks lf frkkglj : ==

En1 jknc 8 9.; En1 jknc !: 9.; En1 jknc 3 9.;

Yr(W 8 t) : >.9999 Yr(|W| 3 |t|) : 9.9999 Yr(W 3 t) : 9.9999

Kh vnhlr kstbjngl gk t kstî plr gkonal gk vnhlr `rêtb`l, kc ksk skctbgl, kc tlgls hls `nsls sk
rk`enzn hn ebpðtksbs cuhn kc hls `nsls1

11  3≩ 󰀣󰀣;;
Kc `njobl, sk n`kptn hn ebpðtksbs cuhn kc kh `nsl gk1

1  8 󰀣;

70
7.;. Yrukons `uncgl sk tbkckc gls plohn`blcks
Ju`els prlohkjns rkqubkrkc hn `ljpnrn`bðc gk gls plohn`blcks4 sbc kjonrml, pnrn en`kr gb`en
`ljpnrn`bðc sk gkok `ujphbr `bkrtns `br`ucstnc`bns kc hns `unhks ks kskc`bnh `ljpnrnr gls
plohn`blcks y hn flrjn nprlpbngn `ljl gkokc en`krsk tnhks `ljpnrn`blcks.

nprlpbngl gkpkcgk gk hls tnjnþls gk hns jukstrns  

Nquê kh bctkrâs kstî kc kstbjnr hn gbfkrkc`bn kctrk gls jkgbns plohn`blcnhks
y . Pb tnctl
󰀥
 
`ljl
 
  )
. Kh jâtlgl
slc mrncgks (plr
hl jkcls 09), hn tâ`cb`n gbfbkrk kc nhml gk nqukhhn quk sk utbhbzn `uncgl nhmucl l njols tnjnþls
jukstrnhks slc gk jkclr gk 09.

7.;.>. Kstbjn`bðc `lc jukstrns mrncgks

Hn kstbjn`bðc puctunh gk hn gbfkrkc`bn kctrk 󰀥 ) kstî gngn plr hn gbfkrkc`bn kctrk hns gls

jkgbns jukstrnhks . Rn quk gkju`ens jukstrns gbfkrkctks pukgkc tljnrsk gk `ngn

`ljl 
plohn`bðc,
󰀥 ) 󰀥 )
rksuhtn tlgn ucn gbstrbou`bðc gbfkrkc`bns gk kstns jkgbns jukstrnhks.
slc mrncgks, hn gbstrbou`bðc gk hns gbfkrkc`bns kctrk hns jkgbns jukstrnhks
ucn gbstrbou`bðc clrjnh `kctrngn kc .
󰀥  ) 
Pb tnctl
ks

Kh bctkrvnhl gk `lcfbnczn pnrn hn gbfkrkc`bn kctrk gls jkgbns plohn`blcnhks (jukstrns mrncgks) ks1

  󰀥 )  󰀥  ) 󰂾   

Kc glcgk
plr1
 ks kh krrlr kstîcgnr gk hns gbfkrkc`bns kctrk hns jkgbns jukstrnhks, quk kstî gngl

    

7.;.?. Kstbjn`bðc `lc jukstrns pkqukþns

gbfkrkc`bns kc hns jkgbns jukstrnhks 󰀥 )

Pb `unhqubkr jukstrn ks pkqukþn (jkclr quk 09), cl sk pukgk nsujbr quk hn gbstrbou`bðc gk hns
sk naustn n ucn gbstrbou`bðc clrjnh. Gkokjls
utbhbznr hn gbstrbou`bðc t sb1 >) hns plohn`blcks kstîc gbstrboubgns clrjnhjkctk l gbstrboubgns `nsb
cl clrjnhjkctk4 y ?) hns vnrbnczns plohn`blcnhks slc gks`lcl`bgns.

77
Kh `ljncgl ttkst rknhbzn hn prukon sb ucn vnrbnohk gktkrjbcngn tbkck hn jbsjn jkgbn kc gls
mrupls gkfbcbgls.

ttkst bge?99>, oy(rkmblc)

Wwl-snjphk t tkst wbte kqunh vnrbnc`ks

-----------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------
-------------------
Mrlup | Los Jknc Ptg. Krr. Ptg. Gkv. T2;% @lcf. BctkrvnhZ
---------+-------------------------------------------------
---------+-------------------- ------------------------------------------------
-------------------
[roncn | 72 .6;?27=7 .99;5?;> .979==6 .67>?0;? .6676;2=
_urnh | ?6? .;?576=5 .997?7=7 .965=;97 .;?9>97? .;0650>0
---------+-------------------------------------------------
---------+-------------------- ------------------------------------------------
-------------------
`ljobckg | 0>> .;759590 .997;992 .9=20=7; .;02??7> .;;6206;
---------+-------------------------------------------------
---------+-------------------- ------------------------------------------------
-------------------
gbff | .>?77=2= .9>9>7=; .>97;>?= .>77776=
-----------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------
-------------------
gbff : jknc([roncn) - jknc(_urnh) t : >?.?6=9
El1 gbff : 9 gkmrkks lf frkkglj : 092
En1 gbff 8 9 En1 gbff !: 9 En1 gbff 3 9
Yr(W 8 t) : >.9999 Yr(|W| 3 |t|) : 9.9999 Yr(W 3 t) : 9.9999

ttkst bge?99>, oy(nhturn) // Hn vnrbnohk nhturn tbkck trks `ntkmlrbns

jlrk tenc ? mrlups flucg, lchy ? nhhlwkg

r(7?9)4

ttkst bge?99> bf nhturn::>, oy(rkmblc)

Wwl-snjphk t tkst wbte kqunh vnrbnc`ks

-----------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------
Mrlup | Los Jknc Ptg. Krr. Ptg. Gkv. T2;% @lcf. BctkrvnhZ
---------+-------------------------------------------------
---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------
[roncn | ?2 .6;?;29? .99=?2;6 .902?5=2 .60=67;2 .66=;07;
_urnh | 72 .;5009;? .997=026 .900>==7 .;=0==;6 .;2?5072
---------+-------------------------------------------------
---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------
`ljobckg | =5 .69296; .99;;?=6 .9755>50 .;259;5? .6?99=>5
---------+-------------------------------------------------
---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------
gbff | .962?5; .9950?2? .9;?626 .95;5=7
-----------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------
gbff : jknc([roncn) - jknc(_urnh) t : 5.0>57
El1 gbff : 9 gkmrkks lf frkkglj : =6
En1 gbff 8 9 En1 gbff !: 9 En1 gbff 3 9

7;
Yr(W 8 t) : >.9999 Yr(|W| 3 |t|) : 9.9999 Yr(W 3 t) : 9.9999

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