Eb blghhgøa

b ebs lrnfbs
Xu r`hup`rbhgøa
`a hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb
 Hne`hhgøa HG@AHGBX XNHGBE@X
AN_@LBL@X

\rbdbcblnr`s snhgbe`s `a eb kgstnrgb.

Pab p`rsp`htgvb trbasonrmblnrb
Hbrgab D`rtb Mnecn
T`hnastruy`aln en snhgbe.
Yrâhtghbs y `xp`rg`ahgbs l` gav`stgfbhgøa l`sl` `e \rbdbcn Xnhgbe
Anrb Bquía (hnnrlgablnr)
(hnnrlgablnr)
Xbeul y pebagoghbhgøa snhgbe.
¾Yneítghbs `a hnatrb l` eb `ao`rm`lbl n pneítghbs pbrb eb sbeul>
_íhtnr Mbrgn @strblb Nspgab
Eb prno`sgnabegzbhgøa `a \rbdbcn Xnhgbe.
Tupturbs y hnatgauglbl`s,
h natgauglbl`s, l` eb T`hnah`ptubegzbhgøa
T`hnah`ptubegzbhg øa
b eb hnastruhhgøa l` prny`htns çtghn-pneítghns
Onrn l`dbt`. Mbrfbrgtb Tnzbs Ybfbzb (hnnrlgablnrb)
Eb onrmbhgøa prno`sgnabe y eb gat`rv`ahgøa prno`sgnabe.
Kbhgb eb hnastruhhgøa l` prny`htns çtghn-pneítghns `a \rbdbcn Xnhgbe
@ahu`atrn Ebtganbm`rghban l` \rbdbcn Xnhgbe. PAEY
Bh`rhb l` eb l`mnhrbhgb
l`mnhrbh gb y ens l`r`hkns snhgbe`s
Agesb M. Durfns
Durfns Nrtgz (hnnrlgabl
(hnnrlgablnrb)
nrb)
Ebs prno`sgna`
prno`s gna`ss mnl`r
m nl`rabs3
abs3lge
lge`mbs
`mbs l`e hnanhgmg
hnan hgmg`atn
`atn y l`e
l `e pnl`
pnl`rr.
Pa baâegsgs pbrb y l`sl` `e \rbdbcn Xnhgbe
H`hgegb Bfubyn
Obmgegb y f`rgâtrghns.
Eb r`ebtgvglbl l`e bdbalnan
Mbríb Hrgstgab l` ens T`y`s
Kgens y aulns.
Eb onrmbhgøa, eb gat`rv`ahgøa y en pneítghn `a `e \rbdbcn Xnhgbe
Xusbab Hbzzbagfb
Kgstnrgb l`e \rbdbcn Xnhgbe `a Brf`atgab (0tb. `lghgøa)
Anrd`rtn Bebyøa
Bdusn s`xube, vghtgmnenfíb
v ghtgmnenfíb y snhg`lbl
Bm`egb L`ee‗Baan • Xgevgb @rhgegb Fbeâa (hnmpgeblnrbs)
Hnalghgna`s l` trbdbcn l` ens trbdbcblnr`s snhgbe`s
Ognr`eeb Hbl`mbrtnrg • Cuegb Hbmpns • \bmbrb X`goo`r
Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs.
Xu r`hup`rbhgøa `a hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb
@st`eb Møaghb Hubtrnhhkg
 Eb blghhgøa
b ebs lrnfbs
Xu r`hup`rbhgøa `a

hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb

@st`eb Møaghb Hubtrnhhkg

 Hubtrnhhkg, @st`eb Møaghb
Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs 3 su r`hup`rbhgøa `a hnmuaglbl
t`rbpçutghb. - 2b `l. - Du`ans Bgr`s 3 @spbhgn @lgtnrgbe, 4996.
2?9 p. : 49x2< hm. - (Hg`ahgbs snhgbe`s)

GXDA 76;-709-;94-46<-0

2. Lrnfbs. 4. \nxghnmbaíb.
nxghnmbaíb. G. \ítuen
HLL 8?4.47

@XYBHGN @LG\NTGBE
Xgmøa Dneívbr 0<6, 8³ p. No. 2
(H 29?? BBJ) Hgulbl Butøanmb l` Du`ans Bgr`s
\`e.3 (922) <882-27<0
@-mbge3 `spbhgn`lgtIhgulbl.hnm.br
www.`spbhgn`lgtnrgbe.hnm.br

Hnrr`hhgøa3 @ra`stn Futgçrr`z

Lgs`òn l` \bpb3 LNABFK | MB\PEGHK
Lgs`òn Gat`rgnr3 LNABFK | MB\PEGHK
Hnnrlgabhgøa y Yrnluhhgøa @lgtnrgbe3 Nsvbeln Ludgag

Eb r`prnluhhgøa tntbe n pbrhgbe l` `st` egdrn, `a hubequg`r onrmb qu` s`b,

glçatghb n mnlgoghblb, `shrgtb b mâqugab, pnr `e sgst`mb ―muetgfrbpk”, mgm`øfrbon,
gmpr`sn pnr ontnhnpgb, ontnlupeghbhgøa, `th., an butnrgzblb pnr ens `lgtnr`s, vgneb
l`r`hkns r`s`rvblns. Hubequg`r utgegzbhgøa l`d` s`r pr`vgbm`at` sneghgtblb.

2b `lghgøa, 4996
Gmpr`sn `a eb Brf`atgab - Yrgat`l ga Brf`atgab
Ru`lb k`hkn `e l`pøsgtn qu` pr`vg`a` eb e`y 22.648

© 4996 @spbhgn @lgtnrgbe

GXDA3 76;-709-;94-46<-0
 Bfrbl`hgmg`atns

B Xbatgbfn _br`eb,
b eb egh`ahgblb Eburb H. l` Bdrbmnvghg
y b By`eça Orbgz, pnr sus bpnrt`s
y lgspnagdgeglbl pbrb lgshutgr
gl`bs y hnah`ptns.

B ens pbhg`at`s l` Hbsb Yórpurb.

 Gatrnluhhgøa

@st` trbdbcn `s r`suetbln l` ens gat`rrnfbat`s, hu`stgnab-

mg`atns y r`oe`xgna`s qu` m` k` pebat`bln b pbrtgr l` eb `xp`-
rg`ahgb l` vbrgns bòns l` trbdbcn `a `e âr`b l` ebs blghhgna`s b
lrnfbs. Kb abhgln hnmn hnas`hu`ahgb l` eb galbfbhgøa sndr`

`stb hnmpe`cb
`xp`rg`ahgb prnde`mâtghb
r`begzblb y sulrnfblghtns
hna cøv`a`s t`rbpçutghb,`apbrtg`aln l` l`
trbtbmg`atn eb
r`hup`rbhgøa dbcn eb mnlbeglbl l` hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb, `a
eb hgulbl l` Du`ans Bgr`s.
En prgm`rn qu` surf` be p`asbr sndr` `e hnasumn y bdusn l`
lrnfbs, `s qu` an `s pnsgde` bdnrlbr `e t`mb sga t`a`r `a hu`atb
`e hnat`xtn kgstørghn. Ynr `een, `a uab prgm`rb pbrt`, k` trbtbln l`
udghbr `e o`aøm`an l`e hnasumn l` sustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs `a eb
pbrtghuebr sgtubhgøa bhtube l` hbpgtbegsmn fendbegzbln, kbhg`aln
tbmdgça uab dr`v` r`o`r`ahgb be usn qu` s` kb k`hkn l` ebs lrn-
fbs b en ebrfn l` eb kgstnrgb. Bat` eb r`beglbl qu` nds`rvbmns, `a
eb hube ebs `stblístghbs mu`strba ua bum`atn y `xt`asgøa `a `e
hnasumn l` sustbahgbs, hbd` pr`fuatbrs` pnr quç orbhbsba ebs pn-
eítghbs qu` r`prgm`a `e trâoghn l` lrnfbs y tbmdgça `s p`rtga`at` ga-
t`rrnfbrs` bh`rhb l` eb r`be gat`ahgøa l` `egmgabr `st` hnm`rhgn.
K` gat`atbln `ambrhbr `stb prnde`mâtghb `a `e hnat`xtn `s-
p`híoghn l` eb Brf`atgab, hna sus hrgsgs r`hurr`at`s, y lnal` `e
bfrbvbmg`atn l` eb sgtubhgøa `hnaømghb y snhgbe qu` ou` hna-
s`hu`ahgb l` ebs pneítghbs bpeghblbs `a eb lçhblb l`e anv`atb,

6
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

hna eb l`sbrtghuebhgøa l`e @stbln y eb pbup`rgzbhgøa l` bmpegns

s`htnr`s l` eb pndebhgøa, trbcn bpbr`cblb eb mbsgoghbhgøa y lg-
v`rsgoghbhgøa l`e hnasumn l` sustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs b ua agv`e
muy sup`rgnr be qu` kbdíbmns hnanhgln kbstb `sb çpnhb.
Ebs vghgsgtul`s y hnavuesgna`s suorglbs `a eb Brf`atgab `a ebs

óetgmbs lçhblbs l`e sgfen [[, y `e prnfr`sgvn l`t`rgnrn l` eb sg-

tubhgøa pneítghb y snhgbe l`e pbís qu` s` l`spenmø `a hbílb eg-
dr` `a ens prgm`rns bòns l` `st` sgfen, kba f`a`rbln, bl`mâs
l` eb `xt`asgøa l`e o`aøm`an l` eb lrnfblghhgøa y `e abrhntrâ-
oghn, ua bfrbvbmg`atn l` ens hublrns psghnpbtneøfghns qu` bo`h-
tba pbrtghuebrm`at` b ebs f`a`rbhgna`s mâs cøv`a`s, qu` kbh`a
a`h`sbrgn p`asbr sndr` eb sgtubhgøa y ebs r`spu`stbs pnsgde`s
or`at` b ebs l`mbalbs qu` eb mgsmb pebat`b, tbatn `a eb bsgs-
t`ahgb hnmn `a eb pr`v`ahgøa.
@a ens hbpítuens l`lghblns b l`sbrrneebr `e trbdbcn qu` s`
r`begzb hna ens pbhg`at`s blghtns `a eb hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutg-
hb, s` l`shrgd`a ens ndc`tgvns y ebs lgstgatbs bhtgvglbl`s qu`
s` ee`vba b hbdn hna `e oga l` behbazbr `stns ndc`tgvns prn-
pu`stns pbrb eb r`hup`rbhgøa. @a `e bmpegn `sp`htrn l`l ` ebs hn-
muaglbl`s t`rbpçutghbs, mg `xp`rg`ahgb `a pbrtghuebr s` kb
l`sbrrneebln `a ebs qu` utgegzba hnmn mnlbeglbl l` bdnrlbc`
eb gat`rv`ahgøa l` ua `qugpn gat`rlgshgpegabrgn hna ua `aonqu`
sust`atbln `a eb psghnenfíb lgaâmghb. @st` `qugpn gat`rlgshg-
pegabrgn `stâ onrmbln pnr lgo`r`at`s prno`sgnabe`s, y hnat`m-

peb eb gat`rv`ahgøa
trbdbcblnr`s l` psghøenfns,
snhgbe`s, ua stboo dâsghn l` mçlghn
t`rbp`utb psgqugbtrb,
nhupbhgnabe, psg-
hnp`lbfnfb, np`rblnr`s snhgnt`rbpçutghns, bhnmpbòbat`s t`-
rbpçutghns, `th., qu` trbdbcba hnacuatbm`at` hna `e ndc`tgvn
l` bdnrlbr eb prnde`mâtghb `a tnlns sus bsp`htns.
@st` trbdbcn an pr`t`al` s`r ua prnluhtn bhbdbln sgan uab
hnatrgduhgøa b ua l`dbt` qu` l`d` `xt`al`rs` y prnoualgzbrs`
hnmprnm`tg`aln b tnlb eb snhg`lbl, sndr` uab prnde`mâtghb
hnmpe`cb y sumbm`at` lgaâmghb hnmn `s eb prnluhhgøa, `e hn-
m`rhgn y `e hnasumn l` lrnfbs.

;
 Gatrnluhhgøa

Be bdnrlbr `e t`mb l` ebs blghhgna`s b lrnfbs y su trbtb-

mg`atn, l`sl` eb r`oe`xgøa mntgvblb pnr eb prâhtghb l`e \rbdbcn
Xnhgbe `a eb mnlbeglbl l` hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb, an k` pr`-
t`algln qu` `stns `aonqu`s y prnh`lgmg`atns l` trbdbcn s`ba
ens óaghns pnsgde`s ag vâeglns pnr sg`mpr`, sgan ua bpnrt` mâs

bat` uab hnaoeghtgvb qu` pnr su frbv`lbl r`qug`r` s`r hnatgaub-

m`at` r`vgsblb, gastrum`atbaln lgo`r`at`s `strbt`fgbs y mçtn-
lns l` bdnrlbc`, l` bhu`rln be hnat`xtn snhgbe `a qu` `stbmns
l`sbrrneebaln au`strb prâhtghb prno`sgnabe y ebs pbrtghuebrglb-
l`s qu` vba bpbr`hg`aln.

7
 Hbpítuen G

@e hnasumn l` lrnfbs
`a au`strb snhg`lbl

Eb sgtubhgøa, kny

Ebs blghhgna`s b lrnfbs sna ua t`mb h`atrbe `a ens tgtuebr`s

l` ens lgbrgns y `a eb pr`nhupbhgøa l` pblr`s, `luhblnr`s,
bf`at`s sbagtbrgns y prno`sgnabe`s r`ebhgnablns hna `e dg`a`stbr
snhgbe, pnr eb frba lgv`rsglbl l` hnas`hu`ahgbs tbatn galgvglub-
e`s hnmn snhgbe`s qu` s` l`spr`al`a l` ebs mgsmbs. @stbs hna-
s`hu`ahgbs y `e hnstn snhgbe qu` s` pbfb pnr `eebs sna tbatn lg-
r`htns hnmn galgr`htns y vba l`sl` ens lbòns `a eb sbeul oísghb
y psíqughb qu` suor` `e blghtn, tbe`s hnmn trbstnrans `a eb bt`a-
hgøa y `e bpr`algzbc`, bet`rbhgna`s `a eb hnaluhtb hna ua gahr`-
m`atn l` eb bfr`sgvglbl,
b fr`sgvglbl, bfrbvbmg`atn l` eb hnaoeghtgvb obmgegbr
obmgegbr,,
rg`sfn l` sndr`lnsgs, `ao`rm`lbl`s hbrlíbhbs, XGLB, `th.: kbs-
tb ens bhhgl`at`s l` trbdbcn y trâasgtn qu` s` prnluh`a `a `s-
tbln l` `drg`lbl n hna eb p`rh`phgøa bet`rblb pnr `e hnasumn
l` sustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs.
Ebs sustbahgbs qu` bet`rba `e ouahgnabmg`atn psíqughn “tbe
`e sgfagoghbln l` lrnfbs psghnbhtgvbs“ y su hnasumn, kba pb-
sbln b onrmbr pbrt` l` au`strb hntglgba`glbl, y eb r`o`r`ahgb b
`st` hnasumn `s tba kbdgtube qu` hbsg pbsb l`sbp`rhgdgln: v`b-
mns ua `c`mpen b trbvçs l` eb mósghb pnpuebr.

22
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

―_ny b sbegr b hbmgabr snegtn,

s`atbrm` `a ua pbr
pbrqu`
qu` b oumbr ua pnrrgtn
y mgrbr b ebs pbenmbs hnm`r …”
(―Enhn”, Balrçs Hbebmbrn)

―Wn qug`rn tnmbr vgtbmgab,

yn qug`rn
qug`r n tnmbr vgtbmgab,
m` hnmprn uab dnesb y `stny pgeb, pgeb …”
(―Rug`rn vgtbmgab”, Lbmbs Frbtgs)

@stns orbfm`atns hnrr`spnal`a b lns hbahgna`s l` lgousgøa

mbsgvb, qu` buaqu` sna lgrgfglbs b s`fm`atns snhgn`hnaømg-
hbm`at` lgo`r`at`s l` eb pndebhgøa cuv`age, trbasmgt`a `e mgs-
mn m`asbc`.
Ynl`mns nds`rvbr qu` `e usn l` lrnfbs, `a ua bebrl` l`
m`asbc`s hnatrblghtnrgns, `stâ snhgbem`at` tne`rbln y kbstb `s-
tgmuebln, sg hnasgl`rbmns l`atrn l` `sb hbt`fnríb be tbdbhn, `e
behnkne, eb mbrgkubab, ens
e ns psghnoârmbhns y ens lgv`rsns `stgmu-
ebat`s l` hnasumn kbdgtube `a ebs lgshnt`hbs. @stn `s oâhge l`
hnmprndbr `a ebs pudeghglbl`s, antbs, n ebs lgv`rsbs r`o`r`ahgbs
hna vbenrbhgøa pnsgtgvb mâs n m`ans `ahudg`rtb qu` s` lgoua-
l`a pnr ens lgstgatns m`lgns l` hnmuaghbhgøa, b trbvçs l` p`-
eíhuebs, prnfrbmbs l` t`e`vgsgøa, hbahgna`s, `th.
@stns mgsmns m`lgns l` behbah` mbsgvn hnmg`azba b peba-

t`brs` r`s`rvbs
usubrgn hruzb ebhubaln
ornat`rb`el`
hnasumn s` hnavg`rt`
ebs hnaluhtbs `a blghhgøa,
batgsnhgbe`s, y `e
mnm`a-
tn b pbrtgr l`e hube eb snhg`lbl `mpg`zb b p`rhgdgren hnmn pnt`a-
hgbem`at` p`egfrnsn y, pnr en tbatn, en qu` kbstb beeí kbdíb sgln
hnasgl`rbln uab sgmpâtghb trbasfr`sgøa s` hnavg`rt` `a uab pn-
t`ahgbe bm`abzb. Kby ua hnav`ahgmg`atn l` qu` `e blghtn, sndr`
tnln sg p`rt`a`h` b ens s`htnr`s mâs pndr`s l` eb snhg`lbl, `s
hbpbz l` kbh`r hubequg`r hnsb pbrb hnas`fugr su lrnfb3 m`alg-
fbr, prnstgtugrs`, rndbr, `th. @a `stns hbsns s` en `stgfmbtgzb hn-
mn dnrrbhkn n lrnfblghtn vgne`atn, hbpbz l` trbasonrmbrs` `a eb-

24
 @e hnasumn l` lrnfbs `a au`strb snhg`lbl

lrøa y/n bs`sgan, `a hnatrbpnsghgøa hna `e be`fr` y lgv`rtgln `drgn

snhgbe, `e gaspgrbln usubrgn l` mbrgkubab, n `e `oghg`at` y bh`e`-
rbln hnasumglnr l` hnhbíab n bao`tbmgabs. @s bsí qu` ens m`-
lgns mbsgvns l` hnmuaghbhgøa, `a `sp`hgbe eb t`e`vgsgøa, kbdgtub-
lns b ua mba`cn l`mbføfghn y npnrtuagstb l` eb gaonrmbhgøa,

pr`s`atba hnmn befn lgv`rtgln y hbsg lgfan l` gmgtbr, `e hnasumn

l` lrnfbs y/n behnkne qu` pu`l` kbh`r ua mósghn n befóa ntrn
―obmnsn”, mg`atrbs qu` en pr`s`atba hnmn befn p`egfrnsn pbrb eb
snhg`lbl sg `e hnasumglnr `s uab p`rsnab pndr`.
Kbdríb uab gl`b pr`lnmgabat` s`fóa eb hube ebs sustbahgbs
`a sí mgsmbs sna a`utrbs, ag du`abs ag mbebs, hnmn bsí tbm-
dgça s`ríb a`utrn y sga hnas`hu`ahgbs sndr` `e nrfbagsmn, p`rn
pebh`at`rn, `e `o`htn qu` prnluh` su hnasumn, buaqu` hnmn
r`suetbln l`e mgsmn kbyb uab bet`rbhgøa l` eb p`rh`phgøa y/n
`e cughgn: l` bhu`rln b `st` rbznabmg`atn, søen sna mbens ens
m`lgns b ens qu` s` r`hurr` pbrb hnas`fugrebs n ens `xh`sns `a
`e hnasumn, an eb utgegzbhgøa `a sí.
@ahnatrbmns `a ens m`lgns l` hnmuaghbhgøa ua lgshursn
bvbebln pnr lgstgatbs p`rsnabeglbl`s p`rt`a`hg`at`s b lgo`r`a-
t`s âmdgtns l` eb hueturb, obvnrbde` be hnasumn l` ebs lrnfbs
eebmblbs debalbs, hnmn eb mbrgkubab2, qu` sga lulb hnatgaób
sg`aln eb lrnfb l` gaghgbhgøa pnr `xh`e`ahgb. @a `stns hbsns,
hubaln s` kbdeb bdg`rtb n snebpblbm`at` b obvnr l` su hnasu-
mn an s` kbh`a `xpeíhgtns ens gat`r`s`s `hnaømghns qu` pnlríba

d`a`oghgbrs` hna `sb pnsturb: n b pbrtgr l` quç gl`bs kb sgln s`-

luhgln qug`a snstg`a` `s` lgshursn y b su v`z en lgoual` bhrítg-

2. X` hbegoghb b eb mbrgkubab hnmn uab lrnfb debalb, `a npnsghgøa b ebs eeb-

mblbs lrnfbs lurbs hnmn eb hnhbíab n eb k`rníab, pnrqu` su `o`htn `s m`ans
gam`lgbtn ` gat`asn y m`anr su hbpbhglbl pbrb f`a`rbr blghhgøa. Xga `mdbr-
fn, eb mbrgkubab `s betbm`at` tøxghb, prnluh` tne`rbahgb, l`p`al`ahgb y síatn-
mbs l` bdstga`ahgb, s`fóa kb sgln hnmprndbln pnr aum`rnsbs gav`stgfbhgna`s.
\bmdgça s` kb hnmprndbln heíaghbm`at` qu` ebs p`rsnabs hna trbstnrans orna-
t`rgzns l` eb p`rsnabeglbl s` l`shnmp`asba y `vneuhgnaba kbhgb prnh`sns psg-
høtghns hrøaghns hnmn hnas`hu`ahgb l`e bdusn l` mbrgkubab.

28
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

hbm`at`: p`rn eb sgmpe` nds`rvbhgøa ans mu`strb qu` kby uab

mgrblb hnmpebhg`at` kbhgb `e hnasumn l` sustbahgbs psghnbh-
tgvbs, y an `s l`shbd`eebln p`asbr qu` kby qug`a`s `stâa gat`-
r`sblns `a `stb lgousgøa y s` d`a`oghgba hna `eeb.
@a `stb snhg`lbl hbpgtbegstb fendbegzblb `e usn l` sustba-

hgb psghnbhtgvbs, tbatn e`fbe`s hnmn ge`fbe`s, humpe` vbrgbs

ouahgna`s, p`rn agafuab l` `stbs ouahgna`s tg`a` r`ebhgøa
hna eb hr`btgvglbl y `spgrgtubeglbl, buaqu` hna `s` brfum`a-
tn s` custgogqu` su hnasumn.
@st` lgshursn hnmpebhg`at` su`e` utgegzbr hnmn brfum`atn oua-
lbm`atbe `e hnanhgmg`atn qu` s` tg`a` sndr` `e usn qu` ens knm-
dr`s kba k`hkn, l`sl` ens mâs e`cbans tg`mpns l` eb batgfõ`lbl,
l` lgstgatbs sustbahgbs, oualbm`atbem`at` beuhgaøf`abs, hnmn
m`lgn pbrb trbsh`al`r su r`beglbl. @stb a`h`sglbl l` vgv`ahgbr `x-
p`rg`ahgbs `spgrgtube`s, f`a`rbem`at` l` íalne` r`egfgnsb, n `a
tg`mpns mâs r`hg`at`s eb utgegzbhgøa l` `stbs sustbahgbs hnasgl`-
rblbs gaspgrblnrbs, pnr pbrt` l` p`rsnabeglbl`s qu` s` kba l`stb-
hbln `a eb hr`bhgøa brtístghb, kba sgln `e sust`atn l` `stb eía`b br-
fum`atbe obvnrbde` be usn or`hu`at` y snhgbem`at` bh`ptbln l`
sustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs qu` f`a`rba blghhgøa. X` `ahbrba bsí
hbmpbòbs hna `e ndc`tgvn l` obvnr`h`r eb v`atb egdr` l` ebs lrnfbs
―debalbs”, hnasgl`rblbs ganhubs, n yb `a hbsns `xtr`mns, l` tn-
lbs, sga lgstgahgna`s, tbe hnmn supu`stbm`at` suh`l`ríb `a befu-
ans pbís`s `urnp`ns, qu` `a onrmb dbstbat` sup`roghgbe s` hgtba
4

kbdgtubem`at` hnmn `c`mpens l` `stb hueturb p`rmgsgvb .

4. @a lgstgatns pbís`s s` kb lgshutgln y s` hnatgaób lgshutg`aln uab e`fgsebhgøa

bl`hublb pbrb r`fuebr `e hnasumn l` lrnfbs: v`bmns befuans `c`mpens. @a
Knebalb, `a 276? s` e`fbegzø eb v`atb l` mbrgkubab `a eufbr`s kbdgegtblns pnr
`e fndg`ran (―hno`` sknps”): beeí s` pu`l`a hnmprbr kbstb 0 frbmns l`e prnluh-
tn, pnr p`rsnab. @a Dçefghb s` butnrgzb eb t`a`ahgb p`rsnabe l` kbstb 8 frbmns
l` mbrgkubab. @a Xugzb s` kb l`sp`abegzbln `e hnasumn pódeghn søen l` mb-
rgkubab. @a @stblns Paglns, `a befuans `stblns s` kbdíb butnrgzbln `e usn l`
eb mbrgkubab hna oga`s m`lghgabe`s, eu`fn s` prnkgdgø, y bknrb eb hu`stgøa s`
`ahu`atrb au`vbm`at` `a l`dbt`.

2<
 @e hnasumn l` lrnfbs `a au`strb snhg`lbl

Be r`sp`htn, `s a`h`sbrgn bhebrbr qu` egdr` hnm`rhgn an `s en

mgsmn qu` l`sp`abegzbhgøa l`e hnasumn, qu` `s ntrb hbt`fnríb e`-
fbe qu` tbmdgça s` l`dbt` bhtubem`at`. Hna eb l`sp`abegzbhgøa l`e
hnasumn, `e blghtn l`cbríb l` s`r hnasgl`rbln hnmn ua l`egahu`a-
t` pbrb ntnrfbre` `e stbtus l` `ao`rmn qu` r`bem`at` l`d` t`a`r:

p`rn an s` kbdgegtbríb hna `st` hbmdgn eb v`atb egdr` l` lrnfbs.

@st` lgshursn p`rmgsgvn kbhgb `e hnasumn l` lrnfbs ge`fbe`s y
orbahbm`at` prnmntnr l`e hnasumn l` lrnfbs e`fbe`s hnmn `e be-
hnkne y `e tbdbhn, s` lgoual` bmpegbm`at` b trbvçs l` eb pudeghg-
lbl hnm`rhgbe: dbst` hnmn `c`mpen l` `een ebs mgeenabrgbs gav`r-
sgna`s `a pudeghglbl qu` r`begzba ebs `mpr`sbs obdrghbat`s l` h`r-
v`zb pbrb pna`r sus mbrhbs `a ebs hbmgs`tbs l` ens `qugpns l`
oótdne, n ebs mbrhbs l` hgfbrrgeens qu` s` pudeghgtba hnmn ―spna-
snrs” l` bhtgvglbl`s l`pnrtgvbs: hnmn sg ou`rb pnsgde` s`r behnkø-
eghn n oumblnr, y b eb v`z l`s`mp`òbrs` `xgtnsbm`at` hnmn
bte`tb, cufblnr l` oótdne n hnrr`lnr l` Oørmueb Pan. Xga `mdbrfn,
pbrb ens `sp`htblnr`s eb mbrhb y `e l`pnrt` qu`lba egfblns, b p`-
sbr l` qu` `s sbdgln pnr tnlns qu` uab p`rsnab qu` oumb tg`a`
lgsmgauglb su hbpbhglbl r`spgrbtnrgb y su r`algmg`atn oísghn, y en
mgsmn pu`l` l`hgrs` l` qug`a hnasum` behnkne `a onrmb kbdg-
tube. @stbs hbmpbòbs mbsgvbs l` pudeghglbl, huyn ndc`tgvn gam`-
lgbtn `s bum`atbr ebs v`atbs (`e hnasumn l` h`rv`zb `a au`strn
pbís s` gahr`m`atø ua <99% `a ens óetgmns 49 bòns), `c`rh`a
tbmdgça su gaoeu`ahgb sndr` `e hnacuatn l` eb snhg`lbl, bum`atba-

ln eb tne`rbahgb snhgbe kbhgb ebs hnaluhtbs blghtgvbs.

¾Ruç qu`r`mns l`hgr hna `stn> X` eebmb tne`rbahgb b eb hb-
pbhglbl qu` tg`a` ua nrfbagsmn, `a `st` hbsn eb snhg`lbl, l`
blbptbrs` b ua `stímuen y an r`bhhgnabr hna s`òbe`s l` bebrmb:
suh`l` `a hnas`hu`ahgb qu`, hna `e trbashursn l`e tg`mpn y eb
p`rsgst`ahgb l`e `stímuen, s` kbh` a`h`sbrgn bum`atbr su mbf-
agtul pbrb ndt`a`r uab r`bhhgøa.
Pa pbhg`at` l` 2; bòns, gat`rabln pbrb kbh`r trbtbmg`atn
pnr su blghhgøa b ens p`fbm`atns, l`rgvbln b eb hnmuaglbl t`-
rbpçutghb l`sl` ua knspgtbe psgqugâtrghn l` bfulns, b lnal`

20
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

kbdíb sgln gat`rabln gaghgbem`at` hna ua hublrn l` l`shnmp`a-

sbhgøa psghøtghb, hnatbdb qu` `a muhkbs nhbsgna`s s` lrnfbdb
`a `spbhgns pódeghns, or`at` b bf`at`s l` eb pneghíb qu` `stbdba
kbhg`aln tbr`bs l` vgfgebahgb y qu` auahb en l`tuvg`rna: søen `a
uab nhbsgøa uan e` pr`fuatø ―pnr quç en kbhíb”, y bat` su obetb

l` r`spu`stb, s` ou` y en l`cø lrnfâalns`. @st` blne`sh`at`, prn-

v`ag`at` l` uab vgeeb mgs`rgb l` eb hgulbl l` Du`ans Bgr`s
Bgr`s,, yb an
sbdíb quç l`díb kbh`r pbrb eebmbr eb bt`ahgøa y qu` befóa blue-
tn gat`rvgag`rb, byulâalnen b sbegr l`e suorgmg`atn `a qu` `stbdb
sum`rfgln: p`rn vgv` `a ua m`lgn `a qu` s` hnasgl`rb ―anrmbe”
qu` ua cnv`a s` lrnfu` gakbebaln p`fbm`atn, y kbstb qu` an tu-
vn ua drnt` psghøtghn ablg` gat`rvgan pbrb byulbren b sbegr l` eb
sgtubhgøa `a qu` s` `ahnatrbdb.
Eb sgtubhgøa `a qu` s` hnmdgaba uab snhg`lbl hna prnoua-
lbs l`sgfubelbl`s `hnaømghbs, eb bus`ahgb l` uab `o`htgvb r`-
pr`sgøa l`e trâoghn ge`fbe l` lrnfbs, ebs mgeenabrgbs hbmpbòbs b
obvnr l`e hnasumn l` behnkne, eb bus`ahgb l` pr`v`ahgøa l`e
hnasumn y eb gasuoghg`at` bt`ahgøa l` ens `ao`rmns blghtns, kb
enfrbln qu` eb T`pódeghb Brf`atgab `ahbd`h` eb egstb l` ens pbí-
s`s hna mbynr hnasumn l` hnhbíab.
@e hnasumn kbdgtube y eb blghhgøa b lgstgatbs lrnfbs kba tn-
mbln lgm`asgna`s l` hubsg `pgl`mgb `a ebs hebs`s snhgbe`s
mâs dbcbs l` ebs hgulbl`s l` au`strn hnatga`at`, behbazbaln b
hblb v`z mâs hbatglbl l` cøv`a`s b `lbl`s mâs t`mprbabs.

Hnmn tnlb sgtubhgøa snhgbe tba `xt`alglb y hnmpe`cb, r`spnal`

b uab muetgpeghglbl l` hbusbs hueturbe`s, snhgbe`s, pneghgbe`s,
curílghbs, `s l`hgr pneítghbs, ` galgvglube`s.
X`fóa ebs gav`stgfbhgna`s r`begzblbs lurbat` ens bòns 4998 y
499<, pnr eb X`hr`tbríb l` Yrnfrbmbhgøa pbrb eb Yr`v`ahgøa y eb
Euhkb hnatrb `e Abrhntrâoghn (X@LTNABT) y `e GAL@H, `e 7% l`
ens brf`atgans l` `atr` 2? y ?0 bòns hnasgl`rba qu` eb mbrgkub-
ab `s ―ablb n pnhn p`egfrnsb”. @stb tne`rbahgb snhgbe bum`atb
bóa mâs hubaln s` r`og`r` be hnasumn l` behnkne. Eb mgsmb `a-
hu`stb ans gaonrmb qu` ens agòns s` gaghgba `atr` ens 22 y 2<

2?
 @e hnasumn l` lrnfbs `a au`strb snhg`lbl

bòns `a `e hnasumn l` tbdbhn, h`rv`zb y vgan: y `atr` ens 24 y

ens 20 bòns `a `e hnasumn l` d`dglbs l`stgeblbs: p`rn mâs frb-
v` bua `s qu` sg onhbegzbmns `a ens s`htnr`s mâs pndr`s l` eb sn-
hg`lbl `stbs `lbl`s dbcba kbstb ens 7 n 29 bòns.
An `s a`h`sbrgn r`mbrhbr eb frbv`lbl l` `stns hnasumns

pbrb eb sbeul l` qug`a`s bóa sna agòns, y huâa a`fbtgvbm`a-

t` bo`htblns s` v`râa `stns nrfbagsmns qu` an kba ee`fbln b
su mblur`z. X`fóa ua `stulgn pudeghbln `a cuagn l`e 499?,
`a @stblns Paglns `e <6% l` qug`a`s hnm`azbrna
hnm `azbrna b d`d`r `a
onrmb bdusgvb bat`s l` ens 2< bòns s` vnevg`rna l`p`alg`a-
t`s `a befóa mnm`atn l` sus vglbs, y pr`s`atbdba lbòns `a
eb bhtgvglbl h`r`drbe qu` bo`htba eb m`mnrgb, `e bpr`algzbc` y
`e hnmpnrtbmg`atn, mbynr`s b ens qu` s` supnaíba8. Xbd`mns
qu` b `stbs `lbl`s ens hkghns an bhtóba l` `stb onrmb søen
pnr su prnpgb l`hgsgøa, sgan qu` sna galuhglns y kbstb `stg-
mueblns pnr `e m`lgn qu` ens rnl`b,
rnl`b , l` beeí qu` `s oualbm`a-
tbe eb bhtgtul qu` bsumba bat` `stbs hu`stgna`s `e m`lgn sn-
hgbe `a f`a`rbe y `e obmgegbr `a pbrtghuebr.
@a `e âmdgtn l` eb snhg`lbl, l` bhu`rln be agv`e l` tne`-
rbahgb snhgbe qu` eb mgsmb kbyb behbazbln s`râ `e frbln l`
bebrmb qu` s` f`a`r`. @a hnas`hu`ahgb, suh`l` qu` `stbmns
tba bhnstumdrblns b v`r frupns l` blne`sh`at`s tnmbaln be-
hnkne `a eb hbee`, s`atblns `a `e hnrløa l` eb v`r`lb n pbrb-
lns `a ua jgnshn, qu` yb an prnluh`a gaqug`tul3 sna pbrt`pbr t` l`e

pbgsbc` urdban: l` eb mgsmb mba`rb, ans k`mns kbdgtubln

tbatn b v`r agòns gakbebaln p`fbm`atn `a ebs pebzbs n b eb
anhk` `a ebs `shbe`rbs l` ens sudt`rrâa`ns, qu` pbr`h` hbsg
abturbe. \bmdgça k`mns bh`ptbln qu` ens blne`sh`at`s l`
28, 2< n 20 bòns s` `mdnrrbhk`a `a ebs og`stbs, n hna uans
bòns mâs `a ens vgbc`s l` `fr`sblns, n tbmdgça y kbdgtube-
m`at`, `a ebs lgshnt`hbs. Xbdgln `s qu` `a ebs rbv`s, ens

8. Lgbrgn Hebría, Du`ans Bgr`s, cuegn l` 499?.

26
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

puds , ebs lgshnt`hbs y lgstgatns h`atrns anhturans, hgrhueba

hna bdsneutb egd`rtbl lgstgatbs lrnfbs (`sn sí3 mâs hnstnsbs),
pbrb qu` b ens cøv`a`s s` e`s obhgegt` `e l`shnatrne qu` `eens
bsgmgeba b eb lgv`rsgøa, y `ahnatrbmns eb v`atb egdr` l` sus-
tbahgbs e`fbe`s hnmn `e behnkne y ebs d`dglbs `a`rfgzbat`s, y

l` ge`fbe`s hnmn `e çxtbsgs, eb hnhbíab, `th., huyns v`al`ln-

r`s yb onrmba pbrt` l`e l`hnrbln l` `stns a`fnhgns.
L` eb mban l`e hnasumn l` sustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs vb eb
vgne`ahgb, y tbmdgça ans `stbmns bhnstumdrbaln qu` b eb sbeg-
lb l` ens h`atrns l` lgv`rsgøa anhturans s` prnluzhba p`e`bs
`atr` ens cøv`a`s, qu` an `a pnhns hbsns t`rmgaba hna eb mu`r-
t` l` befuan. @s sbdgln qu` ebs p`e`bs `atr` dnrrbhkns pu`l`a
l`s`ahbl`abrs` pnr hubequg`r hu`stgøa gatrbsh`al`at`: l`d`-
mns sbd`r,
sbd`r, bl`mâs, qu` `e hnasumn l` hnhbíab tbmdgça f`a`-
rb vgne`ahgb, pnrqu` bum`atb ens s`atgmg`atns pbrbanghns, y
sgatgçalns` p`rs`fugln `s oâhge r`spnal`r hna vgne`ahgb bat` en
qu` s` p`rhgd` hnmn uab prnvnhbhgøa.
@s bdsneutbm`at` hg`rtn qu` an tnlns ens cøv`a`s qu`
hnasum`a lrnfbs `a sgtubhgna`s snhgbe`s s` hnav`rtgrâa `a
lrnfblghtns, p`rn galulbde`m`at` tnlns ens lrnfblghtns hn-
m`azbrna l` `stb onrmb.
Ee`fbln b `st` puatn s` kbh` a`h`sbrgn bhebrbr ens hnah`p-
tns l` usn, bdusn y blghhgøa, qu` sg dg`a an s` pu`l`a `ahbsg-
eebr rífglbm`at`, s` r`og`r`a b sgtubhgna`s lgo`r`at`s.

@at`al`mns pnr usn, `e hnasumn `spnrâlghn, søen hgrhuas-

tbahgbe, l` uab sustbahgb, hna eb gat`ahgøa l` prndbreb n utgeg-
zbreb `a befuabs nhbsgna`s pbrtghuebr`s. Xuh`l`, sga `mdbrfn,
qu` `e usubrgn l` lrnfbs sg`mpr` `stâ s`furn l` qu` s` vb b
mbat`a`r `a `st` agv`e, y qu` pnlrâ l`cbr l` hnasumgr hubaln
en l`hglb: `s bsí qu` `a ens frupns l` cøv`a`s su`e` s`r muy vb-
enrbln, tnmâalns` hnmn ua hrgt`rgn l` mbshuegaglbl y drbvurb,
usbr lrnfbs ―hubaln qug`rb, hnmn qug`rb y kbstb qu` qug`rb”.
@e bdusn gmpeghb `e usn or`hu`at` l` eb lrnfb `a hu`stgøa, mn-
tgvbln pnr eb s`asbhgøa l` dg`a`stbr qu` `e hnasumglnr ndtg`a`,

2;
 @e hnasumn l` lrnfbs `a au`strb snhg`lbl

bsnhgbln muhkbs v`h`s b eb a`h`sglbl l` sup`rbr sgtubhgna`s

qu` pnr sí mgsmb `sb p`rsnab sg`at` qu` an pu`l` `aor`atbr n
r`snev`r (pnr `c`mpen, `ahu`atrns snhgbe`s n s`xube`s, `xâm`a`s,
prnde`mbs ebdnrbe`s, `th.). @e hnasumn hblb v`z mâs or`hu`at`
pu`l` gr ee`vbaln pbuebtgabm`at` b ua bum`atn l` eb lnsgs. @a-

hnatrbmns `a `st` hnmpnrtbmg`atn uab l`p`al`ahgb psghneøfg-

hb, yb qu` `e suc`tn, pbrb `aor`atbr sgtubhgna`s lgoíhge`s qu` sg`a-
t` hnmn uab frba `xgf`ahgb, a`h`sgtb l`e buxgegn l` uab sustba-
hgb qu` bhtób hnmn uab prøt`sgs
prøt`sgs,, prnv`yçalnen l` en qu` hbr`h`.
Eb blghhgøa s` r`og`r` be usn hbsg hnatgaun, y sndr` tnln hnm-
puesgvn, l` uab n vbrgbs sustbahgbs, hr`âalns` uab l`p`al`ahgb
`mnhgnabe l`e hnasumn, yb qu` `e suc`tn en a`h`sgtb pbrb s`atgrs`
dg`a: sg an `stâ lrnfbln s` sg`at` basgnsn, grrgtbde` n bafustgbln,
y `stn e` r`suetb gatne`rbde`. @e blghtn tg`a` `tbpbs `a qu` tnlb su
vglb fgrb ber`l`lnr l`e hnasumn, an kby ntrn gat`rçs snhgbe n bo`h-
tgvn, søen `stbr lrnfbln. \batn
\batn su sbeul psíqughb hnmn oísghb `stâa
s`rgbm`at` hnmprnm`tglbs: y s` `xpna` b s`rgns rg`sfns tbatn b sí
mgsmn hnmn b ens l`mâs, sga hnahg`ahgb l` `een.
Eb l`p`al`ahgb pu`l` s`r psíqughb, oísghb, n l` bmdns tgpns
b eb v`z. Eb l`p`al`ahgb psíqughb s` r`og`r` b eb a`h`sglbl `mn-
hgnabe l` hnasumgr uab sustbahgb pbrb s`atgrs` dg`a, y pbrb `vg-
tbr ens s`atgmg`atns l` basg`lbl, gaqug`tul, gasnmagn, `th., p`-
rn sga qu` kbyb hnmprnmgsn nrfâaghn. Eb l`p`al`ahgb oísghb s`
r`og`r` b uab mnlgoghbhgøa l`e nrfbagsmn, qu` kb prnluhgln ua

hbmdgn `a eb ogsgnenfíb l` eb hçeueb a`rvgnsb qu` kb gahnrpnrbln

eb sustbahgb b su m`tbdnegsmn, y bat` eb obetb l` eb mgsmb f`-
a`rb uab r`bhhgøa sumbm`at` l`sbfrblbde`, qu` s` kb lbln `a
eebmbr síalrnm` l` bdstga`ahgb, hna síatnmbs tbe`s hnmn basg`-
lbl, t`mdenr, vømgtns, sulnrbhgøa, hnavuesgna`s, `th.: y qu` s`
hbemb hubaln s` hnasum` eb sustbahgb `a hu`stgøa y eb hçeueb
eb gahnrpnrb. @st` `stbln l` l`p`al`ahgb oísghb kbh` a`h`sbrgn
ua trbtbmg`atn l` l`sgatnxghbhgøa hna eb susp`asgøa pbuebtgab
l` eb gaf`stb l` eb lrnfb, n su r``mpebzn pnr ntrb mâs ganhub,
pbrb `vgtbr `e síalrnm` l` bdstga`ahgb, qu` `a befuans hbsns

27
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

pu`l` f`a`rbr frbv`s hnas`hu`ahgbs `a eb sbeul l`e pbhg`at`. Kby

lrnfbs qu` tg`a`a uab betísgmb hbpbhglbl pbrb f`a`rbr blghhgøa
oísghb, hnmn sna `e behnkne, ens dbrdgtórghns, eb pbstb dbs`, `e npgn
y sus l`rgvblns “pbrtghuebrm`at` eb k`rníab“, `th.
@e usn y bdusn l` lrnfbs, qu` kbh` uabs lçhblbs `rba ua

prnde`mb frbv` `a ebs snhg`lbl`s l`sbrrneeblbs, bknrb s` kba `x-

t`algln b tnln `e mualn, trbsh`alg
trbsh`alg`aln
`aln ebs ornat`rbs. @a f`a`rbe,
ens nrfbagsmns `stbtbe`s `ahbrfblns l` l`t`htbr y `vgtbr `e trâog-
hn l` lrnfbs pbr`h`ríba s`r ens óetgmns `a hnanh`r ebs mnlgoghb-
hgna`s qu` s` prnluh`a `a `s` hnm`rhgn, y s` lba pnr `at`rblns
hubaln yb `e hnasumn `stâ bdg`rtbm`at` `xt`algln. E``mns `a
`e lgbrgn @e M`rhurgn l` Xbatgbfn l` Hkge` (cuagn l` 499<)3 ―…@e
l`shnanhgmg`atn l` `stb lrnfb (s` r`og`r` be çxtbsgs) `a Hkge` `s
tba frbal` qu` sna ens v`al`lnr`s y hnasumglnr`s ens qu` mâs
gaonrmblns pbr`h`a `stbr l`e t`mb, l` su r`be p`a`trbhgøa, l`
sus `o`htns… \bmpnhn pbr`h` kbd`r hnahnrlbahgb `atr` en qu`
pg`asba eb pneghíb y qug`a`s gav`stgfba ens hbsns l` trâoghn. Mg`a-
trbs `a Hbrbdga`rns bs`furba qu` s` trbtb l` trâoghn p`rsnabe y an
l` dbalbs, `e ogshbe l` _geebrrghb s`òbeø qu` (…) gat`atbríba l`s-
hudrgr uab r`l l` trâoghn `a eb r`fgøa”.
@s galulbde` qu` `a `e âr`b l` eb `hnanmíb, eb prnluhhgøa
y `e trâoghn l` lrnfbs sna ua a`fnhgn vbrgbs v`h`s mgeenabrgn, l`
ens mâs frbal`s l`e mualn cuatn hna `e p`trøe`n, eb prnluhhgøa
l` brmbm`atn y eb galustrgb obrmbhçutghb, hna ebs hube`s tbm-

dgça `stâ r`ebhgnabln. @s ua a`fnhgn ge`fbe pbrb ens trboghbat`s

l` sustbahgbs prnkgdglbs (s`fóa uab `stgmbhgøa r`hg`at` l` ebs
Abhgna`s Paglbs, `e abrhntrâoghn mu`v` a`fnhgns pnr uans
849.999 mgeena`s l` løebr`s baube`s), y e`fbe pbrb ens ebdnrb-
tnrgns l` prnluhtns m`lghgabe`s qu` obdrghba psghnoârmbhns,
pbrb ens obdrghbat`s l` d`dglbs behnkøeghbs y tbmdgça pbrb ens
qu` prnluh`a hgfbrrgeens. @s tbmdgça ua a`fnhgn e`fbe pbrb ebs
bhtgvglbl`s hna`xbs, hnmn sna ens dbahns ` galustrgbs vbrgbs
qu` s` nhupba l` ebvbr ens abrhnløebr`s: pbrb ebs bf`ahgbs pu-
deghgtbrgbs qu` kbh`a ebs hbmpbòbs l` ebs d`dglbs behnkøeghbs,

49
 @e hnasumn l` lrnfbs `a au`strb snhg`lbl

l` tbdbhn, `th., y bsí pnlríbmns s`fugr bfr`fbaln

bf r`fbaln s`htnr`s `m-
pr`sbrgns qu` s` d`a`oghgba e`fbe ` ge`fbem`at` hna ebs `anrm`s
fbabahgbs prnluhglbs pnr `st` a`fnhgn.
Xg`aln tba frbal`s ebs hgorbs l` lga`rn qu` s` mba`cba,
tbmdgça `s `anrm` eb hnrruphgøa qu` s` f`a`rb, yb qu` s`

lgspna` l` muhkísgmns onalns pbrb ―hnmprbr” b qug`a s`b

a`h`sbrgn3 cu`h`s, pneghíbs, pneítghns, prno`sgnabe`s, `mpr`sb-
rgns, `th., y tbmdgça bs`sgans b su`eln pbrb hubaln eb gah`a-
tgvbhgøa l`e lga`rn an `s suoghg`at`.
@a `e peban pneítghn, kby `a tnln `e mualn mgeena`s l` cøv`-
a`s qu`, tntbem`at` hg`fns b en qu` an s`b su r`beglbl gam`lgb-
tb l`e pebh`r ndt`agln b trbvçs l` eb `vbsgøa y eb geusgøa qu` e`s
prnv`` `e usn l` sustbahgbs, an kbh`a pebat`ns ag tg`a`a `xgf`a-
hgbs qu` hu`stgna`a `e stbtu qun. \`ag`aln
\`ag`aln `a hhu`atb
u`atb qu` `a tn-
ln `e mualn eb mbynr prnpnrhgøa l` ens cøv`a`s qu` qu`lba
btrbpblns `a eb blghhgøa b lrnfbs y/n behnkne p`rt`a`h`a b ens
s`htnr`s mâs pndr`s l` eb snhg`lbl, `e d`a`oghgn qu` l` `stb sg-
tubhgøa ndtg`a`a ebs hebs`s lnmgabat`s `s hnasgl`rbde`m`at`
gmpnrtbat`. @s sbdgln qu` `s m`ans bm`abzbat` pbrb `e sgst`-
mb ua cnv`a qu` søen l`s`b p`rmba`h`r lrnfbln (ba`st`sgbln)
eb mbynr pbrt` l`e tg`mpn, qu` uan qu` hu`stgnab y bspgrb b
hbmdgbr eb snhg`lbl, pulg`aln `v`atubem`at` hnav`rtgrs` `a ua
eíl`r pneítghn: sg dg`a ua lrnfblghtn `s muy kbdgtubem`at`
kbdg tubem`at` ua su-
c`tn vgne`atn, pnr s`r su p`rsnabeglbl muy gmpuesgvb “hbrbht`-

rístghb çstb qu` su`e` s`r pnt`ahgblb pnr eb lrnfb“, `a f`a`rbe

l`speg`fb eb vgne`ahgb `atr` sus pbr`s, y `s muy gmprndbde` qu`
gat`at` bfr`lgr b befug`a pnr rbzna`s pneítghbs n gl`neøfghbs.
@st` `o`htn qu` eb lrnfblghhgøa tg`a` l` gmpnt`atgzbr b ebs
p`rsnabs pnrqu` vb l`t`rgnrbaln su hbpbhglbl l` r`oe`xgøa y l`
hnmprnm`t`rs` bo`htgvbm`at`, `stâ sg`aln `vbeubln pnr ens ga-
t`e`htube`s l`e sgst`mb pbrb gr hnasgl`rbaln eb vgbdgeglbl l` e`-
fbegzbr `e a`fnhgn: `a `stb eía`b l` p`asbmg`atn pnl`mns hgtbr
hnmn `c`mpen `e pebat`n l` Fbry D`hj`r, anrt`bm`rghban, pr`-
mgn And`e l` @hnanmíb l` 2774, qug`a `a ua pbp`r tgtuebln

42
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

―Eb t`nríb `hnaømghb l` ens dg`a`s ge`fbe`s3 `e hbsn l` ebs lrn-

fbs”, bogrmb3 ―…hnmdbtgr ebs lrnfbs e`fbegzâalnebs y ogcbaln ua
betn gmpu`stn b su hnasumn `s mâs `oghg`at` qu` hnatgaubr prn-
kgdg`aln su usn” (lgbrgn Hebría, Ds. Bs., o`dr`rn l` 4990). @s
tba hebrn, qu` ans `xgm` l` hubequg`r hnm`atbrgn.
Kbh` ber`l`lnr l` 49 bòns, `a @stblns Paglns gaghgbrna
uab hbmpbòb `a hnatrb l`e tbdbqugsmn, gmpuesblb pnr eb a`-
h`sglbl l` r`luhgr `e bus`atgsmn ebdnrbe y ens `anrm`s fbstns
`a sbeul qu` s` f`a`rba pnr eb bt`ahgøa l` ebs frbv`s pbtnen-
fíbs (hâah`r l` obrgaf`, l` puemøa y hbrlgnpbtíbs) qu` `e prn-
enafbln ` gat`asgvn hnasumn l` hgfbrrgeens prnluh` `a ens ou-
mblnr`s. Hnmn hnas`hu`ahgb l` `stb mgeenabrgb, p`rsgst`at`,
hnk`r`at` y prnenafblb hbmpbòb `a hnatrb l`e tbdbqugsmn,
qu` pnst`rgnrm`at` s` kb `xt`algln b ntrns pbís`s pnr eb ga-
oeu`ahgb hueturbe l` ens @stblns Paglns, s` kb enfrbln qu` `a
frba hbatglbl l` eufbr`s `stç tntbem`at` prnkgdgln oumbr, b
puatn tbe qu` s` prnmu`v` eb hbt`fnríb l` ―`lgoghgns egdr`s l`
kumn”. @e oumblnr `s p`rhgdgln hnmn befug`a qu` l`d` s`r
hnatrnebln, kbdgçalns` enfrbln l` `stb onrmb qu`, `o`htgvb-
m`at`, `a muhkns pbís`s kbyb lgsmgaugln antbde`m`at` `e
hnasumn l` tbdbhn. @st` `c`mpen pna` `a `vgl`ahgb qu` huba-
ln eb mntgvbhgøa `s en suoghg`at`m`at` pnl`rnsb y kby vneuatbl
pneítghb, ens @stblns an lulba `a fbstbr sumbs mgeenabrgbs lu-
rbat` ebrfn tg`mpn pbrb behbazbr `e ndc`tgvn prnpu`stn, pnrqu`

s` `atg`al` qu` `e d`a`oghgn `hnaømghn b ebrfn pebzn `s sup`-

rgnr be fbstn r`begzbln. An pbr`h` s`r `st` `e hbmgan `e`fgln pnr
ens fndg`rans `a ebs hu`stgna`s r`ebhgnablbs hna `e hnasumn l`
lrnfbs y `e abrhntrâoghn.
Bat` `e bum`atn l` eb pndr`zb y eb mbrfgabeglbl, `a ebs
frbal`s hgulbl`s s` prnluh` ua gahr`m`atn l` eb l`egahu`a-
hgb y eb vgne`ahgb hbee`c`rb, sgmuetâa`bm`at` hna `e hnasumn
l` sustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs: vgne`ahgb qu` `s bmpegblb y mb-
agpueblb pnr ens m`lgns l` hnmuaghbhgøa,
hnmuaghbhg øa, hna `e prnpøsgtn ga-
m`lgbtn l` bum`atbr ens agv`e`s l` bulg`ahgb,
bulg`ahgb , p`rn qu` `a ua

44
 @e hnasumn l` lrnfbs `a au`strb snhg`lbl

s`fualn mnm`atn prnluh` hnmn r`suetbln ua hr`hg`at` r`-

hebmn l` mbynr`s m`lglbs r`pr`sgvbs. Hna ebs `xpeghbhgna`s
sgmpegstbs, bkgstørghbs, sup`roghgbe`s y mbagqu`bs qu` bhns-
tumdrba b `ahnatrbr ens m`lgns mbsgvns l` hnmuaghbhgøa pb-
rb ens t`mbs qu` pr`nhupba b eb snhg`lbl, s` enfrb onrmbr lns
dbalns, uan qu` bfrupb b ens qu` s`ríba pbrtglbrgns l` mb-
ynr lur`zb pneghgbe y ntrn onrmbln pnr ens qu` gasgst`a `a r`heb-
mbr sneuhgna`s pbrb ebs hbusbs qu` prnvnhba eb l`egahu`ahgb,
y sna pr`s`a
pr`s`atblns
tblns hnmn p pbrtglbrgns
brtglbrgns l`e ebgs`z obgr` n ―l`o`a-
snr`s l` ens l`r`hkns kumbans l` ens l`egahu`at`s `a l`trg-
m`atn l` ens l`r`hkns kumbans l` ebs víhtgmbs”.
\bmdgça nds`rvbmns uab hr`hg`at` mgegtbrgzbhgøa l` ebs snhg`-
lbl`s hna `e brfum`atn l` qu` s` l`d` hnmdbtgr `e abrhntrâoghn
y eb l`egahu`ahgb hna çe r`ebhgnabln: b eb v`z qu` hr`h`a y s` onr-
tbe`h`a ens s`htnr`s l` eb snhg`lbl qu`, bt`mnrgzblns pnr eb lgou-
sgøa l` `st` tgpn l` l`egahu`ahgb, pgl`a mâs r`pr`sgøa, bum`atn
l` ebs hnal`abs y ―mban lurb”, kbstb `e `xtr`mn l` r`hebmbr eb
gastbebhgøa l` eb p`ab l` mu`rt` `a ens pbís`s `a qu` çstb an `xgs-
t` (hnmn `a `e au`strn), custgoghbr `e bs`sgabtn l` befug`a pnrqu`
pbr`h` snsp`hknsn, n eb `xgst`ahgb l` ens `shublrna`s l` eb mu`r-
t`, qu` s` nhupba l` bs`sgabr b cøv`a`s l`egahu`at`s.
@st` `aor`atbmg`atn gl`neøfghn y pneítghn, `a snhg`lbl`s
lnal` ebs gastgtuhgna`s culghgbe`s y pneítghbs `stâa frbv`m`at`
hu`stgnablbs, y qu` `a muhkns hbsns kba pbsbln b onrmbr pbr-

t` l`e a`fnhgn, ee`vb b qu` `e @stbln, gahbpbz l` lbr r`spu`stbs

l`mnhrâtghbs l` onaln, suhumdb bat` ebs pr`sgna`s y tnm` m`-
lglbs ou`rt`m`at` r`pr`sgvbs, buaqu` ebs mgsmbs pu`lba eu`-
fn vnev`rs` hnmn ua dum`rbaf hnatrb ens s`htnr`s snhgbe`s qu`
ebs kbdíba r`hebmbln. \nm`mns hnmn `c`mpens l` `stb sgtub-
hgøa eb pçrlglb l` ebs egd`rtbl`s hgvge`s y fbrbatíbs e`fbe`s qu`
ens `stblnuagl`as`s kba bh`ptbln pbfbr hnmn pr`hgn pbrb bu-
m`atbr su s`furglbl bat` eb pnsgdgeglbl l` au`vns bt`atblns t`-
rrnrgstbs n `e bhhgnabr l` ebs pbalgeebs: n eb sgtubhgøa qu` s` nd-
s`rvb `a ebs frbal`s hgulbl`s drbsge`òbs lnal`, eu`fn l` mu-

48
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

hkns bòns l` vgne`ahgb l`shnatrneblb, s` kb r`hurrgln be `cçrhg-

tn pbrb qu` `aor`at` b ebs dbalbs l` ens abrhntrboghbat`s, `a
uab `shbeblb l` vgne`ahgb qu` bpbr`atb an t`a`r oga, y hnmn r`-
suetbln l` eb hube, s`fóa eb nrfbagzbhgøa Custghgb Fendbe, lurba-
t` `e bòn 4998 kudn 2.270 `c`huhgna`s sumbrgbs l` cøv`a`s
kbdgtbat`s l` ebs obv`ebs, r`begzblbs pnr eb pneghíb l` Tín l` Cb-
a`grn: y lurbat` `e bòn 499? s` `stgmba `a 209 ebs mu`rt`s
lgbrgbs prnluhglbs pnr k`hkns vgne`atns. \batn
\batn n mâs frbv` bua
`s eb mgegtbrgzbhgøa l` eb snhg`lbl hnenmdgbab, qu` l`spuçs l`
ebrfbs lçhblbs l` `aor`atbmg`atns brmblns `atr` fu`rrgeebs,
abrhntrboghbat`s y pbrbmgegtbr`s, kbdg`aln sumbln vbrgbs l`h`-
abs l` mge`s ens mu`rtns prnluhglns pnr ens `aor`atbmg`atns, y
mgeena`s ens r`oufgblns qu` l`d`a kugr l` ebs znabs `a lgspu-
tb, hnatgaób mgegtbrgzâalns` hblb v`z mâs, b p`sbr l`e `vgl`a-
t` orbhbsn l` `stb `strbt`fgb.
@a au`strn pbís s` nds`rvb uab mnlgoghbhgøa tbatn `a eb
hbatglbl hnmn `a eb hbeglbl l` ebs sustbahgbs qu` s` hnasu-
m`a. @a en hubegtbtgvn, `a ens `strbtns l` mbynr pnl`r blqugsg-
tgvn s` prnlucn ua gahr`m`atn `a `e hnasumn l` prnluhtns sga-
tçtghns, hnmn `e çxtbsgs: y `a ens s`htnr`s l` m`anr`s gafr`sns
kgzn su bpbrghgøa eb pbstb dbs`<, prnluhtn gatrnluhgln b m`lgb-
lns l` eb lçhblb l`e ‛79 pnr ens trboghbat`s p`rubans, y qu` tg`-
a` hnmn hbrbht`rístghbs `sp`híoghbs su betn pnl`r blghtgvn, su
dbcn hnstn (`atr` 2 y 8 p`sns eb lnsgs, m`ans l` ua løebr `stb-
lnuagl`as`), y ebs frbv`s hnas`hu`ahgbs qu` l`cb `a `e hu`rpn
y `e h`r`drn l`e blghtn pnr su betb tnxghglbl.
X`fóa eb gaonrmbhgøa sumgagstrblb lurbat` `e bòn 4990 pnr
eb Xuds`hr`tbríb l` Bt`ahgøa b ebs Blghhgna`s l` eb Yrnvgahgb l`

<. Eb pbstb dbs` l` hnhbíab (hnanhglb `a Brf`atgab hnmn ―pbhn” n ―dbsuhn”)

`s `e r`sglun l` uab obs` bat`rgnr b eb ndt`ahgøa ogabe l` eb hnhbíab, qu` r`sue-
tb l`e prnh`sbmg`atn l` ebs kncbs l` hnhb, `a `e qu` s` utgegzb âhgln sueoórghn,
qu`rnsça y ntrns snev`at`s qu` pnr su tnxghglbl kbh`a qu` `stb sustbahgb an
s`b bptb pbrb `e hnasumn kumban.

4<
 @e hnasumn l` lrnfbs `a au`strb snhg`lbl

Du`ans Bgr`s, `a `e Frba Du`ans Bgr`s “y `stb sgtubhgøa pn-

lríb `xtrbpnebrs` sga l`mbsgbln mbrf`a l` `rrnr be r`stn l`
ens hnafenm`rblns urdbans l`e pbís“ s` `ahu`atrba tr`s p`r-
oge`s l` hnasumglnr`s3 ua `strbtn betn qu` hnasum` lrnfbs
hnstnsbs hnmn hnhbíab l` prgm`rb hbeglbl, çxtbsgs, EXL, `th.,
huyns pr`hgns nshgeba `atr` 49 y <9 p`sns eb lnsgs: ua agv`e
m`lgn qu` hnasum` hnhbíab l` hbeglbl gat`rm`lgb, mbrgkub-
ab y søen nhbsgnabem`at` lrnfbs mâs hbrbs: y ua agv`e dbcn
qu` `a muy pnhbs nhbsgna`s hnasum` lrnfbs hnstnsbs, y qu`
`a ens óetgmns bòns s` kb vnehbln be hnasumn l` eb pbstb db-
s`. X` `stgmb qu` ber`l`lnr l` 89.999 cøv`a`s hnasum`a
hn asum`a `s-
t` prnluhtn, søen `a `e Frba Du`ans Bgr`s.
X` kb `stgmbln qu` `e tg`mpn prnm`lgn a`h`sbrgn pbrb qu`
ua hnasumglnr l` hnhbíab s` hnavg`rtb `a ua blghtn `s l` lns
bòns: pbrb ens hnasumglnr`s l` pbstb dbs` (en mgsmn suh`l`
hna `e hrbhj), `st` tg`mpn s` r`luh` b tr`s n hubtrn m`s`s. Hna-
sgl`rbaln `e betn pnl`r blghtgvn qu` tg`a` `stb sustbahgb, uab
p`rsnab pu`l` oumbr kbstb 49 hgfbrrgeens l` pbstb dbs` (pb-
hns) pnr líb: `a hnas`hu`ahgb, an søen l`d` lgspna`r l` uab
frba hbatglbl l` lga`rn pbrb sbtgsobh`r eb hr`hg`at` a`h`sglbl
l` hnmprbr y hnasumgr, sgan qu` tnln su líb fgrb `a tnran b eb
ndt`ahgøa y `e hnasumn l` eb lrnfb.
Hna ens lbtns l` qu` s` lgspna`, s` `stgmb `a <99.999
`e aóm`rn l` p`rsnabs qu` hnasumg`rna sustbahgbs ge`fbe`s
0
`a `e óetgmn bòn `a `e FDB , y `a 499 mgeena`s ens hnasumg-
lnr`s `a `e mualn, n s`b `e 0% l` eb pndebhgøa mualgbe, hna
uab `lbl `atr` 20 y ?< bòns, s`fóa `e gaonrm` baube l` ebs
Abhgna`s Paglbs. X`fóa `st` mgsmn gaonrm`, `e aóm`rn l`
tnxghømbans bum`atø ua ;% `a ua bòn?.

0. Lgbrgn Hebría, Du`ans Bgr`s, s`ptg`mdr` l` 499<.

?. Lgbrgn Eb Abhgøa, Du`ans Bgr`s, cuagn l` 4990.

40
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

L`sl` eb lçhblb l`e ‛79 kbstb eb bhtubeglbl kb hr`hgln eb

no`rtb l` lgstgatbs sustbahgbs, sndr` tnln sgatçtghbs: hgtbaln
b _br`aa` pnl`mns bogrmbr qu` ―eb psghnobrmbhnenfíb `a f`-
a`rbe y `e usn l` ens beuhgaøf`ans `a pbrtghuebr tg`a`a `x-
trbnrlgabrgn outurn”6.
Eb l`p`al`ahgb l` ebs lrnfbs, gaheuy`aln ebs l` v`atb e`-
fbe;, `stâ lgr`htbm`at` egfblb b eb hr`hg`at` l`skumbagzbhgøa
l` eb vglb hntglgbab. Bogrmb Kufn Mgfu`z, dbsâalns` `a ens
baâegsgs l` M`rtna, qu` s` hnasgl`rb `e ―bdusn l` sustbahgbs
gatnxghbat`s hnmn uab hnaluhtb l` ‛r`tgrblb‗ “`s l`hgr hnmn
uab mbago`stbhgøa l` r`peg`fu`“ `a frupns qu` hnmpbrt`a ebs
`xp`htbtgvbs y ndc`tgvns l` eb snhg`lbl `a f`a`rbe, p`rn qu` an
lgspna`a l` ens m`lgns a`h`sbrgns pbrb behbazbrens.” 7
―@a `st` s`atgln eb behnknegzbhgøa cuv`age r`pr`s`atb bcustblb-
m`at` `stb `xpr`sgøa l` bdbalnan n r`tgrblb or`at` b sgtubhgna`s
qu` sna vgsubegzblbs hnmn gamnlgoghbde`s. Eb gastbebhgøa l` l`-
s`ns vgahueblns b ua hnasumn (hnastrugln hnmn r`pr`s`atbhgøa
l` ua vbenr snhgbe) y eb gmpnsgdgeglbl l` bhh`l`r b `stns ndc`tns
pudeghgtblns hnmn ‛m`lglb l` sí mgsmn‗ `ahu`atrb `a `e l`shna-
trne l` eb d`dglb eb hnaluhtb l` r`tgrn a`h`sbrgn or`at` b uab pr`-
sgøa gamba`cbde` l`sl` eb vglb kbdgtube l` ua cnv`a hnmóa.” 29
@stb r`tgrblb kbhgb `e r`oufgn qu` prnm`t` `e hnasumn l`
sustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs s` snstg`a` `a eb bh`ptbhgøa r`sgfablb

6. _br`aa`, F.3 @e bdusn l` ebs lrnfbs. @l. Fublbrrbmb, 2768. Yâf. 8<0.
;. Pab gav`stgfbhgøa pudeghblb `a eb T`vgstb Brf`atgab l` Ysgqugbtríb y r`begzb-
lb `a eb hgulbl l` Du`ans Bgr`s, mu`strb qu` `e 20,0% l` ens `ahu`stblns hna-
sum` bhtubem`at` psghnoârmbhns, y `e 47,<% ens hnasumgø befuab v`z. @e
24,4% hnasum` d`aznlgbz`pgabs y `e 8% batgl`pr`sgvns: l` `stns hnasumgln-
r`s kbdgtube`s eb mbynr pbrt` sna muc`r`s y vg`cns. @e 40% l` ens qu` hnasum`a
s` r`hnanh`a muy l`p`alg`at`s l` eb m`lghbhgøa. @stns íalgh`s l` hnasumn kb-
dgtube l` psghnoârmbhns sup`rba `e 8,0% l`e T`gan Pagln, `e 0,0% l` @stblns
Paglns n `e 29,2% l` eb hgulbl l` Xba Ybden. (Ou`at`s3 T`vgstb Brf`atgab l`
Ysgqugbtríb A³ ??, mbrzn-bdrge 499?: lgbrgn Yâfgab/24, 4< l` bfnstn l` 499?.)
7. @pgl`mgnenfíb l` eb behnknegzbhgøa cuv`age `a eb Brf`atgab . Bòn 499<.
29. Gl`m.

4?
 @e hnasumn l` lrnfbs `a au`strb snhg`lbl

l` qu` `e hbmdgn an `s pnsgde`, y bat` uab sgtubhgøa qu` r`-

suetb gatne`rbde` ` gamnlgoghbde` søen `s pnsgde` r`trnh`l`r kb-
hgb eb grr`beglbl, kbhgb eb geusgøa hnmn ua r`oufgn, y tbmdgça,
hna eb nmagpnt`ahgb prnpgb l` ens blne`sh`at`s, b ua `spbhgn
lnal` en bak`ebln `s pnsgde` l` s`r behbazbln. ―Eb `strbt`fgb
l` sup`rvgv`ahgb pbrb ua mnm`atn s` kb hnav`rtgln ogabem`a-
t` `a ua sbevbvglbs l` penmn qu` brrbstrb hnasgfn y kbhgb `e
onaln eb ou`rzb l` uab f`a`rbhgøa.”22
Pab v`z qu` s` bpr`algø b tnmbr eb vglb pbrb l`cbreb hnmn
`stâ, sga gat`atbr agafóa hbmdgn, pnrqu` s` cuzfb qu` agafóa
hbmdgn `s pnsgde`, y b dushbr r`oufgn `a sustbahgbs qu` obhgeg-
tba eb a`fbhgøa l` uab r`beglbl qu` bafustgb, `e hbmpn qu`lb
bdg`rtn pbrb ntrns m`rhblns y ntrbs sustbahgbs. Bpbr`h` `atna-
h`s `e hnasumn l` ebs eebmblbs lrnfbs lurbs, `a ua prnh`sn
qu` yb kbdíb hnm`azbln tg`mpn btrâs, ―…`a `e hnat`xtn l` eb
galuef`ahgb orívneb kbhgb `e bdusn l` ebs lrnfbs e`fbe`s y `e
mbat`agmg`atn l` uab gfanrbahgb hnav`ag`at` `a en gam`lgbtn,
bh`rhb l`e outurn l` ens ntrns”24.

@e hnm`rhgn ge`fbe l` lrnfbs

@a `stb çpnhb, `a qu` tnmbr `a hu`atb eb `vneuhgøa l`e

m`rhbln `s tba gmpnrtbat` `a ens baâegsgs snhgbe`s, an pnl`-

mns l`cbr l` nds`rvbr hømn kb `vneuhgnabln `e pr`hgn l` ebs

lrnfbs ge`fbe`s.
@a ens óetgmns bòns `e pr`hgn l` v`atb l` lrnfbs hnmn eb
mbrgkubab y eb hnhbíab kb dbcbln, tbatn `a au`strn pbís hn-
mn `a @stblns Paglns. Xg ans fugbmns pnr ebs e`y`s l`e m`r-
hbln pnl`mns supna`r qu` `stn s` l`d` b qu` ens hnstns l`

22. Gl`m.
24. Gl`m.

46
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

ens trboghbat`s kba lgsmgaugln, y sg hnatgaubmns p`asbaln

s`fóa `stbs mgsmbs e`y`s s` pu`l` l`luhgr qu` eb hbusb l`
`st` bdbrbtbmg`atn rblghb `a qu` `e hnm`rhgn s` kb k`hkn
mâs oâhge, gaheuy`aln m`ans fbstns pbrb `vblgr ens hnatrne`s,
en hube p`rmgt` v`al`r mâs hbatglbl b m`anr pr`hgn. @e trâog-
hn y eb v`atb s` kba obhgegtbln, sg`aln bknrb mâs oeuglns, tba
lgr`htns qu` s` fbstb m`ans lga`rn `a sndnrabr b ouahgnab-
rgns blmgagstrbtgvns, pneghgbe`s y culghgbe`s: gaheusn `a mu-
hkbs r`fgna`s (l`mbsgblbs) an `s a`h`sbrgn kbh`ren, yb qu`
`stns s`htnr`s, be kbd`rs` gat`frbln be a`fnhgn y s`r pbrt` l`e
mgsmn, m`cnrba sus fbabahgbs hna `e bum`atn l` ebs v`atbs,
an gmpglgçalnebs, tbe hnmn s` `sp`rbríb qu` kghg`s`a. Hnmn
hnas`hu`ahgb l`e l`t`rgnrn l`e ouahgnabmg`atn l` eb snhg`lbl
y `e @stbln, s` prnluh` ua hbmdgn l` ouahgna`s lnal` qug`-
a`s l`d`ríba nhupbrs` l` gmp`lgr `e abrhntrâoghn, sna pbrt`
oualbm`atbe l`e mgsmn.
@a eb Brf`atgab, `a eb mbynríb l` ens hbsns, eb lrnfb qu` s`
s`hu`strb `a ens prnh`lgmg`atns pneghgbe`s prnvg`a` l` ens p`-
qu`òns trboghbat`s. Bh`rhb l` ens qu` mba`cba `e trâoghn frba-
l` l`e hnatrbdbaln, yb s`b l` mbrgkubab prnv`ag`at` l` Ybrb-
fuby b trbvçs l` ebs prnvgahgbs l` Onrmnsb y Mgsgna`s, n l` eb
hnhbíab prnv`ag`at` l` Y`ró y Dnegvgb qu` gafr`sb pnr ebs prn-
vgahgbs l` Xbetb y Cucuy
Cucuy,, ablb s` sbd`, s` l`shnanh`a sus anm-
dr`s. @a ebs prnvgahgbs l`e anr
anrt`
t` brf`atgan3 Xbetb, Cucuy
Cucuy,, Onrmn-

sb, Xbatgbfn l`e @st`rn, \uhumâa y Mgsgna`s, `s bdg`rtbm`at`

hnanhgln pnr ens eufbr`òns eb `xgst`ahgb l` pgstbs l` bt`rrgzbc`
hebal`stgabs: `stb gaonrmbhgøa tbmdgça kb sgln lgvuefblb pnr `e
p`rgnlgsmn `a prnfrbmbs l` t`e`vgsgøa, lgbrgns y r`vgstbs, p`rn
b p`sbr l` s`r yb l` hnanhgmg`atn pódeghn an s` kba r`begzbln
gav`stgfbhgna`s culghgbe`s s`rgbs pbrb l`smbat`ebr `st` trâoghn
ge`fbe y `acughgbr b qug`a`s en mba`cba.
Hâehuens hnas`rvblnr`s `stgmba qu` lurbat` `e bòn 4998
s` hnm`rhgbegzbrna ?.<?0 jf l` hnhbíab y 87.?<; l` mbrg-
kubab. @a `e bòn 4998 ou`rna hnal`ablbs 48 p`rsnabs ―pnr

4;
 @e hnasumn l` lrnfbs `a au`strb snhg`lbl

`ahbd`zbr befuab p`qu`òb r`l l` l`be`rs”28: ens v`rlbl`rns

c`o`s l` ebs nrfbagzbhgna`s p`rmba`h`a nhuetns, y buaqu` eb
pndebhgøa snsp`hk` qugça`s pnlríba s`r, an kby gav`stgfbhgn-
a`s culghgbe`s qu` s` prnpnafba gl`atgoghbrens.
@a ens óetgmns tg`mpns, `e l`shudrgmg`atn y eb pnst`rgnr ga-
v`stgfbhgøa l` frbal`s hbrfbm`atns l` hnhbíab `mdbrhblns
l`sl` eb Brf`atgab, s` r`begzø hnmn hnas`hu`ahgb l` eb gahbu-
tbhgøa l` ens mgsmns pnr ebs pneghíbs `urnp`bs, pnrqu` l` ens
pu`rtns brf`atgans y l`e b`rnpu`rtn l` @z`gzb kbdíba sbegln sga
gahnav`ag`at`s: `s mâs, pbrb ee`fbr kbstb eb prnvgahgb l` Du`-
ans Bgr`s hgrhuebrna pnr vbrgns mge`s l` jgeøm`trns l` rutbs sga
s`r l`t`htblns pnr agafóa hnatrne pneghgbe.
Bhtubem`at`, y hnmn hnas`hu`ahgb l` eb pr`sgøa gat`rabhgn-
abe y l` eb pneítghb gmpe`m`atblb pnr Drbsge pbrb `e hnatrne l`
sus ornat`rbs, s` `stâ `mp`zbaln b pebat`br b agv`e l`e fndg`r-
an abhgnabe eb a`h`sglbl l` gastbebr sgst`mbs l` rblbr`s orna-
t`rgzns qu` t`alríba eb ouahgøa l` l`t`htbr ens vu`ens ge`fbe`s, y
pbrbe`ebm`at` s` `stulgb eb pnsgdgeglbl l` mnlgoghbr eb e`y qu`
r`fueb `e prnh`l`r l` eb Ou`rzb Bçr`b bat` `stns vu`ens ge`fb-
e`s. Xga `mdbrfn, `stns sna bauahgns gaonrmbe`s qu` an s` kba
hnav`rtgln, tnlbvíb, `a prny`htns l` e`y, y s` l`shnanh`a ens
pebzns `a qu` `stns hbmdgns prnpu`stns, qu` lgoghuetbríba `e bh-
hgnabr l` ebs nrfbagzbhgna`s l`eghtgvbs, pnlríba hnav`rtgrs` `a
r`beglbl. Mg`atrbs tbatn, tnln s`fugrâ gfube.

Ybrb qu` eb bmbpneb s` trbasonrm` `a k`rníab y eb kncb l`

hnhb s` hnavg`rtb `a hnhbíab, `s a`h`sbrgn r`begzbr ua prnh`sn
l` `ebdnrbhgøa químghb qu` r`qug`r` l` gastbebhgna`s galustrgb-
e`s l` ebdnrbtnrgn lnal` `o`htubr `st` prnh`sbmg`atn. \bmdgça
s` r`qug`r`a lgstgatns gasumns químghns l` v`atb e`fbe, qu` s`
utgegzba `a ens lgstgatns pbsns l` `s` prnh`sn, y b ens qu` s` l`-
sgfab hna `e anmdr` l` pr`hursnr`s químghns . ―\`afn muy heb-

28. Lgbrgn Hebría, Du`ans Bgr`s, s`ptg`mdr` l` 499<.

47
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

rn qu` sga pr`hursnr`s, an kby hnhbíab ag k`rníab. L` bkí qu` eb

Pagøa @urnp`b l`d` hnebdnrbr a`utrbegzbaln `e trâoghn l` ens ga-
sumns qu` `eens prnluh`a. Eb hnmuaglbl gat`rabhgnabe l`d`
l `d` `a-
t`al`r qu` sg an kby ua hnatrne l` eb prnluhhgøa l` `stns gasu-
mns an vb b s`r pnsgde` `aor`atbr hna çxgtn eb euhkb hnatrb eb
lrnfb. L`c`a l` ua ebln ebs rbzna`s `hnaømghbs y pg`as`a mâs
`a eb sbeul l` ens hgulblbans l`e mualn y `a eb `stbdgeglbl l`
muhkbs l`mnhrbhgbs...”: `stbs sna l`hebrbhgna`s l` ua f`a`rbe
hnenmdgban r`begzblbs be p`rgølghn @e \g`mpn l` Dnfntâ `a bdrge
l` 2777, bat` eb hnaogshbhgøa l` ua hbrfbm`atn l` 24 tna`eb-
lbs l` p`rmbafbabtn l` pntbsgn, `a `e pu`rtn l` Hbrtbf`ab2<.
Hna 24 tna`eblbs l` p`rmbafbabtn l` pntbsgn, s` r`ogaba
l` ?9 b 69 tna`eblbs l` hnhbíab, y `st` gasumn, huyb hnm`r-
hgbegzbhgøa `stâ r`strgafglb `a Hnenmdgb, `rb l` egdr` hnm`rhgb-
egzbhgøa `a @urnpb. Ens pr`hursnr`s químghns l` usn kbdgtube
`a eb prnluhhgøa l` henrkglrbtn l` hnhbíab sna3 âhgln
âhgl n sueoórghn,
p`rmbafbabtn l` pntbsgn, âhgln henrkílrghn, bh`tnab ` kglrøxg-
ln l` bmnaíbhn, y ntrns snev`at`s hnmn çt`r, tneu`an, tkgaa`r,
`th. Eb hnm`rhgbegzbhgøa l` `stns prnluhtns suor` hg`rtbs r`s-
trghhgna`s `a @stblns Paglns, p`rn pnhbs `a @urnpb: `a hnas`-
hu`ahgb, `s muy oâhge pbrb ens prnluhtnr`s l` hnhbíab bdbst`-
h`rs` `a lgo`r`at`s m`rhblns.
X` `stâ muy e`cns l` qu` `stns pbís`s r`hnanzhba qu` `a
eb prnluhhgøa l` ebs lrnfbs cu`fba ua pbp`e tba gmpnrtbat`

ens pr`hursnr`s químghns hnmn eb hnhb n `e npgn, pnrqu` pbrb

`een ―X`ríb pr`hgsn qu` hnrrg`rba `e rg`sfn l` kbh`r p`egfrbr ua
a`fnhgn onrmglbde`3 pbrb r`ogabr eb prnluhhgøa baube l` uab
k`htâr`b l` brdustns l` hnhb, ens ebdnrbtnrgns hnenmdgbans
a`h`sgtba 4,0 tna`eblbs l` prnluhtns químghns, n s`b, 469
mge tna`eblbs be bòn pnr hblb 29; mge k`htâr`bs, ¡søen pbrb

2<. Dny`r, C`ba-Orbahngs`3 Eb fu`rrb p`rlglb hnatrb ebs lrnfbs. Frgcbedn, 4992.
Yâf. 89<.

89
 @e hnasumn l` lrnfbs `a au`strb snhg`lbl

eb hnhbíab! Be pr`hgn l`e p`rmbafbabtn l` pntbsgn `a `e m`r-

hbln `urnp`n, `stn r`pr`s`atb ?.;99 mgeena`s l` løebr`s, y
muhkn mâs sg s` tnmb hnmn dbs` l` hâehuen `e pr`hgn l` ens
`s uab v`z gatrnluhglns `a t`rrgtnrgn hnenmdgban” 20.
pr`hursnr`s
pr`hursnr
Ybrb ens pbís`s prnluhtnr`s l` gasumns químghns `s gmp`a-
sbde` bum`atbr ens hnatrne`s y `xgfgr uab gav`stgfbhgøa pr`vgb b
ebs galustrgbs químghbs, pnrqu` vgne`atbríb ebs e`y`s l`e egdr`
m`rhbln. ―@st` prnh`lgmg`atn gahr`m`atbríb ens hnstns, vnev`-
ríb e`atns ens gat`rhbmdgns... y b eb ebrfb prgvbríb b ens prnluh-
tns l` ua m`rhbln muetgmgeenabrgn.”2? Be r`sp`htn pnl`mns l`-
hgr qu` `a au`strn pbís r`hg`at`m`at` s` kb sbahgnabln uab e`y
huyn ndc`tgvn `s hnatrnebr eb hnm`rhgbegzbhgøa l` ens pr`hursn-
r`s químghns, p`rn bóa an kb trbashurrgln `e tg`mpn suoghg`at`
pbrb `vbeubr eb `o`htgvglbl l` su bpeghbhgøa.
Hubaln l`e hnm`rhgn gat`rabhgnabe l` lrnfbs s` trbtb, s`
`stâ kbdebaln l` frbal`s hbatglbl`s qu` s` mgl`a `a tna`-
eblbs, ebs qu` l`d`a btrbv`sbr frbal`s lgstbahgbs y vbrgbs
ornat`rbs, pbrb ee`fbr l`sl` ens pbís`s prnluhtnr`s b ens pbí-
s`s hnasumglnr`s. @st` trbaspnrt` l` eb m`rhbahíb
m`rhb ahíb s` kbh` `a
bvgna`s qu` bt`rrgzba hebal`stgabm`at`, y `a dbrhns qu` l`s-
hbrfba su m`rhbl`ríb or`at` b ebs hnstbs pbrb qu` eu`fn çstb
s`b ee`vblb b tg`rrb pnr p`qu`òbs `mdbrhbhgna`s n duzns. @s-
tns bvgna`s y hbtbmbrba`s l` hbrfb, `qugpblns hna betb t`h-
anenfíb pbrb `vblgr ens hnatrne`s pneghgbe`s y bluba`rns, sna

muy hnstnsns y s` hnmprba `a @urnpb y @stblns Paglns, b

trbvçs l` np`rbhgna`s dbahbrgbs qu` bl`mâs p`rmgt`a deba-
qu`br `e lga`rn ndt`agln pnr eb v`atb l` ebs lrnfbs. ―@e vneu-
m`a fendbe l` a`fnhgns l` ebs mbogbs `s ?9 v`h`s sup`rgnr be
pr`supu`stn l` su prgahgpbe blv`rsbrgn, eb L@B3 2.?99 mgeen-
a`s l` løebr`s pbrb eb L@B, hnatrb uans 299 mge mgeena`s l`

20. Gl`m, Yâf. 89?.

2?. Gl`m, Yâf. 896.

82
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

løebr`s pbrb `e hnacuatn l` ebs mbogbs qu` trboghba ebs lrnfbs

ebtganbm`rghbabs.” 26
@stâ hebrn qu` hubaln `e fndg`ran l` @stblns Paglns pr`t`a-
l` gmp`lgr `e gafr`sn l` lrnfbs `a su pbís p`rsgfug`aln b ens prn-
luhtnr`s sulbm`rghbans y bm`abzbaln hna gavblgr sus pbís`s, `s-
tâ kbhg`aln uab e`hturb muy pbrhgbe l`e prnde`mb, y ndvgbm`at`
pnhn `oghbz, yb qu` `st` hnm`rhgn an `xgstgríb sga eb pbrtghgpbhgøa
bhtgvb l` eb galustrgb y eb dbahb l` ens pbís`s l`sbrrneeblns.
@stb hnmpe`cb trbmb l` galustrgb y hnm`rhgn fendbe`s, qu`
`c`mpegoghbmns hna eb prnluhhgøa l` hnhbíab, s` r`pgt` hna eb
prnluhhgøa l` k`rníab. Ens mâs gmpnrtbat`s prnluhtnr`s l` `s-
tb lrnfb sna Hnenmdgb y ens pbís`s l`e E`cban Nrg`at`, `atr`
`eens uan nhupbln pnr `e `cçrhgtn anrt`bm`rghban, Bofbagstâa: y
en mgsmn suh`l` hna eb `ebdnrbhgøa y hnm`rhgbegzbhgøa l` lrn-
fbs sgatçtghbs3 EXL, çxtbsgs y bao`tbmgabs `a f`a`rbe, huyn
h uyn mb-
ynr prnluhtnr `s @stblns Paglns. T`sp`htn l` eb sgtubhgøa `a
Bofbagstâa, pnl`mns l`hgr qu` kgstørghbm`at` kb sgln ua frba
prnluhtnr l` bmbpnebs pbrb eb `ebdnrbhgøa l` npgn, y qu` s`-
fóa ua r`hg`at` gaonrm` l` eb NAP b pbrtgr l`e bòn 499< kb en-
frbln r`hup`rbr antbde`m`at` `e agv`e l` su prnluhhgøa, qu`
kbdíb sgln hbsg `egmgablb lurbat` `e fndg`ran l` ens tbegdba`s.
Kby uab ornat`rb hnaousb `atr` ens frbal`s a`fnhgns mbogn-
sns y ens gat`r`s`s pneítghns: r`hnrl`mns hubaln `a eb lçhblb
l` 27;9 `e lga`rn prnv`ag`at` l`e abrhntrâoghn ogabahgbdb b ―ens

hnatrbs” l` Aghbrbfub, hna `e bvbe l` eb HGB, bt`atbaln hnatrb

`e fndg`ran sbalgagstb. Xgag`strns bhu`rlns mbognsn-pneítghns
hnmn `stns, s` snsp`hkba `a lgo`r`at`s hbsns l` pbís`s `a ens
qu` kb gat`rv`agln eb HGB, hnebdnrbaln hna eb npnsghgøa b fn-
dg`rans qu` lgsfustbdba b Vbskgaftna.
Eb egd`rbegzbhgøa y fendbegzbhgøa l`e hnm`rhgn gat`rabhgn-
abe qu` s` kb prnluhgln `a ebs óetgmbs lçhblbs, tbmdgça kb

26. Gl`m, Yâf. 82<.

84
 @e hnasumn l` lrnfbs `a au`strb snhg`lbl

r`suetbln d`a`oghgnsb pbrb ens abrhntrboghbat`s, yb qu` ―eb mb-

sgoghbhgøa l`e trbaspnrt` pnr hnat`a`lnr`s vu`ev` ens hnatrne`s
l` rutgab hblb líb mâs hnstnsns y lgoíhge`s. Eb dbcb f`a`rbegzb-
lb l` ens brbah`e`s y eb l`sbpbrghgøa prnfr`sgvb l` ens hnatrn-
e`s rutgabrgns `a ebs ornat`rbs, `a Bmçrghb y @urnpb... `e \EH, eb
gat`frbhgøa `urnp`b butnrgzba b ens trbge`rs b pbsbr l` ua pbís
b ntrn sga s`r gasp`hhgnablns”2;. Bsí hnmn `e usn mbsgvn l` Ga-
t`ra`t, b trbvçs l`e hkbt y ens m`asbc`s `ahrgptblns, obhgegtba eb
râpglb y s`furb hnmuaghbhgøa l` lbtns ` gaonrmbhgøa qu` s` r`-
qug`r`a pbrb `e hnm`rhgn ge`fbe.
Hubaln l`e a`fnhgn l` ebs lrnfbs s` trbtb, an s` l`d` nevg-
lbr `e pbp`e prntbføaghn qu` cu`fba ens frbal`s dbahns, sga hu-
yb gat`rv`ahgøa `st` mgeenabrgn hnm`rhgn s`ríb gmpnsgde`.
@s gmp`asbde` ―pbfbr `a `o`htgvn be prnv``lnr uab r`m`-
sb l` vbrgbs tna`eblbs l` lrnfb hna vbenr l` mgeena`s l` lø-
ebr`s... Ens hnasumglnr`s pbfba `a dgee`t`s l` dbcb l`anmg-
abhgøa y `a mna`lb enhbe... Ybrb r`pbtrgbr ens onalns b Ebtg-
anbmçrghb, s`ríb pr`hgsn, prgm`rn, hbmdgbr `sbs mna`lbs b
løebr`s y, eu`fn, pbrb kbh`r qu` `e lga`rn btrbvg`s` `e Bteâa-
tghn, mnatbr np`rbhgna`s tba hnmpe`cbs hnmn ebs l` gmpnr-
tbhgøa l` lrnfbs”. Mnvgegzbr tbatn lga`rn `a `o`htgvn `s tba
hnmpeghbln y rg`sfnsn, qu` r`suetb gabh`ptbde`.
B pbrtgr l` `stb pr`mgsb s` `ebdnrba hnmpe`cbs np`rb-
hgna`s dbahbrgbs, hna móetgpe`s hu`atbs `a lgo`r`at`s dba-

hns b anmdr` l` p`rsnabs y `mpr`sbs obatbsmbs, qu` p`r-

mgt`a eb trbaso`r`ahgb l` onalns l` ua pbís b ntrn sga hn-
rr`r rg`sfns gaótge`s.
Hubaln, hnmn hnas`hu`ahgb l` eb gmpebhbde` p`rs`huhgøa
qu` s` r`begzø sndr` ens hbrt`e`s hnenmdgbans, çstns l`dg`rna
`ahnatrbr ntrbs onrmbs l` hnm`rhgbegzbhgøa, s` hr`brna ebs ru-
tbs m`xghbabs3 eb hnhbíab qu` s` prnluh` `a Hnenmdgb, s`

2;. Gl`m, Yâf. 896.

88
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

trbaspnrtb pnr víb bçr`b y mbrítgmb b Mçxghn, y l` beeí hruzb eb

ornat`rb kbhgb `e frba m`rhbln l`e anrt`.
@a eb lçhblb l`e ‛79, hna Hbrens Xbegabs l` Fnrtbrg, Mçxghn
s` hnavgrtgø `a ua abrhn-@stbln27: kb cufbln `a `stb trbasonr-
mbhgøa ua rne oualbm`atbe `e k`rmban l`e `atnah`s pr`sgl`a-
t`3 Tbóe Xbegabs, qug`a `a 2774 ―trbtb l` l`pnsgtbr `a `e `x-
trbac`rn l`h`abs l` mgeena`s l` løebr`s qu` e` kba r`lgtubln
“b l`hgr l` eb YFT m`xghbab, eb L@B y eb pneghíb sugzb“ sus
móetgpe`s bhtgvglbl`s geíhgtbs...”. Ybrb `een a`h`sgtbdb `ahnatrbr
ua frba dbahn, gat`rabhgnabem`at` r`sp`tbln, qu` bh`ptbrb r`-
hghebr `sbs sumbs, y hna `st` oga r`hurrgø, b trbvçs l` sus r`pr`-
s`atbat`s `a Mçxghn, be Hgtgdbaj l` Au`vb Wnrj.
Eb hnmpe`císgmb trbmb ogabahg`rb qu` s` hr`b hna `e oga l`
ebvbr lga`rn geíhgtn qu`lb `a `st` hbsn be l`shudg`rtn hna eb l`-
t`ahgøa l` Xbegabs `a 2770, p`rn `a eb gav`stgfbhgøa qu` s` ee`-
vø b hbdn `e dbahn kb enfrbln sbevbr su r`spnasbdgeglbl y ab-
lb s` e` kb pnlgln prndbr. L`sl` `s` bòn `a bl`ebat` s` kba
r`begzbln vbrgbs gav`stgfbhgna`s prnmnvglbs pnr `e X`abln `stb-
lnuagl`as` sndr` `e pbp`e qu` eb dbahb gat`rabhgnabe cu`fb `a
`e ebvbln l` lga`rn suhgn, p`rn kb kbdgln muy pnhns hnal`ab-
lns y agafóa dbahn s` kb h`rrbln pnr `een, ag sus lgr`htgvns ou`-
rna `ahbrh`eblns. @stb sgtubhgøa e` kb k`hkn l`hebrbr be s`ab-
lnr Hbre E`vga3 ―An pnl`mns hnal`abr eb hnrruphgøa `a `e `x-
trbac`rn (...) y l`spuçs tne`rbr qu` ens dbahns `stblnuagl`as`s
49
kbfba onrtuabs l` `sb mgsmb hnrruphgøa” .

27. Hna r`ebhgøa b `stb sgtubhgøa, `e `shrgtnr m`xghban Cuba _geenrn l`hebrbdb
be lgbrgn Hebría `e 4? l` lghg`mdr` l` 49903 ―L`spuçs l`e 22 l` s`ptg`mdr`
(l`e 4992) eb ornat`rb `atr` Mçxghn y @stblns Paglns s` hnavgrtgø `a eb mâs vg-
fgeblb l`e mualn. Muhkb l` eb lrnfb qu` pnlíb pbsbr b @@PP s` qu`lø `a
Mçxghn. @atnah`s kby ua hgrhuebat` y ua hnasumn l` lrnfb `a Mçxghn qu` ba-
t`s an kbdíb y ens hbrt`e`s l` eb lrnfb s` `mp`zbrna b pebat`br ua `c`rhghgn mâs
abhgnabe qu` gat`rabhgnabe. Eb mban l`e abrhntrâoghn s` kb hnav`rtgln `a eb mb-
an gavgsgde` qu` l`hgl` `e l`stgan”.
49. Dny`r, C`ba Orbahngs`3 Np. hgt. Yâf. 886.

8<
 @e hnasumn l` lrnfbs `a au`strb snhg`lbl

\g`mpn l`spuçs, `a eb T`pódeghb Brf`atgab, uab hnmgsgøa

e`fgsebtgvb egl`rblb pnr eb `a `s` `atnah`s lgputblb @egsb Hb-
rrgø, r`begzø uab `xt`asb gav`stgfbhgøa sndr` `e ebvbln l` lg-
a`rn `a `e pbís, `atr`fbaln `e mbt`rgbe r`hnpgebln b eb hnmg-
sgøa l`e Hnafr`sn l` @@PP qu` `stbdb nhupâalns` l`e t`-
mb. _brgns bòns l`spuçs b ablg` s` kb prnh`sbln y muy prn-
dbde`m`at` ablg` s`b `ahbrh`ebln cbmâs pnr `stns l`egtns,
buaqu` b en ebrfn l` `stns bòns `a `e Hnafr`sn brf`atgan s`
kbyba trbtbln lgo`r`at`s prny`htns l` e`y lgrgfglns b gmp`lgr
`e ebvbln l` lga`rn.
―Ebs mbogbs l`e anrt` r`hgheba sus fbabahgbs, b tnlbs euh`s,
`a @urnpb y @stblns Paglns. W W,, sbevn befuabs `xh`phgna`s (Mç-
xghn y Ybabmâ), ens abrhntrboghbat`s ebtganbm`rghbans an r`ga-
vg`rt`a mbsgvbm`at` sus utgeglbl`s `a `e sur. Befuans pbís`s
bprnv`hkba t`mpnrbem`at` `e mbaâ l`e lga`rn suhgn, hnmn ebs
gsebs l`e Hbrgd`, huyn sgst`mb dbahbrgn ebvb onalns qu` ogabe-
m`at` vba b pbrbr b @stblns Paglns, Xugzb, Eux`mdurfn n
Egahkt`ast`ga. Ebs `hnanmíbs l`e anrt` bdsnrd`a pu`s, `e fru`-
sn l` ebs utgeglbl`s l` eb lrnfb. Mg`atrbs `stb `vgl`ahgb an s`
gmpnafb `atr` ebs npgagna`s pódeghbs y ens fndg`rans `urnp`ns
y anrt`bm`rghbans, agafuab `strbt`fgb s`rgb l` euhkb hnatrb eb
lrnfb pnlrâ ee`vbrs` b hbdn.”42
@e abrhntrâoghn `s, bat`s qu` ablb, ua frba a`fnhgn, y v`-
mns hømn l`spuçs l` befuabs lçhblbs l` ua prnfr`sgvn y

snst`agln hr`hgmg`atn l` `st` a`fnhgn ―ebs mbogbs ‛gat`rm`-

lgbrgbs‗ ` ‛gmpnrtblnrbs‗ brr`dbtba eb tbcblb mâs frbal` l`e
pbst`e”44. T`pgtgçalns` `a `st` m`rhbln en qu` kgstørghbm`a-
t` kb suh`lgln hna ntrns `a r`ebhgøa b eb lgvgsgøa gat`rabhgn-
abe l`e trbdbcn, `s bsí qu` ans `ahnatrbmns hna qu` ens pbí-
s`s pndr`s prnluh`a prnluhtns prgmbrgns “`a `st` hbsn `e

42. Gl`m, Yâf. 8<;.

44. Gl`m, Yâf. 8<?.

80
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

huetgvn l` ebs pebatbs l` hnhb, hbaabdgs y bmbpnebs“, r`beg-

zbaln tbmdgça `e trbdbcn suhgn y mâs p`egfrnsn l` `ebdnrbhgøa
y trbaspnrt`: mg`atrbs qu` ens pbís`s rghns s` `ahbrfba l` su
hnm`rhgbegzbhgøa y ogabahgbmg`atn, qu`lâalns` hna eb pbrt`
mâs euhrbtgvb l`e a`fnhgn.
@e huetgvn l` ebs mbt`rgbs prgmbs `s eb obs` l`e a`fnhgn qu`
m`ans fbabahgbs l`cb, pnrqu` sg dg`a pbrb `e hbmp`sgan dneg-
vgban, hnenmdgban n bofban eb fbabahgb qu` e` p`rmgt`a ndt`a`r
ens huetgvns ge`fbe`s `s vbrgbs v`h`s sup`rgnr b eb qu` pnlríba en-
frbr hna ens huetgvns trblghgnabe`s, `s míagmb hnmpbrblb hna eb
qu` ndtg`a` `e trboghbat` uab v`z qu` kb pu`stn eb lrnfb `a `e
m`rhbln `urnp`n, `stblnuagl`as` n cbpnaçs, lnal` muetgpeghb
vbrgbs v`h`s su vbenr. Xna tbmdgça `stns hbmp`sgans ens qu`
mâs s` `xpna`a, hblb v`z qu` `e `cçrhgtn `stblnuagl`as` l`hg-
l` brrbsbr hna ebs pebatbhgna`s `a Hnenmdgb, Dnegvgb n Y`ró: y
sna tbmdgça ens pbís`s l`p`alg`at`s y hnrrnmpglns, `a `st` hb-
sn mbynrm`at` ens pndeblnr`s l` sus `mpndr`hglbs hgulbl`s,
ens qu` bdbst`h`a b ens trboghbat`s l` ebs p`rsnabs `ahbrfblbs
l` ee`vbr eb lrnfb l`sl` `e pbís prnluhtnr be pbís gmpnrtblnr, `a
gaogaglbl l` hbsns hna frbv` rg`sfn pbrb su prnpgb vglb, hnmn
suh`l` hna ebs ―muebs”, qu` trbaspnrtba ebs lrnfbs `a su hu`r-
pn, n ens agòns duzns qu` s` sum`rf`a `a ebs bfubs l`e mbr Hb-
rgd` pbrb r`shbtbr ens hbrfbm`atns l` lrnfbs ebazblns be mbr
pnr ens bvgna`s y dbrhns l` ens abrhntrboghbat`s.

@e hnasumn l` lrnfbs `s ua frba a`fnhgn lnal` muhkns

pg`rl`a eb vglb, tbatn hnasumg`aln hnmn trboghbaln, pbrb qu`
uans pnhns fba`a muhkísgmn, p`rn muhkísgmn lga`rn.

Pab mgrblb b eb kgstnrgb

B en ebrfn l` eb kgstnrgb `e knmdr` kb trbtbln l` trbsh`al`r

ens eímgt`s l` en qu` sg`at` hnmn su pndr` y hru`e r`beglbl utg-
egzbaln lgv`rsns m`lgns qu` “supna`“ e` p`rmgtgríba bhh`l`r

8?
 @e hnasumn l` lrnfbs `a au`strb snhg`lbl

b ua mualn mâs pe`an, mâs d`een, mâs o`egz. Pa mualn gl`be,

qu` s`ríb pnsgde` behbazbr btrbv`sbaln eb ornat`rb l` ebs prn-
pgbs egmgtbhgna`s hna eb byulb l` sustbahgbs bprnpgblbs.
Kb kbdgln batgfubm`at`, y `xgst`a bóa `a eb bhtubeglbl, ga-
ogaglbl l` huetns r`egfgnsns qu` utgegzba `eíxgr`s pbrb obvnr`h`r eb
trbsh`al`ahgb `spgrgtube y eb hnmuaghbhgøa hna ens lgns`s: db-
sâalns` `a `stbs `xp`rg`ahgbs `s qu` Hbrens Hbstba`lb `shrgdgø
eb sbfb l` Ebs `as`òbazbs l` Lna Cuba. \bmdgça `a `stb dós-
qu`lb l` uab s`asgdgeglbl `sp`hgbe y trbsh`al`at` lblb pnr eb
utgegzbhgøa l` sustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs `ahnatrbmns b `shrgtnr`s,
pgatnr`s y mósghns3 `a `e sgfen [G[ `rba `e npgn y sus l`rgvblns:
`a `e sgfen [[, oualbm`atbem`at` eb hnhbíab, ens l`rgvblns l`e
hbaabdgs y `e EXL, y pbr`h` qu` `a `st` sgfen s`râa ens bat`rgn-
r`s, mâs ens `stgmuebat`s sgatçtghns y `e s`mpgt`ran behnkne.
Hubaln s` brfum`atb b obvnr l`e egdr` hnasumn l` sustba-
hgbs psghnbhtgvbs, pbrtg`aln
pbr tg`aln l`e usn qu` l` ebs mgsmbs s` kb k`-
hkn b en ebrfn l` eb kgstnrgb l` eb kumbaglbl, s` `atr`m`zheba
tg`mpns y prnh`sns kgstørghns qu` sna sbhblns l` hnat`xtn, ne-
vglbaln `e rne r`fuebtnrgn y l` snstça qu` `e frupn snhgbe hum-
pe` `a ens rgtube`s r`egfgnsns lnal` s` utgegzba sustbahgbs pbrb be-
t`rbr eb p`rh`phgøa. Xbd`mns qu` l`sl` ens tg`mpns a`neítghns
ens s`r`s kumbans kba usbln lgstgatbs sustbahgbs, sndr` tnln
beuhgaøf`abs, pbrb hnmuaghbrs` hna ens lgns`s: søen pbrb hgtbr
befuabs, m`ahgnabr`mns `e p`ynt` `a ebs hueturbs l`e anrt` y

m`snbmçrghb: `e snmb `a `e kgalugsmn: `e byb kubshb (―eb snfb

qu` p`rmgt` gr be eufbr l` ens mu`rtns”) l` ens huetns bmbzøag-
hns: y tbmdgça `e behnkne, hnmn `e vgan `a `e huetn b Lgnagsgns,
n eb hkghkb qu` `e gahb nor`híb be lgns sne, `th. Xga `mdbrfn, `s-
t` kb sgln ua usn egmgtbln y rgtube, qu` onrmbdb pbrt` l`e pbtrg-
mnagn hueturbe trbasmgtgln l` uab f`a`rbhgøa b ntrb.
Hubaln `e hr`y`at`, humpeg`aln hna `e rgtn k`r`lbln l` sus
bah`strns, hnasum` eb sustbahgb galghblb, s` sg`at` `a hnmu-
agøa hna `e lgns `a `e qu` hr``, y `s` vgbc` rgtube n trbah` `stâ
hnat`agln y bhntbln pnr eb hnmuaglbl r`egfgnsb: pnr `een an kby

86
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

ablb `a `stb sgtubhgøa qu` gmpegqu` ua rg`sfn pbrb `e prntbfn-

agstb, qug`a an s` v`râ `xpu`stn b hnasumgr uab sndr`lnsgs, an
hb`râ `a `xh`sns an pr`vgstns, y tbmpnhn f`a`rbrâ uab `ao`r-
m`lbl blghtgvb: sgan qu` sbelrâ l`e trbah` `a m`lgn l` uab `x-
p`rg`ahgb snhgbem`at` vbenrblb, `a brmnaíb hna su `atnran sn-
hgbe y `spgrgtube. Xga `mdbrfn, `stbs hnstumdr`s qu` bóa p`r-
lurba `a hg`rtbs hueturbs, an tg`a`a agafuab sgmgegtul hna `e
hnasumn l` lrnfbs qu` `ahnatrbmns `a ebs hueturbs urdbabs
l` au`strb snhg`lbl hbpgtbegstb.
Xustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs s` kba utgegzbln an søen `a ens
huetns r`egfgnsns, sgan tbmdgça `a eb m`lghgab, l`sl` ens mâs
e`cbans tg`mpns.
@a eb batgfub m`lghgab `rb kbdgtube `e usn l`e
l `e npgn y sus l`-
rgvblns, hna `e mâs obmnsn l` tnlns sus pr`pbrblns3 `e eâulb-
an. @e npgn s` `xtrb` l` ebs s`mgeebs l` eb bmbpneb blnrmgl`rb
(pbpbv`r snmago`rum), nrgfgabrgb l` Bsgb, y s` kba `ahnatrbln
r`fgstrns l` su utgegzbhgøa yb `a eb batgfub hgulbl sum`rgb l`
Pruj: hna `e pbsn l`e tg`mpn su usn s` `xt`algø pnr tnlb eb
hu`ahb l`e M`lgt`rrâa`n kbstb `e e`cban nrg`at`. X` en utgegzbdb
hnmn pr`pbrbhgøa m`lghgabe pbrb frba hbatglbl l` lne`ahgbs,
tbmdgça hnmn snmaío`rn y hbembat` l` eb tns: lurbat` eb `lbl
m`lgb lgsmgauyø su usn, buaqu` an `a eb m`lghgab ârbd`. Kb-
hgb `e 2099, s` `ahu`atrba aum`rnsns r`fgstrns l` ens `strbfns
qu` `e bdusn l`e npgn kbhíb `a lgstgatbs snhg`lbl`s l` Bsgb.

Bknrb dg`a, kbstb `s` mnm`atn `stb sustbahgb s` kbdíb utgegzb-

ln gaf`rglb `a lgstgatbs pr`pbrbhgna`s t`rbpçutghbs (hna lgo`-
r`at`s frblns l` hnah`atrbhgøa l` eb lrnfb), p`rn `a `sb çpn-
hb ens hkgans bpr`alg`rna b oumbreb.
Kbhgb 2?09, suh`lgø qu` ua `mp`rblnr l` Hkgab prnkgdgø
`e usn l`e tbdbhn, p`rn `xgstg`aln yb eb hnstumdr`, nrgfgabrgb l`
eb gseb l` Cbvb, l` oumbr tbdbhn gmpr`fabln hna npgn, b pbrtgr
l` `s` mnm`atn hnm`azø b oumbrs` `e npgn purn. @a 2647,
ntrn `mp`rblnr,
`mp`rblnr, blv`rtgln l`e p`egfrn l` `stb hnstumdr`, prnkg-
dgø tbatn eb gmpnrtbhgøa hnmn eb v`atb l` npgn: sga `mdbrfn, b

8;
 @e hnasumn l` lrnfbs `a au`strb snhg`lbl

p`sbr l` eb prnkgdghgøa, `e trâoghn, mba`cbln pnr ens pnrtufu`-

s`s hnmn hnatrbdbaln, hnatgauø.
@a 269; s` gastbeø `a eb Galgb eb @bst Galgb Hnmpbay. @a-
hnatrbaln qu` `a `s` pbís eb gaf`stgøa l` npgn `stbdb muy `x-
t`alglb, `e fnd`rablnr gafeçs l` D`afbeb gmpusn uab s`v`rb
r`strghhgøa `a su hnasumn: `a hnas`hu`ahgb, `e `xh`l`at` l` eb
prnluhhgøa hnm`azø b `xpnrtbrs` b Hkgab, l` hnatrbdbaln. @s-
t` hnatrbdbaln r`begzbln l`sl` eb Galgb kbhgb Hkgab, ou` mnan-
pnegzbln pnr ens gafe`s`s, l`sbtâalns` uab l` ebs mbynr`s trb-
f`lgbs l` eb kgstnrgb.
@e `mp`rblnr l` Hkgab lgspusn m`lglbs pbrb gmp`lgr `st` trâ-
oghn ge`fbe y l`struhtgvn pbrb `e pbís, qu` `stbdb gaualbaln l` npgn
y sumg`aln b `anrm` hbatglbl l` f`at` `a eb blghhgøa: p`rn `s-
tbs m`lglbs an ou`rna suoghg`at`s3 hna `e tg`mpn ens dbrhns hna-
trbdbalgstbs hnm`azbrna b abv`fbr brmblns, y hnatgaubrna l`s-
hbrfbaln su m`rhbahíb `a lgstgatns pu`rtns l` eb hnstb. @a 2;99
eb pr`sgøa l` ens gafe`s`s pbrb qu` Hkgab bdrg`rb
b drg`rb sus pu`rtbs be ―eg-
dr` hnm`rhgn” `rb gasnst`agde`, p`rn b p`sbr l` `een `e `mp`rblnr
hkgan gat`atø l`hnmgsbr `e npgn l` ens dbrhns gafe`s`s, b en qu` `e
r`y Fugee`rmn r`spnalgø `avgbaln b su mbrgab l` fu`rrb pbrb prn-
t`f`r b ens hnatrbdbalgstbs, gaghgâalns` eb prgm`rb fu` fu`rrb
rrb l`e
npgn. Hkgab ou` l`rrntblb, y ogrmø `a 2;<4 `e \rbtbln l` Abajía,
h`lg`aln eb gseb l` Knaf Jnaf y ntrns hgahn pu`rtns pbrb `e egdr`
hnm`rhgn, p`rn `e npgn hnatgauø prnkgdgln.
@a 2;0? `e vgrr`y l` Hbatøa nrl`aø eb gasp`hhgøa l` ua dbr-
hn hna dbal`rb gafe`sb, y ou` `e pr`t`xtn pbrb ntrb fu`rrb, eb s`-
fualb, lnal` `e gmp`rgn hkgan ou` au`vbm`at` l`rrntbln, ndt`-
ag`aln `e gmp`rgn drgtâaghn mâs pu`rtns egdr`s y eb egdr` abv`fb-
hgøa l`e Wbaf-\s`-Jgbaf. Kbstb qu` `a 2;?9, hna `e \rbtbln l`
Y`jía, `e npgn s` hnavgrtgø `a m`rhbl`ríb egdr`. ―@e npgn s` kbdíb
hnav`rtgln `a uan l` ens pgebr`s l`e gmp`rgn drgtâaghn.” 48 Ybrb

48. _br`aa`, F.3 @e bdusn l` ebs lrnfbs. @l. Fubrlbrrbmb, 2768. Yâf. 299.

87
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

`vgtbr `e hnatgaun lr`abc`

lr`ab c` l` lgvgsbs kbhgb `e `xt`rgnr,
`xt`rgnr, pnr eb hnm-
prb l`e npgn gmpnrtbln, `e fndg`ran l` Hkgab p`rmgtgø `e huetgvn
l` eb blnrmgl`rb `a su prnpgn t`rrgtnrgn, kbstb qu` `a 279?, ba-
t` eb pr`sgøa `c`rhglb pnr bsnhgbhgna`s gafe`sbs pr`nhupblbs pnr
`e hnasumn l` npgn `a su prnpgn pbís, `e fndg`ran gafeçs r`sne-
vgø bdnegr `e hnm`rhgn l` `stup`obhg`at`s, pnr hnasgl`rbren ―mn-
rbem`at` gacustgoghbde`”. @s pnsgde` v`r `a `stb euhkb ebrfb
e brfb y l`s-
pgblblb, hømn `e npgn y su gahnatrnebde` hnasumn ou` eb puatb
l` ebazb pbrb l`strugr ua pbís ` gmpna`re` uab pneítghb `hnaø-
mghb hebrbm`at` p`rculghgbe pbrb sus prnpgns gat`r`s`s.
@a 2?69, ua mçlghn gafeçs hnmpusn `e eâulban, hnasgst`a-
t` `a uab mbh`rbhgøa `a vgan, npgn y vbrgbs `sp`hgbs, bptn pb-
rb trbtbr lgv`rsbs `ao`rm`lbl`s. ―Eb mnlb l`e eâulban, qu` lu-
rø mâs l` lns sgfens, s` mbago`stø sndr` tnln `a Gafebt`rrb, `a
prgm`r eufbr pnrqu` ou` ua mçlghn gafeçs qug`a eb ebazø hna tn-
ln hnav`ahgmg`atn: `a s`fualn eufbr, y sndr` tnln, pnrqu` ebs
r`ebhgna`s l` `st` pbís hna Galgb, frba prnluhtnr l` npgn, obhg-
egtbdba muhkn eb gmpnrtbhgøa l` `st` prnluhtn.” 4< @a `e sgfen
[G[, `e usn l`e npgn, yb an søen hna oga`s m`lghgabe`s, s` kbdíb
`xt`algln `a tnlbs ebs hebs`s snhgbe`s y `rb bmpegbm`at` usb-
ln `a ens bmdg`at`s gat`e`htube`s: l` `sb çpnhb s` hnanh`a
muhkísgmns `shrgtnr`s, pn`tbs, pneítghns y mg`mdrns l`stbhb-
lns l` eb çegt` qu` `rba blghtns b eb lrnfb.
@a `e sgfen [G[, lgstgatns hg`atíoghns gat`atbrna bgsebr `e
prgahgpgn bhtgvn l`e npgn, en qu` s` enfrø kbhgb m`lgblns l`e
sgfen, lbaln nrgf`a b eb prnluhhgøa l` mnrogab. Ynhn tg`mpn
l`spuçs, `a 2;09, s` gav`atø eb c`rgafb kgpnlçrmghb y, lbln
qu` eb mnrogab `s mâs bhtgvb gay`htblb, s` `mp`zø b utgegzbr
sgst`mâtghbm`at` pnr `sb víb, pbrb begvgbr `e lnenr. Lurbat` eb
fu`rrb orbahn-be`mbab l` 2;69 hnm`azø b utgegzbrs` hna ens
snelblns k`rglns, y sg`aln ua babefçsghn
babefçsg hn muy `o`htgvn, su usn

4<. Gl`m, Yâf. 297.

<9
 @e hnasumn l` lrnfbs `a au`strb snhg`lbl

s` `xt`algø râpglbm`at`. B hnmg`azns l`e sgfen [[ s` kbdíb

hnav`rtgln `a uab mnlb.
Kbhgb `e ogabe l`e sgfen [G[, enfrb sgat`tgzbrs` ua l`rgvbln l`
eb mnrogab, eb lgbh`tge-mnrogab, hnanhglb vuefbrm`at` hnmn k`-
rníab, qu` be prndbrs` `a kumbans l`mnstrø s`r muy `oghbz
hnatrb eb tns y eb lgsa`b l` ens `ao`rmns bsmâtghns y tud`rhu-
ensns, pnr en qu` hnm`azø b utgegzbrs` `a sus trbtbmg`atns. Gag-
hgbem`at` pr`shrgtb pnr ens mçlghns, qu` an l`shudrg`rna su be-
tísgmn pnl`r blghtgvn kbstb uans bòns l`spuçs, râpglbm`at` s`
`xt`algø su usn pnr tnln `e mualn.
Eb hnhbíab, uab l` ebs lrnfbs huyn hnasumn s` kbeeb mâs
`xt`algln `a eb bhtubeglbl, s` hnanh` l`sl` `e sgfen [G[, y `s
uan l` ens behbengl`s qu` s` `xtrb` l` eb kncb l` hnhb, eb @rytk-
rnxyena hnhb, pebatb nrgfgabrgb l` Xulbmçrghb, hnanhglb y utgeg-
zblb l`sl` ens mâs r`mntns tg`mpns pnr ebs lgstgatbs hueturbs
qu` kbdgtbrna ens Bal`s y sus `strgdbhgna`s l`sl` Hnenmdgb be
anrt`, kbstb eb Yuab be sur. \`aíb ua vbenr sbfrbln pbrb `stbs
hueturbs abtgvbs, qu` eb utgegzbdba pnr sus `o`htns babefçsghns y
`stgmuebat`s. Hnmn hnas`hu`ahgb l` `stns `o`htns d`açoghns
`rb muy vbenrblb, y s` eb utgegzbdb `a lgstgatns rgtube`s r`egfgn-
sns y `a ens `at`rrbtnrgns, lnal` uab dnesgtb hnat`ag`aln kncbs
l` `stb pebatb onrmbdb pbrt` l`e bcubr l` ens mu`rtns. Bhtube-
m`at`, `a eb znab balgab, p`rsgst` `e kâdgtn l` mbshbr kncbs
l` hnhb n gaf`rgrebs `a onrmb l` gaousgøa.
@ahnatrbmns, tbmdgça `a eb bhtubeglbl, hueturbs nrgfgabrgbs
qu` kba enfrbln hnas`rvbr usns y rgtube`s batgfuns `a ens qu`
s` utgegzba ebs kncbs tbe hnmn s` kgzn lurbat` mge`s l` bòns: `s-
t` `s `e hbsn l` ens brkubhn (hnmuaglbl kny s`rgbm`at` bm`-
abzblb l` `xt`rmgagn pnr eb fu`rrb qu` `aor`atb b ens abrhntrb-
oghbat`s, ens pbrbmgegtbr`s y `e `cçrhgtn) l` eb Xg`rrb A`vblb hn-
enmdgbab, qug`a`s hnasum`a kncbs l` hnhb tnstblbs, m`zheb-
lbs hna eb hbe mneglb l` ebs hnahkbs l` hbrbhne, pbrb ndt`a`r
ua subv` `o`htn `stgmuebat` y `a`rfíb pbrb vgvgr `a `stbs `e`vb-
lbs betgtul`s (0.999 m`trns sndr` `e agv`e l`e mbr).

<2
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

Hubaln s` enfrø `xtrb`r `e prgahgpgn bhtgvn l` eb hnhb, eb hn-

hbíab, s` l`shudrgø `e vbenr qu` `stb sustbahgb tg`a` hnmn ba`s-
tçsghn enhbe, y hnmn tbe hnm`azø b utgegzbrs` `a m`lghgab, gfan-
râalns` su pnl`r blghtgvn, qu` bòns l`spuçs ou` l`hgsgvn pbrb
qu` ens mçlghns l`cbrba l` usbreb. @a 2;;?, `a @stblns Pag-
lns, s` gav`atø eb Hnhb Hneb, r`or`shn qu` gaheuíb `atr` sus ga-
fr`lg`at`s `xtrbhtn l` kncb l` hnhb, hnat`ag`aln uab p`qu`òb
hbatglbl l`e behbengl`. Kbhgb `e bòn 279< l`cø l` utgegzbrs` `st`
gafr`lg`at`, mnlgoghâalns` eb oørmueb. B prgahgpgns l`e sgfen [[,
`a ens hbdbr`ts `urnp`ns l` eb d`ee` `pnqu` s` lgoualgø eb hns-
tumdr` l` gakbebreb, y `a eb s`fualb mgtbl l`e sgfen bpbr`hgø su
onrmb oumbde`3 `e hrbhj. Xu usn yb s` kbdíb k`hkn mbsgvn.
@e tbdbhn `s tbmdgça uab pebatb nrgfgabrgb l` Bmçrghb: ens
hnaqugstblnr`s `spbòne`s r`fgstrbrna su usn pnr ebs hueturbs en-
hbe`s, b pnhn l` ee`fbr. @e tbdbhn `stbdb bmpegbm`at` `xt`alg-
ln `a `e hnatga`at` bm`rghban y `rb utgegzbln hna lgstgatns og-
a`s3 pnr ens hkbmba`s `a rgtube`s r`egfgnsns, pbrb galuhgr `stb-
lns beuhgabtnrgns, y tbmdgça pbrb snpnrtbr `e hbasbahgn. Ens
mgsmns `spbòne`s en ee`vbrna b @urnpb, y eu`fn l` befuans bvb-
tbr`s qu` gaheuy`rna su prnkgdghgøa pnr pbrt` l`
l ` Eugs [GGG, s` `x-
t`algø su usn `a lgv`rsbs pr`s`atbhgna`s (mbshbln, oumbln,
gakbebln), y tbmdgça `a eb m`lghgab pbrb trbtbr ebs mgfrbòbs,
ens trbstnrans lgf`stgvns, `th. Lurbat` `e sgfen [[ s` `xt`al`ríb
mualgbem`at` su usn, `a onrmb l` hgfbrrgeens: hnasumn qu` b
pbrtgr l` ebs óetgmbs lçhblbs s` `stâ hnmdbtg`aln bhtgvbm`a-
t`, hna `e ndc`tgvn l` r`luhgr ens fbstns f`a`rblns pnr eb bt`a-
hgøa l` eb sbeul l` ens blghtns be tbdbhn y `e trbtbmg`atn l` ebs
`ao`rm`lbl`s qu` tbmdgça bo`htba b ens ―oumblnr`s pbsgvns”.
\bmdgça `e behnkne tg`a` uab mge`abrgb trblghgøa l` usn t`-
rbpçutghn3 eb h`rv`zb, gav`atblb pnr ens batgfuns `fgphgns, s`
r`hnm`albdb `a eb `lbl m`lgb hnmn m`lghbm`atn: y hubaln
`a `e 2299 s` bpr`algø b l`stgebr `e behnkne, `e prnluhtn ndt`-
agln s` eebmø ―bfub l` vglb”, pnr eb s`asbhgøa l` dg`a`stbr qu`
prnluhíb `a qug`a en d`díb. @st` ou` `e hnmg`azn l` en qu` vb-

<4
 @e hnasumn l` lrnfbs `a au`strb snhg`lbl

rgns sgfens l`spuçs s` hnav`rtgríb `a uab galustrgb mgeenabrgb

prnluhtnrb l` frba vbrg`lbl l` d`dglbs, qu` hna lgstgatb frb-
lubhgøa behnkøeghb s` hnasum`a `a tnln `e mualn y qu` `a
`st` trbdbcn s`ríb gmpnsgde` l`tbeebr. @e behnkne, huyn hnasumn
`a sus lgv`rsbs pr`s`atbhgna`s `stâ uagv`rsbem`at` `xt`algln,
y pnr en tbatn fnzb l` eb mâs bmpegb bh`ptbhgøa snhgbe, f`a`rb
frbvísgmbs blghhgna`s, bat` ebs hube`s ens lgstgatns pbís`s trb-
tba l` gastrum`atbr lgo`r`at`s m`lglbs qu` egmgt`a su usn, `s-
p`hgbem`at` pnr pbrt` l` ens cøv`a`s.
@a eb s`fualb mgtbl l`e sgfen [[, `a eb lçhblb l` 27?9, `a
@stblns Paglns ens cøv`a`s gat`frblns `a `e mnvgmg`atn kgppg`,
qu` bl`mâs `rba pbhgogstbs npnsgtnr`s b eb fu`rrb l` _g`tabm,
blnptbrna hnmn bhtgtul hnat`stbrgb `e hnasumn l` mbrgkubab y
`xh`phgnabem`at` l` EXL: hubr`atb bòns l`spuçs, eu`fn l` qu`
`e hnasumn l` lrnfbs s` kb trbasonrmbln `a ua frba a`fnhgn,
`s` pbís s` kb hnav`rtgln `a uan l` ens mbynr`s prnluhtnr`s l`
mbrgkubab y lrnfbs sgatçtghbs, y `e hnasumn l` lgstgatbs
lgstgatb s lrnfbs,
hblb v`z mâs snogstghblbs, s` kb `xt`algln pnr tnln `e mualn.
Hnmn lgcgmns, s` `ahu`atrba `a eb kgstnrgb l` eb m`lghgab
muhkbs sustbahgbs qu` abhg`rna hnmn ua m`lghbm`atn muy
prnm`t`lnr, p`rn eu`fn l` kbd`rs` utgegzbln `a onrmb gat`asgvb
ou`rna l`shudg`rtns sus `o`htns a`fbtgvns, en qu` ogabem`at` ee`-
vø b su gautgegzbhgøa hnmn m`lghbm`atn, n b su pr`shrgphgøa db-
cn `strghtn hnatrne. Kbhg`aln uab râpglb `aum`rbhgøa, pnl`mns,
bl`mâs l` ens anmdrblns bat`rgnrm`at`, bfr`fbr hnmn `c`m-
pens `e çt`r, qu` tbmdgça s` usbdb hnmn ba`stçsghn, eb tbeglnmg-
lb, ens dbrdgtórghns, ebs bao`tbmgabs y d`aznlgbh`pgabs, `th.
@st` `atusgbsmn gaghgbe pnr ua prnluhtn qu` bpbr`h` hn-
mn uab pbabh`b uagv`rsbe, pbrb eu`fn l`v`agr `a søen ua oâr-
mbhn mâs n `a ua orbhbsn, s` kb lbln, `s ndvgn l`hgren, tbm-
dgça hna ntrns tgpns l` sustbahgbs, bsí hnmn hna ntrns prn-
luhtns hr`blns pnr eb t`hanenfíb l`e sgfen [[: p`rn yb `atrb-
ríbmns `a ntrns t`mbs.

<8
 Hbpítuen GG

Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

y eb sgtubhgøa obmgegbr

Ens cøv`a`s blghtns y su obmgegb

qu`Eburb O. `s
t`rmgaø eb uab blne`sh`at`
`shu`eb prgmbrgb,l` 26 an
p`rn bòns, snet`rb,
puln sga `ekgcns,
bprndbr prg-
m`r bòn l`e agv`e m`lgn y bdbalnaø eb `shnebrglbl: tg`a` uab
k`rmbab l` 2; bòns (qu` `s mblr` l` ua agòn p`qu`òn, y `s-
tâ gat`rablb `a uab heíaghb psgqugâtrghb) y ntrb l` 24: tbmdgça
tg`a` ua m`lgn k`rmban (kgcn l` su mbmâ) l` ua bòn. Ens pb-
lr`s `stâa s`pbrblns l`sl` kbh` hgahn bòns: eb mblr` onrmø
ntrb pbr`cb: `e pblr` vgv` snen y kb mbat`agln lgo`r`at`s r`eb-
hgna`s l` pbr`cb, agafuab l`mbsgbln prnenafblb: bmdns sna
hnasumglnr`s kbdgtube`s l` lrnfbs. Eb mblr` `stâ l`snhupb-
lb y r`hgd` ua peba snhgbe, y `e pblr` trbdbcb hnmn v`al`lnr
bmduebat`, `s lgsmgaugln vgsube, y `stâ cudgebln pnr gahbpbhg-
lbl. _gv`a `a eb hgulbl l` Du`ans Bgr`s. Eburb tg`a` ua ou`rt`
hnmprnmgsn hna ebs lrnfbs, utgegzb galgstgatbm`at` hnhbíab,
mbrgkubab y psghnoârmbhns: hubaln gafr`sb `a eb gastgtuhgøa su
bpbrg`ahgb `s l` bdbalnan, `stâ suhgb (an r`fgstrb qu` tg`a` eb
hbd`zb ee`ab l` pgncns), `e `stbln `a qu` s` `ahu`atrb eb mb-
ynr pbrt` l`e líb `s l` bduegb p`rmba`at`, an tg`a` gat`rçs `a
r`begzbr agafuab bhtgvglbl, ag `a eb gastgtuhgøa ag ou`rb l` `eeb.
Kb `stbln gat`rablb bat`rgnrm`at` `a lgstgatbs gastgtuhgna`s.

<0
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

Mbtíbs _.
_. `s ua blne`sh`at` l` 2< bòns: an kb t`rmgabln eb
`shu`eb prgmbrgb: tg`a` uab k`rmbab l` 40 bòns qu` vgv` hna
su pbr`cb y eb obmgegb l` çst`. Xu mbmâ `s snet`rb, tg`a` <8
bòns y `stâ l`snhupblb, rbzøa pnr eb hube r`hgd` ua peba sn-
hgbe: vgv` `a uab znab mbrfgabe
mbrfgab e l`e FDB, `a uab hbsb qu` hnm-
pbrt` hna uab bmgfb y eb obmgegb l` çstb. Mbtíbs an kb t`agln
r`ebhgøa hna su pbpâ. _gv` `a eb hbee` l`sl` ens 29 bòns: hna-
sum` kbdgtubem`at` hnhbíab y pbstb dbs`: vgv` l` p`qu`òns
rndns: `s muy gmpuesgvn y vgne`atn, y kb `stbln `a lgstgatbs gas-
tgtuhgna`s l` lnal` s` oufb n `s trbseblbln, pnr su gmpnsgdgeg-
lbl l` hnavgvgr hna ens l`mâs y eb vgne`ahgb qu` l`speg`fb.

Bab E. tg`a` 84 bòns, `stâ s`pbrblb, tg`a` tr`s kgcns l` lgs-

tgatns pblr`s, l` 20, ? y 0 bòns l` `lbl, b ens qu` kbh` vb-
rgns bòns qu` an v`, y qu` `stâa be huglbln l` lgstgatns obmg-
egbr`s: hnm`azø, p`rn an t`rmgaø, eb `shu`eb s`hualbrgb. _gv`
sneb, an tg`a` bmgfns ag víahuens bo`htgvns, `c`rh` eb prnstgtu-
hgøa l`sl` kbh` vbrgns bòns. @s blghtb l`sl` eb blne`sh`ahgb
b eb hnhbíab y `a ens óetgmns hgahn bòns b eb pbstb dbs`: s` l`-
oga` hnmn ―muy lrnfnab”. Kb r`begzbln lgstgatns trbtbmg`atns
l` r`hup`rbhgøa hna r`suetblns gasbtgsobhtnrgns, yb qu` tnlns
ens bdbalnaø bat`s l` r`hgdgr `e betb. @s pnrtblnrb l` _GK, y
ou` l`rgvblb pbrb r`begzbr `st` trbtbmg`atn l` r`hup`rbhgøa pnr
`e s`rvghgn l` psgqugbtríb l` ua knspgtbe pódeghn, hubaln eu`fn
l` befuans m`s`s l` gat`rabhgøa enfrø hurbrs` l` ebs frbv`s ga-
o`hhgna`s npnrtuagstbs qu` pbl`híb (tdh fbafegnabr, bo`hhgna`s
r`abe`s, `th.), hnmn hnas`hu`ahgb l` su `ao`rm`lbl vgrbe. Xu
obmgegb l` nrgf`a `stâ onrmblb pnr sus pblr`s y ua k`rmban.
Xu mblr` `stâ `mpe`blb `a r`ebhgøa l` l`p`al`ahgb, hna ua
muy du`a sbebrgn: su trbdbcn sg`mpr` e` kb l`mbalbln mu-
hkbs knrbs lgbrgbs, `s `eeb qug`a mbatg`a` eb hbsb y hna `e mb-
rgln vgv`a cuatns, p`rn an hnmpbrt`a eb kbdgtbhgøa. @e pblr` `s
ua l`snhupbln hrøaghn, cufblnr hnmpuesgvn, y `s qug`a s`
nhupb l` vgsgtbr b eb kgcb hubaln `stâ gat`rablb. Mblr` ` kgcb

<?
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs y eb sgtubhgøa obmgegbr

`stâa lgstbahgblbs l`sl` kbh` vbrgns bòns, yb qu` eb mbmâ an

e` ―p`rlnab” su onrmb l` vglb, p`rn tbmdgça hna `e pblr` su`-
e`a pbsbr ebrfns p`rínlns sga v`rs`. Xu k`rmban `stâ hbsbln,
tg`a` lns kgcns, trbdbcb y vgv` `a onrmb gal`p`alg`at`: tbmdgça
hna çe mbatg`a` uab r`ebhgøa lgstbat`.

Mbrgn O. `s ua blne`sh`at` l` 2? bòns, qu` vgv` hna su mb-

lr` y su pblrbstrn, y tg`a` vbrgns k`rmbans3 `e mbynr l` 49
bòns, qu` trbdbcb y s` kb gal`p`algzbln, y `e r`stn m`anr`s,
kgcns l` lgo`r`at`s pblr`s. An kb t`rmgabln eb `shu`eb prgmb-
rgb. @e pblr` dgneøfghn s` kb l`svgahuebln l` çe, y eb r`ebhgøa
hna `e pblrbstrn `s muy hnaoeghtgvb: çst` trbdbcb, p`rn `s behn-
køeghn: eb mblr` bhtubem`at` an trbdbcb p`rn bòns btrâs en kb
k`hkn, y tbmdgça kb `c`rhgln eb prnstgtuhgøa. @s hnasumglnrb
l` lrnfbs, btrbv`sbaln p`rínlns `a ens hube`s hnasum` kbdg-
tubem`at` mbrgkubab y hnhbíab, bet`rablns hna p`rínlns l`
bdstga`ahgb. _gv`a `a uab znab muy mbrfgabe l`e FDB. Mbrgn
hnasum` mbrgkubab y hnhbíab `a onrmb kbdgtube, y prbhtghb p`-
qu`òns rndns: tg`a` hbusbs p`abe`s `a eb Custghgb l` m`anr`s,
rbzøa pnr eb hube s` lgspusn su gat`rabhgøa `a ua gastgtutn l`
m`anr`s, l`e qu` ou` l`rgvbln pbrb r`begzbr trbtbmg`atn.

Cnrf` _. `s ua blne`sh`at` l` 2? bòns: an tg`a` k`rmbans, b

su mblr` an eb hnanhgø y an sbd` su anmdr`. Xu pblr` en bdba-
lnaø `a eb hbee` hubaln t`aíb sg`t` bòns. An tg`a` lnhum`atns,
y tbmpnhn kb sgln gashrgptn su abhgmg`atn. Ou` l`rgvbln pnr `e
HNAABO40, s` `ahu`atrb dbcn eb tut`eb l` ua cuzfbln hgvge y kb
vgvgln `a eb hbee` l`sl` qu` su pblr` en l`cø, bet`rabaln eb sgtub-
hgøa l` hbee` hna lgstgatbs gastgtuhgna
gastgtuhgna`s,
`s, hnmn obmgegbs sustgtutbs
sustgtutbs
y knfbr`s: `a agafóa eufbr puln p`rmba`h`r mâs l` befuans m`-

40. @e Hnas`cn Abhgnabe l` Agò`z, Blne`sh`ahgb y Obmgegb b pbrtgr l`e hbmdgn

l` e`fgsebhgøa s` hnavgrtgø `a X`hr`tbríb Abhgnabe l` Agò`z, Blne`sh`ahgb y
Obmgegb (X@AABO)

<6
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

s`s pnrqu` s` oufbdb, kbstb qu` en `ahnatrbdb eb pneghíb y s` r`g-

aghgbdb `e hghen. Hnasum` mbrgkubab, p`rn su mbynr blghhgøa eb
hnastgtuy`a ens cu`fns l` Gat`ra`t3 pu`l` p`rmba`h`r lurbat`
líbs cufbaln `a ens hgd`r, tntbem`at` gam`rsn `a eb geusgøa l`e
cu`fn, y hubaln en qug`r`a `hkbr r`bhhgnab bfr`sgvbm`at`.

Balrçs L. tg`a` 2; bòns: an puln t`rmgabr 2³ bòn l`e s`hua-

lbrgn b p`sbr l` kbd`ren gaghgbln vbrgbs v`h`s: vgv` hna su mbmâ
l` <6 bòns y su k`rmban l` 2?, qu` `stâ hursbaln `e s`hualb-
rgn. @s blghtn b eb mbrgkubab y nhbsgnabem`at` b eb hnhbíab: `s
mg`mdrn l` uab pbalgeeb l` su dbrrgn, hna eb qu` kb prntbfnag-
zbln lgo`r`at`s `pgsnlgns l` vgne`ahgb hbee`c`rb, qu` ou`rna l`t`r-
mgabat`s pbrb qu` eb mblr` sneghgtbrb su gat`rabhgøa. Balrçs vg-
v` `a ua dbrrgn l` hebs` m`lgb l` eb hgulbl l` Du`ans Bgr`s, `a
ua p`qu`òn l`pbrtbm`atn bequgebln pnr su mblr`. Xus pblr`s
`stâa s`pbrblns l`sl` kbh` mâs l` 29 bòns: `e pblr` vgv` hna
su au`vb obmgegb, b uabs v`gat` hublrbs l` lgstbahgb. @e pblr`
hna or`hu`ahgb kb `c`rhgln vgne`ahgb hnatrb sus kgcns: y l`sl` `e
lgvnrhgn s` kb l`s`at`algln
l`s`at`algln `hnaømghb y tbmdgça bo`htgvbm`at`
l` `eens, yb qu` kb pbsbln bòns sga v`rens sga agafuab rbzøa vb-
e`l`rb. Xu kgcn en l`oga` hnmn ―ua dneuln”. Eb mblr` trbdbcb be-
r`l`lnr l` lg`z knrbs lgbrgbs hnmn v`al`lnrb, pbrb pbfbr eb r`a-
tb y snev`atbr ens fbstns obmgegbr`s. Kbstb kbh` lns bòns, hubaln
obee`hgø `e bdu`en mbt`ran, eb obmgegb r`hgdíb eb byulb `hnaømghb
y `e bpnyn bo`htgvn çe, qug`a be `stbr cudgebln y t`a`r lgspnagdgeg-
lbl l` tg`mpn pnlíb nhupbrs` l` eb bt`ahgøa l` ens ag`tns mg`a-
trbs eb mbmâ trbdbcbdb.

O`rabaln _., l` 8< bòns, lgvnrhgbln, tg`a` lns kgcns blne`s-

h`at`s. An trbdbcb, ag en kb k`hkn `a ens óetgmns bòns. L`sl` eb
t`mprbab blne`sh`ahgb hnasum` hnhbíab, b en qu` eu`fn e` ou`
bfr`fbaln psghnoârmbhns. Yrnvg`a` l` uab obmgegb l` hebs` m`-
lgb-betb, kgcn l` prno`sgnabe`s: eb mbynríb l` sus obmgegbr`s en sna.
X` gaghgø `a `e hnasumn sg`aln muy cnv`a y hnmpbrtg`aln
h nmpbrtg`aln `stb bh-

<;
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs y eb sgtubhgøa obmgegbr

tgvglbl hna su pblr`, qu` `rb ua `xgtnsn prno`sgnabe y hnasumglnr

kbdgtube l` hnhbíab. \g`a` uab k`rmbab y ua k`rmban mbynr`s.
Xu pblr` obee`hgø hubaln çe `rb blne`sh`at` y b pbrtgr l` `s` mn-
m`atn qu`lø be huglbln l` su mblr`. Ybrb pnl`r t`rmgabr eb `s-
hu`eb s`hualbrgb, pbsø pnr lgstgatns `stbde`hgmg`atns, y ogabem`a-
t` su k`rmbab mbynr, hnav`ahglb l` qu` auahb `stulgbríb, kgzn
ua pbfn `xtrb `a `e hne`fgn pbrb qu` e` bprndbrba ebs mbt`rgbs qu`
bl`ulbdb. Eb obmgegb l` O`rabaln an kb t`agln auahb prnde`mbs
`hnaømghns y çe s` vbabfenrgb l` kbd`r hnmprbln sg`mpr` ―m`r-
hb l` eb m`cnr hbeglbl”: su obmgegb kb fbstbln muhkn lga`rn prg-
m`rn `a snev`atbr sus fbstns `a lrnfbs y lgv`rsgna`s, y eu`fn `a
lgstgatns trbtbmg`atns pbrb su r`hup`rbhgøa, yb qu` kb `stbln ga-
t`rabln `a lgstgatbs gastgtuhgna`s, kb r`begzbln trbtbmg`atns bm-
duebtnrgns, y tbmdgça l` gat`rabhgøa lnmghgegbrgb. @a eb bhtubeglbl,
ua mg`mdrn l` su obmgegb qu` s` kb k`hkn hbrfn l` blmgagstrbr
ens dg`a`s obmgegbr`s, s` nhupb l` mbat`a`ren gat`rabln e`cns l`
eb hgulbl `a lnal` `eens vgv`a, y snev`atbr ens fbstns f`a`rblns
pnr su bt`ahgøa. An en vgsgtba hna or`hu`ahgb, p`rn pbfba sus
hu`atbs: y l` v`z `a hubaln r`hgd` eb vgsgtb l` sus kgcns.
¾Ruç tg`a`a `a hnmóa `stns hbsns> Bl`mâs l` kbd`r sgln ga-
t`rablns `a eb mgsmb gastgtuhgøa pbrb qu` s` r`hup`rbrba l` su
blghhgøa, tnlns prnvg`a`a l` obmgegbs sumbm`at` l`t`rgnrblbs,
hna hnmpnrtbmg`atns trbasfr`snr`s, lnal` ens rne`s pbr`atbe`s
`stâa l`slgducblns n l`ogagtgvbm`at` bus`at`s, lnal` ens pblr`s
sna hnasumglnr`s kbdgtube`s n blghtns, b lrnfbs, psghnoârmbhns
y/n behnkne, be cu`fn: eb mbynríb, p`rn an tnlns, prnvg`a`a l` ebs
hebs`s snhgbe`s mâs dbcbs y mbrfgabe`s l` eb snhg`lbl. @a eb prâh-
tghb hntglgbab s` pu`l` nds`rvbr qu` ―eb kgstnrgb obmgegbr l`e lrn-
fblghtn pu`l` r`fgstrbr pblr`s snm`tglns b mbens trbtns, hna pb-
r`cbs mbe bv`aglbs, hna p`rsnabeglbl`s abrhgsgstbs n psghøtghbs, n
hna bat`h`l`at`s l` blghhgna`s”4?.

4?. Hbsbrgan, @tk`e H. l` y ntrns3 Lrnfblghhgøa, @l. Ybgløs, 2774. Yâf. ;<.

<7
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

Ens blne`sh`at`s l`p`alg`at`s l` lrnfbs prnvg`a`a l`

obmgegbs `a qu` `e pblr`, `stç n an pr`s`at` hnmn tbe, `stâ
bus`at` psghneøfghbm`at` y an kb pnlgln humpegr hna eb oua-
hgøa pbt`rab `a su pbp`e l` nrfbagzblnr y obhgegtblnr l`e ga-
fr`sn b eb hueturb, `a tbatn r`pr`s`atbat` l` eb e`y. Hnmn
hnmpe`m`atn l` `st` pblr`, `ahnatrbmns hna or`hu`ahgb
uab mblr` hna muhkbs lgoghuetbl`s pbrb `c`rh`r su prnpgn
rne. Xuh`l` kbdgtubem`at` qu`, `a `e hbsn l` s`pbrbhgøa l`
eb pbr`cb pbr`atbe, `e pblr` tbmdgça l`cb l` humpegr hna su
r`spnasbdgeglbl y ndegfbhgøa l` mbat`a`r `hnaømghbm`at`
b sus kgcns, y or`hu`at`m`at` tbmdgça l`cb l` v`rens: `s l`-
hgr qu` çstns qu`lba tntbem`at` b hbrfn l` eb mblr`, qug`a
l`d` hudrgr tnlbs sus a`h`sglbl`s. Xna cøv`a`s `a huyb ga-
obahgb kba pr`vbe`hgln ebs `xp`rg`ahgbs a`fbtgvbs, hna ou`r-
t`s vgv`ahgbs l` bdbalnan: y `a muhkns l` `eens ebs sgtub-
hgna`s l` bdbalnan y vgne`ahgb s` kba bet`rabln hna mn-
m`atns l` sndr`prnt`hhgøa.
@a eb prâhtghb hntglgbab l` eb bt`ahgøa l`e blghtn s` `ahu`a-
trba lgstgatbs pbtnenfíbs qu` s` mbagog`stba hna eb sgatnmbtnen-
fíb l` blghhgøa. @a hnas`hu`ahgb, pnl`mns bogrmbr qu` eb blgh-
hgøa an `s `a sí mgsmb uab `ao`rm`lbl, sgan uab `xpr`sgøa
sgatnmâtghb l` uab psghnpbtnenfíb. @stbs psghnpbtnenfíbs l`
dbs` pu`l`a s`r muy lgo`r`at`s, r`vgstg`aln lgstgatns agv`e`s l`
frbv`lbl y, `a hnas`hu`ahgb, lgstgatns prnaøstghns: bsí `ahna-
trbmns pbhg`at`s blghtns qu` pu`l`a pbl`h`r a`urnsgs `a lgs-
tgatn frbln, l`pr`sgøa, trbstnrans l` eb p`rsnabeglbl, psghnsgs,
p`rv`rsgna`s, trbstnrans dnrl`rega`, `th. ―Eb lrnfb `s eb hnas`-
hu`ahgb y an `e pnrquç l` eb pbtnenfíb l`e lrnfblghtn, buaqu`
b su v`z nhbsgna` au`vbs pbtnenfíbs, tbatn nrfâaghbs (h`r`drb-
e`s, hnmn `a `e r`stn l`e hu`rpn), obmgegbr`s y snhgbe`s.”46

46. Jbegab, @lubrln3 Eb obmgegb l`e blghtn y ntrns t`mbs. @l. Au`vb _gsgøa,
Yâf. 89.

09
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs y eb sgtubhgøa obmgegbr

@stb mgsmb lgv`rsglbl s` `ahu`atrb hna r`ebhgøa be ndc`tn

be qu` `s pnsgde` f`a`rbr blghhgøa, yb qu` pu`l` s`r uab lrn-
fb n vbrgbs, `e behnkne, eb hnmglb, n uab hnaluhtb hnmn `e cu`-
fn l` bzbr, eb t`e`vgsgøa, eb hnmputblnrb, Gat`ra`t, `th.
@stb lgv`rsglbl l` pbtnenfíbs qu` s` mbagog`stba b trbvçs l`
ebs blghhgna`s, bdbrhb tbmdgça uab bmpegb fbmb l` pbtnenfíbs
obmgegbr`s y snhgbe`s: `a ua `sp`htrn qu` vb l`sl` `e frupn ob-
mgegbr hna lgoghuetbl`s vgahuebr`s qu` btrbvg`sb uab hrgsgs lu-
rbat` eb hube befuan l` sus mg`mdrns, pnr `ahnatrbrs` `a uab
sgtubhgøa vuea`rbde`, r`hurr` b hnaluhtbs blghtgvbs pbrb kugr l`
ens s`atgmg`atns qu` en bdrumba, kbstb obmgegbs frbv`m`at`
p`rturdblbs n tntbem`at` lgsfr`fblbs.
Hubaln `e bhh`sn be hnasumn l` sustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs `s
oâhge, pnrqu` `eebs `stâa be behbah` l` qug`a en l`s``, `a `stb
hnaluhtb pu`l` gahurrgr hubequg`rb, l`sl` blne`sh`at`s qu`
btrbvg`sba uab sgtubhgøa obmgegbr hnmpe`cb, qu` ens `ahu`atrb
sga hbpbhglbl pbrb `aor`atbr `e hnaoeghtn y `a hnas`hu`ahgb
dushba b trbvçs l`e hnasumn l` befuab sustbahgb r`hup`rbr eb
s`asbhgøa l` dg`a`stbr qu` kba p`rlgln: kbstb eb sgtubhgøa `x-
tr`mb l` ens hkghns qu` vgv`a `a ebs hbee`s l`sl` muy p`qu`-
òns y hbr`h`a l` ua frupn obmgegbr prnpgn, n mbatg`a`a hna eb
obmgegb uab r`ebhgøa `spnrâlghb y hnaoeghtgvb, kba sgln víhtgmbs
l` lgstgatbs onrmbs l` vgne`ahgb, y kbdg`aln hr`hgln `a `stb sg-
tubhgøa l` `xtr`mn bdbalnan gahnrpnrbrna `e usn l` sustba-
hgbs hnmn uab `strbt`fgb l` sup`rvgv`ahgb, pbrb an s`atgr
kbmdr`, orín, mg`ln, bafustgb, y ntrns s`atgmg`atns l`sbfrblb-
de`s qu` e`s r`suetba gatne`rbde`s. Xg dg`a hna `e sustbatgvn
lrnfbl`p`alg`at`s s` beul` b en qu` pbr`h`ríb s`r ua frupn
knmnfça`n, `stb hbt`fnríb `a r`beglbl gaheuy` uab frba k`t`-
rnf`a`glbl l` pbtnenfíbs psghneøfghbs y snhgbe`s. Lgv`rsglbl
qu` `s gmpr`shgalgde` hnasgl`rbr, pbrb `ebdnrbr tbatn `strbt`-
fgbs l` trbtbmg`atn hnmn l` pr`v`ahgøa
pr`v`ahgøa..

02
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

Eb prnde`mâtghb blne`sh`at`
y eb hrgsgs l` eb obmgegb

Eb blne`sh`ahgb `s `s` p`rínln l` eb vglb qu` bdbrhb l`s-

l` eb pud`rtbl, b ens 22 bòns bprnxgmblbm`at`, kbstb `e hn-
mg`azn l` eb bluet`z, l`spuçs l` ens 44 bòns, lurbat` `e hube
ens cøv`a`s s` pr`pbrba pbrb `aor`atbr eb vglb bluetb. @s, pb-
rb usbr `e hnah`ptn l` @rgjsna, ua p`rínln l` mnrbtnrgb sn-
hgbe. Eb blne`sh`ahgb `s uab `tbpb l` hrgsgs, ua p`rínln qu`
gaheuy` anrmbem`at` ua bum`atn l` eb hnaoeghtgvglbl, y en
qu` suh`lb lurbat` eb mgsmb ―s` kbeeb l`t`rmgabln l` móe-
tgpe`s mnlns pnr en suh`lgln bat`s y l`t`rmgab muhkn l` en
qu` sgfu` l`spuçs”4;.
―Pab sgtubhgøa hbøtghb, p`rs`hutnrgb n r`hkbzbat` lgoghue-
47
tb `e gat`rhbmdgn `ebdnrbtgvn oualbm`atbe `a `stb `lbl” ,
bogrmb O`raâal`z Mnucâa, r`ogrgçalns` b ebs hnalghgna`s `a
qu` `e blne`sh`at` gafr`sb b `stb `tbpb tba vuea`rbde` l` eb
vglb: y `a `stb sgtubhgøa hr`h`a mge`s l` agòns qu` an `a-
hu`atrba uab obmgegb n, bat` ebs lgoghuetbl`s l` sus pblr`s,
uab snhg`lbl qu` pu`lb hnat`a`rens.
Ens blghtns `stâa gam`rsns `a sgtubhgna`s obmgegbr`s sumb-
m`at` hnmpeghblbs. Xna obmgegbs `a ebs qu` ens pblr`s an kba pn-
lgln humpegr hna eb ouahgøa l` hbrgònsn snstça qu` `e gaobat` a`-
h`sgtb pbrb hr`h`r y l`sbrrneebrs`: eu`fn, hubaln ens kgcns hr`h`a,
bat` eb hrgsgs l` eb blne`sh`ahgb `stns hnaoeghtns y hbr`ahgbs s`
`xbh`rdba, yb qu` `e agòn qu` an kb pnlgln l`sbrrneebr m`hbags-
mns l`o`asgvns anrmbe`s y an hu`atb hna uab bl`hublb hbpbhg-
lbl l` bmnr y hnaogbazb
h naogbazb `a sí mgsmn y `a ens l`mâs, `aor`atb ens
hbmdgns blne`sh`at`s hna ua lçoghgt qu` e` gmpgl` prnh`sbrens.

4;. @rgj, K. @rgjsna3 Gl`atglbl. \burus Kumbaglbl`s, Yâf. 49.

47. O`raâal`z Mnucâa, Nhtbvgn3 Bdnrlbc` t`ørghn y heíaghn l`e blne`sh`at`.
@l. Au`vb _gsgøa, Yâf. 4;<.

04
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs y eb sgtubhgøa obmgegbr

@st` ―blne`sh`at` prnde`mb” snm`t` b pru`dbs `xtr`mbs b

uab mblr` y b ua pblr` qu` an tg`a`a r`hursns `mnhgnabe`s
pbrb tne`rbren y hnat`a`ren, rbzøa pnr eb hube çstns l`hebrba ―an
sbd`r qu` kbh`r hna `st` hkghn”, eu`fn an pu`l`a pna`re` eímg-
t`s, y pr`sns l` eb gmpnt`ahgb en
e n l`cba l`ogagtgvbm`at` snen, pb-
rb ―qu` kbfb su vglb” egdrbln b sus gmpuesns.
―Ebs mblr`s l`mbsgbln pr`s`at`s sna bqu`eebs qu` vgv`a
p`alg`at`s l` en qu` kbh`a n lgh`a sus kgcns, sndr`prnt`fgça-
lnens, custgoghâalnens, `ahudrgçalnens y, l` befuab mba`rb,
bfndgâalnens.”89 @s kbdgtube nds`rvbr b `stbs mblr`s qu` trb-
tba l` sbtgsobh`r tnlbs ebs l`mbalbs l` sus kgcns, mgatg`aln b
sus `spnsns (hubaln çstns `xgst`a) y pbhtbaln hømpegh`m`at`
hna bquçeens, lâalne`s lga`rn y hnmprâalne`s muhkbs mâs hn-
sbs l` ebs qu` sus pnsgdgeglbl`s `hnaømghbs r`be`s e`s p`rmg-
t`a, `a ua gat`atn l` s`luhgrens pbrb qu` ―s` pnrt`a dg`a”. @s-
tb hnaluhtb mbt`rab pu`l` gaheugr, bl`mâs, lbre` be kgcn lga`-
rn l`e qu` an l`d`râ r`algr hu`atbs y qu` `a r`beglbl usbrâ pb-
rb hnmprbr lrnfbs, mg`atrbs `e pblr` s` mbatg`a` `a eb gfan-
rbahgb, gahbpbz l` kbh`rs` hbrfn l` en qu` `stâ pbsbaln.
@stbs mblr`s gamblurbs y `xgfglbs qu`lba pr`sbs l` sus
s`atgmg`atns bmdgvbe`at`s y nshgeba `atr` eb p`rmgsgvglbl y `e
r`hkbzn, en qu` tnrab su hnaluhtb sumbm`at` gmpr`vgsgde`.
Hubaln `e hnmpnrtbmg`atn trbasfr`snr l`e kgcn hnemb su hbpb-
hglbl l` tne`rbahgb, en r`hkbzba y `xpuesba l` su ebln, b v`h`s
hna v`rlbl`rb vgne`ahgb oísghb, l`s`ahbl`abaln uab r`spu`stb
gfubem`at` vgne`atb `a `e blne`sh`at`, `a ua hírhuen vghgnsn qu`
ee`vb b eb `xheusgøa l`e cnv`a l`e frupn obmgegbr.
Or`hu`at`m`at`,
Or`hu`at`m`at`, `a ebs obmgegbs lnal` søen uan l` ens kgcns `s
blghtn b lrnfbs y `e r`stn l` ens k`rmbans bpbr`h`a hnmn snhgbe-
m`at` gat`frblns, s` `ahu`atrb uab t`al`ahgb b bgsebr
bg sebr be mg`mdrn
`stgfmbtgzbln hnmn `ao`rmn, hnahgdgçalnen hnmn uab `xpr`sgøa

89. Mby`r,, Kufn3 Lrnfbs3 kgcns `a p`egfrn. @e Bt`a`n, Yâf. 72.

Mby`r

08
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

bgseblb, l`svgahueblb l`e r`stn l`e frupn, qu` s`ríba ―ens sbans”.
Pab p`rsnab hnaoeghtgvb b eb qu` `s a`h`sbrgn bgsebr, l`s`hkbr n
l`e`fbr pbrb qu` s`b trbtblb pnr ens `sp`hgbegstbs, sga qu` ens
pblr`s s` hnasgl`r`a pbrt` bhtgvb `a eb f`stbhgøa l` eb sgtubhgøa
prnde`mâtghb y s` gavneuhr`a `a su r`sneuhgøa. @a `e mnm`atn `a
qu` r`su`ev`a `e trbtbmg`atn l`e kgcn ―hnaoeghtgvn”, `stns pblr`s l`-
e`fba `e prnde`mb `a `e `qugpn trbtbat`, sga uab v`rlbl`rb hnm-
pr`asgøa l` eb sgtubhgøa prnde`mâtghb, qu` bo`htb b tnln `e frupn
obmgegbr. Ntrb vbrgbat` l` eb mgsmb sgtubhgøa eb pr`s`atba ens pb-
lr`s qu` s` sg`at`a tba huepbde`s y bv`rfnazblns
b v`rfnazblns pnr an kbd`r sg-
ln en suoghg`at`m`at` ―du`ans pblr`s” qu`, nhupblns `a sbahgn-
abrs` b sí mgsmns, an pu`l`a nhupbrs` `a pna`r eímgt`s y `aor`a-
tbr eb sgtubhgøa qu` `e kgcn `stâ btrbv`sbaln.
@a hnahnrlbahgb hna `stbs sgtubhgna`s `s or`hu`at` `shu-
hkbr `a ens h`atrns l` bt`ahgøa `e r`hebmn l` ens obmgegbr`s pb-
rb qu` an s` butnrgh` b sbegr b ens pbhg`at`s, pnrqu` su pr`s`a-
hgb p`rturdb `e ouahgnabmg`atn l` eb obmgegb, `xgfg`aln qu` eb
gastgtuhgøa ouahgna` hnmn ua l`pøsgtn n hârh`e l` lnal` an s`
pu`lb sbegr,
sbegr, `vgtbaln b ens obmgegbr`s, l` `stb onrmb, qu` l`dba
`aor`atbr eb lgoíhge sgtubhgøa l` hnatrnebr y egmgtbr `e hnmpnrtb-
mg`atn l`e kgcn, n prgvbrs` b sí mgsmns l` fustns qu` s`ríba
uab gavgtbhgøa b eb trbasfr`sgøa l` ebs anrmbs l`e trbtbmg`atn,
hnmn `s eb galghbhgøa kbdgtube l` an hnasumgr behnkne dbcn aga-
fuab hgrhuastbahgb. @a obmgegbs lnal` ebs hnaluhtbs trbasfr`-
snrbs sna or`hu`at`s, p`rn sus mg`mdrns an sna hnashg`at`s l`
`eebs, `stbs galghbhgna`s t`rbpçutghbs sna s`atglbs hnmn prnkg-
dghgna`s brdgtrbrgbs, lgoíhge`s l` bhbtbr.
@e blne`sh`at` n `e cnv`a s` `ahu`atrb bsí `a uab obmgegb
qu` an tg`a` ua eufbr pbrb `eens, `a uab snhg`lbl qu` tbmpn-
hn en tg`a`, y sga r`hursns `mnhgnabe`s prnpgns pbrb `aor`atbr
sus hnaoeghtns blne`sh`at`s y p`asbr `a ua prny`htn kbhgb `e ou-
turn. Ru` l`sl` `st` l`sbmpbrn y l`s`sp`rbazb s` r`hurrb be
hnasumn l` lrnfbs y be behnkne pbrb hbembr eb bafustgb y `e
s`atgmg`atn l` vbhín gat`rgnr, kby ua snen pbsn. W sg pnr eb obe-

0<
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs y eb sgtubhgøa obmgegbr

tb l` lga`rn an s` pu`l` hnmprbr en l`s`bln, r`hurrgr b p`qu`-

òns rndns `s uab bet`rabtgvb pnsgde`, bsí hnmn tbmdgça eb utgeg-
zbhgøa l` lrnfbs dbrbtbs y e`tbe`s, hnmn sna ens gakbebat`s n
eb pbstb dbs`. X` e` nor`h` bsí be cnv`a eb pnsgdgeglbl l` bum`a-
tbr su s`atgmg`atn l` butn`stgmb, l` ndt`a`r uab s`asbhgøa l`
nmagpnt`ahgb y prnluhgrs` ua `stbln l` hnaousgøa, utgegzbaln
sustbahgbs qu` bet`rba eb ouahgna`s l` eb p`rh`phgøa y `e cughgn.
@stn an sgfagoghb qu` `e cnv`a qu` utgegzb lrnfbs pbrb `a-
or`atbr eb bafustgb qu` sg`at` y an pu`l` tne`rbr, ga`xnrbde`-
m`at` s` hnavg`rtb `a blghtn grr`hup`rbde`, p`rn sí s` pu`l`
bogrmbr qu` `e hbmgan s` kb gaghgbln y sg an r`hgd` uab byu-
lb bl`hublb y p`rmba`at` lurbat` `e tg`mpn qu` en a`h`sg-
t`, `s muy prndbde` qu` pnr sí mgsmn an pu`lb `ahnatrbr ens
r`hursns pbrb `vgtbr `e l`t`rgnrn qu` s` gaghgb hna `e hnasu-
mn kbdgtube. Ynr `een `s l`t`rmgabat` pbrb `e outurn l`e bln-
e`sh`at` eb bhtgtul qu` bsumb eb obmgegb bat` eb gatughgøa n
`vgl`ahgb l`e hnasumn. Xg be `ahnatrbrs` bat` `stb sgtubhgøa
ens pblr`s pu`l`a tnmbr ua pbp`e bhtgvn pbrb `aor`atbr `e
prnde`mb, y `e kgcn `ahu`atrb ua `spbhgn pbrb kbdebr y s`r
`shuhkbln, bt`algln y hnat`agln `a sus r`hebmns, `st` hna-
sumn pu`l` qu`lbr hnmn uab `xp`rgm`atbhgøa hgrhuastba-
hgbe, n s`r r`su`etn hnmn uab lgoíhge `tbpb l`e hr`hgmg`atn,
muhkn bat`s l` qu` s` gastbe` uab hnaluhtb blghtgvb. Y`rn
sg `a v`z l` `ahnatrbr uab obmgegb lgspu`stb b byulbren, hna
pblr`s qu` b p`sbr l` ebs lgoghuetbl`s qu` pu`lba `stbr btrb-
v`sbaln s` mu`strba lgspnagde`s pbrb hnat`a`ren bo`htgvb-
m`at`, `e hkghn s` `aor`atb b eb galgo`r`ahgb, eb hnmpeghglbl,
`e r`prnhk`, eb knstgeglbl n `e r`hkbzn, eb pnsgdgeglbl l` or`-
abr sus bhtgtul`s a`fblnrbs y `shbpgstbs l`p`al`râ sneb-
m`at` l` sus prnpgns r`hursns `mnhgnabe`s.
@e hnasumn l` lrnfbs hnmn m`hbagsmn pbrb `shbpbr l`
hnaoeghtns qu` s` sg`at`a hnmn gatne`rbde`s, an `s prgvbtgvn l`
ens pód`r`s n blne`sh`at`s mbrfgabe`s, sgan qu` btrbvg`sb tn-
lbs ebs hebs`s snhgbe`s: buaqu` s`fóa `e `strbtn be qu` s` p`r-

00
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

t`a`zhb s` trbt` l` ntrbs lrnfbs, mâs hbrbs, y s`ba lgstgatbs

tbmdgça ebs onrmbs l` gaghgn `a `e hnasumn.
@a ens `strbtns m`lgns n betns, eb gaghgbhgøa `a `e hnasumn
s` prnluh` f`a`rbem`at` hna hnmpbò`rns l`e hne`fgn hnmpbr-
tg`aln ua hgfbrrgeen l` mbrgkubab `a eufbr`s l` v`rba`n, n `a
lgshnt`hbs lurbat` `e oga l` s`mbab. Ens hkghns pndr`s f`a`-
rbem`at` s` gaghgba `a `e hnasumn mâs pr`hnzm`at`, gakbeba-
ln p`fbm`atn y `a ens óetgmns bòns oumbaln ―pbhns”, `a fru-
pns l` pbr`s p`rn r`uaglns `a eb hbee`: l`spuçs pu`l`a t`a`r
bhh`sn b eb mbrgkubab, y `v`atubem`at` b ntrbs lrnfbs mâs
hnstnsbs, n hnatgaubr hna eb pbstb dbs`.
Ynl`mns nds`rvbr qu` `a ens `strbtns m`lgns y betns `e gag-
hgn `a `e hnasumn or`hu`at`m`at` `stâ bsnhgbln b eb lgv`rsgøa,
lnal` `e l`shnatrne qu` ens cøv`a`s egfba be pebh`r s` behbazb
mâs oâhgem`at` dbcn eb gaoeu`ahgb l` lrnfbs `stgmuebat`s qu`
e`s p`rmgt`a `xp`rgm`atbr uab mbynr l`sgakgdghgøa s`xube,
mbat`a`rs` l`spg`rtns, dbgebaln y bhtgvns lurbat` muhkísgmbs
knrbs, bum`atbaln, bl`mâs, en qu` `eens hnasgl`rba ua m`cnr
r`algmg`atn s`xube. @stbs sustbahgbs `stgmuebat`s e`s p`rmgt`a
ndt`a`r, s`fóa sus `xp`htbtgvbs, eb mâxgmb `oghg`ahgb, hubaln
l`spuçs l` kbd`r `stbln tnlb eb anhk` dbgebaln, pu`l`a p`r-
mba`h`r l`spg`rtns hnmn pbrb gr b trbdbcbr n `stulgbr
`stulgbr.. @a `stbs
nhbsgna`s su`e`a kbh`r uab hnmdgabhgøa qu` pu`l` t`a`r r`-
suetblns e`tbe`s3 hna `e oga l` `egmgabr eb r`sbhb l` eb dnrrbhk`-
rb, hnasum`a d`dglbs `a`rfgzbat`s (rghbs `a hbo`íab), l` v`atb
egdr`, qu` ens `xhgtb, e`s lb s`asbhgøa l` euhgl`z, y an pnhbs v`-
h`s l`s`ahbl`aba ua gaobrtn mbsgvn.
@e hnasumn l` p`fbm`atn n behnkne, qu` nds`rvbmns
nds`r vbmns `a ens
pód`r`s l` ens `strbtns snhgbe`s mâs dbcns, su`e` prnluhgrs` b
`lbl`s t`mprbabs `a sgtubhgna`s `a ebs qu` ens hkghns s` `a-
hu`atrba snens y bafustgblns, be`cblns l` sus obmgegbs pnr ebs
sgtubhgna`s hnaoeghtgvbs qu` ens bo`htba, n kuy`aln l` eb vgne`a-
hgb obmgegbr, y `aor`atba ens s`atgmg`atns lgspebh`at`rns y `e
mg`ln hna `e `mdntbmg`atn qu` `stbs lrnfbs e`s prnluh`a.

0?
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs y eb sgtubhgøa obmgegbr

X` pu`l` kbdebr l` uab hbrr`rb blghtgvb, qu` hnmg`azb

hna `e usn l` lrnfbs debalbs y h`rv`zb, y t`rmgab hna lrn-
fbs lurbs n gay`htbde`s.
Ans l`híb B. Tbshnvsjy3 ―Kby uab pbtnenfíb butnl`struh-
tgvb `a ens blne`sh`at`s qu` s` kbh` mâs hnmpr`asgde` b trb-
vçs l` eb yb m`ahgnablb gl`atgoghbhgøa hna eb obatbsíb ogeghg-
lb gahnashg`at` l` sus prnpgns pblr`s n, prndbde`m`at`, l`
tnlb su hnast`ebhgøa obmgegbr”82, b eb qu` kbstb bknrb søen s`
kb pnlgln lbr r`spu`stb l`sl` eb r`pr`sgøa galgshrgmgablb n
l`sl` eb tntbe obetb l` eímgt`s, begm`atbaln uab `spgrbe l`
vgne`ahgb `a eb qu` ens cøv`a`s r`spnal`a bfr`sgvbm`at` b
ens bluetns `a f`a`rbe3 ens pblr`s, ebs butnrglbl`s, ebs gastg-
tuhgna`s, y tbmdgça bhtóba bsí `atr` `eens mgsmns.
―Eb ‛snhg`lbl‗, n `e sgst`mb, ens `stgmueb y prnt`f` pbrb `e
usn l` lrnfbs, ens mbrfgabegzb `a `e trbdbcn `afrnsbaln eb bt`-
rrblnrb mbsb l` l`s`mpe`blns n sud-`mpe`blns, ens bpebul`
`a sus `xt`rgnrgzbhgna`s mâs vgne`atbs, `sp`hgbem`at` `a ebs
l`pnrtgvbs n ebs lgr`htbm`at` batgsnhgbe`s, y s` trbasonrmba `a
antghgb hubaln su mu`rt` `s mbsgvb ` grr`spnasbde`.”84

Eb hrgsgs l` eb obmgegb
`a uab snhg`lbl l`sgfube

Hnmn v`mns uab y ntrb v`z, an `s pnsgde` `at`al`r `e o`aøm`-

an l` eb lrnfblghhgøa sga babegzbr eb snhg`lbl `a eb hube `e o`aø-
m`an s` prnluh` y r`prnluh`. ―Eb au`strb `s uab hueturb hblb v`z
mâs l`skumbagzblb. L`sbrrneebr uab bl`hublb pbr`atbeglbl, kb
pbsbln b s`r ua eucn, tbatn pbrb ens pndr`s hnmn pbrb ens rghns.”

82. Tbshnvsjy, Brabeln y hnebdnrblnr`s3 Eb Pagv`rsbeglbl l`e Ogeghglgn. E`fb-

sb. Yâf. 2?9.
84.
Gl`m, Yâf. 2?9.

06
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

―K`mns hnatbmgabln tbmdgça au`strn tg`mpn. Wb an kby

tg`mpn ag pbrb ens kgcns3 vgvgmns uab `xgst`ahgb tøxghb3 nor`h`-
mns b ebs au`vbs y outurbs f`a`rbhgna`s uab k`r`ahgb tøxghb.” 88
@stb `tbpb l` eb `vneuhgøa l`e sgst`mb `hnaømghn y eb onr-
mb qu` kb tnmbln eb nrfbagzbhgøa l`e trbdbcn `a ebs óetgmbs
lçhblbs, kba t`agln hnas`hu`ahgbs l`vbstblnrbs sndr` `e oua-
hgnabmg`atn l` ebs obmgegbs. \batn pbrb ens qu` trbdbcba, qu`
l`d`a kbh`ren lurbat` ebrfbs cnrablbs l` mâs l` lg`z knrbs, y
muhkbs v`h`s `a hnalghgna`s l` pr`hbrg`lbl y `xgf`ahgb sumb-
m`at` `str`sbat`s, pbl`hg`aln `e t`mnr l` s`r l`sp`lglns, hn-
mn pbrb ens qu` kba qu`lbln l`snhupblns, ou`rb l`e m`rhbln
ebdnrbe n hna `anrm`s lgoghuetbl`s pbrb r`gas`rtbrs` `stbde` y
onrmbem`at` `a çe, ebs hnas`hu`ahgbs l` eb mnlgoghbhgøa uageb-
t`rbe l`e hnatrbtn ebdnrbe kba sgln muy p`rculghgbe`s.
@stbs hnalghgna`s ebdnrbe`s y snhgbe`s f`a`rba s`atgmg`atns
l` l`svbenrgzbhgøa qu` l`struy`a eb butn`stgmb, y an søen tg`-
a`a s`hu`ebs b agv`e `hnaømghn, hnasgl`rbaln ebs mge`s l` ob-
mgegbs qu` s` kba `mpndr`hgln n b lurbs p`abs pu`l`a mba-
t`a`r ens agv`e`s l` vglb b ens qu` `stbdba bhnstumdrblns, sg-
an tbmdgça sndr` ens rne`s y `e ouahgnabmg`atn obmgegbr, qu` s`
`ahu`atrba frbv`m`at` p`rturdblns.
Ens knmdr`s, qu` kba sgln `luhblns y pr`pbrblns pbrb
s`r `e c`o` l`e knfbr, `e prnv``lnr l` eb obmgegb, s` kba `a-
hnatrbln, eu`fn l` ens hbmdgns `hnaømghns l` ebs óetgmbs
lçhblbs, l`s`mpe`blns n hna trbdbcns pnr l`dbcn l` su hb-
pbhgtbhgøa, gmpnsgdgegtblns l` snst`a`r `hnaømghbm`at` b
su obmgegb y humpegr `e rne qu` kbdíba pr`vgstn pbrb sí mgs-
mns, sgatgçalns` galgfans ` gaótge`s. X` l`s`ahbl`aba bsí,
hnmn hnas`hu`ahgb, prnh`sns l`pr`sgvns y frbv`s `ao`rm`-
lbl`s psghnsnmâtghbs.

88. Jbegab, @lubrln3 Np. Hgt. Yâf. 46

0;
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs y eb sgtubhgøa obmgegbr

Hubaln ens pblr`s l` obmgegb an trbdbcba n tg`a`a trbdbcns

grr`fuebr`s “an søen e`fbem`at` gaonrmbe`s, sgan tbmdgça lgs-
hnatgauns `a `e tg`mpn (en qu` eebmbmns ―hkbafbs”)“, y kba
pbsbln l` `stb onrmb b gat`frbr eb hbt`fnríb l` ens sudnhupb-
lns, n s`b `e frupn l` p`rsnabs qu` qug`r`a trbdbcbr mâs kn-
rbs p`rn an en enfrba, su gl`atglbl psíqughb y snhgbe suor` ua ru-
ln fnep`. Hnmn hnas`hu`ahgb l` `stb sgtubhgøa, `stns knmdr`s
y sus obmgegbs s` v`a p`raghgnsbm`at` bo`htblns an søen `hnaø-
mghbm`at` sgan tbmdgça `a su vglb lgbrgb, yb qu` su hntglgb-
a`glbl kb sgln frbv` y p`rsgst`at`m`at` bet`rblb.
Eb vglb lgbrgb l` ebs obmgegbs ` galgvgluns s` nrfbagzb b trb-
vçs l` mnm`atns r`fuebrm`at` bet`rablns l` trbdbcn y nhgn: eb
vglb knfbr`òb s` nrfbagzb hna ens lgo`r`at`s knrbrgns l` `stu-
lgn y trbdbcn l` ens mg`mdrns l` eb obmgegb: sg `stns hghens `s-
tâa bet`rblns y ens mnm`atns l` nhgn s` `xtg`al`a gal`ogaglb-
m`at` pnr hbusbs gmpnsgde`s l` mba`cbr
mba`cbr,, tnlns eens
ns líbs s` pr`-
s`atba gfube`s y `s muy lgoíhge nrfbagzbrs`, yb qu` ebs bhtgvglb-
l`s y rutgabs hntglgbabs qu`lba vbhíbs l` hnat`agln.
Ebs p`rsnabs l`snhupblbs n sudnhupblbs, y `a f`a`rbe
tnlns ens qu` kba p`rlgln sus trbdbcns kbdgtube`s, s` `a-
hu`atrba hna qu` tbmdgça kba p`rlgln su frupn l` p`rt`a`a-
hgb y r`o`r`ahgb, `e qu` onrmbdb pbrt` l` su gl`atglbl hnmn
p`rsnab y hnmn hgulblban: yb qu` hubaln s` `s `hnaømghb-
m`at` bhtgvn s` p`rt`a`h` b uab uaglbl l` prnluhhgøa l`og-
aglb, b ua fr`mgn: s` pu`l` s`r `mpe`bln l` ua dbahn u
ndr`rn `a uab oâdrghb y `stb bhtgvglbl ebdnrbe l`oga` ua stb-
tus snhgbe y ua rne. @e frupn be qu` s` p`rt`a`h` tg`a` hbrbh-
t`rístghbs y pbutbs prnpgbs, qu` en l`oga`a b uan mgsmn y b
eb v`z en lgo`r`ahgba l` ens l`mâs. Hubaln `stb udghbhgøa sn-
hgbe obetb, kby uab pçrlglb l` eb gl`atglbl, pr`lnmgaba ens
s`atgmg`atns l` an s`r l` agafóa ebln, l` an `stbr `a agafu-
ab pbrt`, l` s`r pr`shgalgde`, ua mbrfgabln snhgbe, n s`b `s-
tbr `a ens dnrl`s, bou`rb l` eb snhg`lbl. @atnah`s, eb l`pr`-
sgøa y `e r`s`atgmg`atn sna hbsg ga`vgtbde`s.

07
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

Ens knmdr`s `mdbrfblns pnr s`atgmg`atns l` gmpnt`ahgb

pu`l`a gr pbuebtgabm`at` bdbalnabaln eb ouahgøa pbt`rab,
l`e`fâalneb `a eb
e b mblr` n `a ua t`rh`rn. \
\batn
batn `e knmdr` hn-
mn eb muc`r sum`rfglns `a `stb sgtubhgøa, tg`a`a s`atgmg`a-
tns l` kbd`r p`rlgln hnsbs muy vbenrblbs, y f`a`rbem`at`
uab `shbsb hnmpr`asgøa l` ebs rbzna`s pnr ebs qu` `stn su-
h`l`: an s` `atg`al` `e pr`s`at` y s` t`m` `e outurn, b eb v`z
qu` bpbr`h`a s`atgmg`atns l` huepb y butngahrgmgabhgøa pnr
en qu` e`s `stâ suh`lg`aln.
L`spuçs l` vbrgbs lçhblbs l` pr`hbrg`lbl ebdnrbe y ua bu-
m`atn `xpna`ahgbe l` ebs l`sgfubelbl`s snhgbe`s, qu` kba sgln
`e r`suetbln l` ua mnl`en `hnaømghn sbevbc` lnal` `e óaghn
ndc`tgvn `s eb fbabahgb `hnaømghb l`sm`surblb y sga gmpnrtbr
su hnstn, ans `ahnatrbmns hna lns f`a`rbhgna`s qu` an kba en-
frbln vgvgr lgfabm`at` hna `e prnluhtn ndt`agln l` su trbdbcn
y qu` kba sgln dnmdbrl`blbs l`sl` ens m`lgns l` hnmuaghb-
hgøa hna ua mnl`en l` ―hnaluhtb fbablnrb” lnal` eb rgqu`zb
or`hu`at`m`at` `s hnas`hu`ahgb l`e ebtrnhgagn y eb ga`shrupuen-
sglbl3 ―ablg` s` kbh` rghn trbdbcbaln”. X` kb p`rlgln bsí eb hue-
turb l`e trbdbcn y eb sbtgsobhhgøa pnr `e enfrn qu` s` ndtg`a` eu`-
fn l`e `sou`rzn snst`agln, yb qu` tnln l`d` s`r gam`lgbtn, ob-
vnr`hg`aln uab hnah`phgøa mâfghb y obhgegstb l` ens enfrns. X`
kb prnmnvgln `e l`spr`hgn pnr eb kna`stglbl, y ens eímgt`s gm-
pu`stns pnr ebs e`y`s y `e r`sp`tn be ntrn, gastbebaln ua pbrb-
lgfmb p`rv`rsn l` ouahgnabmg`atn.
@a muhkbs l` `stbs obmgegbs víhtgmbs l`e prnh`sn l` `xheu-
sgøa snhgbe, ebs muc`r`s kba pbsbln b s`r `e óaghn snstça obmg-
egbr, tbatn `hnaømghb hnmn `mnhgnabem`at`, sgatgçalns` `eebs
mgsmbs bdbalnablbs, l`sprnt`fglbs, vuea`rbde`s, bafustgblbs
y bdrumblbs pnr `e p`sn l` sus r`spnasbdgeglbl`s.
Lgh` Vgaaghnt3 ―bqu`eebs mblr`s qu` pnr su abturbe`zb sna
hbpbh`s l` pr`stbr ua huglbln sbtgsobhtnrgn, sna sush`ptgde`s
l` `c`rh`r m`cnr su hnm`tgln sg `eebs mgsmbs sna ndc`tn l`
uans huglblns qu` t`afba pr`s`at` eb abturbe`zb `s`ahgbe l` eb

?9
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs y eb sgtubhgøa obmgegbr

mgsgøa b `eebs `ahnm`alblb…”8<. @stns hnah`ptns s` pu`l`a

bpeghbr bprnpgblbm`at` b eb sgtubhgøa `a qu` s` `ahu`atrba
muhkbs muc`r`s qu`, p`rt`a`hg`at`s b ens frupns snhgbe`s `m-
pndr`hglns, l`d`a `aor`atbrs` b eb mbt`raglbl sga `e bmnrnsn
y sbtgsobhtnrgn bhnmpbòbmg`atn l` su pbr`cb. @s `sp`rbde` qu`
ebs mblr`s qu` btrbvg`sba `stb sgtubhgøa humpeba su ouahgøa
l` mba`rb obeeglb, yb qu` `eebs mgsmbs `stâa hnaoualglbs, sn-
dr`-`xgfglbs y hbr`at`s l` r`o`r`at`s snhgbe`s.
Eb ouahgøa mbt`rab pu`l` `c`rh`rs` hubaln `s snst`aglb
pnr eb ouahgøa pbt`rab. Xuh`l` qu` hubaln `stb r`ebhgøa s`
vu`ev` `xh`sgvbm`at` bsgmçtrghb, mblr` ` kgcn an pu`l`a s`-
pbrbrs` bl`hublbm`at`, ndstbhuegzâalns` s`rgbm`at` `e prnh`-
sn l` galgvglubhgøa blne`sh`at`, ―qu`lbaln eb muc`r bo`rrblb
b su kgcn `a uab r`ebhgøa t`òglb pnr en gah`stunsn y hna ua `x-
h`sn l` vgne`ahgb prgmbrgb”80, qu` su`e` hna or`hu`ahgb galuhgr
bhtubhgna`s vgne`atbs `a ens cøv`a`s.
X` kba l`strugln ebs anrmbs qu` snstg`a`a eb trbmb snhgbe, y
eb banmgb gmpgl` sbd`r quç `sp`rbr l`e ntrn y l` uan mgsmn. Ens
s`atgmg`atns l` r`sgfabhgøa y obtbegsmn bat` en ga`xnrbde` gavbl`a
b ebs p`rsnabs `a prnh`sn l` pbup`rgzbhgøa. ¾Hømn pnlrâa `stns
pbpâs y `stbs mbmâs snst`a`r sus ouahgna`s pbr`atbe`s, `aor`a-
tbr y sbtgsobh`r ens r`qu`rgmg`atns l` sus kgcns `a hr`hgmg`atn>
Hna pblr`s qu` trbdbcba ebrfbs cnrablbs lurbat` s`gs n sg`t`
líbs b eb s`mbab n qu` kba qu`lbln ou`rb l`e mualn l`e trbdb-
cn, y mblr`s qu` l`d`a trbdbcbr `sb mgsmb hbatglbl l` knrbs, n
―kbh`r mbfgb” pbrb vgvgr hna ua peba snhgbe, `a uab snhg`lbl qu`
an kb pr`vgstn gastgtuhgna`s pbrb `e huglbln y `luhbhgøa l` ens
agòns, eb hnas`hu`ahgb ga`vgtbde` `s qu` çstns qu`l`a snens.
@a au`strn pbís, `xh`ptn `a eb hgulbl l` Du`ans Bgr`s, ebs
`shu`ebs `stbtbe`s hnat`mpeba uab cnrablb l` m`lgn líb, an

8<. Vgaaghntt, L.V. y ntrns3 Lnabel Vgaaghntt, \rg`d, 276;. Yâf <?.
80. Tnsdbhn, Gaçs H.3 @e l`sautrgln `shnebr. Knmn Xbpg`as @lghgna`s, 4999.

?2
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

kby fubrl`ríbs (ebs `mpr`sbs yb an tg`a`a ndegfbhgøa l` prn-

v``rebs, y ablg` ebs hnatrneb), ag heud`s, ag agafóa tgpn l` gas-
tgtuhgøa qu` s` kbfb hbrfn l` ens agòns y blne`sh`at`s huyns
pblr`s trbdbcba y an hu`atba hna obmgegbr`s lgr`htns pbrb qu`
ens hugl`a: `a hnas`hu`ahgb, `stns agòns qu`lba bdbalnablns,
eb snhg`lbl an s` nhupb l` snhgbegzbrens, l` hnav`rtgrens `a hgu-
lblbans r`spnasbde`s. Xg`aln eb `shu`eb `e âmdgtn bl`hubln
pbrb qu` ens agòns blqug`rba ens hnanhgmg`atns dâsghns y bl`-
mâs s` onrm`a hnmn outurns hgulblbans, `s gmpr`shgalgde` nr-
fbagzbr eb `xt`asgøa l` eb cnrablb `shnebr `a tnln `e âmdgtn ab-
hgnabe, tbe hnmn s` `stâ kbhg`aln `a Hkge`, y l`sl` kbh` lçhb-
lbs s` kb k`hkn `a Hudb y ens pbís`s h`atrbe`s.
@e bhtube pr`supu`stn `luhbtgvn y eb E`y Abhgnabe l` @lu-
hbhgøa sbahgnablb `a lghg`mdr` l` 499?, hnat`mpeba eb prn-
fr`sgvb `xt`asgøa l` eb cnrablb `shnebr `a tnln `e pbís: sga `m-
dbrfn, sg an kby uab `o`htgvb y ogrm` l`hgsgøa pneítghb pbrb `o`h-
tgvgzbreb, su hnahr`hgøa pu`l` l`mnrbrs` l` mba`rb gal`ogaglb,
yb qu` pbrb `een an søen s` r`qug`r` l`e hbmdgn l` eb hurríhueb
sgan tbmdgça l` uab ou`rt` gav`rsgøa `a gaorb`struhturb.
Kbh`mns `stb r`o`r`ahgb b eb `shu`eb hnmn `e âmdgtn
bl`hubln pbrb eb p`rmba`ahgb y hnat`ahgøa l` ens agòns y
blne`sh`at`s, sga r`o`rgrans b eb a`h`sglbl l` bum`atbr y
m`cnrbr ens hnat`aglns `shnebr`s, an pnrqu` l`shnanzhbmns
eb trbsh`al`ahgb l`e t`mb sgan pnrqu` an qu`r`mns lgsp`r-
sbrans `atrbaln `a `e âmdgtn l` eb `luhbhgøa, qu` bdbrhb
uab t`mâtghb bmpegb y hnmpe`cb `a sí mgsmb.
Eb blne`sh`ahgb s` hbrbht`rgzb pnr ens hbmdgns suh`sgvns y
p`rmba`at`s `a ebs âr`bs hnrpnrbe, psíqughb y snhgbe, y `s `stb
sgtubhgøa l` hnastbat` hbmdgn en qu` kbh` tba vuea`rbde` be
blne`sh`at`, yb qu` l`d` `ebdnrbr ens lu`ens pnr eb agò`z p`rlg-
lb y hr`br hbpbhglbl`s y hnaluhtbs qu` e` p`rmgtba gafr`sbr `a
eb bluet`z. @a `st` p`rínln l` eb vglb, mâs qu` `a agafóa ntrn,
ens s`atgmg`atns l` bafustgb ` gah`rtglumdr` s` bet`raba hna ens
l` nmagpnt`ahgb, y `stb ga`stbdgeglbl `mnhgnabe prnpgb l` `st`

?4
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs y eb sgtubhgøa obmgegbr

p`rínln `vneutgvn s` bhr`hg`atb bat` eb gas`furglbl qu` pr`s`a-

tb `e outurn `a ua mualn `hnaømghb y pneítghbm`at` ga`stbde`.
Bat` ens s`atgmg`atns l` gas`furglbl y eb hnas`hu`at` basg`-
lbl qu` çstns f`a`rba, s` gahr`m`atba ens s`atgmg`atns l` a`-
fbhgøa nmagpnt`at` qu` gmpgl`a b ens blne`sh`at`s `ebdnrbr `s-
trbt`fgbs r`begstbs kbhgb `e outurn: s` sum`rf`a bsí `a uab hnaou-
sgøa qu` ens pbrbegzb y ens gmpuesb b bgsebrs` `a sbeglbs geusnrgbs,
qu` e`s `vgtb p`asbr y t`a`r qu` `aor`atbr s`atgmg`atns qu` sna
uab m`zheb l` rbdgb ` gmpnt`ahgb qu` an pu`l`a tne`rbr.
Hnmn r`suetbln l` uab sgtubhgøa `hnaømghb qu` kb sum`r-
fgln b eb mgtbl l` eb pndebhgøa `a eb pndr`zb y l` uab snhg`-
lbl qu` an sbd` quç kbh`r hna sus cøv`a`s, `s l`hgr hna su
prnpgn outurn, t`a`mns uab frba hbatglbl l` blne`sh`at`s y
bluetns cøv`a`s qu` an `stulgba ag trbdbcba, qu` pbsba sus líbs
sga ablb pbrb kbh`r, s`atblns `a frupn hna sus bmgfns `a ebs
`squgabs, mgrbaln pbsbr `e tg`mpn mg`atrbs s` `atr`tg`a`a tn-
mbaln h`rv`zb prgm`rn, y hnasumg`aln lrnfbs l`spuçs. @a
uab snhg`lbl qu` kb p`rlgln eb hueturb l`e trbdbcn, qu` an kb
pnlgln hr`br ua prny`htn kbhgb `e outurn qu` gaheuyb b tnlns ens
hgulblbans, eb prnpgb vglb y eb l` ens l`mâs an vbe`a ablb.
Kby uab `str`hkb r`ebhgøa `atr` eb l`p`al`ahgb psghneøfghb y
snhgbe an `ebdnrblb y eb l`p`al`ahgb l` ebs lrnfbs3 hubatn mâs
lgoíhge s`b `e trâasgtn l` eb l`p`al`ahgb gaobatge b eb gal`p`al`ahgb
bluetb, mâs bum`atba ebs pnsgdgeglbl`s l` qu` `e cnv`a r`hurrb b
ebs lrnfbs pbrb pnl`r snpnrtbr uab `xgst`ahgb hbr`at` l` s`atgln.
@a eb blne`sh`ahgb kby bsp`htns `a ebs onrmbs l` r`ebhgn-
abrs` qu` obvnr`h`a eb bpbrghgøa l` hnaluhtbs blghtgvbs, qu`
sna prnpgbs l`e hnmpe`cn prnh`sn qu` l`d` r`begzbr `e cnv`a pb-
rb hnav`rtgrs` `a ua suc`tn butøanmn, gal`p`algzâalns` l` ens
pblr`s: `a `st` prnh`sn l` galgvglubhgøa, ga`vgtbde`m`at` l`-
d` hnaornatbrs` hna eb e`y l` eb hueturb y su r`pr`s`atbat`, `e
pblr` n qug`a bsumb eb ouahgøa pbt`rab. ―Pab r`ebhgøa hnaoegh-
tgvb hna eb l`p`al`ahgb y eb e`y, y pnr l`spebzbmg`atn hna tn-
lbs ebs e`y`s, y hna tnln r`pr`s`atbat` l` eb e`y n ebs e`y`s, `s

?8
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

gak`r`at` be prnh`sn l` galgvglubhgøa blne`sh`at`, be prnh`sn

l` hnav`rtgrs` `a ua suc`tn butøanmn qu` pbrb `een l`d` sup`-
rbr,, n r`snev`r,
rbr r`snev`r, eb suc`hgøa n l`p`al`ahgb l` sus pblr`s. Eb lrn-
l rn-
fblghhgøa pu`l` `at`al`rs` b pbrtgr l` `stns `aebh`s, `a eb
mbynríb l` ens hbsns, hnmn ua orbhbsn `a eb galgvglubhgøa l`e
blne`sh`at`”8?. Ens blne`sh`at`s, ―`a su orbhbsn `a ebs gl`atg-
oghbhgna`s, pu`l`a ee`fbr b mnrgr ‛k`rnghbm`at`‗, n pu`l`a l`-
cbrs` l`strugr `a ua `st`r`ntgpn l` vglb qu` eb snhg`lbl e` obhg-
egtb, hr`âalns`, pbrb su pr`hbrgn usn, ua ‛s`eo mbrfgabe‗, `a `e
hube, sndr` uab `struhturb m`ebahøeghb, s` `atr`m`zheba bs-
p`htns psghnpâtghns, p`rv`rsns, blghtgvns y psghøtghns” 86.
Eb p`rsnabeglbl y eb psghnpbtnenfíb qu` pr`s`atba ens bln-
e`sh`at`s `stâa ou`rt`m`at` hnalghgnablns pnr eb `struhturb ob-
mgegbr `a eb qu` kba hr`hgln. Hnmn yb k`mns lghkn, `a eb prâh-
tghb lgbrgb hnmprndbmns qu` tnlns ens blne`sh`at`s n bluetns
cøv`a`s qu` gafr`sba b ebs gastgtuhgna`s pbrb r`hup`rbrs` l`
blghhgna`s, tg`a`a kgstnrgbs obmgegbr`s sumbm`at` hnmpe`cbs, y
`a muhkbs nhbsgna`s hbr`h`a tntbem`at` l` obmgegb, hna eb pbr-
tghuebrglbl `a `st` hbsn l` qu` kba hr`hgln bet`rabaln su kâ-
dgtbt hbee`c`rn hna gastgtuhgna`s pbrb m`anr`s, pbl`hg`aln eb
mâs l` ebs v`h`s ua s`rgn lbòn psíqughn.
Eb sgtubhgøa l` ens hkghns p`rt`a`hg`at`s b ens `strbtns sn-
hgbe`s mbrfgabe`s y qu` gafr`sba `a `e hgrhugtn l`e hnasumn l`
lrnfbs y eb l`egahu`ahgb, `s eb qu` nhupb ens tgtuebr`s l` ens
lgbrgns y ens antghg`rns: p`rn `eens an sna ebs óaghbs víhtgmbs,
tbmdgça ebs kby `a hbatglbl`s hblb v`z mbynr`s `a ebs hebs`s
m`lgbs y betbs, lnal` ebs obmgegbs tbmdgça sna pr`sgnablbs pnr
ua sgst`mb snhgbe gacustn, galgvglubegstb y l`shnatrneblbm`at`
hnasumgstb, kbstb l`sgat`frbrebs. Xga `mdbrfn, an pnl`mns

8?. Brgbs, Cnsç y ntrns3 Eb obmgegb l`e blghtn y ntrns t`mbs. Au`vb _gsgøa,
2779, Yâf. 2<8.
86. Tbshnvsjy, B.3 Np. Hgt. Yâf. 2?9.

?<
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs y eb sgtubhgøa obmgegbr

l`shnanh`r qu` ens blne`sh`at`s l` ebs hebs`s snhgbe`s mâs

bhnmnlblbs s` `ahu`atrba mâs prnt`fglns pnr eb mgsmb `s-
truhturb snhgbe, yb qu` tg`a`a bhh`sn b m`cnr`s l` sgst`mbs l`
sbeul y b ntrns r`hursns l` eb snhg`lbl “`luhbtgvns, e`fbe`s,
ebdnrbe`s, `th.“ qu` e`s p`rmgt`a r`hup`rbrs`: `stn `xpeghb pnr
quç sna ens hkghns pndr`s ens qu` mâs or`hu`at`m`at` qu`lba
btrbpblns `a ebs blghhgna`s.
Hnmn bogrmbmns bat`rgnrm`at`, uab hbrbht`rístghb `a hn-
móa qu` pns``a ebs obmgegbs l` ens cøv`a`s blghtns `s qu` be-
fuan l` ens pblr`s, n bmdns, pr`s`atba hnaluhtbs blghtgvbs,
buaqu` ebs mgsmbs an s`ba l`t`htbde`s b sgmpe` vgstb, yb s`b
pnrqu` s` trbtb l` lrnfbs e`fbe`s, hnmn psghnoârmbhns, behnkne
b ehnkne
n tbdbhn, n pnrqu` sna hnaluhtbs qu` an r`suetba muy `vgl`a-
t`s n an sna sbahgnablbs, tbe`s hnmn `e cu`fn, eb hnmglb n `e

trbdbcn `xh`sgvn:
sna obmgegbs p`rn s` pu`l`
hna hnaluhtbs bogrmbr
blghtgvbs. sgahbpbhglbl
@stb eufbr b lulbs qu`
l` pbsbr
l`sbp`rhgdglns pnr trbtbrs` l` hnmpnrtbmg`atns snhgbem`at`
tne`rblns y kbstb `stgmueblns, tg`a` hnmn hnas`hu`ahgb qu` an
s` hu`stgna` s`rgbm`at`, pnr `c`mpen, qu` ua pblr` `stç nhu-
pbln lurbat` mâs l` 29 knrbs lgbrgbs, gaheusn ens oga`s l` s`-
mbab, y an pbrtghgp` `a agafuab l` ebs bhtgvglbl`s qu` l`sb-
rrneeba sus kgcns pnrqu` s` en gmpgl`a sus hnmprnmgsns ebdnrb-
e`s n snhgbe`s r`ebhgnablns hna su trbdbcn: n qu` `a eb hbsb s`
hnasumba kbdgtubem`at` vbrgbs dnt`eebs l` h`rv`zb pnr líb,
bl`mâs l` vgan y ntrbs d`dglbs behnkøeghbs, y an s` en hnasgl`-
r` sbahgnabde`.
@a ua m`lgn obmgegbr lnal` ebs hnaluhtbs blghtgvbs sna hn-
tglgbabs y ―anrmbe`s”, `s oâhge qu` suh`lb qu` ua kgcn `stç hna-
sumg`aln lrnfbs n behnkne lurbat` ens oga`s l` s`mbab y ab-
lg` s` p`rhbt` l` `een kbstb qu` `e hnasumn s` kbyb hnav`rtg-
ln `a befn kbdgtube y `xh`sgvn, bpbr`zhba hnaluhtbs batgsnhgb-
e`s qu` f`a`rba bebrmb “hnmn pu`l` s`r `e orbhbsn `shnebr“.
n s` kbyb ―l`shudg`rtn” qu` or`hu`atb bmgfns qu` pnlríba hbeg-
oghbrs` hnmn ―mbebs hnmpbòíbs”.

?0
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

Ynr ntrb pbrt`, suh`l` qu` hubaln eb obmgegb gatuy` qu` be-
fuan l` ens kgcns hnasum` lrnfbs, kbh` en pnsgde` pnr l`s`hkbr
eb gl`b, a`fâalns` b galbfbr sndr` `e prnde`mb, bat` `e t`mnr y
eb bafustgb qu` e` f`a`rbríb eb hnaogrmbhgøa l` eb snsp`hkb y ebs
lgoghuetbl`s qu` sg`at`a pbrb bdnrlbr `e t`mb. @a hnas`hu`ahgb,
søen s` r`hnanh` `e prnde`mb hubaln yb s` kb gastbebln ua hub-
lrn l` l`p`al`ahgb, `tbpb `a eb qu` eb r`begzbhgøa l` ua trbtb-
mg`atn blqug`r` mbynr hnmpe`cglbl. Be r`sp`htn, ens pblr`s l`
ua blne`sh`at` l` 26 bòns, qu` kbdíb `stbln hnasumg`aln hn-
hbíab lurbat` mâs l` lns bòns, `a tr`s bòns an kbdíb pnlgln
t`rmgabr `e prgm`r bòn l` eb `shu`eb s`hualbrgb, y an l`sbrrn-
eebdb agafuab bhtgvglbl lgurab, bogrmbdba qu` auahb kbdíba
l`shnaogbln l` ebs bhtgvglbl`s y l` ens bmgfns l`e kgcn ―pnrqu`
ens hnanhíba l`sl` qu` `rba hkgqugtns”, p`rn qu` s`furbm`at`

eb hbusb l`
hu`atbdb, su qug`a`s
y `a blghhgøa`eens
`rbakbdíba
`stbs hnaogbln
mbebs hnmpbòíbs
l` du`ab qu`
o`. or`-
Ebs hnaluhtbs blghtgvbs kbdgtube`s qu` s` mbatg`a`a l`a-
trn l` eb e`fbeglbl, `a uan n mâs mg`mdrns l` eb obmgegb,
obmg egb, y qu`
p`rsgst`a buaqu` l`sl` `e lgshursn v`rdbe pbr`atbe s` bogrm`
qu` an s` l`d`a hnasumgr lrnfbs l`dgln b su p`egfrnsglbl, su-
m`rf`a be blne`sh`at` `a eb hnaousgøa f`a`rblb pnr `e lnde`
m`asbc`. @stns hnmpnrtbmg`atns, e`cns l` `as`òbr b ens kgcns b
s`r hnk`r`at`s `atr` `e l`hgr y `e kbh`r,
kbh`r, y eb onrmb bl`hublb l`
hbembr eb bafustgb or`at` b ebs lgoghuetbl`s l` eb vglb, ―e` bpnr-
tba mnl`ens lnal` eb `sp`rb y `e hnatrnebr
hn atrnebr ens gmpuesns s` sus-
tgtuy`a pnr `e hnasumn l` lrnfbs”8;.
L`atrn l` ens mnlns l` ouahgnabmg`atn l` `stb snhg`lbl
qu` pnl`mns hnasgl`rbr hebrbm`at` obvnr`h`lnr`s l`e hnasu-
mn l` lrnfbs, an pnl`mns nevglbr `e hnasumgsmn. _gvgmns
`a ua sgst`mb `hnaømghn y snhgbe lnal` pr`lnmgaba ens en s hnm-

8;. Musbhkgn l` Sba, Bm`egb

Bm`egb:: Hbsbrgan
Hbsbrgan,, @. y ntrns3
ntrns3 Lrnfblghhgøa. Ybgløs, 2774.

Yâf. 298.

??
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs y eb sgtubhgøa obmgegbr

pnrtbmg`atns `xgtgstbs, y s` vbenrba ebs r`ebhgna`s l` bhu`rln

be pnt`ahgbe d`a`oghgn `hnaømghn n snhgbe qu` pu`l`a nor`h`r.
Pab snhg`lbl qu` p`rsgfu` ua hnasumgsmn sga eímgt`s, lna-
l` ―`r`s en qu` tg`a`s”, y `a eb qu` `e hnasumn grr`oe`xgvn l`
tnln tgpn l` ndc`tns `s betbm`at` vbenrbln y bsgmgebln be çxg-
tn y eb o`eghglbl, an pu`l` `xtrbòbrs` l` qu` sustbahgbs qu`
s` prnmnhgnaba hnmn obhgegtblnrbs l`e pebh`r, eb lgv`rsgøa y
hnmn r`hursns gaobegde`s pbrb nevglbr ens s`atgmg`atns l`sb-
frblbde`s l` eb vglb, s`ba hnasumglns gmpuesgvb y âvglbm`a-
t` pnr qug`a`s sg`at`a qu` an pu`l`a behbazbr `sns ndc`tgvns
r`hurrg`aln b su prnpgb hbpbhglbl.

?6
 Hbpítuen GGG

@e trbtbmg`atn
l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

@e trbtbmg`atn `a hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb

Eb hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb s` kb gln bogrmbaln hna `e trbas-

hursn l` ens bòns hnmn `e mnl`en heâsghn l` trbtbmg`atn pbrb
eb lrnfblghhgøa: sga `mdbrfn b p`sbr l` su prndblb `oghbhgb, `s
a`h`sbrgn s`òbebr qu` eb gat`rabhgøa an `s `e óaghn r`hursn hna
qu` s` hu`atb pbrb `e trbtbmg`atn l` ebs blghhgna`s,
b lghhgna`s, sgan `e qu`
s` utgegzb hubaln yb ens bat`rgnr`s kba orbhbsbln, `e pbhg`at` s`
`xpna` b sgtubhgna`s l` rg`sfn qu` an pu`l` r`hnanh`r y eb ob-
mgegb yb an `s `o`htgvb hnmn obhtnr l` hnat`ahgøa y huglbln, n
an s` kb enfrbln or`abr `e hnasumn lurbat` `e trbtbmg`atn bm-
duebtnrgn. \bmdgça
\bmdgça `stâ galghbl
galghblbb `stb mnlbeglbl hubaln `s a`-
h`sbrgn r`begzbr ua trbtbmg`atn l` l`skbdgtubhgøa: s` kb prnlu-
hgln ua `pgsnlgn l` sndr`lnsgs, n uab r`bhhgøa psghøtghb bfulb
hnas`hu`ahgb l`e hnasumn l` mbrgkubab, knafns beuhgaøf`-
ans, EXL n bao`tbmgabs, y ntrbs sgtubhgna`s `a ebs qu` `e suc`-
tn y/n su obmgegb sg`atba qu` `s a`h`sbrgn `xtr`mbr ebs m`lglbs
l` huglbln pbrb or`abr `e hnasumn.
Hna `e gahr`m`atn l` ebs pbtnenfíbs blghtgvbs y ens hnasgfug`a-
t`s trbtbmg`atns dbcn eb mnlbeglbl r`sgl`ahgbe, `e hnah`ptn l` hn-
muaglbl t`rbpçutghb s` kb gln `xt`alg`aln, bdbrhbaln gastgtuhgn-

a`s l` hbrbht`rístghbs muy lgstgatbs y qu` r`spnal`a b lgv`rsbs

?7
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

hnah`phgna`s gl`neøfghn-hg`atíoghbs, `a nhbsgna`s hbsg npu`stbs.

@a au`strn pbís `xgst`a hnmuaglbl`s t`rbpçutghbs psghnbabeítghbs,
hnaluhtgstbs, y r`egfgnsbs, tbatn hbtøeghbs hnmn l` lgstgatns huetns
`vbafçeghns, y tnlbs ebs hnmdgabhgna`s pnsgde`s: t`ag`aln `a
hu`atb su udghbhgøa ebs kby urdbabs y rurbe`s, y tbmdgça pu`l`a
s`r prgvblbs n `stbtbe`s. @stb bmpegb fbmb `s `a frba pbrt`, p`rn
an óaghbm`at`, r`suetbln l` ebs egmgtbhgna`s pr`supu`stbrgbs qu`
`aor`atba ebs gastgtuhgna`s tbatn pódeghbs hnmn prgvblbs, y eb a`-
h`sglbl l` blbptbrs` b ebs mgsmbs.
Ebs hnalghgna`s `hnaømghbs sg`mpr` gahg`rtbs, hbrbht`rístg-
hbs l` eb T`pódeghb Brf`atgab y l` eb mbynríb l` ens pbís`s l`
eb r`fgøa, kba obhgegtbln eb prnego`rbhgøa l` gastgtuhgna`s l`p`a-
lg`at`s l` eb hbrglbl y `a hnas`hu`ahgb hna ou`rt` egfbzøa hna
nrfbagzbhgna`s r`egfgnsbs, ebs qu` e` gmprgm`a su pbrtghuebr `a-

onqu` gl`neøfghn-t`rbpçutghn.
r`hursns @a ens `stb
`hnaømghns pbrb bt`al`r óetgmns bòns eb `shbs`z
prnde`mâtghb l`
sg`mpr`
`a bum`atn, kb t`agln hnmn hnas`hu`ahgb `e hg`rr` l` muhkbs
gastgtuhgna`s y eb ou`rt` egmgtbhgøa pr`supu`stbrgb `a ntrbs. Ens
h`atrns l` trbtbmg`atn nrfbagzblns b pbrtgr l` ua bdnrlbc` mue-
tglgshgpegabrgn hna ua `aonqu` h`atrbln `a t`rbpgbs psghneøfg-
hbs, s`ba çstbs psghnbabeítghbs, sgstçmghbs, n l` ntrb nrg`atb-
hgøa, r`qug`r`a l` ua stboo prno`sgnabe muy bmpegn y betbm`at`
hbpbhgtbln, qu` r`suetb muy hnstnsn l` mbat`a`r.
Eb hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb `s uab mnlbeglbl l` trbtbmg`a-
tn r`sgl`ahgbe, huyns nríf`a`s s` l`d`a b Mbxw`e Cna`s, psg-
qugbtrb qu` trbdbcø `a Gafebt`rrb `a eb lçhblb l` 2709 y egl`-
rø ua mnvgmg`atn qu` s` ou` f`stbaln hnmn
h nmn npnsghgøa b eb psg-
qugbtríb trblghgnabe. @a eb nrfbagzbhgøa kbdgtube l` ens knspgtb-
e`s psgqugâtrghns `e mçlghn psgqugbtrb nhupbdb `e vçrtgh` l` eb
pgrâmgl`, s`fugln pnr ens ntrns prno`sgnabe`s, eu`fn `e p`rsnabe
l` `ao`rm`ríb y `a óetgmn eufbr ens pbhg`at`s, qug`a`s an t`aíba
agafuab hbpbhglbl l` l`hgsgøa bh`rhb l` su trbtbmg`atn y bp`-
abs sg `rba `shuhkblns, s` ens mbat`aíb bgseblns, y eb mbynríb
l` ebs v`h`s `ah`rrblns l` pnr vglb hnmn pbhg`at`s hrøaghns.

69
 @e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

Hna `e ndc`tgvn l` rnmp`r `st` bgsebmg`atn hbrbht`rístghn l` ens

knspgtbe`s psgqugâtrghns y eb rgfgl`z l` sus `struhturbs, surfgø
`st` mnvgmg`atn qu` s` hnanhgø hnmn batgpsgqugbtríb y huybs
hbrbht`rístghbs oualbm`atbe`s ou`rna eb dósqu`lb l` eb knrg-
znatbegzbhgøa l` eb r`ebhgøa mçlghn-pbhg`at`, y eb a`h`sglbl l`
obvnr`h`r eb vgahuebhgøa l`e `ao`rmn psgqugâtrghn hna `e bou`rb
l`e knspgtbe. Hnmn gastrum`atn dâsghn pbrb enfrbr `stns ndc`tg-
vns, blnptbrna eb bsbmde`b lgbrgb l` pbhg`at`s y p`rsnabe.
Eb hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb pbrb `e trbtbmg`atn l` blghhgna`s
hna eb mnlbeglbl `a qu` eb hnanh`mns `a eb bhtubeglbl, tuvn
su nrgf`a `a @stblns Paglns tbmdgça `a eb lçhblb l` 2709 pnr
eb gaghgbtgvb l` ua behnkøeghn r`hup`rbln mg`mdrn l` Behnkøeg-
hns Baøagmns, qu` hnm`azø b r`hgdgr `a `e frupn l` behnkøeg-
hns qu` ouahgnabdb `a su hbsb b blghtns b eb k`rníab: y mâs

tbrl`, be
hublb lbrs`
pbrb hu`atb l` qu`
`e trbtbmg`atn eb `struhturb
l` `stbs l`gatrnlucn
p`rsnabs, BB an `rbeb bl`-
mn-
lbeglbl r`sgl`ahgbe. @a 270;, Xyabana oualø eb prgm`rb hnmu-
aglbl t`rbpçutghb pbrb eb r`kbdgegtbhgøa l` lrnfblghtns. Hnmn
l`spr`algmg`atn l` Xyabana, `a 27?8, `a Au`vb Wnrj, s` oua-
lø Lbytnp, qu` gahnrpnrbdb prno`sgnabe`s `a `e `qugpn trbtba-
t`. B pbrtgr l`e mnl`en l` Lbytnp s` hr`ø `a Gtbegb `e Yrny`htn
Knmdr`. Bat` ens r`suetblns sbtgsobhtnrgns ndt`aglns hna `stbs
`xp`rg`ahgbs, s` ou` `xt`alg`aln pnr tnln `e mualn eb mnlbeg-
lbl l` hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb pbrb eb r`hup`rbhgøa l` lrnfb-
lghtns, y `a eb bhtubeglbl eb frba mbynríb l` ebs gastgtuhgna`s
hnatgaób hna `stns ega`bmg`atns.
@a ebs hnmuaglbl`s nrfbagzblbs l` bhu`rln b `st` mnl`en, `e
pbhg`at` ―gafr`sb b ua sgst`mb qu` s` `ahu`atrb ou`rt`m`at` anr-
mbtgzbln, huybs hbrbht`rístghbs, hnalghgna`s y `xgf`ahgbs s` e`
mbagog`stba, `xpeghgtba y r`pgt`a hna or`hu`ahgb. Ebs trbasfr`sgn-
a`s b ebs anrmbs s` mbrhba hna sbahgna`s qu` s` l`stgaba b onr-
zbr su humpegmg`atn (…) X` mbrhb eb ndegfbhgøa l` mbat`a`r eb
bdstga`ahgb, eb prnkgdghgøa l` `stbde`h`r víahuens l` pbr`cb, eb bu-
s`ahgb l` `xpr`sgna`s l` vgne`ahgb oísghb, s` `egf` eb anrmb hnmn

62
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

pbutb l` mnlgoghbhgøa l` ebs hnaluhtbs. Kby `a `een hg`rtn np-

tgmgsmn ‛hnaluhtgstb‗ qu` `a onrmb l`egd`rblb gfanrb ens pr`-
h`ptns dâsghns l` eb psghnenfíb lgaâmghb.”87
@a au`strn pbís, `e prgm`r h`atrn `sp`hgbegzbln `a eb bt`ahgøa
l` blghtns ou`
ou` `e H@ABT@XN
H@ABT@XN (H`at
(H`atrn
rn Abhgnabe l` T`
T`kbdge
kbdgegtbhgøa
gtbhgøa
Xnhgbe), qu` s` oualø `a 2764: buaqu` ebs prgm`rbs `xp`rg`ahgbs
l` hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb hna pbhg`at`s psgqugâtrghns s`v`rns s`
kbdíba gaghgbln `a eb lçhblb l` 27?9, `a knspgtbe`s pódeghns.
Ynst`rgnrm`at`,
Yns t`rgnrm`at`, eb hnatgauglbl l` `stbs `xp`rg`ahgbs `a knspgtbe`s
psgqugâtrghns ou` ndstbhuegzblb pnr ens lgstgatns gat`r`s`s y obhtn-
r`s l` pnl`r l`e âmdgtn mgsmn l` eb psgqugbtríb trblghgnabe y `a-
trbrna `a ua orbahn r`trnh`sn b pbrtgr l` eb óetgmb lghtblurb mgeg-
tbr, qu` hna su p`rs`huhgøa ndegfø be `xgegn b muhkns prno`sgnab-
e`s l`stbhblns `a `stb âr`b. B pbrtgr
pbr tgr l` 27;9 s` oualbrna ebs prg-

m`rbs hnmuaglbl`s
lns, sg`aln `e pbstnrt`rbpçutghbs lgrgfglbs
Hbrens Anv`eeg, hna pnr blghtns r`hup`rb-
`e Yrnfrbmb Balrçs,
qug`a `ahbd`zø `st` prnh`sn `a au`strn pbís. @stbs nrfbagzbhgn-
a`s gaghgbe`s, hna `e tg`mpn ou`rna `vneuhgnabaln y f`a`rbaln lgs-
tgatbs mnlbeglbl`s bsgst`ahgbe`s.
Hna eb `xp`rg`ahgb ndt`aglb l`spuçs l` vbrgbs lçhblbs l` trb-
dbcn hna pbhg`at`s blghtns `a eb mnlbeglbl l` hnmuaglbl t`rb-
pçutghb, hnasgl`rbaln ebs lgv`rsbs onrmbs l` nrfbagzbhgøa y ens
lgstgatns `ahublr`s t`rbpçutghns qu` kba gln bpbr`hg`aln, `stgmb-
mns hnmn l` mâs `oghbz ouahgnabmg`atn ebs gastgtuhgna`s qu`
hnmdgaba `e trbdbcn l` prno`sgnabe`s (trbdbcblnr`s snhgbe`s, mçlg-
hns, psghøenfns, `th.) hna `e l` np`rblnr`s an prno`sgnabe`s, t`-
ag`aln `a hu`atb qu` `stns óetgmns pu`l`a s`r, `v`atubem`at`,
blghtns r`hup`rblns qu` kbyba r`hgdgln eb onrmbhgøa bl`hublb.
Ens blghtns b lrnfbs sna suc`tns hna p`rsnabeglbl`s bo`htblbs
pnr s`rgbs psghnpbtnenfíbs y l`d`a s`r hnmpr`alglns y bt`alglns
hnmn tbe`s: `a hnas`hu`ahgb, r`qug`r`a l` eb bsgst`ahgb l` prno`-

87. Frgmsna, V.3 Xnhg`lbl l` blghtns. Yeba`tb, 2777, Yâf. 2;6.

64
 @e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

sgnabe`s hbpbhgtblns pbrb `een: sga `mdbrfn, tbmdgça s` nds`r-

vb qu` `stns pbhg`at`s, `a pbrtghuebr lurbat` `e tg`mpn gaghgbe
l`e trbtbmg`atn, su`e`a `xp`rgm`atbr uab frba l`shnaogbazb hna
r`ebhgøa b ens prno`sgnabe`s, b ens qu` hebsgoghba hnmn ―hbr`tbs”
(tçrmgan qu` l`oga` b befug`a qu` an `s sgah`rn, gabutçatghn), y
b qug`a`s hnasgl`rba oâhgem`at` mbagpuebde`s, l`shbegoghâaln-
ens, pbrtg`aln l`e supu`stn l` qu` an `stâa `a hnalghgna`s l`
hnmpr`al`rens pnrqu` sus `xp`rg`ahgbs l` vglb kba sgln muy lg-
o`r`at`s. Bat` `stbs sgtubhgna`s qu` lgoghuetba eb hnasneglbhgøa
l` ua víahuen t`rbpçutghn, bhtób obhgegtbaln eb hnmuaghbhgøa eb
brtghuebhgøa qu` s` enfrb hna eb bsgst`ahgb l` ntrns np`rblnr`s
an prno`sgnabe`s, b ens qu` ens pbhg`at`s pu`l`a s`atgr hnmn
mâs h`rhbans b su prnpgb `xp`rg`ahgb l` vglb, l`sl` en vgv`ahgbe
y hntglgban. Gal`p`alg`at`m`at` l` qu` s` npt` pnr uab nrfbag-

zbhgøa tntbem`at`
pbtnenfíbs prno`sgnabe
qu` s` trbtba y ebs ngl`atgoghbhgna`s
mgxtb, bat` eb qu`
frbv`lbl l` ebs
s` prnluh`a
`a eb sgtubhgøa l` hnavgv`ahgb, qu` pu`l`a lbr eufbr b tnln tg-
pn l` mbagpuebhgna`s, `s sumbm`at` gmpnrtbat` qu` eb lgr`h-
hgøa l` eb gastgtuhgøa y l` ens trbtbmg`atns `stç b hbrfn l` prn-
o`sgnabe`s l` eb sbeul m`atbe søeglbm`at` onrmblns.
Eb sgtubhgøa l` `ahg`rrn y eb gat`rruphgøa l`e hnasumn l`
lrnfbs qu` s` prnluh` hnmn hnas`hu`ahgb l` eb gat`rabhgøa
ndegfba be suc`tn b `aor`atbrs` b eb l`p`al`ahgb qu` pbl`h`.
Xga `mdbrfn, eb tnmb l` hnahg`ahgb l` eb lrnfblghhgøa an `s
suoghg`at` pbrb kbeebr sneuhgna`s, sgan qu` uab v`z sup`rblb eb
obs` gaghgbe l`e trbtbmg`atn l`d` prnoualgzbrs` `a eb dósqu`lb
l` hbmdgns prnoualns b trbvçs l` eb r`sneuhgøa l` eb pbtnenfíb
l` dbs` l`e pbhg`at`, b trbvçs l` ―ua hnmpe`cn prnh`sn l` hna-
hg`atgzbhgøa suh`sgvb qu` vb ndegfbtnrgbm`at` bhnmpbòbln l`e
l`sbrrneen l` r`hursns qu` eebmbmns ynghns”<9. L` eb `vneuhgøa
l` `st` prnh`sn l`p`al`râ `e çxgtn l`e trbtbmg`atn.

<9.
Musbhkgn l` Sba, Bm`egb y ntrn3 Lrnfblghhgøa. Ybgløs, 2774, Yâf. 2?4.

68
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

@a `e prny`htn gastgtuhgnabe l`d` hnasgl`rbrs` uab p`rmb-

a`at` sup`rvgsgøa l`e trbdbcn l` ens mg`mdrns l`e `qugpn trb-
tbat` y l` eb `vneuhgøa l`e trbtbmg`atn l` ens pbhg`at`s. Ybrb
`een `s oualbm`atbe qu` `atr` ens mg`mdrns l`e stboo eb gaonr-
mbhgøa hgrhue` oeuglbm`at`, y s` bhtubegh` y `vbeó` p`rmba`a-
t`m`at` eb `vneuhgøa qu` lgbrgbm`at` pr`s`atb hblb pbhg`at`,
utgegzbaln pbrb `st` oga tbatn ebs r`uagna`s l` `qugpn hnmn ebs
`atr`vgstbs, hna `e ndc`tgvn l` pr`v`agr ebs hrgsgs qu` hna or`-
hu`ahgb s` pr`s`atba lurbat` `e trbtbmg`atn, trbtâalns` l` pb-
hg`at`s muy eâdge`s hna uab ou`rt` prnhegvglbl be bhtgaf nut . @e
lrnfblghtn `s ua pbhg`at` lgoíhge l` trbtbr, qu` pr`s`atb lgoghue-
tbl`s pbrb `stbde`h`r uab begbazb t`rbpçutghb søeglb y f`a`rb
hna sus bhtgtul`s s`atgmg`atns l` orustrbhgøa `a ens prno`sgnab-
e`s qu` en trbtba, bum`atbaln bsí ebs lgoghuetbl`s.

X`ríb
t`mb l` gmpnrtbat` qu` eb gastgtuhgøa
sbeul qu` nor`zhb `stç gat`frblb
lgstgatbs nphgna`s b ua sgs-
l` trbtbmg`atn
pbrb ens lgstgatns mnm`atns l`e prnh`sn l` r`hup`rbhgøa. ―Pab
r`l gl`be l`d`ríb `stbr hnastgtuglb pnr gastgtuhgna`s l` gat`rab-
hgøa, l` hurb bmduebtnrgb, l` pnst-hurb (hbsbs l` m`lgn hbmg-
an), hnmuaglbl`s t`rbpçutghbs, frupns l` butnbyulb y trbtb-
mg`atns galgvglube`s y obmgegbr`s. @stb r`l, sg `stâ dg`a gastru-
m`atblb y ouahgnab, p`rmgt` nor`h`r hnastbat`m`at` be blghtn
ua eufbr y uab p`rsnab hna eb qu` pu`lb hr`brs` ua víahuen `s-
tbde`, ua mbrhn l` hnat`ahgøa...”<2
Lurbat` tnln `e trbtbmg`atn, y pbrtghuebrm`at` `a eb `tb-
pb l` r`gas`rhgøa snhgbe l`e pbhg`at`, ua pbp`e muy gmpnrtba-
t` cu`fba ens bhnmpbòbat`s t`rbpçutghns, qu` `a muhkns hb-
sns supe`a b eb obmgegb y `a ntrns eb hnmpe`m`atba. @stns
bhnmpbòbat`s t`rbpçutghns pu`l`a s`r prno`sgnabe`s, np`rb-
lnr`s psghnt`rbpçutghns, n `x blghtns qu` s` kbyba hbpbhgtb-
ln pbrb trbdbcbr hnmn tbe`s.

<2. Musbhk
Musbhkgn
gn l
l`
` Sba,
Sba, Bm`egb
Bm`egb y ntrns3 Np. Hgt.,
Hgt. , Yâf. 82<.

6<
 @e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

Bl`mâs l` eb bt`ahgøa l` su sbeul m`atbe, `s a`h`sbrgn

p`asbr,, pbrb ens pbhg`at`s mâs frbv`s, qu` uab v`z sup`rblb eb
p`asbr
`tbpb l` gat`rabhgøa l`d`râa gahnrpnrbrs` b eufbr`s l` trbdb-
cns prnt`fglns qu` e`s p`rmgtba ndt`a`r sus prnpgns gafr`sns y
enfrbr su butnanmíb, b pbrtgr l`e mnm`atn `a qu` `mpg`zb b
pebat`brs` eb prnxgmglbl l`e betb, yb qu` `xh`ptn `a ens hbsns
`a qu` `xgstb uab s`rgb lgshbpbhglbl, tnlbs ebs p`rsnabs tg`a`a
l`r`hkn b bhh`l`r be trbdbcn. Xga `mdbrfn, t`ag`aln `a hu`atb
qu` s` trbtb l` suc`tns qu` an `stâa `a hnalghgna`s l` l`s`m-
p`òbrs` `a ua bmdg`at` betbm`at` hnmp`tgtgvn y `xgf`at` hn-
mn `s `e m`lgn ebdnrbe kbdgtube, s` r`qug`r` l` ua âmdgtn mâs
huglbln, bhnrl` hna sus hbpbhglbl`s, qu` e`s p`rmgtb l`s`m-
p`òbrs` ebdnrbem`at` `a onrmb sbtgsobhtnrgb.
Hna `e ndc`tgvn l` hudrgr eb a`h`sglbl l` r`gas`rhgøa sn-

hgbe
dbcnl` enssbtgsobhtnrgn
sg `s pbhg`at`s, y`s
pbrtg`aln l`e prgahgpgn
`a sí mgsmn l` qu`
t`rbpçutghn, `e trb-
yb qu` ga-
h`atgvb eb hnebdnrbhgøa, eb r`spnasbdgeglbl y eb butnanmíb,
`a muhkns prny`htns l` hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb `stâ hna-
t`mpeblb eb f`a`rbhgøa y nrfbagzbhgøa l` `mpr`algmg`atns
ebdnrbe`s prnpgns, qu` pnr ua ebln nor`h`a ua `spbhgn l` hb-
pbhgtbhgøa ebdnrbe, y pnr ntrn sna uab ou`at` l` gafr`sns `hn-
aømghns. Kby prnfrbmbs qu` kba nrfbagzbln uan n vbrgns
`mpr`algmg`atns ebdnrbe`s, hnmn pnr `c`mpen r`stburbat`s,
frbacbs, vgv`rns, tbee`r`s l` hbrpgat`ríb, `th.
@atr` ebs `xp`rg`ahgbs qu` `a `e mualn s` kba l`sbrrneeb-
ln l` bhu`rln b `st` mnl`en gat`frbe l` bdnrlbc`, pnl`mns
m`ahgnabr b mnln l` `c`mpen, `atr` ntrns, `e Frupn Bd`e` <4,
qu` kbdg`aln abhgln `a Gtbegb `xt`algø su bhhgøa b ntrns pbí-
s`s y bl`mâs l` h`atrns l` trbtbmg`atn kb nrfbagzbln lgstga-
tns `mpr`algmg`atns `hnaømghns, befuans dbcn eb onrmb l`
hnnp`rbtgvbs, qu` gaheuy`a vgv`rn, r`hghebln l` pbp`e y ntrns

<4.
www.fruppnbd`e`.nrf

60
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

mbt`rgbe`s, hbrpgat`ríb y r`stburbhgøa l` mu`de`s, `lgtnrgbe, eg-

dr`ríb, uagv`rsglbl l` eb hbee`, `th. @a Hnenmdgb, eb nrfbagzb-
hgøa Agòns l` Ybp`e<8 kb mnatbln uab frbacb butnsuoghg`at`,
ua tbee`r l` brt`s frâoghbs, uab hbrpgat`ríb, y kb gaghgbln uab
hbl`ab l` r`stburbat`s eebmblns ―Brnmb”.
\nlbs ebs gastbahgbs l` trbtbmg`atn, yb s`ba sgmuetâa`bs n
suh`sgvbs, l`d`a nor`h`r uab hg`rtb hnk`r`ahgb `a `e `aonqu`
pbrb qu` `e pbhg`at` an s` sg`atb orbfm`atbln n mbagpuebln.
@stn an `s en qu` `stâ suh`lg`aln bquí y bknrb, lnal` `a eb
mbynríb l` ens hbsns `e pbhg`at`, uab v`z qu` kb humpegln `e
pebzn `stbde`hgln pbrb `e trbtbmg`atn, l`d` vnev`r b vgvgr `a su
hbsb, hna eb mgsmb obmgegb qu` en `ao`rmø, y sga kbd`r enfrbln
bogrmbrs` `a ua prny`htn ebdnrbe n `shnebr butøanmn, hna prn-
y`hhgøa kbhgb `e outurn, `xpnagçalns` s`rgbm`at` b r`hb`r `a `e

hnasumn l` lrnfbs
snhgbe`s qu` bat`bebhnav`rtgrs`
en ee`vbrna r`gt`rbhgøa`a
l`ua
ebs`ao`rmn
sgtubhgna`s psghn-
blghtn. Eb
obetb l` pnsgdgeglbl`s pbrb r`gas`rtbrs` ebdnrbe y snhgbem`at` `s
`e mâs frbv` ndstâhuen qu` l`d` `aor`atbr `e pbhg`at` qu` kb
r`begzbln ua trbtbmg`atn l` r`hup`rbhgøa.
@a `e âmdgtn l` eb hgulbl l` Du`ans Bgr`s, `a `e bòn 4999,
s` sbahgnaø uab E`y l` Xbeul M`atbe qu` hnat`mpeb pbrtghu-
ebrm`at` eb t`mâtghb r`o`rglb b eb `xt`rabhgøa l` ens pbhg`at`s
psgqugâtrghns, hnmn yb `xgst` `a ntrbs prnvgahgbs, p`rn bóa an
kb sgln tntbem`at` r`febm`atblb y an s` kb gmpe`m`atbln su
ouahgnabmg`atn, qu` s` `ahu`atrb l`mnrbln pnr gat`r`s`s s`h-
tnrgbe`s, trbdbs durnhrâtghbs y lgoghuetbl`s pr`supu`stbrgbs.
@a `st` óetgmn
óetgmn tg`mpn eb X@LTN
X@LTNABTABT (X`hr`
(X`hr`tbríb
tbríb l` Y
Yrnfrb-
rnfrb-
mbhgøa pbrb eb Yr`v`ahgøa l` eb Lrnfblghhgøa y eb Euhkb hnatrb
`e Abrhntrâoghn) `stâ gmpe`m`atbaln r`hursns, b trbvçs l` fru-
pns, hursns l` hbpbhgtbhgøa y sudsglgns `hnaømghns, pbrb ens
pbhg`at`s qu` `fr`sba l` eb mnlbeglbl r`sgl`ahgbe: p`rn `stns

<8.
www.agansl`pbp`e.nrf

6?
 @e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

prny`htns s` `ahu`atrba bóa `a eb `tbpb gaghgbe y an kb trbas-

hurrgln `e tg`mpn suoghg`at` pbrb `vbeubrens. Ynr ntrb pbrt`, `s-
tb X`hr`tbríb l`sbrrneeb eb mbynr pbrt` l` su bhhgøa `a eb hgu-
lbl l` Du`ans Bgr`s y `e Frba Du`ans Bgr`s, y eb r`beglbl ans
mu`strb qu` eb `pgl`mgb l` ebs blghhgna`s an s` hgrhuashrgd` b
`stb znab, sgan qu` s` `xtg`al` b tnlbs ebs prnvgahgbs, `a ebs
qu` s` hu`atb hna muy egmgtblns eufbr`s l` bt`ahgøa.
L` eb nds`rvbhgøa l` eb r`beglbl `a eb qu` ans `ahnatrbmns, s`
pu`l` hnaheugr qu` s` mbatg`a` bóa uab frba l`ulb hna ens `a-
o`rmns blghtns, hna r`ebhgøa b drgalbre`s uab bt`ahgøa bl`hublb
qu` e`s nor`zhb ua trbtbmg`atn gat`frbe qu` bdbrqu` ens suh`sgvns
mnm`atns l` su r`hup`rbhgøa, y uab v`z r`hup`rblns ens bhnmpb-
ò` `a su gahnrpnrbhgøa b eb snhg`lbl hnmn suc`tns butøanmns.

@e gafr`sn be trbtbmg`atn

Ens pbhg`at`s qu` gafr`sba b ua h`atrn bsgst`ahgbe hna `e oga

l` r`begzbr ua trbtbmg`atn l` r`hup`rbhgøa dbcn `e rçfgm`a l`
gat`rabhgøa, pu`l`a kbh`ren l` lns onrmbs3 vneuatbrgb n gavn-
euatbrgb. Pab gat`rabhgøa vneuatbrgb, `s l`hgr l`hglglb y sneghg-
tblb pnr `e suc`tn n galuhglb pnr ua obmgegbr lgr`htn, r`qug`r`
sg`mpr` `e hnas`atgmg`atn pnr en m`ans v`rdbe l`e `ao`rmn.
Hubaln kb sgln l`hglglb pnr ua obmgegbr b p`sbr l` eb npgagøa
`a hnatrbrgn l`e prnpgn gat`r`sbln, n lgspu`stb culghgbem`at`,
s` trbtb l` uab gat`rabhgøa gavneuatbrgb.
Hubaln s` prnluh` uab gat`rabhgøa b sneghgtul l`e prnpgn
pbhg`at`, qu` s` sg`at` bafustgbln, pr`nhupbln pnr su sgtub-
hgøa y `a hnas`hu`ahgb l`mbalb ua trbtbmg`atn, n be m`ans kb
pnlgln `xpr`sbr ua p`lgln l` byulb, uab pbrt` l` eb r`hup`rb-
hgøa yb kb sgln gaghgblb, pnrqu` ens m`hbagsmns a`fblnr`s y
nmagpnt`at`s kba lgsmgaugln en suoghg`at` y eb p`rsnab kb en-
frbln tnmbr hnahg`ahgb l` qu` `stâ btrbv`sbaln uab sgtubhgøa
prnde`mâtghb qu` l`d` `aor`atbr hna byulb `sp`hgbegzblb. Kby

66
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

hnmuag lbl`s t`rbpçutghbs qu` søen bh`ptba gat`

hnmuaglbl`s gat`rabhgna`s
rabhgna`s vneua-
tbrgbs, dbsâalns` `a `e hrgt`rgn l` qu` an `s pnsgde` r`begzbr ua
trbtbmg`atn hna qug`a an tg`a` hnahg`ahgb l` `ao`rm`lbl y an
sg`at` a`h`sglbl l` prnluhgr hbmdgns `a su vglb.
Hubaln s` trbtb l` gat`rabhgna`s gavneuatbrgbs, `s l`hgr l`-
hglglbs pnr ua t`rh`rn, qu` pu`l` n an s`r ua obmgegbr,
obmgegbr, `s a`h`-
sbrgn t`a`r `a hu`atb qu` s` `stâ lgspnag`aln qu` p`rmba`zhb
`a uab sgtubhgøa l` hg`rtn `ahg`rrn y bgsebmg`atn, l`atrn l` uab
gastgtuhgøa qu` an kb `e`fgln, b uab p`rsnab qu` an s` v` b sí
mgsmb hnmn `ao`rmb, qu` an kb sneghgtbln kbh`r ua trbtbmg`a-
tn, y muhkbs v`h`s tbmpnhn `stâ lgspu`stb b snm`t`rs` b ebs
`xgf`ahgbs qu` s` e` pebat`ba `a uab gastgtuhgøa, pnr en qu` s`
npna` bhtgvb, y b v`h`s vgne`atbm`at`, b bh`ptbr ua trbtbmg`a-
tn qu` an kb p`lgln, ag hnasgl`rb a`h`sbrgn.

@e r`qu`rgmg`atn
mg`mdrn b s`
l` eb obmgegb, eb prnluh`
Custghgb eb
l` mbynr
eb gat`rabhgøa l` v`-
pbrt` l` ebs ua
h`s pnrqu` sus obmgegbr`s lgr`htns, hna ens qu` pu`l` n an
hnavgvgr, yb s` `ahu`atrba tntbem`at` l`sdnrlblns pnr eb sg-
tubhgøa l`rgvblb l` ua hnasumn l` ebrfb lbtb, qu` `a mu-
hkns hbsns s` bfrbvb hna ua gmpnrtbat` l`speg`fu` l` vgn-
e`ahgb pnr pbrt` l`e `ao`rmn blghtn qu` yb kb gaghgbln uab
`shbeblb `a `e hnasumn. \bmdgça `s or`hu`at` qu` `a `stb
`tbpb, `a eb qu` su l`mbalb l` lrnfb `s muy betb, rnd` lg-
a`rn u ndc`tns l` eb hbsb pbrb v`al`rens, y `a ntrns hbsns
tbmdgça hnm`tb rndns b t`rh`rns, buaqu` `st` prnh`l`r en
`xpnafb b ntrn tgpn l` hnas`hu`ahgbs.
@a `st` `stbln l` hnasumn l`shnatrnebln, qu` pu`l` l`rg-
vbr `a en qu` kba lbln `a eebmbr `stbr ―l` fgrb”, `s l`hgr p`r-
mba`h`r `a `stbln l` gatnxghbhgøa lurbat` vbrgns líbs s`fuglns
hna sus r`sp`htgvbs anhk`s, an `s `xtrbòn qu` s` prnluzhba
`pgsnlgns l` vgne`ahgb hnatrb ebs p`rsnabs n ebs hnsbs. Hnmn
hnas`hu`ahgb l` ebs betbs lnsgs l` lrnfb hnasumglbs y `e frb-
ln l` gatnxghbhgøa `a qu` s` `ahu`atrb, `e suc`tn yb kb p`rlg-
ln eb hnahg`ahgb l` sus bhtns, y an pu`l` tne`rbr eb orustrbhgøa

6;
 @e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

b qu` en snm`t` eb obmgegb hubaln an qug`r` sbtgsobh`r su p`r-

mba`at` l`mbalb l` lga`rn. @a `st` `stbln `s kbdgtube qu`
r`bhhgna` bfr`sgvbm`at` kbhgb ebs p`rsnabs qu` en orustrba.
Bat`s l` hnatgaubr `aum`rbaln ebs lgstgatbs sgtubhgna`s bl-
mgagstrbtgvn-e`fbe`s hna qu` `s pnsgde` `ahnatrbrs` `a eb `tbpb
gaghgbe l`e gafr`sn be trbtbmg`atn, s` kbh` a`h`sbrgn bhebrbr
bh ebrbr qu`
eb e`y 4?.9?2, sbahgnablb `a `e bòn 4990, mnlgoghø `e rçfgm`a
y stbtus e`fbe l` ens agòns y blne`sh`at`s, y `a hnas`hu`ahgb
ebs gahumd`ahgbs l` ens cuzfblns y ens nrfbagsmns l` bpeghb-
hgøa l` lghkb e`y. @a `st` hbmdgn, uab l` ebs mâs gmpnrtbat`s
hnas`hu`ahgbs `a r`ebhgøa be t`mb `sp`híoghn qu` `stbmns trb-
tbaln, `s eb lgsneuhgøa l`e Hnas`cn Abhgnabe l` eb Agò`z, Bln-
e`sh`ahgb y Obmgegb, y su r``mpebzn pnr ntrns nrfbagsmns abhgn-
abe`s, prnvgahgbe`s y/n muaghgpbe`s, qu` tnlbvíb an s` `ahu`a-

trba l`ogagtgvbm`at` l`ega`blns y nrfbagzblns. Xg`aln o`l`rbe eb

nrfbagzbhgøa pneítghb l` au`strn pbís, l`d`mns t`a`r `a hu`atb
qu` `a ebs lgstgatbs prnvgahgbs rgf`a lgstgatns prnh`lgmg`atns
e`fbe`s, y `a befuabs l` `eebs s` `stâa `stulgbaln y r`begzbaln
mnlgoghbhgna`s `a ens hølgfns p`abe`s y l` prnh`lgmg`atns hna
r`ebhgøa be abrhntrâoghn, en qu` hnaee`vbrâ hbmdgns `a `e trbtb-
mg`atn qu` r`hgdgrâ `e blghtn or`at` b ebs hnas`hu`ahgbs e`fbe`s
l` sus bhtns. Kbhg`aln `stb sbev`lbl l` qu` `stbmns `a ua
mnm`atn l` trbasghgøa y qu` bóa an `s pnsgde` sbd`r huâe s`-
râ eb nrfbagzbhgøa l`ogagtgvb qu` s` blnpt`, hnatgaubr`mns trb-
tbaln ebs bet`rabtgvbs l` gafr`sn be sgst`mb l` bt`ahgøa tbe hn-
mn s` kb `stbln r`begzbaln kbstb eb bhtubeglbl, t`ag`aln `a
hu`atb qu` mâs bl`ebat` s` pr`s`atbrâa mnlgoghbhgna`s y qu`
ens nrfbagsmns qu` s` nhup`a l` `stb prnde`mâtghb s`râa ntrns
n pnr en m`ans t`alrâa ntrns anmdr`s.
@a `e hbsn l` ens blne`sh`at`s m`anr`s l` `lbl, ens pblr`s
pu`l`a l`hglgr su gat`rabhgøa, p`rn `a `e hbsn l` ens mbynr`s
l` `lbl, pbrb qu` s`ba gat`rablns hnatrb su vneuatbl s` l`d`
r`hurrgr b eb Custghgb Hgvge, qu` `a `st` hbsn lgspnalríb su trbtb-
mg`atn dbcn `e rçfgm`a r`sgl`ahgbe hnmn m`lglb l` huglbln y

67
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

bt`ahgøa, tbe hnmn en `stbde`h` `e brtíhuen <;4 l`e Hølgfn Hgvge,

qu` s` r`og`r` b eb prnt`hhgøa l` p`rsnabs.
Hubaln eb gat`rabhgøa `s vneuatbrgb, eb gastgtuhgøa r`h`ptnrb
l`d`, l` bhu`rln b en pr`vgstn pnr eb E`y l` Xbeul M`atbe, hn-
muaghbreb b eb L`o`asnríb l` M`anr`s ` Gahbpbh`s qu` s` `a-
hu`atr` l` turan `a `e mnm`atn l`e gafr`sn, eb qu` b su v`z lb-
râ gat`rv`ahgøa n an, s`fóa en hnasgl`r` prnh`l`at`, b ua cuzfb-
ln hgvge. Xg s` hnasgl`rb p`rtga`at` eb gat`rv`ahgøa l` ua cuzfbln
hgvge, çst` gaonrmbrâ bh`rhb l` `stb gat`rabhgøa be Hu`rpn Mçlg-
hn Onr`as`, y l` bhu`rln b eb `vbeubhgøa qu` r`begh`a `stns prn-
o`sgnabe`s, hnatrnebrâ eb `vneuhgøa l`e trbtbmg`atn l`e pbhg`at`
lurbat` `e tg`mpn qu` p`rmba`zhb `a eb gastgtuhgøa.
Kbstb tbatn s` sbahgna` `e rçfgm`a p`abe l` m`anr`s qu`
s` `ahu`atrb `a `stulgn, hubaln s` trbtb l` m`anr`s l` 2;

bòns qu` kba hnm`tgln ua l`egtn,

l `egtn, n kba sgln víhtgmbs l` uan,
gat`rvg`a`a ens cuzfblns l` m`anr`s: sg sna mbynr`s l` 2?
bòns gat`rvg`a`a ens trgduabe`s p`abe`s pbrb m`anr`s. Bknrb
dg`a, `e l`egtn hnm`tgln pu`l` `stbr r`ebhgnabln hna eb pns`-
sgøa l` lrnfbs, `a huyn hbsn `stâ tgpgoghbln hnmn l`egtn o`l`-
rbe, pnr en qu`, l` bhu`rln b eb curgslghhgøa `a qu` s` kbyb l`-
t`agln b `stb p`rsnab qu` t`aíb `a su pnl`r sustbahgbs geíhg-
tbs, hnrr`spnal` eb gat`rv`ahgøa l` ua cuzfbln o`l`rbe: pnr
`c`mpen, `stn `s en qu` suh`l` `a eb hgulbl l` Du`ans Bgr`s.
@a `e hbsn l` ens l`egtns o`l`rbe`s tg`a` hnmp`t`ahgb `s` ou`-
rn buaqu` s` trbt` l` ua m`anr l` `lbl qu` pbl`h` uab blgh-
hgøa, y ans `ahnatr`mns bat` eb sgtubhgøa l` qu` eb mbynríb l`
ens cu`h`s o`l`rbe`s an tg`a`a eb onrmbhgøa bl`hublb pbrb bt`a-
l`r blne`sh`at`s qu` pbl`h`a uab psghnpbtnenfíb, y tbmpnhn
hu`atba hna eb suoghg`at` hbatglbl l` prno`sgnabe`s hbpbhgtblns
pbrb bt`al`r hbsns qu` gavneuhrba b agòns, blne`sh`at`s y pb-
lr`s, `avu`etns `a sgtubhgna`s obmgegbr`s hnaoeghtgvbs.
@e hnasumn y trâoghn l` lrnfbs `a eb T`pódeghb Brf`atgab `s-
tâ hnat`mpebln pnr eb e`y 48.686 l` Tçfgm`a Y`abe l` @stup`-
obhg`at`s, qu` hnal`ab b uab ―p`ab l` ua m`s b lns bòns l`

;9
 @e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

prgsgøa hubaln, pnr su `shbsb hbatglbl y l`mâs hgrhuastbahgbs,

sufg`rb ga`quívnhbm`at` qu` eb t`a`ahgb `s pbrb usn p`rsnabe”.
Eb gaorbhhgøa b `stb e`y `s hnmp`t`ahgb l` eb Custghgb O`l`rbe,
p`rn `a eb bhtubeglbl kby prny`htns qu` prnmu`v`a eb mnlgoghb-
hgøa l`e prnh`lgmg`atn pbrb ens hbsns l` trâoghn l` pnhb hbatg-
lbl, hna `e ndc`tgvn l` qu` ebs hbusbs s`ba trbmgtblbs
trbmgtb lbs `a eb Cus-
tghgb Y`abe nrlgabrgb: pnr `een `a `e outurn `s prndbde` qu` s` mn-
lgogqu` `e ou`rn culghgbe qu` gat`rv`afb `a `stbs hu`stgna`s.
Eb e`y 48.686 p`abegzb `e hnasumn hna uab hnal`ab
qu`, sg dg`a an `s l` humpegmg`atn `o`htgvn, pbrt` l` hnasg-
l`rbr hnmn l`egahu`at` b qug`a pbl`h` uab blghhgøa b sus-
tbahgbs pr`vgbm`at` hebsgoghblbs hnmn ge`fbe`s, yb qu` an s`
gaheuy`a `e behnkne, ens psghnoârmbhns, u ntrns m`lghbm`a-
tns qu` s` utgegzba pnr sus `o`htns psghnbhtgvns, p`rn huyb

v`atb `stâ butnrgzblb.

Bknrb dg`a, uab v`z lgspu`stb pnr `e cuzfbln qu` kbyb ga-
t`rv`agln eb gat`rabhgøa l`e blghtn, eb gastgtuhgøa qu` en r`hgd`
l`d`, hna hg`rtb p`rgnrghglbl pr``stbde`hglb, gaonrmbr be mgsmn
pnr `shrgtn bh`rhb l` eb `vneuhgøa l`e
l `e trbtbmg`atn, bsí hnmn l`e
betb l`e pbhg`at` hubaln çstb s` prnluzhb, y b pbrtgr l` eb hube
h`sbrâ eb gat`rv`ahgøa culghgbe `a eb mbynríb l` ens hbsns.
Eb hnd`rturb `hnaømghb l`e trbtbmg`atn s` pu`l` kbh`r `a
onrmb pbrtghuebr, en hube `s prgvbtgvn l` ebs obmgegbs hna uab sg-
tubhgøa `hnaømghb qu` s` ens p`rmgtb, n pnr gat`rm`lgn l` nr-
fbagsmns pr`stblnr`s l` sbeul, qu` pu`l`a s`r ndrbs snhgbe`s
n `mpr`sbs l` m`lghgab pr`pbfb. @a `e hbsn l` qu` `e pbhg`a-
t` an hu`at` hna agafuab l` `stbs bet`rabtgvbs, pu`l` r`hurrgr
be sgst`mb `stbtbe l` bt`ahgøa.
@e @stbln hu`atb hna lgstgatns nrfbagsmns abhgnabe`s y prn-
vgahgbe`s pbrb eb bt`ahgøa l` ebs lrnfblghhgna`s. Eb
X@LTNABT, `s `e nrfbagsmn qu` s` nhupb b agv`e abhgnabe l`
eb bt`ahgøa l` ebs blghhgna`s, y bhtób l`rgvbaln be pbhg`at` b
befuab l` ebs
e bs gastgtuhgna`s hnatrbtblbs pbrb `s` oga. \
\bmdgça
bmdgça `s
pnsgde` r`hurrgr b ebs gastgtuhgna`s qu` onrmba pbrt` l`e sgst`mb

;2
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

l` sbeul pódeghb, hnmn ens s`rvghgns l` psghnpbtnenfíb l` ens

knspgtbe`s f`a`rbe`s n, `a befuabs hgulbl`s, ens s`rvghgns l`
blghhgna`s l` ens knspgtbe`s psgqugâtrghns: y `a eb hgulbl l` Du`-
ans Bgr`s, `e H`atrn Abhgnabe l` T`kbdgegtbhgøa Xnhgbe
(H@ABT@XN), qu` `s eb gastgtuhgøa `sp`hgbegzblb `a `e t`mb.
@a hubequg`rb l` `stbs sgtubhgna`s, eb hnd`rturb `hnaømghb
bdbrhb ua p`rínln egmgtbln l` tg`mpn, qu` f`a`rbem`at` an su-
p`rb `e bòn l` gat`rabhgøa, y `a befuans hbsns `xh`phgnabe`s
pu`l` hnat`mpebr p`rínlns vbrgbde`s, p`rn tbmdgça egmgtblns,
l` trbtbmg`atn `a knspgtbe l` líb y bmduebtnrgn.
@st` tg`mpn pr`vgstn pbrb `e trbtbmg`atn `s muy dr`v`,
hnasgl`rbaln eb frbv`lbl l` `stbs pbtnenfíbs, bua `a `e hb-
sn l` ens pbhg`at`s qu` pu`lba pr`s`atbr uab r`spu`stb heb-
rbm`at` obvnrbde`. @s a`h`sbrgn t`a`r `a hu`atb qu` hubaln

s` trbtb l` trbtbmg`atns `a eb mnlbeglbl l` gat`rabhgøa, ans

`stbmns r`ogrg`aln b cøv`a`s qu` tg`a`a ua muy prnenafbln
y ou`rt` hnmprnmgsn hna ebs lrnfbs y uab pbtnenfíb l` dbs`
qu` `xh`l` b eb a`urnsgs, b en qu` kby qu` bfr`fbr ua tg`m-
pn mâs n m`ans prnenafbln l` vgvgr `a eb hbee` n `a sgtub-
hgna`s l` mbrfgabeglbl y vgne`ahgb, qu` tbmdgça prnluh`a
lbòn psíqughn y `a eb mbynríb l` ens hbsns tbmdgça oísghn.
T`snev`r `stbs sgtubhgna`s l` hrgsgs bfulb, `stbdgegzbrs` y hn-
m`azbr ua prny`htn l` r`gas`rhgøa snhgbe, yb s`b `shnebr n eb-
dnrbe, `xgtnsn, `a ua p`rínln l` ua bòn, `s befn sumbm`at`
lgoíhge l` enfrbr. Ynr `stb rbzøa sna or`hu`at`s ebs r`hbílbs
trbashurrgln ua hg`rtn tg`mpn, l`spuçs l` lblb `e betb l` eb
gat`rabhgøa3 an s` kb r`begzbln `e trbtbmg`atn bl`hubln lu-
rbat` `e tg`mpn a`h`sbrgn pbrb bogbazbr ens enfrns ndt`aglns
lurbat` eb r`sgl`ahgb, `a pbtnenfíbs qu`
q u` pnr l`ogaghgøa tg`a`a
ua prnaøstghn r`s`rvbln.
@a `e hbsn l` ens cøv`a`s m`anr`s l` `lbl qu` kba sgln
gat`rablns, `st` tg`mpn pr`vgstn pbrb su r`hup`rbhgøa, pu`-
l` pr`s`atbrs` hnmn mâs oe`xgde` hubaln eb l`rgvbhgøa kb

qu`lbln b hbrfn l` eb X`hr`tbríb Abhgnabe l` Agò`z, Blne`s-

;4
 @e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

h`ahgb y Obmgegb (X@AABO) <<, yb qu` `xgst` eb pnsgdgeglbl l`

qu` eb mgsmb s` pu`lb `xt`al`r kbstb qu` behbazba eb mb-
ynríb l` `lbl b ens 42 bòns. @stb `xt`asgøa `a `e tg`mpn p`r-
mgt`, sg eb gat`rabhgøa s` kb prnluhgln `a ens prgm`rbs `tb-
pbs l` eb l`p`al`ahgb (buaqu` `stb sgtubhgøa `s pnhn or`-
hu`at`), qu` `e cnv`a s`b lbln l` betb hubaln yb kb mbat`-
agln ua tg`mpn mâs n m`ans prnenafbln l` bdstga`ahgb `a
`e hnasumn, enfrbln bogbazbr ua prny`htn l` r`gas`rhgøa sn-
hgbe, y hnahr`tbln mnlgoghbhgna`s `a eb vgahuebhgøa obmgegbr.
K`mns lghkn qu` eb sgtubhgøa l` qu` ua cnv`a s`b gat`r-
abln pbrb kbh`r trbtbmg`atn `a ens hnmg`azns l` eb blghhgøa
`s pnhn prndbde`, y `stn `s bsí ll`dgln
`dgln b qu
qu`
` `e HN
HNAABO
AABO an
`s ua nrfbagsmn l` sbeul pódeghb sgan l` bt`ahgøa l` agòns y
blne`sh`at`s `a rg`sfn snhgbe: rbzøa pnr eb hube søen gat`rvg`-

a` hubaln `e cnv`a yb `stâ `a ua s`rgn rg`sfn oísghn y psíqug-

hn pnr ua hnasumn l`shnatrnebln, y su hnaluhtb kb prnvnhb-
ln eb gat`rv`ahgøa l` befuab p`rsnab n gastgtuhgøa qu` kb
r`bhhgnabln bebrmblb bat` `e hnanhgmg`atn l` eb sgtubhgøa `a
qu` s` `ahu`atrb `e cnv`a `a hu`stgøa: qu` eb obmgegb, sgatgça-
lns` gahbpbz l` egmgtbren, s` kbyb vgstn ndegfblb b sneghgtbr su
gat`rv`ahgøa: n qu` `e blne`sh`at` kbyb hnm`tgln befóa l`eg-
tn pnr `e hube kb gat`rv`agln eb Custghgb, nrl`abaln eu`fn su
gat`rabhgøa. Xg an s` prnluh`a `stbs sgtubhgna`s `xtr`mbs, `s-
t` nrfbagsmn an lgspna` eb r`begzbhgøa l` ua trbtbmg`atn qu`
gaheuyb eb r`sgl`ahgb `a uab hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb.
Bat` sgtubhgna
sgtubhgna`s
`s l` rg`sfn snhg
snhgbe
be `e HNAABO hu`at
hu`atbb hna lgo`-
r`at`s r`hursns, l` bhu`rln b ens lgstgatns prnfrbmbs bsgst`ahgb-
e`s qu` kb gmpe`m`atbln, hna `e ndc`tgvn l` hnat`a`r eb sgtubhgøa
l`atrn l` eb obmgegb: y `a eb mbynríb l` ens hbsns trbtb l` r`snev`r
ens prnde`mbs l` lrnfblghhgøa hna trbtbmg`atns bmduebtnrgns.

<<. Bhtubem`at` X@AABO. @a eb hgulbl l` Du`ans Bgr`s l` `stbs sgtubhgna`s

s` kbh` hbrfn eb Lgr`hhgøa l` Agò`z y Blne`sh`ahgb.

;8
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

Bua `a `e hbsn l` qu` lgstgatns prno`sgnabe`s kbyba galg-

hbln eb mnlbeglbl l` gat`rabhgøa pbrb r`begzbr `e trbtbmg`a-
tn l` r`hup`rbhgøa, qu` `e mgsmn s` pu`lb hnahr`tbr l`p`a- l `p`a-
l` l` qu` kbyb pr`supu`stn lgspnagde` hna `st` oga y l` qu`
ebs butnrglbl`s pneítghbs l`e Hnaabo t`afba uab bhtgtul obvn-
rbde` kbhgb lghkns trbtbmg`atns. Be r`sp`htn k`mns pnlgln
hnmprndbr qu`, pbrtghuebrm`at` `a `e p`rínln hnmpr`algln
`atr` ens bòns 2777 y 499<, eb lgr`hhgøa l`e HNAABO (batgfub
sgfeb l`e nrfbagsmn, pnr `atnah`s Hnas`cn Abhgnabe l` eb
Agò`z, Blne`sh`ahgb y Obmgegb) a`fbdb sgst`mâtghbm`at` eb
bt`ahgøa dbcn `e rçfgm`a l` r`sgl`ahgb b ens blne`sh`at`s qu`
pr`s`atbdba uab pbtnenfíb blghtgvb.
@s kbdgtube qu` `a ens h`atrns bsgst`ahgbe`s s` r`hgdb b mblr`s
y pblr`s qu` r`ebt`a uab ebrfb p`r`frgabhgøa, qu` pu`l` lurbr

m`s`s, l`sl` ens cuzfblns hgvge`s be Hnaabo y vgh`v`rsb, trbtbaln

l` hnas`fugr uab nrl`a l` gat`rabhgøa `a uab gastgtuhgøa `a eb qu`
su kgcn pu`lb s`r bt`algln. Bsí hnmn tbmdgça, l` bhu`rln b en ba-
t`s m`ahgnabln, kb kbdgln p`rínlns `a qu` pnr l`hgsgøa pneítghb
l` ebs butnrglbl`s l` lghkn nrfbagsmn an søen an s` drgalbdb
bt`ahgøa b qug`a`s eb sneghgtbdba pnr prnpgb gaghgbtgvb, sgan qu`
bl`mâs s` l`shnanhíba ebs lgspnsghgna`s l` gat`rabhgøa `mgtglbs
pnr ens cuzfblns, y `a hnas`hu`ahgb ens blne`sh`at`s blghtns qu`-
lbdba `a eb hbee` b m`rh`l l` sus hnaoeghtns. Hbd` r`gt`rbr qu` `a
`stns hbsns ans `stbmns r`ogrg`aln b cøv`a`s blne`sh`at`s qu`,
pbl`hg`aln uab blghhgøa l` tr`s bòns n mâs, kba `stbln hnasu-
mg`aln lgbrgbm`at` vbrgbs lnsgs l` uab n mâs sustbahgbs, y qu`
`a muhkns hbsns kba p`rmba`hgln lurbat` vbrgns líbs ou`rb l`
su hbsb, r`fr`sbaln `a muy mbebs hnalghgna`s oísghbs y psíqughbs,
pbrb vnev`r b grs` be pnhn tg`mpn.
Ybrb `c`mpegoghbr `stb sgtubhgøa, pnl`mns r`tnmbr `e hbsn
l` Mbrgn O., qug`a ou` gat`rabln b ens 2? bòns pbrb qu` s` r`-
hup`rbs` l` su blghhgøa b eb mbrgkubab y eb hnhbíab. Pab v`z
gat`frbln b eb hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb, y lbln su mbagog`stn ga-

t`rçs `a t`rmgabr eb `shu`eb prgmbrgb qu` kbdíb bdbalnabln

;<
 @e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

kbhíb vbrgns bòns, s` r`begzø su `vbeubhgøa psghnp`lbføfghb y

s` en gashrgdgø `a eb `shu`eb lnmghgegbrgb qu` ouahgnab `a eb gas-
tgtuhgøa, pbrb r`begzbr `e s`fualn y t`rh`r agv`e l` eb mgsmb. @s-
tbde`hgø beeí ua muy du`a víahuen hna `e mb`strn, y hna r`sp`h-
tn b `een l`d`mns r`hnrlbr qu` pbrb tnln blne`sh`at`, y mâs
bóa pbrb uan qu` kb hbr`hgln l` ogfurbs pbr`atbe`s bl`hublbs,
`s muy gmpnrtbat` mbat`a`r ua víahuen `stbde` y hnaogbde` hna
ua knmdr`. Bsí ou` qu` hna eb `as`òbazb l`e mb`strn y hna ua
snst`agln bpnyn psghnp`lbføfghn enfrø bprndbr sçptgmn frbln.
Eu`fn l` muhkbs lulbs l` su pbrt` y b p`sbr l` eb bhtgtul sb-
dnt`blnrb l` eb mblr`, qu` e` mbago`stbdb su a`h`sglbl l`
qu` trbdbcbrb y bpnrtbrb `hnaømghbm`at` be knfbr, s` prnpusn
`mp`zbr eb `shu`eb s`hualbrgb. Hna `s` oga s` en gashrgdgø `a ua
dbhkgee`rbtn pbrb bluetns: mg`atrbs tbatn, s` e` drgalø bpnyn

psghnp`lbføfghn p`rmba`at` pbrb r`onrzbr su bpr`algzbc`, nr-

fbagzbr ua mçtnln l` `stulgn y eb r`begzbhgøa l` ebs tbr`bs `s-
hnebr`s, bmpegbr su vnhbduebrgn y pnl`r bpr`al`r ntrn glgnmb
(ndegfbtnrgn `a eb hurríhueb l`e agv`e m`lgn, gafeçs `a `st` hbsn),
blqugrgr eb hbpbhglbl pbrb hnmpr`al`r ua t`xtn, bpr`al`r b
mba`cbr ens dushblnr`s l` Gat`ra`t, `th. \r`s bòns l`spuçs l`
su gafr`sn b eb hnmuaglbl, `stâ hursbaln `xgtnsbm`at` eb `s-
hu`eb s`hualbrgb, y `s `sp`rbde` qu` hubaln b ens 42 bòns
`fr`s` l` eb gastgtuhgøa, `stç `a m`cnr`s hnalghgna`s pbrb gahnr-
pnrbrs` be m`rhbln ebdnrbe y t`rmgabr sus `stulgns. Xga lulb,
pnl`mns bogrmbr qu` Mbrgn kb r`begzbln ua prnh`sn l` r`hup`-
rbhgøa: prgm`rn enfrø sup`rbr su blghhgøa y eu`fn bogbazbr ua
prny`htn l` r`gas`rhgøa snhgbe, sga hnrtbr ens ebzns hna su obmg-
egb: p`rn pbrb enfrbr `stns ndc`tgvns s` a`h`sgtø hnatbr an søen
hna su prnpgb hbpbhglbl ` gat`rçs `a r`hup`rbrs`, sgan tbmdgça
hna `e tg`mpn suoghg`at` pbrb qu` `stbs hbpbhglbl`s pulg`rba
l`sbrrneebrs` y bogrmbr ens enfrns qu` gdb ndt`ag`aln.
Eb obetb l` pr`supu`stn suoghg`at` kb sgln eb hbusb sg`mpr`
pr`s`at` `a ebs l`mnrbs y lgoghuetbl`s pbrb bt`al`r ens trbtb-

mg`atns l` ens lrnfblghtns. Xg dg`a `a `stns óetgmns bòns `e

;0
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

pr`supu`stn
pr`supu`s tn l` eb X@LTNAB
X@LTNABT T s` kb gahr`
gahr`m`atbl
m`atbln,n, ou` l` sø-
en 29 mgeena`s
mgeena`s l` p`s
p`sns
ns `a `e bòn 499
499<,<, y `e l`e HNAABO
HNAABO ou`
l` mâs l` 249 mgeena`s pbrb `e bòn 4990.
Hna r`sp`htn b eb bt`ahgøa prgvblb pnr pbrt` l` ndrbs sn-
hgbe`s y `mpr`sbs l` m`lghgab pr`pbfb, l`sl` eb sbahgøa l`
eb E`y l` Yr`stbhgna`s Dâsghbs Ndegfbtnrgbs, ebs mgsmbs s`
`ahu`atrba ndegfblbs b hudrgr ens trbtbmg`atns l` ens `ao`rmns
blghtns b lrnfbs y l` ens bo`htblns pnr `e _GK: sga `mdbrfn, `e
gat`rçs `a bt`al`r b `st` tgpn l` pbhg`at`s `s muy `shbsn, pnr-
qu` ens trbtbmg`atns sna ebrfns y hnstnsns, y `stn s` hnavg`rt`
`a uab s`rgb egmgtbhgøa hubaln `e ndc`tgvn oualbm`atbe an `s eb
hurbhgøa l` ens `ao`rmns, sgan `e euhrn, qu` `s en qu` suh`l`
hna `stbs `mpr`sbs l`e âr`b l` eb sbeul.
Hnmn s` l`spr`al` l` `stb l`shrgphgøa, sna muy pnhbs ebs

p`rsnabs qu` pbl`hg`aln ua prnde`mb l` blghhgøa pu`l`a bh-

h`l`r b ua trbtbmg`atn bl`hubln lurbat` `e tg`mpn a`h`sbrgn
pbrb enfrbr uab r`hup`rbhgøa p`rlurbde` `a `e tg`mpn: y `stb sg-
tubhgøa `s antbde`m`at` mâs frbv` sg eb obmgegb l`e blghtn an
hu`atb hna lga`rn suoghg`at` pbrb hnst`br `e trbtbmg`atn pnr sí
mgsmb y l`p`al` l` ens nrfbagsmns l` sbeul pódeghb.
Xga `mdbrfn, b p`sbr l` ebs egmgtbhgna`s pr`supu`stbrgbs y l`e
l`sgat`rçs pneítghn sndr` eb prnde`mâtghb blghtgvb y pnr eb sbeul
m`atbe `a f`a`rbe, kb kbdgln y bóa
b óa kby muhkns ouahgnabrgns, tba-
tn b agv`e abhgnabe hnmn prnvgahgbe, qu` gat`atba nptgmgzbr ens r`-
hursns hna qu` hu`atba pbrb m`cnrbr eb bt`ahgøa y kbh`reb `xt`a-
sgvb b eb mbynr hbatglbl l` f`at` pnsgde`. Y`rn suh`l` qu` `stbs
pneítghbs sna bgseblbs y lgshnatgaubs, ndt`ag`aln hnmn r`suetbln
ogabe qu` qu`lba `st`rgegzblbs, yb qu` pbrb qu` s`ba `o`htgvbs l`-
d`a bpeghbrs` `a onrmb pebagoghblb y sgst`mâtghb pnr ebrfn tg`mpn,
y `stb hnalghgøa `stâ bus`at` be l`p`al`r l` eb du`ab lgspnsghgøa
l` ens ouahgnabrgns l` turan, qu` hbmdgba or`hu`at`m`at`. Be an
kbd`r uab pneítghb l` behbah` abhgnabe qu` bdbrqu` eb tntbeglbl
l` eb prnde`mâtghb l` ebs blghhgna`s, ens prnfrbmbs buaqu` s`ba

du`ans, s` bpeghba lurbat` `e tg`mpn qu` p`rmba`h` `a `e hbrfn

;?
 @e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

`e ouahgnabrgn pneítghn qu` en nrfbagzø, y hubaln çst` yb an `stâ `a

`sb ouahgøa `e peba s` gat`rrump`, pbrb `mp`zbr ntrn lgo`r`at`.
Hna `st` prnh`l`r s` enfrb qu` en qu` l`d`ríb hnastgtugrs` `a uab
`spgrbe l` hr`hgmg`atn, qu`l` bgsebln, orbfm`atbln y sga trbsh`a-
l`r eb bsgst`ahgb gam`lgbtb.

Eb hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb

@a eb hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb, eb gl`b r`htnrb `s eb l`mn-

hrbtgzbhgøa l` eb r`ebhgøa `atr` ens prno`sgnabe`s y ens pbhg`a-
t`s, obvnr`hg`aln eb hnmuaghbhgøa `a ua m`lgn bo`htgvbm`a-
t` hnatga`at` y hna r`febs l` hnavgv`ahgb hebrbs, prnhurbaln
qu` `e blghtn s`b ua pbrtíhgp` bhtgvn l` su prnpgn trbtbmg`a-

tn.
hna X`
suspr`t`al` bsíy qu`
hnaoeghtns `e suc`tn hnmpr`al`r
lgoghuetbl`s, pu`lb `atrbren `a
qu`hnatbhtn
e` `stâ
suh`lg`aln, hnanh`r ens s`atgmg`atns qu` en gmpuesba b r`-
oufgbrs` `a ebs lrnfbs, y enfrbr qu` pu`lb kbdebr be r`sp`htn
lgsmgauy`aln eb ou`rt` gmpuesgvglbl qu` pbl`h`. Ynr `stb rb-
zøa, `a `e ouahgnabmg`atn l` uab hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb,
hubequg`rb qu` s`b su nrg`atbhgøa, eb k`rrbmg`atb oualbm`a-
tbe `s eb bsbmde`b lgbrgb, lnal` tbatn prno`sgnabe`s hnmn
pbhg`at`s kbdeba l` ens hnaoeghtns surfglns lurbat` `e trbas-
hursn l`e líb, l` eb nrfbagzbhgøa l` ebs bhtgvglbl`s hntglgb-
abs, `e gafr`sn y `fr`sn l` pbhg`at`s, y tnln tgpn l` hu`stgn-
a`s r`ebhgnablbs hna eb vglb hntglgbab l` `eens mgsmns y eb
gastgtuhgøa. X` trbtb l` pna`r `a pbebdrbs ebs lgoghuetbl`s y
prnde`mbs qu` surf`a tbatn `atr` ens pbhg`at`s, hnmn `atr`
pbhg`at`s y prno`sgnabe`s, l`s`hkbaln `e lgshursn butnrgtbrgn
lnal` ens prno`sgnabe`s, l`pnsgtbrgns l`e sbd`r, lgspna`a l`
ens gat`rablns, l`pnsgtbrgns l` eb `ao`rm`lbl m`atbe.
@a `e ouahgnabmg`atn l` ebs hnmuaglbl`s t`rbpçutghbs, be s`r
uab mnlbeglbl r`sgl`ahgbe, eb hnavgv`ahgb `s eb hbrbht`rístghb dâ-
sghb. \`ag`aln `a hu`atb qu` `e ebzn snhgbe l` sus mg`mdrns `s

;6
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

ga`xgst`at` n `stâ frbv`m`at` l`t`rgnrbln y qu` `e r`stbde`hg-

mg`atn l` `stns ebzns `s ua ndc`tgvn h`atrbe, `s sumbm`at` gm-
pnrtbat` qu` ebs r`febs l` ouahgnabmg`atn s`ba pnhbs, hebrbs,
pr`hgsbs y hnanhglbs pnr tnlns.
Ebs r`febs hna ebs qu` hblb gastgtuhgøa s` mba`cb sna vb-
rgbde`s, y l`p`al`a l` eb gl`nenfíb y l`e mbrhn t`ørghn `a `e
qu` eb mgsmb s` sust`atb, p`rn kby anrmbs dâsghbs qu` s`
`ahu`atrba pr`s`at`s `a `e trbdbcn l` tnlbs ebs hnmuaglbl`s,
hnmuag lbl`s,
y qu` pnlríba r`sumgrs` `a ebs sgfug`at`s3

2. Ag lrnfbs, ag behnkne `a eb gastgtuhgøa.

4. An s`xn `a eb gastgtuhgøa.
8. An vgne`ahgb, tbatn kbhgb ebs p`rsnabs hnmn kbhgb eb hbsb.

@stbs r`febs dâsghbs l` hnavgv`ahgb p`rmgt`a ogcbr ens eímg-

t`s `atr` en qu` `stâ p`rmgtgln y en qu` an. Ru`lb hebrbm`at`
`stbde`hgln qu` `a `e hbsn l` qu` `stbs anrmbs s`ba trbasfr`-
lglbs, qug`a en kbfb l`d`râ kbh`rs` hbrfn l` ebs hnas`hu`a-
hgbs, qu` pu`l`a ee`fbr kbstb eb `xpuesgøa l` eb gastgtuhgøa. @s-
tbs anrmbs, qu` sna oualbm`atbe`s pbrb `e `ahublr` l`e trbtb-
mg`atn, pu`l`a s`r lgshutglbs p`rn an hbmdgblbs.
L` bhu`rln be mbrhn t`ørghn qu` snstg`a` `e trbdbcn l` eb
gastgtuhgøa, eb hbatglbl l` r`febs y eb ga`xnrbdgeglbl l` su hum-
pegmg`atn vbríba. ―…Ebs hnmuaglbl`s anrt`bm`rghbabs qu` `a
ua prgahgpgn ans sgrvg`rna l` mnl`en, utgegzba eb t`rbpgb hnaluh-
tube (d`kbvgnr tk`rbpy) hnmn onrmb h`atrbe l` trbtbmg`atn. B
p`sbr l` qu` eb nrg`atbhgøa l`shrgtb bknrb `s bat` tnln l` hnr-
t` psghnbabeítghn, `e usn l` tçhaghbs qu` sgfu`a `e mnl`en `stí-
muen-r`spu`stb (pr`mgn-hbstgfn), `s a`h`sbrgn y l` frba utgeg-
lbl. Eb lgo`r`ahgb hnasgst` `a qu` an ans l`t`a`mns beeí…”<0

<0. Eøp`z Hnrvn, Tbob`e3 Eb r`kbdgegtbhgøa l`e blghtn. Au`vb _gsgøa, 277<,
Yâf. 77.

;;
 @e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

\rbtâalns` l` uab gastgtuhgøa huyn ndc`tgvn `s eb r`hup`rb-

hgøa l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs, `e hnmprnmgsn pbrb l`cbr l`
hnasumgrebs `s eb pr`mgsb dâsghb l`e trbtbmg`atn, y sndr` ens
s`atgmg`atns qu` `st` mbalbtn y su humpegmg`atn l`spg`rtba
`a `e blghtn s` trbdbcbrâ tnln `e tg`mpn qu` lur` `e trbtbmg`a-
tn. @stb bdst`ahgøa `a `e hnasumn s` r`og`r` tbatn be hnasumn
ou`rb l` eb hnmuaglbl hnmn l`atrn l` eb mgsmb, y b tnln tgpn
l` sustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs (mbrgkubab, hnhbíab, psghnoârmb-
hns, behnkne, `th.). X` hnasgl`rb uab obetb frbv` `e hnasumn l`
lrnfbs ou`rb l` eb hnmuaglbl, p`rn muhkn mâs frbv` bóa `s
gafr`sbrebs `a onrmb hebal`stgab b eb gastgtuhgøa. L` bhu`rln b
eb nrfbagzbhgøa qu` eb hnmuaglbl s` kbyb lbln, `e hnasumn l`
sustbahgbs lurbat` uab sbeglb pu`l` s`r hnasgl`rblb uab r`hbí-
lb qu` `atrb l`atrn l` en pr`vgsgde` y l`d` s`r trbtblb `a ens

lgstgatns âmdgtns t`rbpçutghns, n uab obetb frbv` qu` s` sbahgn-

ab hna eb `xpuesgøa l`e trbtbmg`atn.
Hna r`ebhgøa b eb bmpegtul l` `stb anrmb, `xgst`a gastgtuhgn-
a`s lnal` eb prnkgdghgøa l`e hnasumn l` lrnfbs an s` r`og`r`
snebm`at` b qu` lurbat` eb p`rmba`ahgb `a `e trbtbmg`atn l`-
d` mbat`a`rs` eb bdstga`ahgb `a eb utgegzbhgøa l` ebs mgsmbs,
sgan qu` `stb prnkgdghgøa s` `xtg`al` b ens psghnoârmbhns galg-
hblns hnmn t`rbpçutghb, y `a hnas`hu`ahgb an s` bh`ptba pb-
hg`at`s qu` r`qug`rba t`rbpgb psghnobrmbhneøfghb. @a ntrbs gas-
tgtuhgna`s eb m`lghbhgøa psgqugâtrghb `s utgegzblb hnmn uab k`-
rrbmg`atb mâs y s` blmgagstrba psghnoârmbhns r`h`tblns pnr `e
mçlghn `sp`hgbegstb, sg`aln `stn en qu` suh`l` kbdgtubem`at`
`a ens hbsns muy or`hu`at`s l` pbtnenfíb lube, `a lnal` eb
blghhgøa s` bfr`fb b uab pbtnenfíb psgqugâtrghb l` dbs`.
Eb prnkgdghgøa l` mbat`a`r r`ebhgna`s s`xube`s s` `xtg`al`,
`a befuabs hnmuaglbl`s t`rbpçutghbs, ou`rb l`e âmdgtn
âm dgtn l` eb hn-
muaglbl, y an s` r`og`r` snebm`at` b hnmpbò`rns l` gat`rab-
hgøa, sgan tbmdgça b hubequg`r ntrb p`rsnab, n s`b qu` mg`atrbs
lurb `e trbtbmg`atn ebs r`ebhgna`s s`xube`s `stâa `xpeíhgtbm`at`

prnkgdglbs: `a ntrbs gastgtuhgna`s `stb prnkgdghgøa bdbrhb søen b

;7
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

ebs r`ebhgna`s `atr` ens pbhg`at`s, `stbaln p`rmgtglbs ebs qu` s`

`stbde`zhba hna p`rsnabs bc`abs b eb hnmuaglbl: y bsí, l`
bhu`rln b eb gastgtuhgøa l` qu` s` trbt`, s` pu`l`a `ahnatrbr lg-
o`r`at`s onrmbs l` bpeghbr eb mgsmb anrmb.
\bmdgça s` `ahu`atrba lgo`r`ahgbs `a eb gmpe`m`atbhgøa
l` eb r`feb qu` prnkíd` eb vgne`ahgb, yb qu` kby hnmuaglb-
l`s qu` pu`l`a tne`rbr uab r`bhhgøa oísghbm`at` vgne`atb p`-
rn an eb r`gt`rbhgøa l` `st` tgpn l` `pgsnlgns, y kby ntrbs qu`
an blmgt`a `e gafr`sn l` pbhg`at`s qu` kbyba t`agln bat`h`-
l`at`s l` `pgsnlgns l` vgne`ahgb.
B `stbs anrmbs dâsghbs, sndr` ebs qu` s` snstg`a` `e trbdbcn
hntglgban, s` bfr`fba ntrbs r`febs qu` ebs hnmpe`m`atba `a eb nr-
fbagzbhgøa l`e ouahgnabmg`atn gastgtuhgnabe, y s` r`og`r`a b lgstga-
tns bsp`htns l` eb vglb lgbrgb y b ebs r`ebhgna`s `atr` ens gat`frba-

t`s l` eb hnmuaglbl, hnmn s`ríba, pnr `c`mpen, ebs qu` btbò`a b

ens knrbrgns y su humpegmg`atn, eb blmgagstrbhgøa l`e prnpgn lga`-
rn, eb onrmb l` v`stgrs`, `e e`afubc` y `e mnln l` kbdebr hna ens
hnmpbò`rns y prno`sgnabe`s, eb prnkgdghgøa n an l` oumbr hgfbrrg-
eens y su r`fuebhgøa, eb nrfbagzbhgøa l` ebs
eb s vgsgtbs, eb r`begzbhgøa l`
ebs bhtgvglbl`s ndegfbtnrgbs y ebs nptbtgvbs y su humpegmg`atn, `th.
Ebs mgsmbs vbrgbhgna`s l` bhu`rln b eb gastgtuhgøa l` qu`
s` trbt`, s` `ahu`atrba hna r`ebhgøa b ebs sbahgna`s qu` s` bpeg-
hba hubaln ebs anrmbs kba sgln trbasfr`lglbs. Hbd` m`ahgn-
abr qu` kby hnmuaglbl`s t`rbpçutghbs lnal` eb trbasfr`sgøa b
uab anrmb dâsghb `s sbahgnablb hna eb `xpuesgøa gam`lgbtb, y
ntrbs `a ebs qu` s` gat`atb hr`br ua `spbhgn l` r`oe`xgøa sndr`
en suh`lgln y pbrb `een `stâa pr`vgstns lgstgatns r`hursns.
T`sp`htn l` ebs anrmbs qu` rgf`a `e ouahgnabmg`atn hnmuag-
tbrgn, hnasgl`rbmns hnmn hnalghgøa oualbm`atbe qu` `stbs r`febs
s`ba hnanhglbs y r`sp`tblbs pnr tnlns, hna `e oga l` `vgtbr qu` s`
hr``a sgtubhgna`s hnaousbs. @s a`h`sbrgn an p`rl`r l` vgstb qu` s`
trbtb l` uab pndebhgøa hna rbsfns ou`rt`m`at` trbasfr`snr`s, y
qu` pnr en tbatn hubequg`r sgtubhgøa bmdgfub n hnatrblghtnrgb l`

pbrt` l`e `qugpn trbtbat` f`a`rb ogsurbs qu` sna bprnv`hkblbs pnr

79
 @e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

ens pbhg`at`s pbrb mbagpuebr be ntrn n b eb gastgtuhgøa, trbtbaln l`

ndt`a`r befuab v`atbcb bua `a p`rcughgn l`e prnpgn trbtbmg`atn.
Eb `xgst`ahgb l` eímgt`s hebrns p`rmgt` bhtubr l`atrn l` ens
mgsmns hna s`furglbl, y lb ua mbrhn l` hnat`ahgøa qu` prnmu`-
v` `e hnatrne l` eb basg`lbl y eb gmpuesgvglbl. @a `e hbsn l` suc`-
tns huyb vglb s` kb hbrbht`rgzbln pnr eb obetb l` anrmbs `stbde`s,
hnmn suh`l` hna ens blghtns, e`s nor`h` ua m`lgn nrfbagzbln: y
pbrb qug`a`s or`hu`at`m`at` kba sgln víhtgmbs l` ens lnde`s
m`asbc`s y m`atgrbs obmgegbr`s qu` e`s kba f`a`rbln hnaousgøa
y l`shnaogbazb `a eb r`ebhgøa hna ens ntrns, e`s p`rmgt` `stbde`-
h`r víahuens mâs `stbde`s y hnaogbde`s.
Ynr óetgmn pnl`mns l`hgr, hna r`ebhgøa b ebs anrmbs hn-
muagtbrgbs, qu` sg dg`a kby ua bhu`rln f`a`rbe `a qu` `s muy
gmpnrtbat` `stbde`h`r anrmbs dâsghbs qu` `ahublr`a `e trb-

dbcn t`rbpçutghn, hnasgl`rbmns qu` tbmdgça `s pnsgde` y hna-

v`ag`at` qu` befuabs l` ebs r`febs pu`lba s`r lgshutglbs y
mnlgoghblbs l` bhu`rln b ebs hbrbht`rístghbs l` eb pndebhgøa,
y hnas`asublbs `atr` tnlns3 ens pbhg`at`s y `e `qugpn prno`-
sgnabe. Hr``mns qu` eb `xgst`ahgb l` r`febs qu` pu`lba s`r
mnlgoghblbs eu`fn l` kbd`r sgln lgshutglbs y bhnrlblbs l`-
mnhrâtghbm`at`, p`rmgtgríb ua `c`rhghgn l` egd`rtbl y r`spna-
sbdgeglbl bl`hubln pbrb tnlns.
Hubaln uab p`rsnab sneghgtb gafr`sbr b eb hnmuaglbl, yb
s`b pnr l`hgsgøa prnpgb n l`rgvblb pnr ntrb gastgtuhgøa, s` r`b-
egzba uab n vbrgbs
vbrgb s `atr`vgstbs l` blmgsgøa. @stbs `atr`vgstbs `s-
tâa b hbrfn l` prno`sgnabe`s l` eb gastgtuhgøa y tg`a`a hnmn nd-
c`tgvn r`begzbr ua lgbfaøstghn gaghgbe y `vbeubr eb obhtgdgeglbl l`e
gafr`sn l` eb p`rsnab be prnfrbmb, l` bhu`rln b eb pbtnenfíb, b
eb l`mbalb l` trbtbmg`atn qu` r`begh` y ebs hbrbht`rístghbs psg-
hnsnhgbe`s qu` pr`s`at`. @a `stb `tbpb l` blmgsgøa s` r`begzba
tbmdgça `atr`vgstbs hna ens obmgegbr`s.
Hnmn pbrt` l`e prnh`sn l` blmgsgøa s` bhnmpbòb be outurn
pbhg`at` `a uab r`hnrrglb pnr eb hbsb, pbrb mnstrbre` ebs gastb-

ebhgna`s ` gaonrmbre` sndr` su ouahgnabmg`atn. @a befuans hb-

72
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

sns s` nrfbagzb su p`rmba`ahgb `a eb mgsmb lurbat` ua líb, `a

`e hube hnmpbrtgrâ `e bemu`rzn
bemu`r zn y befuabs bhtgvglbl`s hna ens r`-
sgl`at`s: `stbs vgsgtbs `xt`alglbs su`e`a prnfrbmbrs` pbrtghu-
ebrm`at` hubaln s` `stâ `vbeubaln eb l`rgvbhgøa l`sl` ntrb
gastgtuhgøa, y `e pbhg`at` tg`a` eb pnsgdgeglbl l` npgabr bh`rhb
l`e trbtbmg`atn y l`e eufbr qu` l`d` r`hgdgren, pbrtghgpbaln bh-
tgvbm`at` `a eb l`hgsgøa qu` s` tnm`.
Pab v`z qu` `e pbhg`at` kb gafr`sbln `a eb hnmuaglbl t`rb-
pçutghb, l`d` trbasgtbr ua prnh`sn l` r`hup`rbhgøa `a `e qu` s`
pu`l`a lgstgafugr befuabs `tbpbs. Eb `tbpb gaghgbe, l` blbptb-
hgøa ` gat`frbhgøa be lgspnsgtgvn t`rbpçutghn, lurbat` eb hube p`r-
mba`h` `a eb gastgtuhgøa tnln `e líb sga sbegr y hna hg`rtn bgseb-
mg`atn l`e mualn `xt`ran, pu`l` vbrgbr `a su lurbhgøa s`fóa `e
prnfrbmb l` qu` s` trbt`, l`sl` ua m`s kbstb ua bòn: y tbm-

dgça s`fóa `st` prnfrbmb, pu`l` n an gaheugr eb prnkgdghgøa l`

r`ebhgnabrs` hna ens obmgegbr`s. @a eb `tbpb ogabe, pr`vgb be `fr`-
sn, `e ndc`tgvn sndr` `e qu` s` trbdbcb pbrtghuebrm`at` `s `e en-
frn l` eb r`gas`rhgøa snhgbe y ua `fr`sn r`spnasbde`, yb s`b hna
ua prny`htn `shnebr y/n ebdnrbe `a en pnsgde` `a l`sbrrneen. Lu-
rbat` `stb obs`, `e pbhg`at` p`rmba`h` prnfr`sgvbm`at` mâs
tg`mpn ou`rb l` eb gastgtuhgøa l`sbrrneebaln sus tbr`bs qu` l`a-
trn l` eb mgsmb, yb qu` kb gln l`cbaln bhtgvglbl`s t`rbpçutghbs
pnr ntrbs prnpgbs l` eb r`gas`rhgøa snhgbe, y qu`lâalns` muhkbs
anhk`s b lnrmgr ou`rb l` eb hnmuaglbl.
@a eb hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb, lurbat` `e líb s` nrfbagzba lgs-
tgatbs bhtgvglbl`s y tbee`r`s qu` b trbvçs l` lgo`r`at`s prnpu`stbs
tg`al`a be enfrn l` ndc`tgvns hnmua`s, tbe`s hnmn qu` `e pbhg`a-
t` pu`lb tnmbr hnahg`ahgb l` sus lgoghuetbl`s, bpr`alb b kbdebr
sndr` en qu` e` suh`l`, b r`hnanh`r be ntrn, r`hnanh`rs` y huglbr
l` sí mgsmn: hr`br víahuens bo`htgvns sneglbrgns gat`atbaln ua
bpr`algzbc` l` au`vbs onrmbs l` r`ebhgnabrs`, pbrb enfrbr ua
hbmdgn l` bhtgtul qu` gmpegqu` ua onrtbe`hgmg`atn l` eb butn`s-
tgmb, vbenrgzâalns` b sí mgsmn y b ens l`mâs. X` trbtb l` qu`

mnlgogqu` `e mnln l` vgahuebrs` y pu`lb pr`shgalgr l` ebs m`a-

74
 @e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

tgrbs y mbagpuebhgna`s qu` tba or`hu`at`m`at` utgegzba ens blgh-

tns pbrb r`ebhgnabrs` hna ebs ntrbs p`rsnabs.
@a `e ouahgnabmg`atn l` eb hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb, eb bh-
tgvglbl frupbe `s ua gastrum`atn dâsghn pbrb enfrbr `stns nd-
c`tgvns, y l`atrn l` `stbs bhtgvglbl`s frupbe`s, ebs bsbmde`bs
hnmuagtbrgbs e` lba su hbrbht`rístghb `sp`híoghb. Kby bsbm-
de`bs lgbrgbs y uab bsbmde`b f`a`rbe.
Ebs bsbmde`bs qu` s` nrfbagzba lgbrgbm`at`, b v`h`s pu`-
l`a s`r lns3 uab pnr eb mbòbab, pbrb hnnrlgabr y peba`br ebs
bhtgvglbl`s l`e líb, y ntrb pnr eb anhk`, pbrb `vbeubr `e l`sb-
rrneen l`e líb trbashurrgln: pbrtghgpba ens pbhg`at`s y `e p`rsn-
abe qu` s` `ahu`atrb `a eb gastgtuhgøa, y lurbat` ebs mgsmbs s`
pebat`ba tnlbs ebs hu`stgna`s r`ebhgnablbs hna `e bhnat`h`r hn-
tglgban y ens prnde`mbs ` gaqug`tul`s qu` s` pu`l`a kbd`r sus-

hgtbln, tbatn `a eb r`begzbhgøa l` ebs tbr`bs hnmn `a eb gat`rr`-

ebhgøa p`rsnabe. Eb bsbmde`b hnmuagtbrgb f`a`rbe s` r`begzb
uab v`z pnr s`mbab, y `a eb mgsmb pbrtghgpb, bl`mâs l` ens
pbhg`at`s, tnln `e p`rsnabe l` eb hnmuaglbl. B `st` âmdgtn s`
trbseblba ebs hu`stgna`s mâs gmpnrtbat`s qu` an pu`l`a r`sne-
v`rs` `a eb bsbmde`b lgbrgb y qu` tg`a`a gahgl`ahgb sndr` eb
mbynr pbrt` l` eb pndebhgøa hnmuagtbrgb, hnmn pu`l`a s`r eb
prnpu`stb l` ua hbmdgn `a eb nrfbagzbhgøa l` ebs bhtgvglbl`s
n anrmbs: pebagoghbhgøa y nrfbagzbhgøa l` `v`atns `sp`hgbe`s:
pr`s`atbhgøa, l`sp`lglbs n hbmdgns `a eb sgtubhgøa l` pbhg`a-
t`s y p`rsnabe: l`sbhu`rlns n sgtubhgna`s pbrtghuebr`s `atr` pb-
hg`at`s, n `atr` pbhg`at`s y `e p`rsnabe: tnmbs l` l`hgsgna`s
qu` gavneuhrba b eb hnmuaglbl `a f`a`rbe, `th. @s l`hgr qu` tn-
lbs ebs hu`stgna`s r`ebhgnablbs hna eb nrfbagzbhgøa y `e ouahgn-
abmg`atn hnmuagtbrgn sna l`dbtglbs `a ebs bsbmde`bs.
Muhkbs l` ebs hu`stgna`s qu` s` trbtba `a ebs bsbmde`bs,
sna lgshutglbs y `vbeublbs bat`s y l`spuçs pnr `e `qugpn trb-
tbat`, bsí hnmn `e l`sbrrneen prnpgbm`at` lghkn l` eb bsbm-
de`b, yb qu` ebs lgo`r`at`s sgtubhgna`s qu` s` pr`s`atba `a eb

hnmuaglbl `stâa vgahueblbs hna eb `vneuhgøa l`e trbtbmg`atn,

78
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

y `a hnas`hu`ahgb `s sumbm`at` gmpnrtbat` qu` tnln `e p`r-

snabe s` mbat`afb gaonrmbln sndr` eb `vneuhgøa l` hblb pb-
hg`at`, ebs r`ebhgna`s qu` s` vba f`a`rbaln `atr` `eens, bsí
hnmn `atr` ens pbhg`at`s y `e stboo prno`sgnabe: y l` bhu`rln b
eb `vbeubhgøa qu` s` r`begh` s` pebagoghb eb t`rbpçutghb qu` s`
gmpe`m`atbrâ `a hblb hbsn, qu` sg`mpr` `s lgaâmghb y s`
`ahu`atrb suc`tb b r`vgsgøa.
@a `e trbtbmg`atn `a hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb `e trbdbcn fru-
pbe `s `e r`hursn dâsghn `a tnlbs sus mnlbeglbl`s3 l` tbr`bs,
r`hr`btgvn y t`rbpçutghn.
\`ag`aln `a hu`atb qu` `stns pbhg`at`s, pnr su kgstnrgb y pnr
su pbtnenfíb, mu`strba s`rgns lbòns `a eb butn`stgmb y hbr`h`a
l` bl`hublns s`atgmg`atns l` hnaogbazb `a ens l`mâs, ens vía-
huens qu` `atbdeba sna bo`htgvbm`at` pndr`s, f`a`rbem`at` db-

sblns `a eb prnpgb utgeglbl y `a eb mbagpuebhgøa l`e ntrn: bsí

pu`s, enfrbr uab onrmb l` r`ebhgøa mâs sgah`rb y dbsblb `a eb
hnaogbazb mutub y eb sneglbrglbl `s ua ndc`tgvn b p`rs`fugr.
Ynr ntrb pbrt`, sna p`rsnabs qu` `a su vglb lgbrgb `stâa
bhnstumdrblbs b l`cbr trbashurrgr `e tg`mpn sga ablb pbrb kb-
h`r: `a f`a`rbe, be mnm`atn l` eb gat`rabhgøa yb kbh` muhkn
tg`mpn qu` kba p`rlgln ens kâdgtns l` `stulgn n l` trbdbcn y `s-
tâa gavblglbs pnr ua p`rmba`at` s`atgmg`atn l` vbhín gat`rgnr,
qu` ee`aba hna ebs s`asbhgna`s qu` e`s prnluh`a ebs lrnfbs qu`
hnasum`a. Muhkns pbhg`at`s kba p`rlgln ens kâdgtns l` hnm`r
hna r`fuebrglbl y l` huglbln l` sus p`rt`a`ahgbs: ntrns an ens
tuvg`rna auahb, y `s a`h`sbrgn qu` bpr`alba y ens blqug`rba.
Bat` `e hublrn l` pbsgvglbl, bpbtíb y l`sfban f`a`rbegzbln
qu` pbl`h`a or`hu`at`m`at` ens pbhg`at`s blghtns, eb mâs sgm-
pe` l` ebs tbr`bs e`s gasum` ua frba `sou`rzn qu` e`s hu`stb
snst`a`r, pnr `een pbrb r`begzbrebs r`qug`r`a l`e bpnyn hnastba-
t` l`e p`rsnabe y hnnrlgablnr`s l` ens frupns.
Hna `e ndc`tgvn l` obvnr`h`r ebs gat`rr`ebhgna`s y `e l`sbrrn-
een l` s`atgmg`atns l` r`spnasbdgeglbl, b en ebrfn l`e líb s` nr-

fbagzba lgstgatbs bhtgvglbl`s qu` l`d`a r`begzbrs` `a hnebdnrb-

7<
 @e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

hgøa hna ntrns pbrb p`rmgtgr `e ouahgnabmg`atn hnmuagtbrgn: `a-

tr` `stbs tbr`bs s` gaheuy`a eb egmpg`zb l`e prnpgn hubrtn y l`
eb hbsb `a f`a`rbe, tbmdgça kbh`r ebs hnmprbs lgbrgbs y pr`pb-
rbr `e l`sbyuan, `e bemu`rzn, eb m`rg`alb y eb h`ab: y pbrb ens
qu` tg`a`a gat`rçs, n kbdgeglbl y hnanhgmg`atns, f`a`rbem`at`
ens vbrna`s, befuabs tbr`bs l` mbat`agmg`atn l` eb hbsb, hnmn
hn mn
pu`l` s`r brr`febr befn qu` s` kb rntn n befóa trbdbcn sgmpe`
l` pgaturb, `e`htrghglbl, `th. Hna eb r`begzbhgøa l` `stbs bhtgvg-
lbl`s s` p`rsgfu`a lgstgatns ndc`tgvns3 hr`br n r`gastbebr kâdg-
tns l` kgfg`a`, l` huglbln p`rsnabe y l`e kâdgtbt: nrfbagzbr `e
tg`mpn y qu`kbh`r hntglgban: bpr`al`r b pr`pbrbr `e prnpgn beg-
m`atn y b prnv``rs` l` en a`h`sbrgn pbrb `een, hr`baln kâdgtns
sbeulbde`s l` begm`atbhgøa: y tbmdgça bpr`al`r befuans trbdb-
cns sgmpe`s pbrb `e mbat`agmg`atn l` uab hbsb. @st` bpr`alg-

zbc` l` ebs bhtgvglbl`s hntglgbabs `s a`h`sbrgn pbrb qu` `a `e

outurn pu`lba vgvgr `a onrmb gal`p`alg`at`, blmgagstrbaln
bl`hublbm`at` `e lga`rn, snst`ag`aln uab hbsb qu`, buaqu`
s`b hnmpbrtglb, r`qug`r` l` eb r`spnasbdgeglbl l` hblb uan pb-
rb qu` ebs a`h`sglbl`s l` tnlns sus mg`mdrns s`ba sbtgso`-
hkbs, y bpr`al`r b kbh`rs` hbrfn l` en qu` e` hnrr`spnal` ga-
lgvglubem`at` b hblb suc`tn `a ouahgøa l`e hnacuatn.
\`ag`aln `a hu`atb qu` uab hnmuaglbl `s butnf`stgvb,
`s pnsgde` nrfbagzbr, l` bhu`rln b ebs hnalghgna`s `lgeghgbs
hna qu` s` hu`at`, bhtgvglbl`s l` cbrlga`ríb y l` ku`rtb pb-
rb hudrgr ebs a`h`sglbl`s l` eb prnpgb hnhgab.
Lgbrgbm`at` s` nrfbagzba tbee`r`s hnnrlgablns pnr ua mg`m-
drn l`e `qugpn prno`sgnabe, qu` hna knrbrgns y líbs pr``stbde`hg-
lns nor`h`a ua `ahublr` `stbde`. Bsí, ua t`rbp`utb nhupbhgnabe
hnnrlgab `e tbee`r l` t`rbpgb nhupbhgnabe: ua musghnt`rbp`utb n
prno`snr l` mósghb, `e tbee`r l` mósghb, y bsí hnatgaubaln hna eb
bhtgvglbl`s l` `luhbhgøa oísghb, t`btrn, peâstghb, `shrgturb, p`rgn-
lgsmn, brt`sbaíbs, y tnlbs ebs nphgna`s qu` pu`lba surfgr l`
bhu`rln b ebs hbrbht`rístghbs l` eb pndebhgøa. @stns frupns np`-

rbtgvns pu`l`a s`r hnnrlgablns snebm`at` pnr ua prno`sgnabe n

70
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

hna eb bsgst`ahgb, bl`mâs, l` ua np`rblnr t`rbpçut

t`rbpçutghn
ghn y/n pbhg`a-
t` qu` t`afb hnanhgmg`atns bh`rhb l` eb bhtgvglbl. \bmdgça `a
knrbrgns pr`ogcblns `stâa nrfbagzblns ens frupns l` t`rbpgb, pbrb
blne`sh`at`s y pbrb bluetns pnr s`pbrbln, sg eb pndebhgøa bdbrhb
lgstgatbs `lbl`s: frupns l` hnavgv`ahgb, l` r`oe`xgøa, `th.
@a `e âmdgtn l` ebs bhtgvglbl`s r`hr`btgvbs, `s pnsgde` nr-
fbagzbr lgv`rsbs bhtgvglbl`s eólghbs, hnmn pu`l`a s`r cu`fns
r`feblns l` m`sb3 truhn y ntrns cu`fns l` hbrtbs, `e cu`fn l` eb
nhb, lnmgaø, trgnmgaø, bc`lr`z, `th.: tbmdgça pu`l` nrfbagzbrs`
eb `xgdghgøa l` uab p`eíhueb, n mgrbr `a t`e`vgsgøa ua `v`atn l`-
pnrtgvn n ua prnfrbmb `a pbrtghuebr: `stbs bhtgvglbl`s an tg`a`a
hnmn ndc`tgvn snebm`at` nhupbr `e tg`mpn `a onrmb `atr`t`aglb,
sgan qu` pbrb su r`begzbhgøa r`qug`r`a l` uab hg`rtb nrfbagzbhgøa,
pna`rs` l` bhu`rln y r`sp`tbr `e bhu`rln enfrbln: bl`mâs l` qu`

pu`l`a bhtubr hnmn lgspbrblnr`s l` ntrbs hu`stgna`s p`rsnabe`s

n l` eb hnavgv`ahgb, qu` s` trbdbcba b pbrtgr l` ens s`atgmg`atns
n pebat`ns qu` surcba `a `s` mnm`atn. @e ndc`tgvn qu` s` p`rsg-
fu` `s qu` kbyb 4< knrbs l` trbtbmg`atn: `a hnas`hu`ahgb, tn-
lbs ebs bhtgvglbl`s qu` s` l`sbrrneeba `a eb hnmuaglbl tg`a`a og-
a`s t`rbpçutghns y l`d`a nrfbagzbrs` l` bhu`rln b `een.
Hnatgaubaln `a `e âr`b l` r`hr`bhgøa s` pebagoghba ebs og`s-
tbs l` humpe`bòns, sbeglbs galgvglube`s n `a frupn, pnr eb zn-
ab n pbrb hnahurrgr b befuab bhtgvglbl `a pbrtghuebr, y tbm-
dgça eb prâhtghb l` bhtgvglbl`s l`pnrtgvbs.
@a `stb âr`b m`r`h` uab m`ahgøa pbrtghuebr, s`fóa au`strb
`xp`rg`ahgb, eb nrfbagzbhgøa l` pbrtglns l` oótdne `a ens qu`
pu`lba pbrtghgpbr pbhg`at`s y prno`sgnabe`s, y `v`atubem`at`
s` pu`lba gahnrpnrbr tbmdgça `x pbhg`at`s, bmgfns y obmgegb-
r`s. @stb `s uab bhtgvglbl qu` sg`mpr` lb du`ans r`suetblns.
@a prgahgpgn, pnr s`r ua l`pnrt` sumbm`at` pnpuebr y qu` ens
agòns prbhtghba l`sl` qu` bpr`al`a b hnrr`r, an f`a`rb hbsg
agafóa r`hkbzn, sg`aln uab bhtgvglbl hnavnhbat` `a sí mgsmb:
y pnr ntrb pbrt`, tg`a` hnmn hbrbht`rístghb pbrtghuebrm`at` pn-

sgtgvb `a `st` hbsn, eb l` qu` `s ua l`pnrt` frupbe, tg`a` r`febs

7?
 @e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

qu` `s a`h`sbrgn hnanh`r y r`sp`tbr, y `s `e trbdbcn hnacuatn `e

qu` p`rmgt` enfrbr du`ans r`suetblns, prnmnvg`aln `e gat`r-
hbmdgn y `e hnmpbò`rgsmn. Eb nrfbagzbhgøa l` ua pbrtgln l`
oótdne r`qug`r` l` eb pr`s`ahgb l` lns `qugpns, y l` ua ârdgtrn
qu` fbrbatgzb `e humpegmg`atn l`e r`febm`atn, `s l`hgr `e r`s-
p`tn l` eb e`y y `e bhbtbmg`atn l` eb mgsmb b p`sbr l` ebs lg-
o`r`ahgbs qu` s` f`a`r`a hna r`ebhgøa b su gat`rpr`tbhgøa y eb
pbrtghuebr hnav`ag`ahgb. Ynr `stbs rbzna`s, s` pu`l` hnasgl`rbr
qu` cufbr be oótdne obvnr`h` `e trbdbcn t`rbpçutghn, yb qu` sg
dg`a an `s `e óaghn l`pnrt` l` `qugpn, `a Xulbmçrghb `s `e mâs
pnpuebr y s` prbhtghb `a tnlbs ebs hebs`s snhgbe`s.
Bknrb dg`a, ens pbrtglns l` oótdne drgalba uab muy du`-
ab npnrtuaglbl l` cu`fn `a `qugpn pbrb ens vbrna`s, p`rn an
t`a`mns uab bet`rabtgvb `qugpbrbde` pbrb ebs muc`r`s, pnr-

qu` ag `e vøe`y, ag `e dâsqu`t, ag `e mgsmn oótdne, sna gfube-

m`at` hnavnhbat`s pbrb ebs muc`r`s: bsí qu` `eebs, hubaln
s` gahnrpnrba b eb bhtgvglbl, en kbh`a hnmn pódeghn n bsgs-
t`at`s. @a f`a`rbe, yb qu` `e l`pnrt` `a au`strn pbís an `s
uab prâhtghb o`m`agab kbdgtube, ebs pnhbs hkghbs qu` bh`p-
tba r`begzbr bhtgvglbl`s l`pnrtgvbs en kbh`a `a lgshgpegabs ga-
lgvglube`s3 abtbhgøa, fgmabsgb, `th.
Eb pbrtghgpbhgøa `a ens pbrtglns
pbr tglns l` oótdne an `xheuy` eb prâh-
tghb l` ntrbs bhtgvglbl`s l`pnrtgvbs, n l` trbdbcn hnrpnrbe h`a-
trbln `a en `xpr`sgvn, qu` pu`lba `stgmbrs` hnav`ag`at`s, sgan
qu` `s uab mâs: y eb prâhtghb l` `stbs ntrbs bhtgvglbl`s s` nr-
fbagzbrâ l` bhu`rln b ebs hbrbht`rístghbs l` eb pndebhgøa y ebs
pnsgdgeglbl`s hna qu` hu`atb eb gastgtuhgøa.
L`atrn l` ebs bhtgvglbl`s frupbe`s s` `ahu`atrba ebs `sp`-
híoghbm`at` psghnt`rbpçutghbs: `a `st` hbsn s` trbtb l` frupns
l` t`rbpgb qu` sna hnnrlgablns pnr ua psghøenfn n ua psgqugb-
trb, y pu`l`a `stbr nrfbagzblns hna lgo`r`at`s hrgt`rgns: bsí ens
pbhg`at`s pu`l`a bfrupbrs` pnr `lbl, `a huyn hbsn t`alríbmns
frupns l` blne`sh`at`s, bluetns cøv`a`s y/n bluetns: n tbmdgça,

sg s` hnasgl`rbrb hnav`ag`at`, s` pu`l`a bfrupbr pnr s`xn, n

76
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

s`xn y `lbl (pnr `c`mpen, ua frupn l` blne`sh`at`s muc`r`s, y

ntrn l` blne`sh`at`s vbrna`s, `th.). @stns hrgt`rgns l`d`a s`r
`eâstghns y r`snev`rs` l` bhu`rln b ebs hbrbht`rístghbs y a`h`sg-
lbl`s l` eb pndebhgøa l` eb hnmuaglbl, hna eb sbev`lbl l` qu`
eb pbrtghgpbhgøa `a `stbs bhtgvglbl`s `s ndegfbtnrgb.
Eb hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb l`d` hr`br tbmdgça ua `spbhgn
l` r`oe`xgøa pbrb ebs obmgegbs, qu` l`d`a s`r gaheuglbs `a `e
trbtbmg`atn. Ybrb
Ybrb `een s` utgegzba lgstgatns r`hursns3 ebs `atr`-
vgstbs hna ens t`rbp`utbs y/n trbdbcblnr snhgbe: ebs bsbmde`bs
muetgobmgegbr`s, qu` sna r`uagna`s `a ebs qu` s` gaheuy` b ens
pbhg`at`s, obmgegbr`s y prno`sgnabe`s: y r`uagna`s l` pblr`s
y bee`fblns lgr`htns, `a ebs hube`s ens pbhg`at`s an pbrtghg-
pba. Ptgegzbaln lgstgatns m`lgns qu` p`rmgtba `e bdnrlbc` l`
eb prnde`mâtghb obmgegbr, s` gat`atb `ebdnrbr ua au`vn bhu`r-

ln l` hnavgv`ahgb.
Ebs r`uagna`s hna ens obmgegbr`s tg`a`a hnmn ndc`tgvn
bogbazbr ens víahuens bo`htgvns bt`aubaln ens s`atgmg`atns l`
r`hkbzn, m`cnrbr eb hnmpr`asgøa l` eb prnde`mâtghb l`e pb-
hg`at`, hbembr eb bafustgb y `e `ancn l` ens obmgegbr`s, `sheb-
r`h`r ens hnmpnrtbmg`atns pr`s`at`s `a eb obmgegb qu` obvn-
r`h`a `e hnasumn, y trbtbr l` hr`br ua m`lgn obvnrbde` b eb
r`gahnrpnrbhgøa l`e pbhg`at` b eb vglb obmgegbr, pbrb hubaln
çst` s`b lbln l` betb, bua `a ebs sgtubhgna`s `a qu` an vb-
yba b hnavgvgr hna eb obmgegb.
@atr` eb pndebhgøa l` ebs hnmuaglbl`s t`rbpçutghbs, tbatn
l` blne`sh`at`s hnmn l` bluetns, `ahnatrbmns qu` uab frba
prnpnrhgøa l` eb mgsmb hbr`h` l` uab obmgegb qu` pu`lb
bhnmpbòbr `e trbtbmg`atn. @s bsí qu` pnl`mns nds`rvbr lg-
v`rsbs sgtubhgna`s l` lçoghgt obmgegbr, `atr` ebs hube`s ebs mâs
or`hu`at`s sna3 uan n bmdns pblr`s kba obee`hgln: s` l`shn-
anh` `e lnmghgegn obmgegbr: uan n bmdns pblr`s `stâa hum-
peg`aln hnal`ab `a befóa `stbde`hgmg`atn p`agt`ahgbrgn: ens
pblr`s kbh` muhkns bòns kba rntn su vgahuebhgøa hna `e kg-

cn, qug`a kb qu`lbln `a eb hbee` n `a befuab gastgtuhgøa: kby

7;
 @e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

uab obmgegb qu` hnavgv` y s` r`ebhgnab hna `e pbhg`at`, p`rn

pnr sus prnpgbs lgoghuetbl`s an pu`l` bhnmpbòbr be kgcn, k`r-
mban n pbr`cb `a su r`hup`rbhgøa: `th. Xga `mdbrfn, hubaln
`stb obmgegb `xgst`, buaqu` t`afb muhkbs lgoghuetbl`s, n sneb-
m`at` kbyb befóa k`rmban n pbr`cb hna qug`a s` pu`lb hna-
tbr, `s a`h`sbrgn `xtr`mbr ens `sou`rzns pbrb qu` `s` obmgegbr
s` vgahue` hna eb gastgtuhgøa y s` hnmprnm`tb `a eb m`lglb
l` sus pnsgdgeglbl`s hna `e trbtbmg`atn. @stb a`h`sglbl l` ua
m`lgn obmgegbr r`h`ptnr, s` bh`atób hubaln s` trbtb l` pb-
hg`at`s muy cøv`a`s, qu` sg an hu`atba hna obmgegbr`s lgs-
pu`stns b r`hgdgrens an t`alríba bløal` gr.
@e trbtbmg`atn l`e blghtn l`d` gaheugr b su obmgegb n en qu`
qu`l` l` `eeb, pnrqu` su ndc`tgvn `s `e r`gafr`sn l`e pbhg`at`
b eb snhg`lbl, y pbrb qu` `st` ndc`tgvn s` pu`lb behbazbr l`-

d` hnatbr hna ua m`lgn l` bhnfgmg`atn, ua eufbr pbrb vgvgr, y

befug`a qu` bhnmpbò` `e trbtbmg`atn bmduebtnrgn qu` prndb-
de`m`at` l`d`râ r`begzbr l`spuçs, ` gaheusn qu` pu`lb byu-
lbren `hnaømghbm`at` kbstb qu` s` `stbdgegh` ebdnrbem`at`:
sg `stn an suh`l` kby ua betn rg`sfn l` r`trnh`l`r be puatn l`
pbrtglb, `s l`hgr qu` tg`mpn l`spuçs s` `ahnatrbríb `a eb
mgsmb sgtubhgøa qu` bat`s l` eb gat`rabhgøa.
Pab pbhg`at` l` 89 bòns, hbsblb, hna lns kgcns, huyn `s-
pnsn `s blghtn b eb hnhbíab y mbagog`stb qu` an l`s`b l`cbr l`
hnasumgr, l`d` ogabegzbr su `tbpb l` gat`rabhgøa y r`gat`frbrs`
b eb vglb obmgegbr. @a `stb sgtubhgøa, `e rg`sfn l` r`hb`r `a `e
hnasumn `s muy betn. Hna `e oga l` lgsmgaugr `st` rg`sfn kb sg-
ln pnsgde` hnatbr hna sus k`rmbans qu` an hnasum`a lrnfbs:
`a hnas`hu`ahgb y b pbrtgr l`e betb l` eb gat`rabhgøa, s` kb nr-
fbagzbln qu` eb cnv`a lnrmgrâ `a su hbsb y uab v`z qu` ens kg-
cns kbyba sbegln pbrb eb `shu`eb, s` grâ b eb hbsb l` su k`rmb-
ab, lnal` p`rmba`h`râ kbstb qu` ens kgcns r`fr`s`a, pbrb eu`-
fn hnm`r y lnrmgr `a su knfbr. Hnatgaubrâ bsgstg`aln b eb hn-
muaglbl lns v`h`s pnr s`mbab pbrb pbrtghgpbr l` tbee`r`s pnr

eb tbrl` y hnatgaubr hna eb psghnt`rbpgb bmduebtnrgb.

77
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

Pab v`z sup`rbln `e p`rínln gaghgbe l` blbptbhgøa be ouahgn-

abmg`atn gastgtuhgnabe, y l` an m`lgbr agafuab urf`ahgb qu` `s-
tbde`zhb ntrb prgnrglbl, `s a`h`sbrgn nhupbrs` l` eb sbeul hnr-
pnrbe l`e pbhg`at`. Hna `st` ndc`tgvn s` r`begzba hnasuetbs mç-
lghbs heíaghb, nlnatneøfghb, y fga`hneøfghb `a `e hbsn l` ebs mu-
c`r`s, pbrb hnm`azbr ens trbtbmg`atns qu` ou`r`a a`h`sbrgns: yb
qu` eu`fn l` ua prnenafbln p`rínln l` vgvgr `a eb mbrfgabeglbl,
hnasumg`aln lrnfbs y/n behnkne, sga kâdgtns l` kgfg`a` y mbe
begm`atblns, `s kbdgtube qu` ens pbhg`at`s ee`fu`a b eb sgtub-
hgøa l` gat`rabhgøa hna su sbeul lbòblb.
Hna sumb or`hu`ahgb s` `ahu`atrb qu` `stâa bo`htblns pnr
móetgpe`s prnde`mbs nlnatneøfghns l` ebrfb lbtb, an søen hnmn
hnas`hu`ahgb l` kbd`r bdbalnabln ens kâdgtns l` kgfg`a`, sgan
pnrqu` `e hnasumn l` lrnfbs prnluh` `ao`rm`lbl`s duhn-l`a-

tbe`s, sg`aln `stns hublrns pbrtghuebrm`at` frbv`s `a ens pb-

hg`at`s blghtns b eb pbstb dbs`.
@a `e âr`b l` eb sbeul, tbmdgça s` kbh` a`h`sbrgn hnmpe`-
tbr `e peba l` vbhuabhgøa hna ebs vbhuabs batgk`pbtgtgs D y B,
y eb batgt`tâaghb n lnde` l` bluetns. @stbs m`lglbs l` bt`ahgøa
mçlghb r`spnal`a b ua prnh`lgmg`atn f`a`rbe, pnr en qu` b `een
kbdrâ qu` bfr`fbr eb bt`ahgøa qu` hblb uan a`h`sgt` `a pbrtg-
huebr l` bhu`rln be `stbln l` sbeul `a qu` s` `ahu`atr`.
Hubaln `e pbhg`at` kb gafr`sbln r`hg`at`m`at`, y pnr galg-
hbhgøa l`e mçlghn heíaghn l`d` r`begzbr ua trbtbmg`atn, qu` `s-
tb t`rbpçutghb s` r`begh` `a eb onrmb bl`hublb l`p`al` l` eb
gastgtuhgøa, yb qu` søen `xh`phgnabem`at` çe mgsmn pu`l` gat`-
r`sbrs` `a huglbr su sbeul. Ynr en tbatn, s` l`d`a sneghgtbr ens
turans, lgspna`r qu` s`b bhnmpbòbln b eb hnasuetb pnr ua prn-
o`sgnabe, ua np`rblnr t`rbpçutghn n ua hnmpbò`rn qu` `stç `s-
tbdgegzbln `a su trbtbmg`atn, l` bhu`rln b eb `vbeubhgøa qu` s`
r`begh` l` eb a`h`sglbl y hbrbht`rístghbs qu` `e `ao`rmn pr`s`a-
tb: gat`rhbmdgbr gaonrmbhgøa hna ens mçlghns, nrfbagzbr eb r`b-
egzbhgøa l` ens baâegsgs y/n `stulgns pr`shrgtns, y ogabem`at` su-

mgagstrbre` `a eb onrmb galghblb eb m`lghbhgøa qu` s` e` kbyb

299
 @e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

r`h`tbln. @s ua ndc`tgvn b enfrbr lurbat` `e trbtbmg`atn l` r`-

hup`rbhgøa, qu` `e pbhg`at` pu`lb kbh`rs` r`spnasbde` l` eb
bt`ahgøa l` su sbeul y l`e huglbln l` su hu`rpn.
L`dgln be mbetrbtn b qu` s` kb snm`tgln b sí mgsmn `e blgh-
tn, y l`p`alg`aln l` eb mnlbeglbl l` su blghhgøa, yb qu` `stâ
muhkn mâs `xpu`stn qug`a utgegzb lrnfbs gay`htbde`s, an `s rbrn
`ahnatrbr qu` ens pbhg`at`s `stça bo`htblns pnr `e _GK. @a `stns
hbsns, sg be gafr`sbr b eb gastgtuhgøa yb hnanh`a `e lgbfaøstghn, `s
or`hu`at` qu` kbyba `stbln r`begzbaln `e trbtbmg`atn l` `sb
`ao`rm`lbl hna p`rmba`at`s gat`rruphgna`s, ` gaheusn kbyba pb-
l`hgln gat`rabhgna`s knspgtbebrgbs hnmn hnas`hu`ahgb l` ebs ga-
o`hhgna`s npnrtuagstbs y ntrbs hnmpeghbhgna`s prnpgbs l` eb
bo`hhgøa: pnr en tbatn, ens baâegsgs l` ebdnrbtnrgn mu`strba ebs l`-
o`asbs muy dbcbs y eb hbrfb vgrbe muy betb. @stbs gat`rruphgna`s

p`rgølghbs `a eb m`lghbhgøa f`a`rba hnmpeghbhgna`s `a eb lnsgog-

hbhgøa y blmgagstrbhgøa l` eb mgsmb, yb qu` bum`atba eb r`sgs-
t`ahgb l`e vgrus y eb vuea`rbdgeglbl l`e nrfbagsmn
nrfbagsmn.. @stb mgsmb lg-
oghuetbl pbrb mbat`a`r eb hnatgauglbl `a `e trbtbmg`atn s` nds`r-
vb bat` ntrbs pbtnenfíbs hrøaghbs qu` r`qug`r`a l` uab m`lghb-
hgøa r`fuebr, hnmn pu`l`a s`r eb `pge`psgb n eb lgbd`t`s. @e `ao`r-
mn blghtn, hubaln s` `ahu`atrb sum`rfgln `a `e hnasumn l`
lrnfbs, pg`rl` eb anhgøa l` qu` l`d` r`begzbr ua trbtbmg`atn yb
qu` an r`hnanh` qu` `stâ `ao`rmn y an s` sg`at` pr`nhupbln pnr
ens rg`sfns b qu` s` `xpna`: vgv` bl`mâs `a hnalghgna`s tba pr`-
hbrgbs qu` buaqu` qugsg`rb e` s`ríb gmpnsgde` r`begzbren. Bat` eb
frbv`lbl l` ebs hnas`hu`ahgbs qu` trb` bpbr`cblb eb gat`rruphgøa
l` ens trbtbmg`atns `a ebs `ao`rm`lbl`s hrøaghbs, s` l`d` enfrbr
su hnebdnrbhgøa pbrb mbat`a`r eb hnatgauglbl l` ens mgsmns.
Eb betb prnpnrhgøa l` pbhg`at`s blghtns qu` `stâa gao`htblns
pnr `e _GK, kbh` qu` `stb `ao`rm`lbl `a pbrtghuebr m`r`zhb
uab bt`ahgøa `sp`hgbe, yb qu` `a su mbynríb sna pbhg`at`s cø-
v`a`s y hna s`rgbs p`rturdbhgna`s psghnpbtneøfghbs, `a qug`a`s
eb hnaogrmbhgøa l`e lgbfaøstghn l` uab `ao`rm`lbl frbv` l`s-

dnrlb sus `shbsns m`hbagsmns l` blbptbhgøa.

292
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

―Ebs r`bhhgna`s qu` pr`s`atba ens pbhg`at`s blghtns s` hb-

rbht`rgzba pnr uab frba bmdgvbe`ahgb: s` r`sgst`a b hnnp`rbr hna
ens bsp`htns dâsghns l`e trbtbmg`atn, bhtubaln `a nhbsgna`s `a
orbahb npnsghgøa be hnas`cn mçlghn. Xna pbhg`at`s qu` b eb v`z
qu` sneghgtba y l`mbalba byulb, eb r`hkbzba n l`svbenrgzba. @s
muy `e`vbln `e íalgh` l` l`s`rhgøa l`e trbtbmg`atn y muy dbcn
`e frbln l` humpegmg`atn l` ebs lgstgatbs m`lglbs l` hnatrne `pg-
l`mgneøfghn suf`rgln pnr `e mçlghn heíaghn n gao`htøenfn.”<?
Eb gao`hhgøa pnr _GK pu`l` l`sbrrneebr befóa tgpn l` trbstnr-
an m`atbe nrfâaghn, bsí hnmn tbmdgça s` kb nds`rvbln
nds`rvb ln `a ntrns
hbsns qu` ―eb m`lghbhgøa `mpe`blb pbrb `e hnatrne l` eb gao`h-
hgøa _GK `s ua obhtnr pr`hgpgtbat` or`hu`at` l` `stns hub-
lrns”<6. Ynr tnln en `xpu`stn, t`ag`aln `a hu`atb qu` eb lrnfb-
lghhgøa y `e XGLB su`e`a gr cuatns, `s gmpr`shgalgde` trbdbcbr `
`s-
s-

p`híoghbm`at` hna `stns pbhg`at`s sndr` `st` t`mb `a pbrtghu-

ebr, an søen pbrb qu` humpeba ebs galghbhgna`s mçlghbs `a su
trbtbmg`atn, sgan pbrb qu` bl`mâs bh`pt`a utgegzbr ebs m`lglbs
l` huglbln a`h`sbrgbs pbrb `vgtbr eb trbasmgsgøa b ntrns, sndr`
tnln b trbvçs l` r`ebhgna`s s`xube`s.
@a `stb âr`b l` `luhbhgøa pbrb eb sbeul tbmdgça s` hnat`m-
peb eb nrfbagzbhgøa l` frupns l` lgshusgøa y hkbrebs gaonrmbtg-
vbs sndr` t`mbs r`ebhgnablns hna eb s`xubeglbl, r`o`rglns be
huglbln prnpgn y l`e ntrn, tbatn pbrb `vgtbr eb trbasmgsgøa l`
`ao`rm`lbl`s hnmn pbrb pr`v`agr `mdbrbzns.
Ybrb enfrbr `stns ndc`tgvns, tbatn ebs hkbrebs hnmn ebs
l`mâs bhtgvglbl`s qu` s` l`sbrrnee`a pu`l`a s`r r`begzblbs
pnr ens prno`sgnabe`s l` eb hnmuaglbl `a hnebdnrbhgøa hna ens
prno`sgnabe`s l` ntrbs gastgtuhgna`s qu` trbdbcba `sp`híoghb-
m`at` sndr` `stns t`mbs y tg`a`a `atr` sus ndc`tgvns eb `xt`a-
sgøa b eb hnmuaglbl.

<?. Musbhkgn l` Sba, Bm`egb y ntrns3 Np. Hgt., Yâf. 442.

<6. Gl`m, Yâf. 448.

294
 @e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

Pab v`z gaheuglns `a eb hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb, b ens pbhg`a-

t`s s` e`s l`d` bsgfabr ua psghnt`rbp`utb galgvglube, `stbde`-
hg`aln ua líb y knrbrgn l` `atr`vgstb, qu` l`d`râ s`r ogcn “r`s-
p`tbaln `e `ahublr` trblghgnabe“, y sg ou`rb pnsgde` pbrb eb
bsgfabhgøa l` `st` t`rbp`utb s` t`alrâ `a hu`atb sg `e pbhg`at`
`xpr`sb befuab pr`o`r`ahgb `a pbrtghuebr
pbr tghuebr,, pbrb t`a`reb `a hnasg-
l`rbhgøa hna `e oga l` obhgegtbr `e víahuen `atr` bmdns. Xg dg`a
hubaln `e `ao`rmn blghtn `s gat`rabln eb mbynríb l` ebs v`h`s
an `stâ hna eb mntgvbhgøa suoghg`at` pbrb gaghgbr uab psghnt`rb-
pgb galgvglube, eb bsgst`ahgb b `stbs `atr`vgstbs e` drgalb ua `s-
pbhgn prnpgn l` r`oe`xgøa y hnat`ahgøa, lnal` pu`l` hnm`azbr
b p`asbr y kbdebr sndr` sus hnaoeghtns y bafustgbs p`rsnabe`s,
y qugzâs enfrbr `aor`atbrs` hna sus prnde`mbs, hna `e ndc`tgvn
óetgmn l` qu` tnm` hnahg`ahgb l` sus lgoghuetbl`s y r`qug`rb eb
r`begzbhgøa l` uab psghnt`rbpgb prnoualb pbrb r`snev`r eb prn-
de`mâtghb l` dbs` qu` en kb ee`vbln b eb sgtubhgøa `a qu` s`
`ahu`atrb. @a `e mbrhn l` eb t`rbpgb galgvglube s` nrfbagzba ebs
`atr`vgstbs l` t`rbpgb obmgegbr.
Eb sgtubhgøa l` `shnebrgzbhgøa `a qu` s` kbeeb eb pndebhgøa
r`sgl`at` `a eb hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb pr`s`atb muhkbs lgo`-
r`ahgbs, bhnrl` hna eb k`t`rnf`a`glbl l` eb mgsmb: bsí pnl`-
mns `ahnatrbr pbhg`at`s qu` kba t`rmgabln eb `shu`eb prgmb-
rgb y `stâa `a hnalghgna`s l` gaghgbr eb `shnebrglbl s`hualbrgb:
ntrns qu` kba bprndbln befóa agv`e l` eb s`hualbrgb y l`s`ba
t`rmgabr `st` hghen: y ntrn frupn qu` tbmdgça `s muy k`t`rnfç-
a`n `a `lbl`s, qu` kb behbazbln lgstgatns agv`e`s l` eb `as`-
òbazb prgmbrgb, p`rn an eb kb t`rmgabln. \bmdgça, buaqu` `x-
h`phgnabem`at`, pu`l` kbd`r pbhg`at`s qu` kbyba t`rmgabln
`e hghen s`hualbrgn y qug`rba hnatgaubr `stulgbaln, n kba `m-
p`zbln `stulgns uagv`rsgtbrgns qu` an pulg`rna hnaheugr.
Eb ebdnr l` eb psghnp`lbfnfb `a `st` tgpn l` gastgtuhgna`s
`s oualbm`atbe. Xg t`a`mns hnmn ndc`tgvn qu` `e pbhg`at` uab
v`z r`hup`rbln pu`lb r`gas`rtbrs` `a eb snhg`lbl, `s `stb prn-

o`sgnabe qug`a l`d` `vbeubr ebs pnsgdgeglbl`s hna qu` `e mgsmn

298
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

hu`atb pbrb r`gat`frbrs` be sgst`mb `luhbtgvn onrmbe, n sg `s

mâs hnav`ag`at` su gahnrpnrbhgøa be sgst`mb gaonrmbe, y qu` s`
hbpbhgt` s`fóa sus prnpgbs pnsgdgeglbl`s hna `e oga l` gafr`sbr
`a `e mualn l`e trbdbcn.
Ens cøv`a`s qu` an kba t`rmgabln eb `shu`eb prgmbrgb, l`-
d`a kbh`ren, yb s`b bsgstg`aln b ua `stbde`hgmg`atn ou`rb l` eb
gastgtuhgøa n b uab `shu`eb lnmghgegbrgb qu` ouahgna` l`atrn l`
eb mgsmb: y ens qu` `stâa `a hnalghgna`s l` r`begzbr `stulgns
s`hualbrgns, l`d`a gaghgbrens.
Ynr sus hbrbht`rístghbs l` p`rsnabeglbl y eb pbtnenfíb qu` pr`-
s`atba, `stns pbhg`at`s tg`a`a muhkbs lgoghuetbl`s pbrb nrfbagzbr-
s` hna ebs tbr`bs `shnebr`s y mbat`a`r `e `sou`rzn a`h`sbrgn pbrb
humpegr hna `eebs lurbat` ua tg`mpn prnenafbln y suoghg`at`, bsí
hnmn tbmdgça pbrb bh`ptbr y r`sp`tbr ebs anrmbs l`e bueb. An `s
rbrn `ahnatrbr `a `eens ua lçoghgt gat`e`htube, lgoghuetbl`s `a eb sgm-
dnegzbhgøa, pbrb hnah`atrbrs`, hnmpr`al`r y ogcbr hnanhgmg`atns
au`vns: `s muy dbcb su tne`rbahgb b eb orustrbhgøa, y `a hnas`-
hu`ahgb e`s r`suetb lgoíhge `aor`atbr y r`snev`r ens prnde`mbs qu` s`
e`s pr`s`atba `a eb blqugsghgøa l` hnanhgmg`atns au`vns, yb qu`
an tne`rba `qugvnhbrs`. \bmdgça hna muhkb or`hu`ahgb, s` e`s
pr`s`atba lgoghuetbl`s l`rgvblbs l` eb pnhb `shnebrgzbhgøa l`e fru-
pn snhgbe l` nrgf`a, qu` lb hnmn r`suetbln ua e`afubc` pndr` y
ntrbs hbr`ahgbs l`rgvblbs l` eb obetb l` `stgmuebhgøa. Ynr tnln `s-
tn `a f`a`rbe, b en qu` s` sumba ebs lgo`r`ahgbs l` ebs sgtubhgna`s
galgvglube`s `a pbrtghuebr, eb tntbeglbl l` ens pbhg`at`s r`qug`r`a
l` bpnyn `sp`hgbegzbln p`rmba`at` lurbat` ua tg`mpn vbrgbde`
p`rn prnenafbln, kbstb enfrbr nrfbagzbrs` y humpegr hna ebs r`s-
pnasbdgeglbl`s `shnebr`s pnr sí mgsmns.
@s kbdgtube qu` s`b eb gastgtuhgøa eb qu` l`db nhupbrs` l`
mbat`a`r `e víahuen hna mb`strns y prno`snr`s, hnahurrg`aln
ens prno`sgnabe`s b eb `shu`eb y r`spnalg`aln b ebs hgtbhgna`s,
yb qu` pnr `stbr `e pbhg`at` l`svgahuebln l` eb obmgegb n pnr ebs
prnpgbs lgoghuetbl`s l` ens pblr`s, an sna çstns qug`a`s s` nhu-

pba l`e s`fugmg`atn l` eb `shnebrglbl l` ens kgcns.

29<
 @e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

Eb r`begzbhgøa l` ebs lgv`rsbs bhtgvglbl`s qu` s` l`sbrrneeba

`a eb hnmuaglbl b en ebrfn l`e líb, y huyb hbrbht`rístghb oualb-
m`atbe `s qu` `stâa nrfbagzblbs y pbutblbs pr`vgbm`at
pr`vgbm`at`,`, an sgf-
agoghb qu` an kbyb tg`mpn pbrb eb prâhtghb l` bhtgvglbl`s y hkbr-
ebs egdr`s y `spnatâa`bs, p`rn `s a`h`sbrgn t`a`r `a hu`atb qu`
ebs mbynr`s lgoghuetbl`s l` ens pbhg`at`s blghtns s` r`og`r`a b eb
hbpbhglbl pbrb `aor`atbr y r`snev`r tbr`bs qu` r`qug`rba nrl`a,
nrfbagzbhgøa, pebagoghbhgøa y ua tg`mpn l` `sp`rb, bsí hnmn l`
ua `sou`rzn snst`agln pbrb ndt`a`r r`suetblns: pnr en tbatn, l`-
d`a s`r nrg`atblns kbhgb `e enfrn l` `stns ndc`tgvns.
Pa pârrbon bpbrt` m`r`h` eb sgtubhgøa e`fbe vgahueblb hna eb
gl`atglbl l` ens cøv`a`s pbhg`at`s, qug`a`s an søen pbl`h`a prn-
de`mbs pbrb bogrmbr su gl`atglbl `a `e peban psghneøfghn pnr ob-
eebs `a `e prnh`sn l` `struhturbhgøa psíqughb qu` kba pbl`hgln
l`sl` eb mâs t`mprbab gaobahgb, sgan qu` `a befuans hbsns tbm-
pnhn s` kb pnlgln `stbde`h`r su gl`atglbl curílghb, yb qu` an
hu`atba hna lnhum`atbhgøa p`rsnabe y s` l`shnanh` sg befuab
v`z ens pblr`s gashrgdg`rna su abhgmg`atn. L` `st` bsp`htn, egfbln
be l`r`hkn b pns``r uab gl`atglbl y uab abhgnabeglbl qu` tnlns
ens s`r`s kumbans tg`a`a l`sl` su abhgmg`atn, tbmdgça l`d` nhu-
pbrs` eb gastgtuhgøa hubaln `st` l`r`hkn s` `ahu`atrb vuea`rbln.

Ybden D. gafr`sø `a eb ga
gastgtuhgøa
stgtuhgøa b ens 2; bòns, l`r
l`rgvbln
gvbln pnr
`e HNAABO, qu` b su v`z kbdíb r`hgdgln eb l`rgvbhgøa l` pbrt`
l` ua cuzfbln hgvge. @e blne`sh`at` s` kbeebdb l`t`agln `a uab
r`pbrtghgøa l` eb Lgr`hhgøa Abhgnabe l` Mgfrbhgna`s, l`dgln b
su hnalghgøa l` galnhum`atbln y pnr kbd`r gafr`sbln ge`fbe-
m`at` be pbís. Mbago`stbdb s`r ua hnasumglnr kbdgtube l` mb-
rgkubab y nhbsgnabe l` hnhbíab, y `stbaln l`t`agln suorgø uab
l`shnmp`asbhgøa psghøtghb: be s`r m`anr l` `lbl y l`shnan-
hgçalns` su pbís l` nrgf`a, `a `s` mnm`atn an `rb pnsgde` l`-
pnrtbren: `a hnas`hu`ahgb, trbashurrgln ua tg`mpn,
tg`mpn, eb noghgab l`
mgfrbhgna`s lgspusn
lgspusn lbr gat`rv`ahgøa b ua cuzfbln hgvge, qu` s`

nhupø l` gaghgbr ebs bv`rgfubhgna`s t`alg`at`s b `stbde`h`r `e

290
 Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

pbís l` abhgmg`atn. B p`sbr l` ebs f`stgna`s r`begzblbs, an s`

enfrø hnaogrmbr qu` `e cnv`a kudg`rb abhgln `a ua pbís h`atrnb-
m`rghban tbe hnmn çe l`híb: rbzøa pnr eb hube `e cu`z nrl`aø eb
`mgsgøa l` uab pbrtglb l` abhgmg`atn, p`rn sga abhgnabeglbl:
lgspusn eu`fn qu` s` e` ntnrfbrb `e hnrr`spnalg`at` LAG, p`rn
`stb lgspnsghgøa an ou` bh`ptblb pnr `e T`fgstr
T`fgstrn
n Abhgnabe l` ebs
Y`rsnabs, nrfbagsmn qu` s` a`fø b ntnrfbr ua lnhum`atn l`
gl`atglbl b ua `xtrbac`rn `a `sb sgtubhgøa ―grr`fuebr”. Mg`atrbs
tbatn, `stbaln `a eb hnmuaglbl, s` en gashrgdgø `a uab `shu`eb
prgmbrgb pbrb bluetns, lnal` Ybden hursø y bprndø `e agv`e prg-
mbrgn. Ynst`rgnrm`at`, sg`aln muy du`ab su hbpbhglbl gat`e`h-
tube y an pr`s`atbaln prnde`mbs l` hnaluhtb, s` ndtuvn uab
d`hb l` uab `shu`eb l` `as`òbazb m`lgb prgvblb qu` s` pr`s-
tø sneglbrgbm`at` b gashrgdgren hnmn beuman r`fuebr buaqu` hb-
r`hg`rb l` lnhum`atns: beeí hursø lurbat` tr`s bòns `e dbhkgee`-
rbtn pbrb bluetns, qu` bprndø hna muy du`abs antbs. Xga `m-
dbrfn, Ybden an tg`a` ens h`rtgoghblns hnrr`spnalg`at`s b bmdns
agv`e`s l` `as`òbazb, pnrqu` ens mgsmns an pu`l`a `mgtgrs`
sga ua aóm`rn l` lnhum`atn. Eu`fn l` vbrgns bòns l` kbd`rs`
gaghgbln `st` prnh`sn blmgagstrbtgvn, Ybden an kb pnlgln r`sne-
v`r su sgtubhgøa y `stâ hnal`abln b vgvgr `a eb mbrfgabeglbl hn-
mn galnhum`atbln, kbstb qu` `st` trâmgt` ee`fu` b su oga.
@st` `s ua hbsn `xtr`mn, pnrqu` `a `e mnm`atn l` l ` su l`t`a-
hgøa `st` cnv`a l`hebrø kbd`r abhgln `a `e `xtrbac`rn y kbd`r
hruzbln eb ornat`rb hna ua frupn l` trbdbcblnr`s ge`fbe`s: p`rn
eb hgrhuastbahgb l` an kbd`r sgln gashrgptn `e abhgmg`atn `a `e
r`fgstrn hgvge an `s `xh`phgnabe, y enfrbr eb r`fuebrgzbhgøa l` `s-
tns cøv`a`s qu` an sbd`a hna h`rt`zb løal` abhg`rna, ag qugç-
a`s sna n ou`rna sus pblr`s, `s sumbm`at` lgoghuetnsn, pnrqu`
`atrba `a ua ebd`rgatn durnhrâtghn muy lgoíhge l` l`sbalbr.
Ntrb hu`stgøa qu` l`d`a `aor`atbr `stbs gastgtuhgna`s s` r`-
og`r` b ens pbhg`at`s hna psghnpbtnenfíbs frbv`s n lçoghgts gat`e`h-
tube`s gmpnrtbat`s, qu` e`s vba b gmp`lgr n lgoghuetbr s`rgbm`a-

t` `e l`sbrrneen l` uab bhtgvglbl `shnebr y/n ebdnrbe onrmbe, uab

29?
 @e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

v`z qu` s`ba lblns l` betb l` eb gat`rabhgøa: `s l`hgr qu` s` `a-

hu`atrba hna muhkbs lgoghuetbl`s pbrb pnl`r f`a`rbr ua prny`h-
tn l` r`gas`rhgøa snhgbe sbtgsobhtnrgn. @a f`a`rbe, pbrb `aor`atbr
`stb sgtubhgøa l` `ao`rm`lbl hrøaghb s` l`d` trbmgtbr uab p`a-
sgøa pnr lgshbpbhglbl, qu` p`rmgtgrâ be pbhg`at` r`hgdgr ua gafr`-
sn míagmn pbrb hudrgr sus a`h`sglbl`s mâs `e`m`atbe`s `a `e
mbrhn obmgegbr, y eb bogegbhgøa b ua s`rvghgn l` sbeul. @a `stns
hbsns, sg dg`a `e trâmgt` `s p`rsnabe y l`d` kbh`ren eb obmgegb,
nrfbagzbr eb f`stgøa y bs`snrbr b ens obmgegbr`s `s tbr`b l`e `qug-
pn bsgst`ahgbe: y sg an s` hu`atb hna obmgegbr`s lgr`htns, eb f`s-
tgøa l`d`râ kbh`reb eb mgsmb gastgtuhgøa.
\nlbs ebs bhtgvglbl`s qu` s` nrfbagzba `a eb hnmuaglbl t`-
rbpçutghb tg`a`a hnmn ndc`tgvn qu` ens pbhg`at`s s` r`hup`r`a
l` eb blghhgøa qu` pbl`h`a, y enfrbr r`gat`frbrs` snhgbem`at`
pr`shgalg`aln l`e usn l` sustbahgbs. Bknrb dg`a, hgtbaln b @.
Jbegab, s` pu`l` bogrmbr3 ―@e qu` ou` ua `ao`rmn blghtn, `a tçr-
mgans f`a`rbe`s pu`l` r`hup`rbrs`, p`rn an hurbrs` `a s`atgln
`strghtn l` eb pbebdrb, yb qu` l`d` huglbrs` `e r`stn l` su vglb
l` su pr`lgspnsghgøa b ebs lrnfbs. Ans r`o`rgmns b ua hnah`p-
tn psghndgneøfghn, yb qu` ebs r`hu`rlb hna eb m`at` y hna `e
hu`rpn”<;. @stns hnah`ptns ans r`mgt`a b ebs hnalghgna`s `a
qu` ens pbhg`at`s `fr`sba l` eb gastgtuhgøa y eb sgtubhgøa hna eb
qu` s` `ahu`atrba be `aor`atbr `e mualn `xt`ran.
Ens enfrns qu` `e blghtn kbyb pnlgln bogbazbr lurbat` su r`sg-
l`ahgb `a eb hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb, s` `ahu`atrba r`ebhgnablns
hna `e lgbfaøstghn y `e prnaøstghn hna `e qu` s` kbdíb `vbeubln
su pbtnenfíb, y eb lurbhgøa l`e trbtbmg`atn r`hgdgln “`s l`hgr, sg
ou` suoghg`at` y bhnrl`
bhnrl` hna ebs a`h`sglbl`s l`e suc
suc`tn“.
`tn“. Hna r`s
r`s--
p`htn b `stn óetgmn, søen pnl`mns r`p`tgr en qu` yb lgcgmns
bat`rgnrm`at`3 qu` enfrbr r`suetblns sbtgsobhtnrgns `a muhkns

<;..
<; Brgbs, C. B.: Jbegab, @lubrln y ntrns3 Eb obmgegb l`e blghtn y ntrns t`mbs. Au`vb
_gsgøa, 2779, Yâf. <?.

296
 296

Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

hbsns `s pnsgde`, s` r`qug`r` pbrb `een ua trbtbmg`atn bl`hub-

b l`hub-
ln `a huyb nrfbagzbhgøa s` kbyba pr`vgstn lgstgatbs `tbpbs b
humpegrs` prnfr`sgvbm`at` lurbat` `e tg`mpn qu` hblb pb-
hg`at` r`qug`rb, p`rn ans `ahnatrbmns hna qu` eb mbynríb l`
ens s`rvghgns bsgst`ahgbe`s kba `stbde`hgln pbrb tnln `e prnh`-
sn l` r`hup`rbhgøa ua tg`mpn eímgt` l` ua bòn, y `st` ebpsn
pbrb frba hbatglbl l` pbhg`at`s r`suetb gasuoghg`at`, lblb eb
frbv`lbl l`e hublrn qu` pr`s`atba.

@e `fr`sn l`e trbtbmg`atn

Eb bdstga`ahgb `a `e hnasumn l` lrnfbs an s` enfrb ag s`

mbatg`a` oâhgem`at`. Ans `ahnatrbmns hna frba hbatglbl l`

hbsns `a ens qu` an `s pnsgde` batghgpbr uab `vneuhgøa obvnrb-

de`, yb s`b pnr eb frbv`lbl l` eb blghhgøa, pnr `e ebrfn tg`mpn
trbashurrgln l`sl` eb gaghgbhgøa `a `e hnasumn, `a `e hube yb s`
kba rgfglgzbln ens rbsfns pbtneøfghns (`stbmns kbdebaln l`
p`rv`rsgna`s, hublrns psghøtghns l` ebrfb lbtb y l`oghg`ahgbs ga-
t`e`htube`s): n pnr eb obetb l` ua m`lgn l` bhnfgmg`atn bl`hub-
ln qu` pu`lb snst`a`r `e prnh`sn l` r`hup`rbhgøa pnst`rgnr b
eb gat`rabhgøa. Pab v`z qu` s` kb lbln pnr hnaheuglb eb `tbpb
r`sgl`ahgbe, `s `sp`rbde` qu` s`b a`h`sbrgn hnatgaubr hna ua
trbtbmg`atn bmduebtnrgn, y pu`l` bl`mâs a`h`sgtbrs` ua p`rín-
ln prnenafbln l` bsgst`ahgb `hnaømghb: pbrb enfrbr `stns ndc`-
tgvns s` r`qug`r` l` ua m`lgn l` bhnfgmg`atn qu` snst`afb `s-
t` prnh`sn, p`rn humpegr hna `st` r`qu`rgmg`atn s` kbh` muy
lgoíhge sg s` hbr`h` l` obmgegb n eb mgsmb `s muy hnaoeghtgvb y an
pu`l` humpegr su ouahgøa. Bsí ans `ahnatrbmns hna qu` bat` eb
bus`ahgb l` uab obmgegb qu` pu`lb r`hgdgr y kbh`rs` hbrfn l`e
`x blghtn, sg tbmpnhn s` hu`atb hna befóa ntrn obmgegbr qu` s`b
bptn pbrb `een, an kby uab r`l snhgbe sustgtutb, yb qu` `e @stb-
ln an kb gmpe`m`atbln r`hursns pbrb `e prnenafbln s`fugmg`a-

tn qu` `stbs p`rsnabs a`h`sgtba.

 29;

@e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

Hubaln `e pbhg`at` `fr`sb l` eb hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb

vu`ev`, `a eb `anrm` mbynríb l` ens hbsns, b vgvgr hna su obmg-
egb, eb mgsmb qu` t`aíb hubaln gafr`sø, qu` pu`l` kbd`r enfrb-
ln n an mnlgoghbr su ouahgnabmg`atn, y tbmdgça r`fr`sb be mgs-
mn dbrrgn, lnal` `stâa sus batgfuns bmgfns hna qug`a`s hnm-
pbrtíb `e hnasumn l` sustbahgbs, `atr` ntrbs bhtgvglbl`s, y qu`
gat`atbrâa r``ahnatrbrs` hna çe, pbrb vnev`r b ens bat`rgnr`s kâ-
dgtns. @a hnas`hu`ahgb, ebs sgtubhgna`s l` rg`sfn b qu` s` `x-
pnafb vba b s`r muhkbs y hnatgaubs, pnr `een `s sumbm`at`
gmpnrtbat` hr`br r`l`s l` hnat`ahgøa qu` en byul`a b trbasgtbr
eb `tbpb gaghgbe l` su r`gas`rhgøa snhgbe.
@a eb óetgmb `tbpb l`e trbtbmg`atn l` r`hup`rbhgøa, hubaln
yb s` kb enfrbln uab `stbdgegzbhgøa `a eb bdstga`ahgb, s` kbh`
a`h`sbrgn trbdbcbr hna `e pbhg`at` `a ua prny`htn l` r`gas`rhgøa
snhgbe qu` s` kbdrâ gln `ebdnrbaln `a `e trbashursn l`e trbtb-
mg`atn. X` pebat`brâa ebs bet`rabtgvbs pnsgde`s pbrb su `fr`sn,
l`t`rmgabaln, `atr` ntrbs hnsbs, sg vgvgrâ hna su obmgegb n r`b-
egzbrâ ua prny`htn gal`p`alg`at`. X` l`d`râ `vbeubr sg s` r`-
qug`r` l` eb gat`rv`ahgøa l` ntrbs gastgtuhgna`s u ntrns prno`sgn-
abe`s qu` onrmbrâa pbrt` l` eb r`l l` snstça qu` bhnmpbòbrâ
`st` prnh`sn l` r`gas`rhgøa snhgbe, `a huyn hbsn s` hr`brâa ens
a`xns hna ebs mgsmbs y s` bhnrlbrâa prnh`lgmg`atns `a hn-
móa. \`alr`mns
\`alr`mns `a hu`atb qu` hubatn mâs cnv`a `s `e pbhg`a-
t` n mâs vuea`rbde` su sgtubhgøa snhgbe, mâs a`h`sglbl t`alrâ
l` hnatbr hna r`hursns gastgtuhgnabe`s.
@e pbhg`at` lbln l` betb l` eb gat`rabhgøa l`d`ríb `a tnlns
ens hbsns hnatgaubr hna uab psghnt`rbpgb bmduebtnrgb
bmdueb tnrgb mâs n m`-
ans prnenafblb. Y`rn, `a muhkbs nhbsgna`s, bl`mâs l` eb bt`a-
hgøa psghnt`rbpçutghb `s a`h`sbrgn hnatbr hna ntrns r`hursns pb-
rb bhnmpbòbr `e prnh`sn l` r`hup`rbhgøa, hnmn sna ens frupns
l` butnbyulb l`e tgpn l` Behnkøeghns Baøagmns, bhnmpbòbat`s
t`rbpçutghns, trbdbcns prnt`fglns, vgvg`alb, `th. Bhtubem`at` s`
`stâ trbtbaln l` gmpe`m`atbr befuans prnfrbmbs l` `st` tgpn

pbrb eb bsgst`ahgb l` ens `x blghtns, tbatn l`sl` nrfbagsmns `s-

 297

Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

tbtbe`s hnmn l`sl` lgo`r`at`s NAF, p`rn `stn `s muy r`hg`at`,

an kb sgln sgst`mbtgzbln y bóa an `s pnsgde` `vbeubr eb `oghbhgb
l` su ouahgnabmg`atn. Buaqu` sí `stbmns `a hnalghgna`s l`
bogrmbr qu` an `stâ sg`aln suoghg`at`.
@a uab sgtubhgøa snhgn`hnaømghb hnmn eb qu` btrbvg`sb au`s-
trn pbís, be gfube qu` ntrns pbís`s ebtganbm`rghbans qu` pbl`h`a
betns íalgh`s l` l`s`mpe`n, eb r`gas`rhgøa ebdnrbe y snhgbe l` ens
`x blghtns qu` an p`rt`a`h`a b ens `strbtns m`lgns n betns `s
sumbm`at` lgoghuetnsb, l`dgln b qu` `a f`a`rbe s` trbtb l` p`r-
snabs pnhn hbpbhgtblbs y qu` kbh` muhkn tg`mpn qu` an tg`-
a`a ua trbdbcn onrmbe, pnr en qu` hbr`h`a l` ens bat`h`l`at`s
ebdnrbe`s qu` r`qug`r`a ebs `mpr`sbs. L`d`a bpr`al`r, bl`-
mâs, b nrfbagzbr su tg`mpn y b r`ebhgnabrs` snhgbem`at` pbrb
pnl`r humpegr hna ebs `xgf`ahgbs ebdnrbe`s. Xuh`l` tbmdgça,
hnmn yb k`mns lghkn, qu` su`e`a `stbr bo`htblns pnr prnde`-
mbs l` sbeul, sg`aln `e mâs frbv` l` `eens s`r _GK pnsgtgvn, en
qu` egmgtb s`rgbm`at` su bhh`sn be m`rhbln l` trbdbcn. B `st`
hublrn yb frbv` l` pnr sí, `a muhkbs nhbsgna`s kby qu` su-
mbre` eb `xgst`ahgb l` bat`h`l`at`s p`abe`s. @s `vgl`at` qu` `e
`x blghtn s` `ahu`atrb `a uab sgtubhgøa l` betn rg`sfn snhgbe.
Ynr tnlbs `stbs rbzna`s, hubaln `e pbhg`at` `fr`sb l` eb
gastgtuhgøa, an s` kb t`rmgabln su trbtbmg`atn sgan qu` s` bdr`
uab au`vb `tbpb qu` r`qug`r` tbatb bt`ahgøa hnmn eb bat`rgnr,
sg r`bem`at` qu`r`mns `vgtbr `e orbhbsn l` eb r`hup`rbhgøa en-
frblb lurbat` su gat`rabhgøa.
@a nhbsgna`s y pnr lgstgatbs hbusbs,
hb usbs, tg`mpn l`spuçs pu`-
l` s`r a`h`sbrgb uab dr`v` r`gat`rabhgøa3 yb s`b pbrb pr`v`-
agr uab r`hbílb, n `a `e hbsn
h bsn l` qu` eb mgsmb yb s` kbyb prn-
luhgln gmp`lgr uab `shbeblb `a `e hnasumn, s`b hnmn hna-
s`hu`ahgb l` ua hublrn l`pr`sgvn, n l` uab sgtubhgøa `xt`r-
ab qu` kb `atrbln `a hrgsgs y `e `x blghtn an `stâ `a hnalg-
hgna`s l` `aor`atbr hna sus prnpgns r`hursns, `th. @st` s`fug-
mg`atn y eb pnsgdgeglbl l` qu` `e pbhg`at` pu`lb r`hurrgr b

lgstgatbs gastbahgbs l` trbtbmg`atn, sna oualbm`atbe`s pbrb

 229

@e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

bs`furbr `e çxgtn l` eb r`hup`rbhgøa y `vgtbr qu` s` r`gaghg`

`a `e hnasumn l` lrnfbs, qu` hna ebs suh`sgvbs r`hbílbs `s
hblb v`z mâs lgoíhge l` sup`rbr.

@argqu` M., l` 86 bòns, bhtubem`at` an hnasum` p`rn kb

sgln l`sl` ens 2? bòns blghtn b eb hnhbíab. @stâ hbsbln y tg`a`
tr`s kgcns l` `lbl `shnebr. An kb t`rmgabln eb `shnebrglbl dâ-
sghb, y vgv` `a uab hgulbl l` eb znab n`st` l`e Frba Du`ans Bg-
r`s. Ou` l`rgvbln pbrb hnatgaubr `e trbtbmg`atn l` r`hup`rbhgøa
l` su blghhgøa b eb hnhbíab pnr ua cu`z l`e ou`rn p`abe qu` `s-
tbdb prnh`sâalnen pnr `e rndn l` ua butnmøvge: `e tg`mpn pr`-
vgstn pbrb su p`rmba`ahgb `a eb gastgtuhgøa `rb `e qu` l`mba-
lbrb eb huemgabhgøa l`e cughgn, `stgmbln `a befn m`ans l` ua
bòn. @argqu` yb kbdíb humpegln uab hnal`ab pnr rndn, y `a `e
mnm`atn `a qu` s` e` gaghgb `stb au`vb hbusb `stbdb `a eb `tb-
pb ogabe l` ua trbtbmg`atn bmduebtnrgn l` r`hup`rbhgøa l` su
blghhgøa, hna ua du`a prnaøstghn. Hnmn hnas`hu`ahgb l` `st`
du`a prnaøstghn y bat` `e rg`sfn l` qu` uab sgtubhgøa trbumâ-
tghb hnmn `s `e r`gafr`sn `a eb hârh`e
h ârh`e prnvnhbrb ua r`trnh`sn `a
`e trbtbmg`atn, ens prno`sgnabe`s gat`rvgag`at`s sneghgtbrna qu`
ou`s` gat`rabln `a uab gastgtuhgøa bhnrl` hna su pbtnenfíb, en-
frbaln `e bhu`rln l`e cu`z. Pab v`z qu` @argqu` kudn gafr`sb-
ln `a eb hnmuaglbl s` e` prnpusn y bh`ptø t`rmgabr eb `shu`eb
prgmbrgb: tnmø `stb bhtgvglbl hna muhkb r`spnasbdgeglbl y l`-
t`rmgabhgøa pnrqu` an qu`ríb qu`lbr lgsmgaugln bat` sus kg-
cns. L`sl` eb `tbpb l` blbptbhgøa s` en nds`rvø hna ua ou`rt`
hnmprnmgsn tbatn hna `e trbtbmg`atn hnmn hna eb gastgtuhgøa.
Xg dg`a @argqu` t`aíb egmgtblbs ebs sbeglbs, pnrqu` `stbdb prn-
h`sbln p`abem`at`, uab v`z qu` kudn t`rmgabln `e p`rínln l`
blbptbhgøa y s` `vbeuø qu` an hnrr`ríb rg`sfns lurbat` ebs mgs-
mbs, ou` butnrgzbln b gr b su hbsb hna su obmgegb, `a onrmb r`-
fuebr: tbmdgça s` mbatuvg`rna sus víahuens hna eb gastgtuhgøa
l`e âmdgtn prnvgahgbe lnal` kbdíb r`begzbln `e trbtbmg`atn bm-

duebtnrgn. B ens nhkn m`s`s l` kbd`r gafr`sbln `a eb hnmuag-

 222

Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

lbl, `e cughgn s` t`rmgaø y `e pbhg`at` qu`lø `a egd`rtbl: t`aíb

uab no`rtb l` trbdbcn p`rn l`díb t`rmgabr `e bòn e`htgvn. @a hna-
s`hu`ahgb, prnfr`sgvbm`at` ou` l`svgahueâalns` l` eb gastgtu-
hgøa: pbrb `een hnatgauø bsgstg`aln b ebs s`sgna`s l` frupn, b ebs
`atr`vgstbs galgvglube`s y b ebs hebs`s hna eb mb`strb, lurbat`
ens sgfug`at`s hgahn m`s`s. Mg`atrbs tbatn `mp`zø b trbdbcbr
hnmn hkno`r `a ua hnm`rhgn l` su dbrrgn. B oga l` bòn bprndø
sçptgmn frbln, y tg`mpn l`spuçs l` kbd`r sgln lbln l` betb l`
su t`rbpgb `a eb hnmuaglbl, s` gahnrpnrø b ua frupn l` butnb-
yulb l`e h`atrn l` bt`ahgøa bmduebtnrgb l`e qu` prnv`aíb. Hub-
trn bòns l`spuçs hnatgaób hna su `vneuhgøa obvnrbde`, sga kb-
d`r t`agln r`hbílbs `a `e hnasumn, ag `a `e l`egtn.

O`l`rghn Y. kb hnasumgln l
lgstgatbs
gstgatbs lrnfb
lrnfbs,
s, p`rn `a ens óetg-
mns bòns kb l`sbrrneebln uab ou`rt` blghhgøa b eb pbstb dbs`.
@s snet`rn, tg`a` 80 bòns l` `lbl, an tg`a` kgcns, kb r`begzbln eb
`shu`eb prgmbrgb hnmpe`tb. @s pnrtblnr l` _GK l`sl` kbh` quga-
h` bòns. Kb k`hkn lgstgatns trbtbmg`atns l` r`hup`rbhgøa qu` e`
p`rmgtg`rna p`rmba`h`r pnr ebrfns p`rínlns sga hnasumgr agafóa
tgpn l` lrnfbs. Kb `stbln pr`sn pnr rndn. Bhtubem`at` vgv` hna
`e pblr`, `a ua l`pbrtbm`atn qu` `s prnpg`lbl l` çst`: kbh`
uans bòns e` ou` ntnrfbln ua sudsglgn pnr lgshbpbhglbl qu` hn-
drb y blmgagstrb su pblr`. Eb obmgegb l` nrgf`a l` O`l`rghn `s-
tâ gat`frblb pnr su pblr` y su k`rmbab: su mblr` obee`hgø kbh`
lns bòns. Xu pblr` s` kb cudgebln, y `stâ bo`htbln pnr prnde`-
mbs l` sbeul, yb qu` pbl`h` ua hublrn l`pr`sgvn y uab bo`h-
hgøa hbrlíbhb qu` an l`s`b trbtbr. @e obee`hgmg`atn l` su mblr`
bfrbvø `e hublrn l`pr`sgvn l` O`l`rghn, en qu` ou` l`t`rmgaba-
t` pbrb su r`hbílb `a `e hnasumn. Eb r`ebhgøa `atr` pblr` ` kg-
cn `s sumbm`at` hnaoeghtgvb: `e pblr` kb `c`rhgln vgne`ahgb sndr`
su obmgegb, y bknrb l`svbenrgzb b O`l`rghn y s` mu`strb `shçptg-
hn hna r`ebhgøa b su pnsgde` r`hup`rbhgøa: søen b r`fbòblg`at`s
bh`ptb qu` su kgcn s` qu`l` `a eb hbsb ens oga`s l` s`mbab. Eb

k`rmbab l` O`l`rghn `stâ hbsblb, `s mblr` l` uab kgcb blne`s-

 224

@e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

h`at`, y vgv` muy h`rhb l` eb hbsb l` su pblr`: `a hnas`hu`a-

hgb, mbatg`a` hna çst` ua trbtn or`hu`at`, sg`aln eb ag`tb qug`a
m`cnr s` r`ebhgnab hna `e bahgban. Eb r`ebhgøa `atr` O`l`rghn y
su k`rmbab `s lgstbat` y pnhn bo`htunsb. O`l`rghn gafr`sø `a eb
hnmuaglbl pnr su prnpgb l`hgsgøa, hnashg`at` l`e frbv` rg`sfn
qu` hnrríb su vglb pnr su ou`rt` hnmprnmgsn hna
h na ebs lrnfbs. Y`r-
mba`hgø `a eb hnmuaglbl gat`rabln lurbat` ua bòn hna hnd`r-
turb b hbrfn l` eb X@LTNABT, y lns m`s`s mâs sga hnd`rturb,
qu`lbaln su bt`ahgøa b hbrfn l` eb gastgtuhgøa: lurbat` `e tg`m-
pn l` r`sgl`ahgb enfrø gat`rrumpgr `e hnasumn, bt`al`r sus lgo`-
r`at`s prnde`mbs l` sbeul, kbh`rs` r`spnasbde` y humpegr hna
`e trbtbmg`atn r`trnvgrbe, m`cnrbaln su `stbln heíaghn: p`rn an
puln `ebdnrbr ua prny`htn l` r`gas`rhgøa snhgbe l`spuçs l` mu-
hkns bòns l` vgvgr `a eb mbrfgabeglbl. @a sus sbeglbs lurbat` ens
en s
oga`s l` s`mbab p`rmba`híb `a eb hbsb l` su pblr`, y beeí l`-
d`ríb vgvgr hubaln t`rmgabrb `e trbtbmg`atn,
trbtbmg `atn, yb qu` hbr`híb l` ga-
fr`sns y vgvg`alb prnpgns. Hubaln s` humpegø `e pebzn bsgfabln
pbrb su bt`ahgøa, y lblb su pr`hbrgb sgtubhgøa `hnaømghb, eb
X@LTNABT
X@LTNA BT e` ntnrf
ntnrfø
ø ua suds
sudsglgn
glgn b hndr
hndrbr
br lurbat` ua p`rín
p`rínln
ln
l` s`gs m`s`s: tbmdgça e` nor`hg`rna ua frupn l` bpnyn y ua
hursn l` hbpbhgtbhgøa pbrb r`begzbr brt`sbaíbs, p`rn b p`sbr l`
qu` hnm`azø b bsgstgr b bmdns, an puln gat`frbrs`. B m`lglb
qu` s` bh`rhbdb `e oga l`e p`rínln l` gat`rabhgøa,
gat`rabh gøa, O`l`rghn s` l`-
prgmíb y bum`atbdba sus l`s`ns l` hnasumgr, kbstb qu` an pu-
ln hnatrnebrs` mâs y `a uab l` sus sbeglbs prnfrbmblbs r`hbyø
`a `e hnasumn, sgtubhgøa qu` s` r`pgtgø `a eb sgfug`at` sbeglb p`-
s` b en qu` s` kbdeø hna çe be r`sp`htn. Ebs r`febs l` eb hnmu-
aglbl `stbde`h`a qu` an s` pu`l` p`rmba`h`r `a eb mgsmb sg
s` hnasum`a lrnfbs. O`l`rghn r`hbyø `a `e hnasumn lns v`h`s
s`fuglbs eu`fn l` kbd`r `stbln mâs l` ua bòn `a trbtbmg`atn:
`a ens lgstgatns `spbhgns t`rbpçutghns s` gasgstgø pbrb qu` pulg`-
rb r`oe`xgnabr be r`sp`htn p`rn an s` puln enfrbr qu` mnlgoghbrb
sus bhtgtul`s, hnmn hnas`hu`ahgb l` en hube s` r`snevgø su `x-

puesgøa l` eb gastgtuhgøa.
 228

Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

Hbrnegab T. l` 26 bòns, snet`rb, hnmpe`tø eb `shu`eb prgmb-

rgb. _gvíb hna su obmgegb `a uab vgeeb l` `m`rf`ahgb l` eb hgu-
lbl l` Du`ans Bgr`s. Ou` l`rgvblb b eb gastgtuhgøa pbrb r`beg-
zbr trbtbmg`atn l` su blghhgøa b eb hnhbíab, trbstnrans l` eb
begm`atbhgøa ` gat`atn l` sughglgn, pnr ua knspgtbe pódeghn qu`
kbdíb bt`algln eb `tbpb bfulb l` eb `ao`rm`lbl. Yrnv`ag`at`
l` uab obmgegb hna vbrgns k`rmbans mbynr`s y m`anr`s qu`
`eeb, ou` víhtgmb, be gfube qu` su k`rmbab m`anr
m`anr,, l` bdusn s`-
xube pnr pbrt` l` su pblr` y su k`rmban mbynr: tbmdgça `rba
or`hu`at`s ens `pgsnlgns l` vgne`ahgb oísghb, tbatn `atr` ens pb-
lr`s hnmn l` çstns kbhgb ens kgcns. Xus lns k`rmbabs mbyn-
r`s t`aíba kgcns y `rba pnrtblnrbs l` _GK: befuans bòns l`s-
puçs s` gao`htø tbmdgça
tbmd gça su k`rmbab m`anr
m`anr,, qug`a t`aíb uab vvg-
g-
lb s`xube muy prnmgshub, sg`aln mblr` l` lns kgcns hna lgs-
tgatbs pbr`cbs, blghtb b eb pbstb dbs`, y qu` prntbfnagzø r`p`-
tglns `pgsnlgns l` oufb l` eb hbsb.
Lurbat` su trbtbmg`atn, qu` lurø kbstb l`spuçs l` qu`
humpegø eb mbynríb l` `lbl, Hbrnegab bdbalnaø tntbem`at` `e
hnasumn l` lrnfbs y an prntbfnagzø mâs `pgsnlgns l` butnb-
fr`sgøa: an qugsn `stulgbr ablb, y buaqu` `mp`zø vbrgns hur-
sns, an pnlíb mbat`a`r `e gat`rçs y ens bdbalnabdb be pnhn
tg`mpn, p`rn bpr`algø b r`begzbr tnlbs ebs tbr`bs l` eb hbsb y b
hnhgabr muy dg`a. @e betb l` eb gat`rabhgøa s` hnm`azø b trbdb-
cbr vbrgns m`s`s bat`s l` qu` s` prnluc`rb, y kbdíb qu` r`sne-
v`r lgstgatbs hu`stgna`s. @a prgm`r tçrmgan, kbdíb qu` hnasgl`-
rbr qu` an t`aíb ua eufbr b lnal` gr b vgvgr, yb qu` eb sgtubhgøa
l` su obmgegb `rb sumbm`at` hnaoeghtgvb, rg`sfnsb, y pbrb Hbrn-
egab vnev`r b vgvgr hna su pblr` y k`rmban, muy trbumbtgzbat`:
tbmpnhn pnlíb hnatbr hna eb byulb `hnaømghb l` agafuan l`
sus obmgegbr`s, yb qu` `xh`ptn `e pblr`, ens l`mâs an t`aíba
trbdbcn `stbde`. X` r`snevgø y s` enfrø qu` hnm`azbrb b trbdb-
cbr hnmn `mpe`blb lnmçstghb sga r`tgrn y ou`rb b su hbsb befu-
ans l` sus líbs orbahns, yb qu` `a ntrbs nhbsgna`s pnlíb tbm-

dgça gr l` vgsgtb b eb hnmuaglbl n b en l` befuab bmgfb.

 22<

@e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

@a `stns `c`mpens s` pu`l` hnmprndbr hømn eb r`l snhgbe

qu` r`hgd` be `x pbhg`at` `s l`t`rmgabat` l` eb `vneuhgøa qu`
çst` pr`s`at` eu`fn l` kbd`r r`hgdgln `e betb l` eb gat`rabhgøa.
Xg an s` nrfbagzba prnpu`stbs bet`rabtgvbs pnst`rgnr`s, ens `x
blghtns s` `xpna`a b sgtubhgna`s l` rg`sfn qu` kbh`a hbsg ga`-
vgtbde` eb r`hbílb `a `e hnasumn u ntrbs hnaluhtbs batgsnhgbe`s,
gaghgbaln ua hghen l` suh`sgvbs gat`rabhgna`s bet`rablbs hna
p`rínlns vbrgbde`s l` bdstga`ahgb `a `e hnasumn, p`rn hna ua
l`t`rgnrn hblb v`z mbynr l` su sbeul m`atbe y oísghb.
Eb obatbsíb qu` mbagog`stba befuans pbhg`at`s qu` kba en-
frbln sup`rbr su blghhgøa y v`a prøxgmn `e mnm`atn l` grs` l`
eb gastgtuhgøa, `s p`rmba`h`r `a eb mgsmb, hnmn sg ou`rb su hb-
sb obmgegbr, yb qu` `s `e óaghn eufbr qu` sg`at`a s`furn y bo`h-
tgvbm`at` hnatga`at`. Xga `mdbrfn, `st` an `s `e ndc`tgvn l`e
trbtbmg`atn: eb gat`rabhgøa pu`l` s`r prnenafblb p`rn l`d` s`r
trbasgtnrgb: an s` trbtb l` gastgtuhgnabegzbr be blghtn pbrb sg`m-
pr`, hrnagoghbaln eb sgtubhgøa l` `xheusgøa. @e oga qu` s` gat`a-
tb behbazbr hna `e trbtbmg`atn l` r`hup`rbhgøa `s r`gat`frbr be
suc`tn b su hnmuaglbl. @e t`mnr b `aor`atbr `e bou`rb qu` mb-
agog`stba ens `x blghtns, an r`spnal` snebm`at` b mntgvns gatrb-
psíqughns, sgan tbmdgça y an `a m`anr m`lglb, b qu` p`rhgd`a
`e mualn `xt`rgnr hnmn bm`abzbat` be an `ahnatrbr ua m`lgn
snhgbe hnatga`at`, ag `a sus prnpgbs obmgegbs “qu` su`e`a `stbr
frbv`m`at` p`rturdblbs“, ag `a eb snhg`lbl mâs bmpegb “`a
eb qu` s` `aor`atba hna frbv`s r`strghhgna`s b sus pnsgdgeglbl`s
l` trbdbcbr y lgspna`r l` uab vgvg`alb“.
@a ens hbsns `a qu` `e trbtbmg`atn s` kb l`sbrrneebln `a onr-
mb sbtgsobhtnrgb, lurbat` `e tg`mpn suoghg`at`, y eb obmgegb puln sg-
muetâa`bm`at` mnlgoghbr sus hnmpnrtbmg`atns pbtneøfghns, `e
pbhg`at` `fr`sb `a hnalghgna`s l` r`gat`frbrs` snhgbem`at` `a onr-
mb bhtgvb: p`rn sg `stn an `s bsí, buaqu` eb tbr`b l` r`hup`rbhgøa
r`begzblb pnr `e pbhg`at` kbyb sgln sbtgsobhtnrgb, sg eb obmgegb an kb
pnlgln mnlgoghbr su ouahgnabmg`atn p`rturdbln n `xpuesgvn eb

r`gas`rhgøa snhgbe `s ua ndc`tgvn muy lgoíhge l` behbazbr.

 220

Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

Xg ua bluetn cnv`a an tg`a` pnsgdgeglbl`s l` snst`a`r ua

prny`htn l` vglb butøanmn, an tg`a` outurn, y eb r`hup`rbhgøa
qu` kb enfrbln hnrr` ua s`rgn rg`sfn l` abuorbfbr: pnr `een `s
gmpr`shgalgde` qu` `e @stbln lgspnafb eb hr`bhgøa l` r`hur-
sns qu` hudrba ebs a`h`sglbl`s qu` surf`a b pbrtgr l`e betb
l`e trbtbmg`atn l` gat`rabhgøa, `a uab snhg`lbl qu`, btrbpb-
lb `a ebs e`y`s l`e m`rhbln y hna prnoualbs l`sgfubelbl`s
snhgbe`s, an ens pu`l` hr`br pnr sí mgsmb.
 22?

Hbpítuen G_

Ens bsp`htns pr`v`atgvn

pr`v`atgvns
s

Eb pr`v`ahgøa hnmn pneítghb l` @stbln

Bat` eb mbfagtul qu` kb blqugrgln eb prnde`mâtghb l` eb

lrnfblghhgøa y `e abrhntrâoghn `a au`strn pbís, l`d`ríb kbd`r
ee`fbln `e mnm`atn l` pebat`brs` uab pneítghb l` pr`v`ahgøa
s`rgb y `o`htgvb, `aor`atbaln `st` frbv` prnde`mb snhgbe hna uab
pneítghb l` @stbln, `ahbrâalnen hnmn uab hu`stgøa
h u`stgøa qu` btbò` b
tnlb eb abhgøa<7. @stn sgfagoghb bdbrhbr tnlns ens bsp`htns l`e
prnde`mb, `stbde`hg`aln prgnrglbl`s, peba`s y sneuhgna`s qu`
vbyba mâs beeâ l` eb hnyuaturb y l`e pbrtgln pneítghn l` turan,
`s l`hgr hnmn ua t`mb qu` l`d` s`r bdbrhbln y r`su`etn pnr `e
@stbln hna hnatgauglbl `a `e tg`mpn y pr`shgalg`aln l` ebs
hnatgaf`ahgbs pneítghbs hgrhuastbahgbe`s.
@a `st` t`mb, eb pr`v`ahgøa y `e trbtbmg`atn `stâa `str`hkb-
m`at` r`ebhgnablns. @s a`h`sbrgn `ahbrbr uab pneítghb ogrm` l`
pr`v`ahgøa prgmbrgb, `s l`hgr hna `e oga l` qu` ens cøv`a`s an

<7. @e mgagstrn l`e Gat`rgnr l` eb Abhgøa, Lr. Baídbe O`raâal`z, lgcn `a eb bp`r-
turb l` eb 2?ª T`uagøa l` C`o`s l` Nrfbagsmns Abhgnabe`s @ahbrfblns l`
Hnmdbtgr `e \râoghn Geíhgtn l` Lrnfbs `a Bmçrghb Ebtgab y `e Hbrgd`3 ―Lurbat`
bòns, y m` kbfn hbrfn l` en qu` lgfn, `e @stbln brf`atgan an kb sgln hnatua-
l`at` `a eb euhkb hnatrb `e abrhntrâoghn (…) eb euhkb hnatrb eb lrnfb l`d` s`r
mâs qu` uab pneítghb l` @stbln3 l`d` s`r uab hu`stgøa l` @stbln”.
 226

Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

s` gaghg`a `a `e hnasumn l` sustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs, y b pbrtgr

l` beeí pebat`br eb pr`v`ahgøa l` eb r`hbílb `a `e hnasumn l`
ens pbhg`at`s qu` yb kba k`hkn ua trbtbmg`atn l` r`hup`rb-
hgøa. Bmdns bsp`htns “pr`v`ahgøa y trbtbmg`atn“ sna gm-
pr`shgalgde`s y l`d`a s`r bt`alglns sgmuetâa`bm`at`.
\`ag`aln `a hu`atb bl`mâs qu` ebs hbusbe`s l` `st` o`aø-
m`an sna móetgpe`s y bdbrhba tbatn bsp`htns mbhrnsnhgbe`s hn-
mn mghrnsnhgbe`s, eb pr`v`ahgøa l`d` s`r vgstb, pnrqu` en `s,
hnmn ua t`mb oualbm`atbem`at` pneítghn. @a eb m`lglb `a qu`
eb snhg`lbl bsumb `stns t`mbs hnmn prgnrgtbrgns, pnlrâ `xgfgr
qu` l`sl` `e @stbln s` pebagogqu` sgst`mâtghbm`at`, bdnrlba-
ln tnlns sus bsp`htns, uab pneítghb l` pr`v`ahgøa.
Hubaln gat`atbmns `xpeghbrans eb mbsgvglbl l`e hnasumn
l` sustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs ee`fbmns b eb hnaheusgøa l` qu` eb
rbíz l`e o`aøm`an s` `ahu`atrb `a eb `atrbòb mgsmb l`e sgst`-
mb `hnaømghn snhgbe `a `e hube vgvgmns, yb qu` `a uab snhg`-
lbl hnasumgstb, `st` `s ua hnasumn mâs. Eb prnluhhgøa l`
uab hblb v`z mâs bmpegb y vbrgblb no`rtb l` l ` lrnfbs, su hnm`r-
hgbegzbhgøa y su hnasumn `stâa `str`hkbm`at` r`ebhgnablns hna
ntrns s`htnr`s l` eb `hnanmíb, y eb ornat`rb `atr` en e`fbe y en
ge`fbe s` tnrab hnaousb. Xga `mdbrfn y b p`sbr l` `een, `s mu-
hkn en qu` s` pu`l` kbh`r
kbh`r,, sg an pbrb `egmgabreb `a onrmb tntbe,
be m`ans pbrb egmgtbreb ou`rt`m`at`.
Xg`aln `e trâoghn l` ebs lrnfbs ua a`fnhgn fendbe, lnal`
hnaoeuy`a mbogbs gat`rabhgnabe`s hna gat`r`s`s pneítghns, eb bh-
tgvglbl l` ens frbal`s dbahns, eb prnluhhgøa l` eb galustrgb quí-
mghb y ntrbs bsnhgblbs, `th., `s pnhn en qu` s` pu`l` kbh`r b
`s` agv`e, bl`mâs l` l`auahgbren y pr`sgnabr pbrb egmgtbr su bh-
hgnabr. Y`rn `s pnsgde` bhtubr hna mâs `o`htgvglbl b agv`e ab-
hgnabe sg s` tg`a` eb vneuatbl pneítghb pbrb kbh`ren y eb snhg`lbl
`xgf` b sus ouahgnabrgns qu` humpeba hna `e mbalbtn qu` s`
e`s kb lbln, ndstbhuegzbaln `e l`s`avnevgmg`atn l` ens abrhn-
trboghbat`s hna e`y`s bl`hublbs y `xtr`mbaln su humpegmg`a-

tn `a tnlns ens agv`e`s l` eb snhg`lbl.

 22;

Ens bsp`htns pr`v`atgvns

@a en gam`lgbtn s` l`d`a tnmbr m`lglbs lgrgfglbs be hnatrne

`o`htgvn l` ens gasumns químghns qu` s` utgegzba hnmn pr`hur-
snr`s `a `e prnh`sbmg`atn l` ebs kncbs l` hnhb y `a eb obdrghb-
hgøa l` lrnfbs sgatçtghbs, tbatn `a eb `tbpb l` prnluhhgøa hn-
mn `a eb l` hnm`rhgbegzbhgøa, tbatn `a `e hnasumn gat`ran hn-
mn `a eb `xpnrtbhgøa, t`ag`aln `a hu`atb qu` `stb óetgmb `s
uab bhtgvglbl qu` hr`h` líb b líb.
X` l`d` e`fgsebr sndr` `e ebvbln l` lga`rn pbrb ndstbhueg-
zbren en mâs pnsgde`: `stb e`fgsebhgøa trb`ríb hnasgfn `e d`a`og-
hgn blghgnabe l` qu` an s` bpeghb snebm`at` be lga`rn ndt`ag-
ln pnr eb v`atb l` lrnfbs, sgan tbmdgça b ebs fbabahgbs qu`
s` ndtg`a`a pnr ebs lgstgatbs onrmbs l` hnrruphgøa prgvblb y
`stbtbe. @st` `s ua t`mb qu` `a au`strn pbís s` `stâ l`dbtg`a-
ln pneítghbm`at` l`sl` kbh` vbrgns bòns, sga qu` s` kbyb pn-
lgln r`snev`r eb prnmuefbhgøa l` e`y`s r`bem`at` `o`htgvbs. Xu-
h`l` qu` pbrb r`snev`ren `s a`h`sbrgn t`a`r eb vneuatbl pneítg-
hb y `e pnl`r suoghg`at` hnmn pbrb `aor`atbrs` b ens frbal`s
dbahns, qu` sna ens qu` s` nhupba l` `st` trbdbcn, y b ens lgs-
tgatns bhtnr`s l`e `stbdegskm`at enhbe qu` s` d`a`oghgba hna eb
bhtgvglbl. @a `e ebvbln l` lga`rn suhgn, `a tnln `e mualn s`
utgegzba kbdgtubem`at` hnmn pbatbeeb ebs gav`rsgna`s gamndg-
egbrgbs y `a knt`e`ríb, rudrns qu` `stâa t`ag`aln frba l`sbrrn-
een lurbat` `e óetgmn tg`mpn `a au`strn pbís. An `s a`h`sbrgn
s`r muy suspghbz pbrb lbrs` hu`atb l` qu` kbdríb qu` bfulg-
zbr eb mgrblb sndr` `stbs bhtgvglbl`s.
Ybrb `vgtbr qu` mge`s l` cøv`a`s npt`a pnr r`hurrgr b ebs lrn-
fbs pbrb `aor`atbr eb bafustgb, `e vbhín `xgst`ahgbe y eb obetb l` ou-
turn, `s urf`at` ` gmpr`shgalgde` qu` eb snhg`lbl `egmga` ebs hbu-
sbs qu` eb prnluh`a3 eb pndr`zb y ebs galgfabs l`sgfubelbl`s sn-
hgbe`s. \nlns ens hgulblbans l`d`a t`a`r bhh`sn b ua trbdbcn, y
çst` l`d` s`r r`trgdugln hna ua sbebrgn suoghg`at` pbrb hudrgr sus
a`h`sglbl`s dâsghbs l` vgvg`alb, `luhbhgøa, sbeul y r`hr`bhgøa.
K`mns vgstn qu` ens hbmdgns qu` s` kba prnluhgln `a eb

nrfbagzbhgøa `hnaømghb y pneítghb l`e pbís (y l`e mualn),

 227

Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

lurbat` ebs óetgmbs lçhblbs, kba prnvnhbln ua l`t`rgnrn l` eb

trbmb snhgbe y `e bgsebmg`atn l` ebs obmgegbs. Ens víahuens bo`h-
tgvns obmgegbr`s s` kba lbòbln, l`cbaln b ens agòns qu` hr`h`a
`a `stbs obmgegbs sga `e a`h`sbrgn snstça l` sus pblr`s y sus
mblr`s. @stn l`d` hbmdgbr. Xga `mdbrfn, `s ua ndc`tgvn qu`
søen pu`l` enfrbrs` b ebrfn pebzn y hna eb mnvgegzbhgøa l` tn-
lb eb snhg`lbl `a su hnacuatn `a pns l` vgvgr `a ua pbís mâs
custn y m`cnr. @s `e óaghn hbmgan hg`rtn y s`furn qu` p`rmgtg-
râ enfrbr p`rsnabs gat`frblbs snhgbem`at` y hnmprnm`tglbs
hna su tg`mpn, f`a`rbaln ua bmdg`at` bptn pbrb qu` pu`lb
mbat`a`rs` eb `struhturb obmgegbr qu` s` r`qug`r` pbrb qu` ens
agòns hr`zhba huglblns pnr sus pblr`s.
_brgbs lçhblbs btrâs, muhkn bat`s l` ens `strbfns prnluhg-
lns pnr `e a`negd`rbegsmn `hnaømghn, Vgaaghntt s`òbebdb qu`
`a eb vglb l`e knfbr s` t`c`a hnmpe`cbs r`ebhgna`s gat`rp`rsnab-
e`s, y sg tnln balb dg`a `a eb ―r`ebhgøa hna ens bluetns y hna
ntrns agòns, bua bsí (`e agòn) hnm`azbrâ b `aor`atbr hnmpeghb-
hgna`s (…) Hubatn mâs p`asbmns `a `stbs hnsbs, mâs hnm-
pr`al`mns pnr quç ens d`dçs y ens agòns p`qu`òns a`h`sgtba
bdsneutbm`at` `e mbrhn l` su prnpgb obmgegb y, l` s`r pnsgde`,
uab `stbdgeglbl l`e bmdg`at` oísghn tbmdgça: y l` tbe`s hnasg-
l`rbhgna`s l`luhgmns qu` b ens agòns hbr`at`s
hb r`at`s l` vglb knfbr`-
òb kby qu` prnpnrhgnabre`s befn p`rsnabe y `stbde` hubaln tn-
lbvíb sna dbstbat`s p`qu`òns hnmn pbrb bprnv`hkbren `a hg`r-
tb m`lglb, n dg`a ans ndegfbrâa mâs tbrl` b prnpnrhgnabre` `s-
tbdgeglbl `a eb onrmb l` ua r`onrmbtnrgn n, hnmn óetgmn r`hur-
sn, l` ebs hubtrn pbr`l`s l` uab h`elb hbrh`ebrgb”09.
Kny líb k`mns pnlgln hnaogrmbr qu` en qu` an s` gavg`rt`
`a prnt`f`r ens l`r`hkns ebdnrbe`s, eb mbt`raglbl, eb gaobahgb,
y eb `luhbhgøa, s` gavg`rt` eu`fn `a hnastrugr hârh`e`s.

09. Vgaaghntt, L.3 L`prgvbhgøa y l`egahu`ahgb. Ybgløs, 27;<, Yâf. 2<8.

 249

Ens bsp`htns pr`v`atgvns

@e lrbmb l` eb agò`z qu` hr`h` `a eb mbrfgabeglbl `a au`s-

trn pbís kb blqugrgln uab `anrm` lgm`asgøa, qu` an s` egmgtb
b ebs frbal`s hgulbl`s sgan qu` bdbrhb tnln `e t`rrgtnrgn, gaheu-
y`aln ebs p`qu`òbs pndebhgna`s, y `stn an s` r`su`ev` hna bsgs-
t`ahgbegsmn y `atr`fbaln hnmglb. @s a`h`sbrgb uab pneítghb ga-
t`frbe qu` vb l`sl` eb `luhbhgøa pbrb eb sbeul “hna eb hnasg-
fug`at` egd`rtbl l` hblb pbr`cb pbrb `e`fgr ens kgcns qu` qug`r`
t`a`r“, kbstb eb sbtgsobhhgøa l` eb a`h`sglbl`s dâsghbs l` `sb
obmgegb qu` s` kb onrmbln.
Bat` eb r`beglbl l` ens agòns qu` pnr lgoghuetbl`s l` ens pb-
lr`s an pu`l`a s`r hrgblns pnr `eens, s` l`d`a prnv``r sneuhgn-
a`s râpglbs y bl`hublbs bat`s l` qu` ens lbòns psíqughns y oí-
sghns s`ba grr`pbrbde`s. Eb gaobahgb `s grr`hup`rbde`, `a ens prg-
m`rns bòns s` onrmb eb `struhturb psíqughb l`e outurn bluetn, y
`s a`h`sbrgn gmpe`m`atbr peba`s qu` r`su`evba ens prnde`mbs
l` ens agòns mg`atrbs sna p`qu`òns. Kby qu` l`sdurnhrbtgzbr eb
bt`ahgøa l` eb agò`z bmpegbaln eb no`rtb l` r`hursns: s` l`d`
mnlgoghbr eb e`y l` blnphgøa,
bl nphgøa, qu` `stâ l`mnstrbaln an s`r en su-
oghg`at`m`at` bl`hublb, y r`vgsbr eb frba hbatglbl l` peba`s
bsgst`ahgbe`s qu` `xgst`a kny pbrb bpeghbr `a ebs sgtubhgna`s l`
bdbalnan y qu` `a muhkns hbsns søen sgrv`a pbrb p`rp`tubrebs.
@xgst`a `a `e pbís vbrgns nrfbagsmns abhgnabe`s y prnvgahgb-
e`s qu` s` nhupba l` eb bt`ahgøa l` ens agòns y blne`sh`at`s `a
rg`sfn. @stns nrfbagsmns bpeghba n sup`rvgsba lgstgatns prnfrb-
mbs lgs`òblns pbrb humpegr hna sus ndc`tgvns, hnmn pnr `c`m-
pen3 bmbs `xt`rabs, obmgegbs sustgtutbs, p`qu`òns knfbr`s, ob-
mgegbs l` bhnfgmg`atn, gastgtutns, `th. qu` hna lgstgatbs onrmbs
l` nrfbagzbhgøa ` gmpe`m`atbhgøa s` prnpna`a huglbr be agòn y
mbat`a`r `e víahuen hna eb obmgegb dgneøfghb: sga `mdbrfn, s`-
fóa `stbmns pulg`aln nds`rvbr, pbsbln ua hg`rtn tg`mpn l`
p`rmba`ahgb l` ens agòns `a `stns prnfrbmbs, `e r`suetbln og-
abe `s qu` s` hnasneglb eb sgtubhgøa l` bdbalnan.
Eb e`y 4?.9?2 tg`a` hnmn ndc`tgvn r`snev`r `stns prnde`-
mbs `a `e mbrhn l` eb Hnav`ahgøa l` ens L`r`hkns l`e Agòn,
 242

Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

p`rn bóa an kby bhu`rlns `atr` ens muaghgpgns, ebs prnvga-

hgbs y eb Abhgøa qu` l`mu`str`a qu` s` `stâ trbdbcbaln bh-
tgvbm`at` pbrb enfrbren.

Pab bprnxgmbhgøa b ebs m`lglbs pr`v`atgvbs

@s pnsgde` tnmbr m`lglbs l` behbah` mâs bhntbln p`rn

onhbegzbln, pnr su gam`lgbt`z y prnxgmglbl, sndr` eb prnde`-
mâtghb l` ebs blghhgna`s, l`sl` ens muaghgpgns, ens knspgtb-
e`s y ebs `shu`ebs. @s muy gmpnrtbat` gmp`lgr `e oâhge bhh`sn
l` ens blne`sh`at`s be behnkne y ebs lrnfbs. Eb tbr`b l` pr`-
v`ahgøa hna ens blne`sh`at`s an s` r`og`r` b bhtubr
bhtub r l`t`htgv`s-
hbm`at`, trbtbaln l` l`shudrgr eb t`a`ahgb n `e hnasumn l`
lrnfbs, sgan b `stbr bt`atns b eb bpbrghgøa l` sgtubhgna`s prn-
de`mâtghbs y hnaoeghtns
hnaoegh tns qu` bo`ht`a eb vglb l` ens cøv`a`s, qu`
pu`l`a n an `stbr hnasumg`aln lrnfbs.
@e fndg`ran hnmuabe tg`a` muhkn pbrb kbh`r, pnrqu` be
`stbr hgrhuashrgtn b âr`bs f`nfrâoghbs mâs p`qu`òbs y b pn-
debhgna`s mâs r`luhglbs, tg`a` `e hnanhgmg`atn l` prgm`rb
mban l` eb prnde`mâtghb l`e eufbr, sbd` l` ebs a`h`sglbl`s
y prnde`mbs qu` tg`a`a ens v`hgans, y `atr` çstns `a pbrtghu-
ebr hblb s`htnr snhgbe. L`dgln b `st` bhh`sn lgr`htn qu` tg`-
a` b eb prnde`mâtghb snhgn`hnaømghb enhbe, `s `e agv`e l`
fndg`ran qu` `stâ `a m`cnr`s hnalghgna`s pbrb r`begzbr pr`-
v`ahgøa prgmbrgb, brtghuebaln r`hursns, mnvgegzbaln ebs ou`r-
zbs snhgbe`s l` eb pndebhgøa b trbvçs l` ebs snhg`lbl`s l` on-
m`atn, heud`s dbrrgbe`s, bsnhgbhgna`s v`hgabe`s, sbebs l` prg-
m`rns buxgegns, hnnp`rblnrbs, gfe`sgbs, `th., hr`baln au`vbs
r`l`s snhgbe`s n onrtbe`hg`aln ebs yb `xgst`at`s. @a `e Muag-
hgpgn l` _gh`at` Eøp`z, `atr` ens bòns 27;0 y 2770 s` r`b-
egzø uab `xp`rg`ahgb l` pr`v`ahgøa l` blghhgna`s, hnaluhglb
pnr `e Lr. Vgedur Frgmsna, qu` bdbrhø tnlb eb `struhturb hn-
muagtbrgb, gat`frbaln ens nrfbagsmns `stbtbe`s hnmn h`atrns
 244

Ens bsp`htns pr`v`atgvns

l` sbeul, knspgtbe`s y `shu`ebs, hna NAF, snhg`lbl`s l` on-

m`atn y befuabs gastgtuhgna`s prgvblbs hnmn heud`s, hna `e
ndc`tgvn l` ―… prnmnv`r bhhgna`s l` sneglbrglbl snhgbe, ga-
t`rbhhgøa cuv`age y hbpbhgtbhgøa prno`sgnabe. Eb m`cnr onrmb
l` pr`v`agr `e bdusn l` lrnfbs `s an nhupbrs` l` eb lrnfb `a
sí, sgan l` tnln en l`mâs3 `e ku`hn snhgbe `a qu` eb lrnfb s`
gastbeb s`òbebaln hna su pr`s`ahgb ntrbs hbr`ahgbs”02.
X` trbtb l` hr`br r`l`s snhgbe`s, mntgvbaln, hna`htbaln y
obhgegtbaln eb mnvgegzbhgøa ` gat`frbhgøa l` ens r`hursns qu` pn-
s`` eb snhg`lbl hna `e ndc`tgvn l` enfrbr ua oga hnmóa “`a `s-
t` hbsn, obvnr`h`r `e `atrbmbln snhgbe qu` hnat`afb b ens cøv`-
a`s `vgtbaln eb bpbrghgøa l` hnaluhtbs blghtgvbs y bpuatbaln
be onrtbe`hgmg`atn l` eb sbeul m`atbe“.
Ens knspgtbe`s y h`atrns l` sbeul p`rgoçrghns onrmba pbrt`
l`e sgst`mb qu` s` nhupb l` eb bt`ahgøa prgmbrgb, y l`d`a hna-
tbr hna s`rvghgns l` sbeul m`atbe qu` r`spnalba b ebs a`h`sg-
lbl`s l`e eufbr, pbrb l`sl` beeí tbmdgça prnmnv`r `e hnanhg-
mg`atn l` eb prnde`mâtghb blne`sh`at` y l` ebs blghhgna`s `a
pbrtghuebr: pnrqu` sg dg`a `a ebs enhbeglbl`s p`qu`òbs l`e gat`-
rgnr `e bhh`sn b ebs lrnfbs pu`l` s`r mâs lgoíhge, yb qu` ua v`a-
l`lnr an pbsb l`sbp`rhgdgln, `e bhh`sn be behnkne `s tba oâhge
hnmn `a hubequg`r frba hgulbl04. Eb l`pr`sgøa qu` bo`htb b ens
cøv`a`s qu` `ahu`atrba lgoghuetbl`s pbrb pebat`brs` ua prny`h-
tn kbhgb `e outurn, eb mbt`raglbl blne`sh`at` y `e bdusn l`e be-
hnkne, sna prnde`mbs snhgbe`s qu` s` pu`l`a `ahnatrbr `a hube-
qug`r pndebhgøa. @a hnas`hu`ahgb, ens knspgtbe`s l`d`a `stbr

02. Frgmsna, Vgedur3 Xnhg`lbl l` blghtns. Yeba`tb, 2777, Yâf. 8?.

04. Ebs p`rsnabs qu` pr`s`atba galghblnr`s l` pndr`zb tg`a`a ens pnrh`atbc`s
mâs betns l` bdusn l` behnkne, l` hubequg`r d`dglb y l` hubequg`r líb l` eb s`-
mbab. \bmdgça `e hnasumn `s mbynr `atr` ens kbdgtbat`s l` ebs enhbeglbl`s l`
299 y 099 mge kbdgtbat`s. B m`lglb qu` lgsmgauy` `e tbmbòn l` ebs enhbeglb-
l`s, bum`atba ens pnrh`atbc`s l` bdusblnr`s l` vgan y h`rv`zb, `a hubequg`r
líb l` eb s`mbab. _
_`r3
`r3 X`fualn `stulgn sndr` hnasumn l` sustbahgbs psghnbh-
tgvbs. Yndebhgøa
Yndebhgøa l` 24 b ?0 bòns, 499<, X@LTNABT.
 248

Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

bl`hublbm`at` `qugpblns, tbatn `lgeghgbm`at` hnmn `a en qu`

r`sp`htb b p`rsnabe hbpbhgtbln, pbrb drgalbr `e prgm`r agv`e l`
bt`ahgøa r`qu`rgln pnr eb pndebhgøa cnv`a l`e eufbr.
X` l`d`a hr`br r`l`s l` sbeul qu` bdbrqu`a tnln `e trbtbmg`a-
tn l` r`hup`rbhgøa y `e s`fugmg`atn pnst`rgnr, gaheuy`aln eb r`ga-
s`rhgøa snhgbe l` ens `x blghtns, pnrqu`, hnmn yb k`mns lghkn,
hnasneglbr `stb óetgmb `tbpb pr`vg`a` ebs r`hbílbs `a `e hnasumn.
Ynr eb pndebhgøa qu` btg`al`a, sna ebs `shu`ebs ebs prgm`-
rbs gastgtuhgna`s qu` l`t`htba y suor`a ens prnde`mbs r`ebhgn-
ablns hna ebs blghhgna`s `a ens cøv`a`s. Be s`r `e `spbhgn
lnal` ens agòns y blne`sh`at`s l`sbrrneeba sus bhtgvglbl`s
lgbrgbs oualbm`atbe`s, `s muhkn en qu` s` pu`l` kbh`r l`s-
l` beeí `a `e âr`b l` eb pr`v`ahgøa y l`t`hhgøa prgmbrgb: sga
`mdbrfn, `stn an `stâ suh`lg`aln bsí, y en qu` s` kb lbln
`a eebmbr hnmuaglbl `luhbtgvb `stâ onrmbln pnr tr`s s`htn-
r`s qu` l`d`ríba t`a`r ndc`tgvns hnmua`s, p`rn qu` hna l`-
mbsgblb or`hu`ahgb `stâa `aor`atblns3 ens beumans, ens ln-
h`at`s y ens pblr`s. Ens pblr`s qu` kba p`rlgln eb hnaogba-
zb `a ebs gastgtuhgna`s, s` `ancba y an r`spnal`a b ens p`lg-
lns ` galghbhgna`s l` eb `shu`eb. Ens lnh`at`s qu` an hu`a-
tba hna ens r`hursns ` gaorb`struhturb a`h`sbrgns, s` sg`at`a
l`shbegoghblns, y `a nhbsgna`s hbr`h`a l` eb hbpbhgtbhgøa su-
oghg`at` pbrb r`snev`r ens prnde`mbs qu` e`s pr`s`atba ens
beumans, r`spnasbdgegzba b ebs obmgegbs, suhumd`a b ebs pr`-
sgna`s, tnmba bhtgtul`s butnrgtbrgbs y l`shuglba eb `as`òba-
zb. Ens beumans s` `aor`atba b pblr`s y lnh`at`s, s` l`sga-
t`r`sba l` ebs tbr`bs `shnebr`s y, sg e`s `s p`rmgtgln, l`cba
l` hnahurrgr b eb `shu`eb. Xga `mdbrfn, ntrb r`beglbl l`d`ríb
s`r pnsgde`, uab r`beglbl lnal` ens bluetns, `s l`hgr, pblr`s
y lnh`at`s, trbt`a l` trbdbcbr hna `e ndc`tgvn l` nor`h`r eb
m`cnr `luhbhgøa pnsgde` pbrb ens beumans. Hnasgl`rbaln
qu` eb m`cnr `luhbhgøa an `s søen eb qu` hu`atb hna hnmpu-
tblnrbs hna`htblbs b Gat`ra`t, sgan tbmdgça eb qu` s` nhupb
l`e l`sbrrneen gat`frbe l` ens hkghns b hbrfn.
 24<

Ens bsp`htns pr`v`atgvns

Mâs beeâ l` ens lgshursns, urf` mnlgoghbr `e sgst`mb `lu-

hbtgvn, pbrtghuebrm`at` `e `stbtbe, bl`huâalnen b ebs a`h`sg-
lbl`s l` eb çpnhb. Eb `shu`eb l`d` `stbr lntblb hna lnh`a-
t`s betbm`at` hbpbhgtblns y `a eb hbatglbl bprnpgblb pbrb
hblb `shu`eb `a pbrtghuebr, y pbrb hblb frbln s`fóa sus prn-
pgbs hbrbht`rístghbs. Xna a`h`sbrgns `lgoghgns `shnebr`s hna
gastbebhgna`s mnl`rabs, suoghg`at`s y `a du`abs hnalghgna`s,
y prnmnv`r eb `shu`eb l` lnde` cnrablb `a tnln `e âmdgtn ab-
hgnabe. Ens hbmdgns sna gmpr`shgalgde`s, an snebm`at` pnr-
qu` pbrb qu` ua hkghn bpr`alb tnln en qu` a`h`sgtbrâ `a `e
outurn s` a`h`sgtba mâs y m`cnr`s knrbs l` hebs` qu` ebs qu`
lgspna` bhtubem`at`: sgan pnrqu` eb `shu`eb, bl`mâs l` s`r
`e eufbr lnal` s` blqug`r`a ens hnanhgmg`atns dâsghns, `s
l`spuçs l` eb obmgegb `e prgahgpbe âmdgtn l` snhgbegzbhgøa, y
mg`atrbs `e agòn n `e blne`sh`at` `stâ `a eb `shu`eb bpr`a-
lg`aln y r`ebhgnaâalns` hna sus pbr`s `a ua `spbhgn gat`e`h-
tubem`at` `stgmuebat` y bo`htgvbm`at` hnat`agln, an s` qu`-
lb snen `a eb hbsb mgrbaln en qu` e` nor`h` eb t`e`vgsgøa, n `a
eb hbee` `xpnagçalns` b tnlb hebs` l` rg`sfns.
Eb `shu`eb `s uab gastgtuhgøa lnal` hnavgv`a cøv`a`s y
bluetns lurbat` vbrgbs knrbs, y `a eb qu` `stns óetgmns `stâa `a
hnalghgna`s l` blqugrgr ua bmpegn hnanhgmg`atn sndr` ens
blne`sh`at`s b su hbrfn, hnmn hnas`hu`ahgb l`e trbtn hntglgb-
an. @stb h`rhbaíb e`s p`rmgt` sbd`r bh`rhb l` eb onrmbhgøa l`
frupns, sudfrupns y su lgaâmghb: bsí hnmn nds`rvbr eb `vneu-
hgøa qu` b en ebrfn l`e tg`mpn pr`s`atb hblb beuman galgvglube-
m`at`, p`rmgtgçalne`s h`atrbr su bt`ahgøa `a qug`a mâs en a`-
h`sgtb. Xna ens lnh`at`s qug`a`s pu`l`a sbd`r sg kby beumans
qu` s` `ahu`atrba `a sgtubhgøa l` rg`sfn, sg befug`a `stâ `x-
pu`stn b sgtubhgna`s l` vgne`ahgb obmgegbr, y eb `xgst`ahgb l`
ntrbs hgrhuastbahgbs qu` pu`l`a m`r`h`r uab l`lghbhgøa pbrtg-
huebr. Ybrb `een `s a`h`sbrgn qu` `e lnh`at` nds`rv` ebs bhtgvg-
lbl`s qu` r`begzba ens beumans y ebs r`ebhgna`s qu` `stbde`h`a
`atr` sí: ens `shuhk` bt`atbm`at` (buaqu` s` `xpr`s`a mbe):
 240

Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

ens mgr` hna ncns dg`a bdg`rtns, pbrb v`r ua pnhn mâs beeâ l`
en qu` qug`r`a mnstrbr: qu` kbde` pnhn y sga m`atgr (pnrqu`
`eens s` lba hu`atb): y e`s mbrqu` eímgt`s hebrns y pr`hgsns,
an pbrb `xpuesbrens, sgan pbrb hnat`a`rens.
Eb `shu`eb l`d` bsumgr `e rne prntbføaghn qu` sga lulb tg`-
a` `a eb vglb l` ens blne`sh`at`s, pnrqu` l` k`hkn `s bsí, y sg s`
hnatgaób hna eb bhtgtul a`fblnrb l` `st` prntbfnagsmn hnmn kb
suh`lgln kbstb bknrb, s` en `c`rh` pnr en a`fbtgvn, kbdgçalns`
hnav`rtgln l` `stb onrmb `a uab gastgtuhgøa `xpuesgvb, hna ua be-
tn íalgh` l` l`sfrbabmg`atn, pbrtghuebrm`at` frbv` `a `e agv`e
s`hualbrgn.. @st` betn frbln l` l`s`rhgøa an enfrbrâ r`v`rtgrs` sn-
s`hualbrgn
ebm`at` hna uab e`y qu` l`hebr` ndegfbtnrgb eb `as`òbazb m`lgb.
Eb prnpu`stb `s gat`atbr ntrbs bet`rabtgvbs sup`rblnrbs, qu` en-
fr`a gaheugr, bdbrhbr b eb mbynr hbatglbl l` hkghns qu` s`b pnsg-
de`, bat`s l` qu` s` `shbp`a l`e sgst`mb `luhbtgvn.
Eb `shu`eb l`d` y pu`l` kbh`r muhkn pnr ens hkghns qu`
s` `stâa be`cbaln l` uab obmgegb qu` an ens pu`l` hnat`a`r:
mâs bóa, pu`l` s`r ua gat`renhutnr bt`atn y hnatga`at` pbrb
pblr`s pr`nhupblns y l`sdnrlblns pnr prnde`mbs obmgegb-
r`s. Ybrb pnl`r humpegr `st` rne kby qu` `stbr pr`pbrblns y
lgspu`stns b snpnrtbr muhkbs pr`sgna`s, b tne`rbr uab `anr-
m` hbrfb l` basg`lbl y bafustgb l` pblr`s ` kgcns: `s s`fu-
rbm`at` uab tbr`b lgoíhge, p`rn `s ua `sou`rzn qu` vbe` eb p`-
ab gat`atbr, pnrqu` ens beumans l` ebs `shu`ebs s`hualbrgbs
sna muy cøv`a`s y eb tbr`b qu` s` kbfb hna `eens tg`a` mu-
hkbs pnsgdgeglbl`s l` çxgtn.
@s a`h`sbrgn qu` eb `shu`eb s` bdrb b ens pblr`s y b ens
beumans nor`hg`aln `spbhgns l` r`oe`xgøa y bhtgvglbl`s bet`r-
abtgvbs qu` r`spnalba b sus gat`r`s`s y a`h`sglbl`s, obvnr`-
hg`aln eb hr`bhgøa l` ebzns snhgbe`s. @st` tgpn l` bhtgvglbl`s,
pbrb s`r `o`htgvbs, l`d`a t`a`r hnatgauglbl `a `e tg`mpn, yb
qu` sg p`rlurba y s` hnatgaóba l` ua bòn b ntrn sna p`rhgdg-
lbs hnmn hnaogbde`s y tbatn ens cøv`a`s hnmn ens bluetns s`
grâa gahnrpnrbaln b `eebs.
 24?

Ens bsp`htns pr`v`atgvns

@st` rne bhtgvn qu` eb `shu`eb l`d`ríb cufbr `a eb vglb l` sus

cøv`a`s beumans, an l`p`al` snebm`at` l` eb du`ab lgspnsg-
hgøa l`e p`rsnabe lgr`htgvn y lnh`at`, sgan l` ens ndc`tgvns qu`
l`sl` eb pneítghb `luhbtgvb s` ogc`a pbrb `eeb, pnrqu` sg s` trbtb
l` hr`br uab `shu`eb bdg`rtb y pbrtghgpbtgvb s` a`h`sgtba r`hur-
sns `hnaømghns y l` p`rsnabe, qu` p`rmgtba trbdbcbr `a pns l`
`stns ndc`tgvns. An s` prnpna` qu` ens mb`strns n prno`snr`s s`
nhup`a l` `stbs tbr`bs, sgan qu` s` hnat`mpe` eb pbrtghgpbhgøa
`a onrmb pebagoghblb y sgst`mâtghb l` `qugpns prno`sgnabe`s hb-
pbhgtblns pbrb kbh`r pr`v`ahgøa hna blne`sh`at`s, bdbrhbaln
gat`frbem`at` eb prnde`mâtghb l` ens beumans.
Hna r`ebhgøa b eb prnde`mâtghb qu` ans nhupb, ens pblr`s
tg`a`a muhkn qu` kbh`r `a bpnyn l` ens lnh`at`s, y vgh`v`r-
sb. @s muy kbdgtube qu` sg `a ua hursn kby uan n mâs hkghns
qu` `stâa hnasumg`aln sustbahgbs n s` `mdnrrbhkba `a ebs
sbeglbs qu` r`begzba, ens pblr`s l` ens ntrns beumans en s`-
pba, pnrqu` sus kgcns en hnm`atba `a eb hbsb, yb qu` `a be-
fóa mnm`atn ens blne`sh`at`s hu`atba, sg an ebs trbasfr`sgn-
a`s qu` hnm`t`a `eens, sí ebs qu` hnm`t`a ens l`mâs. Bat`
`stb sgtubhgøa, sna ens pblr`s ens qu` l`d`a kbh`rs` hbrfn l`
su r`spnasbdgeglbl y tnmbr uab pnsturb bhtgvb pbrb qu` eb sg-
tubhgøa s`b hnanhglb pnr eb `shu`eb y/n ebs obmgegbs gavneuhrb-
lbs, hna `e oga l` bh`rhbrs` be blne`sh`at`
bln e`sh`at` pbrb byulbren b r`-
snev`r `e prnde`mb qu` `stâ btrbv`sbaln.
An `s oâhge bdnrlbr ua hnaoeghtn hnmn çst` sg`aln ua t`rh`-
rn an gaheugln, yb qu` ens blne`sh`at`s s` r`sgst`a b qu` sus
pblr`s s` gavneuhr`a `a uab sgtubhgøa qu` hnasgl`rba qu` an
e`s hnmp`t`, `a ua bmdg`at` qu` hnasgl`rba su prnpgn t`rrgtn-
rgn, y hna ua prnpøsgtn qu` bsnhgba hna ―s`r nrtgvb”, hna uab
bhtgtul pneghgbe l` l`ebhgøa. Xga `mdbrfn, hnasgl`rbmns qu`
`s pnsgde` kbdebr hna `eens bh`rhb l` eb p`rtga`ahgb l` gat`rv`-
agr `a uab sgtubhgøa l` hnaoeghtn, pbrb qu` pu`lba hnmpr`a-
l`r y bh`ptbr hnmn ua bsp`htn l` eb r`spnasbdgeglbl pbt`rab
eb prâhtghb l` ua hnmpnrtbmg`atn sneglbrgn y l` hnmprnmgsn
 246

Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

bat` uab sgtubhgøa prnde`mâtghb qu` pu`l` s`r r`su`etb y b eb

qu` an s` `s tntbem`at` bc`an.
Hubaln eb obmgegb `s l`sdnrlblb pnr ens hnaoeghtns y ens kgcns
qu`lba sga eb hnatga`ahgb a`h`sbrgb, blqug`r`a frba gmpnrtbahgb
y prntbfnagsmn ebs ntrbs gastgtuhgna`s, bl`mâs l` eb `shu`eb, `a
ebs qu` `e hkghn pbrtghgpb, tbe`s hnmn ens heud`s n h`atrns dbrrgb-
e`s, ebs gfe`sgbs, `th., y hnmn pbrt` gat`frbat` l` ebs mgsmbs, ens
bluetns qu` lgrgf`a ebs bhtgvglbl`s lgrgfglbs b ens cøv`a`s. @eens
tbmdgça tg`a`a bhh`sn b eb gaonrmbhgøa qu` hgrhueb `atr` ens hkg-
hns y an l`d`a kbh`r nílns snrlns: l`d`a `shuhkbr, kbh`rs` hbr-
fn l` en qu` suh`l` y bhtubr `a hnas`hu`ahgb, pnrqu` dg`a pu`-
l` trbtbrs` l` ua galgr`htn p`lgln l` byulb, bat` `e hube eb r`s-
pu`stb an l`d`ríb s`r ua sge`ahgn hømpegh`.
@a eb blne`sh`ahgb, ens eímgt`s `atr` en anrmbe y en pbtneø-
fghn sna mâs lgousns qu` `a ntrbs `tbpbs l` eb vglb, y mu-
hkbs l` ebs bhtgtul`s batgsnhgbe`s qu` pu`l`a nds`rvbrs` `a
ua blne`sh`at` `a ua mnm`atn lbln, trbashurrgln hg`rtn
tg`mpn qu`lba hnmn uab `xp`rgm`atbhgøa hgrhuastbahgbe qu`
an s` kb hnav`rtgln `a uab hnaluhtb kbdgtube. Xga `mdbrfn,
hubaln `stbs hnaluhtbs s` r`pgt`a l`d`a s`r nds`rvblbs y t`-
aglbs `a hu`atb pbrb `vgtbr qu` s` p`rp`tó`a y `v`atubem`a-
t` s` bfrbv`a: ans r`o`rgmns, pnr `c`mpen, b ens hkghns
h kghns qu` r`-
fuebrm`at` s` `mdnrrbhkba ens oga`s l` s`mbab, b ens qu`
sg`mpr` qu` vba b dbgebr hnasum`a lrnfbs, b ens qu` s` ga-
vneuhrba `a `pgsnlgns l` vgne`ahgb,
vgne`ahgb , b ens qu` s` mu`strba pbr-
tghuebrm`at` snegtbrgns n bgseblns, `th.
@a `e âr`b l` eb pr`v`ahgøa an pnl`mns nevglbr `e pbp`e
qu` cu`fba ens m`lgns l` hnmuaghbhgøa snhgbe, pnr s`r hr`b-
lnr`s y trbasmgsnr`s l` vbenr`s y mnl`ens snhgbe`s, y l` `eens
`a pbrtghuebr eb t`e`vgsgøa, l`dgln b su mbsgvb p`a`trbhgøa.
Bsí hnmn `vbeubmns qu` ens m`lgns an sna ganh`at`s hna
r`sp`htn b eb prnego`rbhgøa l` ebs blghhgna`s “tbatn pnr ebs
pudeghglbl`s qu` `mgt`a, hnmn pnr `e rne qu` humpe`a hnmn
r`onrzblnr`s l` mnl`ens l` hnmpnrtbmg`atns snhgbe`s qu`
 24;

Ens bsp`htns pr`v`atgvns

`xbh`rdba `e hnasumgsmn, ebs bhtgtul`s `shbpgstbs, lgshrgmg-

abtnrgbs, dbabe`s y `a befuans hbsns orbahbm`at` p`rv`r-
sbs“, tbmdgça kby qu` hnasgl`rbr qu` pu`l`a s`r utgegzblns
pbrb obvnr`h`r eb lgousgøa l` mnl`ens lgo`r`at`s.
Ens m`lgns l` hnmuaghbhgøa an sna prnpg`lbl`s prgvblbs
l`sl` ebs qu` s` pu`l` `mgtgr hubequg`r m`asbc` sga r`spnasb-
dgeglbl y sga `shrópuens. Xna `mpr`sbs prgvblbs qu` `xpentba
`hnaømghbm`at` ua s`rvghgn pódeghn, kba r`hgdgln `a hnah`-
sgøa or`hu`ahgbs qu` p`rt`a`h`a be @stbln: `a hnas`hu`ahgb,
l`d`a r`spnal`r b ens gat`r`s`s l` eb snhg`lbl, be dg`a hnmóa,
y humpegr çtghbm`at` hna su ouahgøa. B pbrtgr l` `stb hnah`p-
hgøa, s` pu`l`a tnmbr lgstgatbs m`lglbs, hnmn pnr `c`mpen
prnkgdgr n egmgtbr eb pudeghglbl l` d`dglbs behnkøeghbs: lgoualgr
hbmpbòbs pudeghgtbrgbs sgst`mâtghbs y r`spnasbde`s qu` bpua-
t`a b hr`br hnahg`ahgb bh`rhb l` ens rg`sfns l` ebs blghhgna`s y
l` su gmpnrtbahgb hnmn `ao`rm`lbl`s snhgbe`s: `stgmuebr `e
l`dbt` sndr` `stns t`mbs: `th. \`alríb uab frba trbsh`al`ahgb
` gmpnrtbat`s hnas`hu`ahgbs `e trbasmgtgr ua m`asbc` `shebr`-
h`lnr y r`oe`xgvn b trbvçs l` ens prnfrbmbs qu` hu`atba hna
mbynr hbatglbl l` pódeghn blne`sh`at`.
Eb pr`v`ahgøa l`e hnasumn l` lrnfbs hnasgst` `a `vgtbr ebs
hbusbs qu` en f`a`rba, y trbdbcbr hna `s` ndc`tgvn `s uab r`s-
pnasbdgeglbl snhgbe qu` gavneuhrb b tnlns. X`ríb l`s`bde`, hn-
mn l`híbmns be hnmg`azn, qu` bat` eb mbfagtul qu` kb tnmb-
ln `e trâoghn y `e hnasumn l` lrnfbs `a au`strn pbís, s` l`hglb
hnmdbtgrens sgst`mâtghbm`at` y hna r`spnasbdgeglbl, y sgmuetâ-
a`bm`at` prnt`f`r b ens cøv`a`s mâs vuea`rbde`s pbrb `vgtbr
qu` s` gaghg`a `a eb hbrr`rb blghtgvb. Bknrb dg`a, pbrb qu` `stn
suh`lb `s eb snhg`lbl eb qu` l`d` tnmbr hnahg`ahgb l` eb a`-
h`sglbl l` qu` `een nhurrb.
Xg eb snhg`lbl, qu` `s víhtgmb y vghtgmbrgb l` eb lrnfblgh-
hgøa, an `xgf` qu` s` t`rmga` hna `stb `pgl`mgb, agafóa pnl`r
l`e @stbln vb b `aor`atbrs` b ens frbal`s gat`r`s`s `hnaømghns
y pneítghns qu` `stâa l`trâs l` `st` a`fnhgn.
247
 Hbpítuen _

Hnasgl`rbhgna`s
Hnasgl`rbhgna`s ogabe`s

B mnln l` r`sum`a s` pu`l` l`hgr qu` `e hnasumn l`

sustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs kb `stbln pr`s`at` `a eb kgstnrgb l`
eb kumbaglbl l`sl` ens mâs r`mntns tg`mpns, p`rn b pbrtgr

l`e sgfen [[ y pbrtghuebrm`at` `a `stbs óetgmbs lçhblbs s`

kb mbsgoghbln, bsumg`aln hbrbht`rístghbs mnl`eblbs pnr `e
mnm`atn kgstørghn y ebs hnalghgna`s `hnaømghn-snhgbe`s prn-
pgbs l` eb çpnhb.
An søen kb kbdgln ua hbmdgn y ua bum`atn l`e hnasumn
l` sustbahgbs, sgan qu` kb kbdgln hbmdgns `a eb hbeglbl l`
ebs mgsmbs, gahnrpnrâalns` b ebs yb trblghgnabe`s au`vbs
lrnfbs l` prnluhhgøa sgatçtghb, pnr en hube b ebs sustbahgbs
l`rgvblbs l`e npgn, eb kncb l` hnhb, `e hbaabdgs y ens lgstga-
tns knafns beuhgaøf`ans s` bfr`fba p`rmba`at`m`at` sus-
tbahgbs prnluhglbs `a ebdnrbtnrgns, yb s`b `sp`híoghbm`at`
pbrb s`r usblbs hnmn `stgmuebat`s, n prnluhtns l` usn obr-
mbhneøfghn y/n galustrgbe qu` s` l`svíba kbhgb `e hnm`rhgn
ge`fbe. Eb prnluhhgøa y hnm`rhgbegzbhgøa l` `stbs sustbahgbs
kba hr`bln ua a`fnhgn vbrgbs v`h`s mgeenabrgn, qu` trbshg`a-
l` ebs ornat`rbs, y egfbln b çe nrfbagzbhgna`s mbognsbs sumb-
m`at` pnl`rnsbs y l` `xtr`mb p`egfrnsglbl.
\nln pbr`h` galghbr qu` eb lrnfblghhgøa y `e abrhntrâoghn kba
ee`fbln pbrb qu`lbrs`, p`rn `stn an sgfagoghb qu` kbyb qu` sn-

m`t`rs` pbsgvbm`at` b sus mbalbtns. @s gmpr`shgalgde` tnmbr

 282

Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

m`lglbs pbrb `rrblghbr b ens abrhntrboghbat`s y r`hup`rbr b ens

blghtns, qu` kbstb `e mnm`atn kba prnego`rbln sga l`mbsgblns
ndstâhuens, `a mg npgagøa pnrqu` tbatn ua s`htnr hnmn `e ntrn
sna ouahgnabe`s be sgst`mb.

@e abrhntrâoghn
`hnaømghn lnal` ebmu`v`
óaghb hgorbs
m`tb mgeenabrgbs, y `a
`s eb fbabahgb sgaua nrl`a
gmpnrtbr
hømn s` ndtg`a`, sus hnas`hu`ahgbs a`fbtgvbs sna p`ro`htb-
m`at` tne`rbde`s.
@a ua sgst`mb snhgbe lnal` `s `stgmuebln `e hnasumn
l`sm`lgln, be gfube qu` eb pbsgvglbl y eb bus`ahgb l` p`asb-
mg`atn hrítghn, ens hgulblbans,
hgulblb ans, cøv`a`s `a pbrtghuebr
pbrtghuebr,, qu` `s-
tça ―lgspnagde`s” pbrb p`rmba`h`r `a eb bpbtíb, sga prny`h-
tns, sga hu`stgnabmg`atns, sga `xgf`ahgbs y prnhegv`s b butn-
l`strugrs` pnr uab lnsgs l` lrnfb, sna p`ro`htbm`at` ouahgn-
abe`s be sgst`mb. Xna p`rsnabs tba l`shbrtbde`s hnmn ens
prnluhtns galustrgbe`s.
Kby qu` t`rmgabr hna `stb hnah`phgøa m`rhbatgegstb. @s a`-
h`sbrgn vbenrgzbr eb vglb y l`o`al`reb, hnmdbtg`aln eb hnrrup-
hgøa y `e hnasumgsmn l`sm`lgln, trbasmgtg`aln vbenr`s l` lgf-
aglbl kumbab y b pbrtgr l` beeí `ebdnrbr ebs pneítghbs mbhrn y
mghrn-snhgbe`s qu` bpuat`a b snst`a`reb.
@xgfgr be @stbln y b eb snhg`lbl `a f`a`rbe, hnmprnm`tg`aln
eb r`spnasbdgeglbl l` ebs nrfbagzbhgna`s prgvblbs l`lghblbs b
ens rudrns l` eb sbeul, eb `luhbhgøa, `th., eb bt`ahgøa l` ens cø-
v`a`s y eb prnvgsgøa l` ens r`hursns a`h`sbrgns pbrb `e trbtb-
mg`atn gat`frbe l` ens trbstnrans qu` ens bo`htba y su pr`v`a-
hgøa. Befuans pbsns s` `stâa lbaln, p`rn an sna suoghg`at`s.
Ebs `mpr`sbs l` sbeul l`d`a s`r ndegfblbs b bt`al`r ebs
blghhgna`s `a onrmb gat`frbe y pnr `e tg`mpn qu` s` r`qug`rb
kbstb behbazbr `e ndc`tgvn prnpu`stn.
Ebs `mpr`sbs y ens lgstgatns nrfbagsmns l`e @stbln l`d`a
lbr `mpe`n b ens `x blghtns, hr`baln prny`htns `sp`hgbe`s sg
ou`rb a`h`sbrgn, qu` prnmu`vba eb hbpbhgtbhgøa l` ens cøv`a`s
pbrb p`rmgtgr su bhh`sn be trbdbcn.
 284

@e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

\bmdgça s` l`d` hnat`mpebr pbrb ens blghtns r`hup`rblns `e

bhh`sn b uab vgvg`alb, qu` `a ua prgahgpgn prndbde`m`at` l`-
db s`r ua bed`rfu` prnt`fgln.
Eb `pgl`mgb l` eb lrnfblghhgøa s` `xtg`al`, y `s a`h`sbrgn

l`t`a`reb
vglb lgfannor`hg`aln trbtbmg`atns
pbrb qug`a`s bl`hublns ybat`s
sna mâs vuea`rbde`s, ua prny`htn l`
l` qu` s`b
l`mbsgbln tbrl`.
288
 Bpçalgh`

Dr`v` fensbrgn l` ebs sustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs

huyn usn `s mâs kbdgtube `a au`strn m`lgn

Beuhgaøf`ans3 sna sustbahgbs qu` prnluh`a bet`rbhgna`s prn-

oualbs `a eb p`rh`phgøa l` eb r`beglbl. Dbcn su gaoeu`ahgb s`
v`a gmâf`a`s, s` `shuhkba snaglns y s` p`rhgd`a s`asbhgn-
a`s qu` pbr`h`a r`be`s p`rn an en sna. \bmdgça
\bmdgça pu`l`a prn-
luhgr hbmdgns `mnhgnabe`s râpglns ` gat`asns. @stbs lrnfbs
bhtóba sndr` ens a`urntrbasmgsnr`s, bet`rbaln `e ouahgnab-
mg`atn l`e sgst`mb a`rvgnsn h`atrbe y p`rgoçrghn. Ens beuhgaø-
f`ans mâs hnanhglns sna3 eb lg`tgebmglb l`e âhgln egsçrfghn
(EXL), eb mbrgkubab, ens knafns psgenhgdghns y `e hbhtus p`-
ynt`, eb m`zhbegab y eb gdnfbíab. @e EXL `s `e beuhgaøf`an
mâs pnt`at` qu` s` hnanh`, y uab lnsgs l` 89 mghrnfrbmns
pu`l` prnluhgr `o`htns lurbat` mâs l` ? knrbs b pbrtgr l`l ` eb
m`lgb knrb l` kbd`r sgln hnasumgln: sga `mdbrfn, râpglb-
m`at` f`a`rb tne`rbahgb y `s a`h`sbrgn bum`atbr eb lnsgs,
buaqu` an prnluh` l`p`al`ahgb oísghb. Lns `o`htns b ebrfn
pebzn s` hnanh`a bsnhgblns be usn l` EXL3 psghnsgs p`rsgs-
t`at` y trbstnran p`rh`ptgvn p`rsgst`at` pnr beuhgaøf`an, lu-
rbat` `e hube bpbr`h`a lgstnrsgna`s `spnatâa`bs y r`p`tgtgvbs
hnmn ebs nrgfgabem`at` prnluhglbs pnr `e usn l` eb lrnfb.
 280

Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

Çstbs pu`l`a bpbr`h`r muhkn l`spuçs l` kbd`rs` susp`alg-

ln `e hnasumn y p`rsgstgr lurbat` ua tg`mpn.
Eb lrnfbs lgsnhgbtgvbs tbmdgça bet`rba `e ouahgnabmg`atn
l` ens a`urntrbasmgsnr`s, p`rn an prnluh`a beuhgabhgna`s,
buaqu`
y f`a`rbasí lgstnrsgnaba
s`atgmg`atns ebs
l` p`rh`phgna`s
bgsebmg`atn n vgsube`s y bulgtgvbs,
lgsnhgbhgøa l`e m`-
lgn `xt`ran y l` sí mgsmn. Xna çstbs, eb j`tbmgab, `e YHY
(henrkglrbtn l` o`aghgheglgab, qu` r`hgd` lgstgatns anmdr`s `a
`e brfnt l` ens blghtns, sg`aln `e mâs hnanhgln ―pnevn l` âa-
f`e”), y `e l`xtrnm`tnroban. @stbs lrnfbs s` `ahu`atrba e`fbe-
m`at` `a lgstgatns m`lghbm`atns, pnr `een ens blghtns ens
usba hnah`atrblns y `a mbynr hbatglbl pbrb bum`atbr su
`o`htn, qu` vbríb hna eb lnsgs. @e usn prnenafbln prnluh` lgs-
mgauhgøa l` eb m`mnrgb, bma`sgb, l`snrg`atbhgøa, l`pr`-
sgøa, `th. Dbcn `e `o`htn l` `stbs lrnfbs pu`l`a prnluhgrs`
s`asbhgna`s bt`rrblnrbs l` lgsnhgbhgøa y s`pbrbhgøa l`e
hu`rpn, qu` lurba vbrgbs knrbs.

Bao`tbmgabs 3 `s `e oârmbhn `stgmuebat` l`e sgst`mb a`rvgnsn

h`atrbe mâs hnasumgln. X` pr`s`atb `a hnmprgmglns n hâp-
suebs, y su`e` s`r utgegzbln `a trbtbmg`atns pbrb eb nd`sglbl
hnmn banr`xíf`an, y `a `e trbtbmg`atn l` eb lgsouahgøa h`r`-
drbe míagmb `a ens agòns. Psbln kbdgtubem`at` prnluh` s`a-
sbhgøa l` be`rtb gat`asgoghblb, bfgtbhgøa, kgp`rbhtgvglbl, en-
hubhglbl, gaheusn beuhgabhgna`s ` gl`bs l`egrbat`s: t`rmgabln
`e `o`htn `m`rf`a eb obtgfb y eb l`pr`sgøa. Oâhgem`at` f`a`rba
tne`rbahgb y l`p`al`ahgb psghn-oísghb. @e usn prnenafbln prn-
vnhb pçrlglb l`e bp`tgtn, tbqughbrlgb, `shbenoríns, lgebtbhgøa
pupgebr, ontnondgb, `th.
Ebs lrnfbs l` lgs`òn, prnluhglbs pnr síat`sgs químghb,
pns``a uab `struhturb químghb y uab bhhgøa sndr` `e sgst`mb
a`rvgnsn sgmgebr`s b ebs l` ebs bao`tbmgabs. Eb mâs hnanhg-

lb l` `eebs `s `e MLMB, pnpuebrm`at` eebmblb ―çxtbsgs”, y

 28?

Bpçalgh`

s` eb hebsgoghb hnmn psghnlgseçptghb, `s l`hgr qu` p`rturdb eb

bhtgvglbl m`atbe y prnluh` uab l`svgbhgøa l`egrbat` l`e cug-
hgn qu` galuh` b hnaousgøa y l`sp`rsnabegzbhgøa. B agv`e og-
sgneøfghn prnluh` tbqughbrlgb, kgp`rt`asgøa,
kgp`r t`asgøa, sulnrbhgøa, hna-
trbhhgøa
lbl, l` eb l`
lgoghuetbl mbalídueb, kgp`rt`rmgb,
hnah`atrbhgøa, `th. @e basg`lbl,
p`egfrn l` grrgtbdgeg-
ebs hna-
s`hu`ahgbs blv`rsbs bum`atb hubaln kby pr``xgst`ahgb l`
prnde`mbs psíqughns, a`urneøfghns y/n oísghns.

Hnhbíab3 `s ua `stgmuebat` muy blghtgvn, qu` s` pr`s`atb dâ-

sghbm`at` l` lns onrmbs3 henrkglrbtn l` hnhbíab, hnmn ua
pnevn debahn, y ens hrgstbe`s l` hnhbíab n or``dbs`. @e henrkg-
lrbtn s` bspgrb y bdsnrd` pnr eb muhnsb absbe, n s` lgsu`ev`
`a bfub y s` gay`htb. @e or``dbs` s` pu`l` oumbr, y s` en hn-
anh` hnmn ―hrbhj”. Ens `o`htns l` eb hnhbíab s` p`rhgd`a hb-
sg l` gam`lgbtn y p`rsgst`a l`spuçs l` vbrgns mgautns u kn-
rbs: f`a`rba s`asbhgøa l` `uonrgb, `stgmuebhgøa y bet`rbhgøa
l` ens s`atglns, s`asbhgøa l` nmagpnt`ahgb, onrtbe`zb oísghb y
m`atbe. @e `o`htn l` `uonrgb `s mâs gat`asn hubatn mâs râpg-
lb `s eb bdsnrhgøa, p`rn b mbynr v`enhglbl l` bdsnrhgøa m`-
anr `s `e tg`mpn qu` lurb `e `o`htn. @e usn prnenafbln y `e
bdusn l` `stb sustbahgb prnluh` lgv`rsbs hnmpeghbhgna`s mç-
lghbs, oualbm`atbem`at` hbrlgnvbshuebr`s, a`urneøfghbs y
bdlnmgabe`s: tbmdgça k`mnrrbfgbs y rgagtgs hrøaghbs, gasnm-
agn, obetb l` bp`tgtn, y `xbh`rdbhgøa l` ens s`atgmg`atns pbrb-
angl`s, `atr` ntrbs. @s pbrtghuebrm`at` p`egfrnsb eb hnmdgab-
hgøa l` hnhbíab y behnkne, qu` pu`l` prnluhgr eb mu`rt`, be
gfube qu` uab sndr`lnsgs. Hnmn hna tnlb lrnfb gay`htbde`, be
hnasumgrs` pnr `sb víb, hnmpbrtg`aln eb c`rgafb, `s muy betn
`e rg`sfn l` hnatbfgn l` _GK, k`pbtgtgs, `th.

@st`rngl`s babdøeghns-balrnfçaghns3 sna sustbahgbs sgatçtg-

hbs r`ebhgnablbs hna ebs knrmnabs s`xube`s mbshuegabs. Ebs

 286

Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

prgahgpbe`s rbzna`s pnr ebs qu` ebs p`rsnabs l` bmdns s`xns

hnasum`a `st`rngl`s sna3 pbrb bum`atbr eb mushuebturb, db-
cbr l` p`sn y m`cnrbr `e r`algmg`atn `a ens l`pnrt`s. Befu-
ans `st`rngl`s babdøeghns s` blmgagstrba nrbem`at`, ntrns s`
gay`htba
onrmb l` gatrbmushuebrm`at`, y ntrns s`l`
hr`mb n f`e. Ens bdusblnr`s orntba `a eb pg`e
`st`rngl`s `a
usube-
m`at` m`zheba ebs lrnfbs, usbaln lns n mâs `a lgo`r`at`s
pr`s`atbhgna`s, `a eb hr``ahgb l` qu` vba b ndt`a`r ua mb-
ynr r`suetbln. @e bdusn l` ens `st`rngl`s babdøeghns prnluh`
frba lgv`rsglbl l` `o`htns blv`rsns, hnmn bhaç y l`sbrrneen
l` s`ans `a ens knmdr`s, y eb mbshuegagzbhgøa `a ebs muc`-
r`s: tbmdgça kb sgln bsnhgbln hna `ao`rm`lbl`s hbrlgnvbs-
huebr`s y tumnr`s k`pâtghns. @a `e âr`b l` eb hnaluhtb, ens
`st`rngl`s babdøeghns hnasumglns `a lnsgs betbs bum`atba
eb grrgtbdgeglbl y eb bfr`sgvglbl. Befuans l` `stns `o`htns sna
r`v`rsgde`s sg s` gat`rrump` `e hnasumn l` `stbs sustbahgbs,
p`rn ntrns sna p`rmba`at`s.

K`rníab3 `s `e npgâh`n l` bhhgøa mâs râpglb, betbm`at` blghtg-

vn y `e mâs bdusbln. Eb k`rníab s` prnh`sb hnmn l`rgvbln l`
eb mnrogab, y s` v`al` `a onrmb l` pnevn debahn n mbrrøa, n
hnmn uab sustbahgb a`frb p`fbcnsb hnanhglb `a ebs hbee`s hn-
mn ―fnmb” n ―bequgtrâa a`frn”. Eb k`rníab f`a`rbem`at` s` ga-
y`htb, s` gakbeb, s` bspgrb n s` oumb. Pa bdusblnr l` k`rníab
pu`l` gay`htbrs` kbstb hubtrn v`h`s pnr líb. Eb gay`hhgøa gatrb-
v`ansb prnpnrhgnab eb mbynr gat`asglbl y hbusb eb ne`blb l`
`uonrgb mâs râpglb, b ens pnhns s`fualns: sg `s gakbeblb n ou-
mblb `e `o`htn mâxgmn s` sg`at` b ens 29 n 20 mgautns. Xga
`mdbrfn, s` `stâ r`fgstrbaln `a ens pbís`s hnasumglnr`s ua bu-
m`atn l` ens cøv`a`s qu` utgegzba eb k`rníab l` mbynr pur`zb
qu` s` pu`l` gakbebr n oumbr.
oumbr. Eb k`rníab hnasumglb ee`fb be h`-
r`drn, y râpglbm`at` s` egfb hna ens r`h`ptnr`s abturbe`s l`

npgngl`s, en qu` `s p`rhgdgln hnmn uab ne`blb l` s`asbhgna`s

 28;

Bpçalgh`

bfrblbde`s ` gat`asbs, eebmblb ―rusk”. L`spuçs l` ens `o`htns

gaghgbe`s, `e usubrgn `stbrâ snmaneg`atn pnr vbrgbs knrbs: pu`l`
s`atgr bhbenrbmg`atn, s`qu`lbl l` eb dnhb, p`sbl`z `a ebs `x-
tr`mglbl`s, abus`bs, vømgtns y pghbzøa. Eb ouahgøa m`atbe s`
noushb pnr eb bhhgøa
ebs ouahgna`s l` eby lrnfb
hbrlíbhbs `a `e sgst`mb
r`spgrbtnrgbs a`rvgnsn
lgsmgauy`a, pnrh`atrbe,
`een `e
rg`sfn l` sndr`lnsgs `s muy betn. Eb k`rníab tbmdgça prnluh`
frblns prnoualns l` tne`rbahgb y l`p`al`ahgb oísghb, qu` obvn-
r`h`a `e usn hnmpuesgvn. @e síalrnm` l` bdstga`ahgb pu`l`
nhurrgr b ebs pnhbs knrbs l` kbd`r hnasumgln eb óetgmb lnsgs
l` eb lrnfb. Ens síatnmbs l` eb bdstga`ahgb gaheuy`a gaqug`tul,
lnenr l` móshuens y ku`sns, gasnmagn, lgbrr`b, vømgtns, `shb-
enoríns y mnvgmg`atns gavneuatbrgns, y pu`l`a lurbr vbrgns líbs.
@e usn prnenafbln l` k`rníab prnvnhb lbòns `a ebs v`abs, ga-
o`hhgna`s l` ens vbsns sbafuía`ns, `ao`rm`lbl`s k`pâtghbs, r`-
abe`s y puemnabr`s: bl`mâs l` qu` muhkns l` ens blgtgvns qu`
s` utgegzba pbrb ―hnrtbr”
―hnrtbr ” eb lrnfb qu` s` v`al` `a ebs hbee`s sna
tøxghns `a sí mgsmns.

Gakbebat`s3 sna sustbahgbs vneâtge`s huyns vbpnr`s químghns

pu`l`a s`r gakbeblns, pbrb prnvnhbr ua `o`htn psghnbhtgvn n
ua `stbln l` bet`rbhgøa m`atbe. @stb l`anmgabhgøa bdbrhb
frba hbatglbl l` químghns qu` s` `ahu`atrba `a lgo`r`at`s
prnluhtns lnmçstghns, galustrgbe`s y obrmbhneøfghns, pnr en
hube `s lgoíhge hebsgoghbrens. Y`rn ua nrl`abmg`atn pnsgde` ens
s`pbrb `a hubtrn hbt`fnríbs3 lgsnev`at`s vneâtge`s, b`rnsne`s,
fbs`s y agtrgtns.
Ens lgsnev`at`s vneâtge`s sna eíquglns qu` s` vbpnrgzba b
t`mp`rbturb bmdg`at`: s` `ahu`atrba `a ens lgeuy`at`s y r`-
mnv`lnr`s l` pgaturb, prnluhtns l` egmpg`zb, p`fbm`atns, eí-
quglns hnrr`htnr`s y eb tgatb l` ens mbrhblnr`s hna puatb l`
og`etrn. Ens b`rnsne`s sna rnhgblnr`s qu` hnatg`a`a prnpuesnr`s

y lgsnev`at`s: s` gaheuy`a ebs pgaturbs puev`rgzblbs, ogcblnr`s

 287

Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

l` p`en, egmpgblnr`s, `th. @atr` ens fbs`s t`a`mns ebs ba`s-

t`sgbs (çt`r, henrnonrmn, øxgln agtrnsn “hnanhgln hnmn fbs
kgebrbat`“, `th.), bsí hnmn fbs`s qu` s` utgegzba `a prnluh-
tns lnmçstghns n hnm`rhgbe`s hnmn `ah`al`lnr`s, r`orgf`-
rbat`s, sgan
h`atrbe `th. Ens agtrgtns
sndr` an bhtóba
ens vbsns sndr` y`eens
sbafuía`ns sgst`mb a`rvgnsn
móshuens, rb-
zøa pnr eb hube s` ens utgegzb oualbm`atbem`at` pbrb gat`asg-
oghbr `e pebh`r s`xube: befuans sna l` usn hnmóa `a m`lghg-
ab qu` s` l`svíba be hgrhugtn ge`fbe.
Ens gakbebat`s, pbrtghuebrm`at` ens lgsnev`at`s vneâtge`s,
fbs`s y b`rnsne`s, or`hu`at`m`at` s` `ahu`atrba `atr` ebs
prgm`rbs lrnfbs utgegzblbs pnr ens agòns, buaqu` su usn pu`-
l` kbh`rs` hrøaghn y `xt`al`rs` kbstb eb bluet`z.
Ens `o`htns prnluhglns pnr ens lgo`r`at`s gakbebat`s sna
vbrgblns, p`rn uab l` ebs sustbahgbs mâs or`hu`at`m`at`
dushblb `s `e tneu`an, qu` `s ua lgsnev`at` bmpegbm`at` utg-
egzbln `a prnluhtns lnmçstghns ` galustrgbe`s y qu` bhtób
bhtgvbaln `e sgst`mb l` lnpbmgab h`r`drbe, prnluhg`aln uab
pebh`at`rb s`asbhgøa l` `uonrgb y lgsmgauhgøa l` eb gakgdg-
hgøa. @a f`a`rbe, ens gakbebat`s prnluh`a `o`htns sgmgebr`s b
ens l`e behnkne, p`rn hnmn p`rmba`h`a søen lurbat` befuans
mgautns, ens bdusblnr`s trbtba l` prnenafbr eb `uonrgb gakb-
ebaln r`p`tglbm`at` b en ebrfn l` vbrgbs knrbs. Ynst`rgnr-
m`at`, `e usubrgn pu`l` p`rmba`h`r snmaneg`atn lurbat`
ebrfn tg`mpn y suorgr lnenr l` hbd`zb, bturlgmg`atn, d`egf`-
rbahgb, r`oe`cns l`prgmglns, `th.
@e usn prnenafbln l` gakbebat`s prnvnhb hnas`hu`ahgbs
mçlghbs l`vbstblnrbs. Ens `o`htns a`urntøxghns gaheuy`a sía-
lrnm`s a`urneøfghns qu` mu`strba lbòns b s`htnr`s l`e h`-
r`drn qu` gavneuhrba `e hnatrne hnfagtgvn, mntrgz, vgsube y bu-
lgtgvn. Ebs banrmbeglbl`s pu`l`a gr l`sl` ua e`v` l`t`rgnrn
kbstb uab l`m`ahgb s`v`rb. Ens gakbebat`s sna tbmdgça muy
tøxghns pbrb ntrns ørfbans, y buaqu` befuans l` ens lbòns
 2<9

Bpçalgh`

prnluhglns be sgst`mb a`rvgnsn y be r`stn l`e nrfbagsmn pu`-

l`a s`r pnr en m`ans pbrhgbem`at` r`v`rtglns hubaln s` ga-
t`rrump` su usn, muhkns ntrns sna grr`v`rsgde`s.

Mbrgkubab3 `s eb lrnfb l` gaghgn mâs lgoualglb `a `e mualn, y

s` `xtrb` l` eb hbaabdgs sbtgvb, vuefbrm`at` hnanhglb hnmn
hâòbmn galgn. L` eb pebatb s` utgegzba ebs oenr`s y kncbs s`hbs
trgturblbs, qu` s` oumba `a onrmb l` hgfbrrgeen, hnmóam`at`
eebmbln ―pnrrn”. \bmdgça s` utgegzb eb r`sgab l` eb pebatb pbrb
prnluhgr kbhkís, lnal` `e behbengl` s` `ahu`atrb mâs
hnah`atrbln, p`rn `stb onrmb l` hnasumn `a au`strn pbís an
`s kbdgtube, buaqu` `a ntrbs r`fgna`s sí en `s. Eb sustbahgb
psghnbhtgvb mâs gmpnrtbat` qu` pns`` eb mbrgkubab `s `e t`trb
kglrn hbaabdgane (\KH). @a eb prgm`rb m`lgb knrb trbs kbd`r
sgln hnasumglb, prnluh` s`asbhgøa l` pebhgl`z, `uonrgb,
gat`asgoghbhgøa l` ebs p`rh`phgna`s, qu` pu`l`a ee`fbr b ebs
beuhgabhgna`s, be`fríb grr`or`abde` hna btbqu`s l` rgsb,
l`sgakgdghgøa, `th.: pbsbln `e `o`htn `uonrgzbat` bpbr`h`a eb
bafustgb y eb l`pr`sgøa. @s uab lrnfb qu` f`a`rb tne`rbahgb,
pnr en hube su hnasumn su`e` bum`atbr
b um`atbr prnfr`sgvbm`at`. @a ens
oumblnr`s kbdgtube`s `ahnatrbmns hnaousgøa m`atbe, lçoghgts
`a eb hnah`atrbhgøa y eb bt`ahgøa, lgoghuetbl pbrb p`asbr, y ua
bfrbvbmg`atn l` ebs bet`rbhgna`s l` eb p`rsnabeglbl, pulg`aln
l`s`ahbl`abr `pgsnlgns psghøtghns. @a `e r`stn l`e hu`rpn
prnluh` trbstnrans hbrlíbhns, puemnabr`s, bo`htb eb hbpbhglbl
gamuaneøfghb, `th. y, be gfube qu` `e behnkne y `e tbdbhn, ens
hbaabdgangl`s trbspbsba eb dbrr`rb pebh`atbrgb y bo`htba be
o`tn.

Ybstb dbs` l` hnhbíab (YDH)3 Hnanhglb `a au`strn pbís

hnmn ―pbhn”, su hnasumn s` kgzn mbsgvn kbh` ber`l`lnr l`
29 bòns, pnr s`r l` muy dbcn pr`hgn. Eb pbstb dbs`, bl`mâs
l` ens behbengl`s l` eb kncb l` hnhb, hnatg`a` lgo`r`at`s
 2<2

Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

sustba
sust bahg
hgbs
bs betb
betbm`
m`at
at`` ttøx
øxgh
ghbs
bs pn
pnrq
rqu`
u` an kb sgln sgln
suoghg`at`m`at` purgoghblb, yb qu` `s `e r`suetbln l` eb `tbpb
gaghgbe l`e prnh`sbmg`atn l` ebs kncbs y hnatg`a` bóa ens
r`sgluns l` ens snev`at`s utgegzblns `a `st` prnh`sn. X`
v`al`
s`fóa hnmn
ens ua pnevn bp`embzbln
hnmpna`at`s l` hnenr debahn
qu` hnat`afb. X` bhnasum`
mbrrøa,
oumâalneb sneb n m`zheblb hna tbdbhn n mbrgkubab. Ens
`o`htns bpbr`h`a râpglbm`at` l`spuçs l` hnasumglb y
lurba vbrgns mgautns: `a f`a`rbe s` p`rhgd`a hnmn bum`atn
l` `a`rfíb y `stbln l` be`rtb, lgsmgauhgøa l`e su`òn y `e
bp`tgtn, v`rdnrr`b, bum`atn l` eb pr`sgøa brt`rgbe y l`e rgtmn
hbrlíbhn y r`spgrbtnrgn, `atr` ntrns. B agv`e h`r`drbe s`
prnluh` uab egd`rbhgøa l` lnpbmgab qu` f`a`rb `uonrgb:
pbsbln `st` `o`htn gaghgbe s` prnluh` uab s`asbhgøa muy
l`sbfrblbde` l` l`pr`sgøa y bafustgb, qu` s` gahr`m`atb
hna `e hnasumn prnenafbln. @a sgtubhgøa l` bdstga`ahgb s`
pr`s`atb lgsonrgb, grrgtbdgeglbl, l`pr`sgøa (b v`h`s hna
gl`bhgøa sughglb), basg`lbl, y ua ou`rt` l`s`n l` hnasumgr
au`vbm`at` sga gmpnrtbr ens m`lgns qu` s` utgegh`a pbrb
ndt`a`r eb lrnfb. Ebs hnas`hu`ahgbs l`e `xh`sgvn hnasumn
prnluh` uab bet`rbhgøa b agv`e l` ens a`urntrbasmgsnr`s, hna
frbv`s bet`rbhgna`s `a eb hnaluhtb y síatnmbs psghøtghns,
lgoíhge`s l` r`v`rtgr: bl`mâs l` lgv`rsbs y frbv`s
hnas`hu`ahgbs b agv`e hnrpnrbe hnmn r`suetbln l` eb
gatnxghbhgøa qu` prnluh`a ens snev`at`s qu` pns``.

Gaonrmbhgøa `stblístghb

B p`sbr l`e hr`hgmg`atn `hnaømghn r`fgstrbln `a eb Br-

f`atgab `a ens lns óetgmns bòns, hbsg eb mgtbl l` au`strns ag-
òns vgv`a `a eb pndr`zb, sg`aln `stns agòns y blne`sh`at`s eb
pndebhgøa mâs ebs
fn `ahu`atrba vuea`rbde`
lrnfbs. snhgbem`at` y lnal` mbynr brrbg-
 2<4

Bpçalgh`

Gahgl`ahgb l` eb pndr`zb
Ynr frupns l` `lbl y frbal`s bfenm`rblns urdbans, prgm`r s`m`str` l` 4990. @a %

T`fgna`s 9 b 4 bòns 8b0 ? b 24 28 b 26 2; y mâs \N\BE

M`trnpnegtbab 0?,? 02,7 07,9 0;,0 84,8 <9,8

Ybmp`bab <6,7 <6,6 00,0 0<,; 4;,7 8?,4
Anrn`st` ?2,7 ?<,0 ?<,6 ?<,? <8,6 02,2
Huyn <?,? <6,? 04,0 04,9 84,8 8;,0
Anrl`st` ?7,4 69,8 6<,7 69,< 09,2 0;,0
Ybtbfnagb 47,4 82,2 88,0 86,0 42,0 4?,9

\N\BE 0<,6 04,; 0;,; 0;,9 88,8 <2,2

Ou`at`3 Xnhg`lbl Brf`atgab l` Y`lgbtríb. PAGH@O.

Yndebhgøa l` m`anr`s l` 2< bòns `a sgtubhgøa l` pndr`zb,

s`fóa eb r`fgøa
r`fgøa `a qu` vvgv`a.
gv`a. Lbtns l`e GGAL@H
AL@H l`e prgm
prgm`r
`r s`m`
s`m`str`
str` l` 49
499?
9?
T`fgna`s %

Ybtbføaghb 40,0

Ybmp`bab <4,8

Frba Du`ans Bgr`s <<,4

Anrn`st` ?9,4

Anrl`st` ?0,?

\ntbe 4; bfenm`rblns urdbans <?,8

 2<8

Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

L` ens lgstgatns `stulgns `pgl`mgneøfghns sndr` `e hnasu-

mn l` sustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs r`begzblns pnr `e Gal`h y eb
X@LTNABT, s` kba `xtrbíln ens sgfug`at`s hublrns, qu` ga-

onrmba pbrb
gat`rçs `stblístghbm`at`
`st` trbdbcn. sndr` befuans puatns l` `sp`hgbe

Yr`vbe`ahgb l` vglb l` hnasumn l` ebs prgahgpbe`s sustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs

Enhbeglbl`s l` 299.999 y mâs kbdgtbat`s.
Yndebhgøa tntbe l` 2? b ?0 bòns l` `lbl qu` hnasumgø befuab v`z `a eb vglb
sustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs. Cuegn l` 499<. @a %

79

;9

69

?9

09

<9

89

49

29

9
D`dglbs \bdbhn Mbrgkubab X`lbat`s Henrkglrbtn
behnkøeghbs l` hnhbíab
 2<<

Bpçalgh`

Yndebhgøa l` 2? b ?0 bòns l` `lbl qu` hnasumgø befuab v`z

`a `e óetgmn bòn sustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs y pr`vbe`ahgb l`e óetgmn bòn l` hnasumn
l` sustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs, pnr s`xn y tgpn l` sustbahgb
Enhbeglbl`s l` 299.999 y mâs kbdgtbat`s. Cuegn l` 499<

Xustbahgbs \ntbe _brna`s Muc`r`s

psghnbhtgvbs
Ynd
ndeb
ebhhgøa
gøa Yr`v
r`vbe`ah
e`ahgb
gb Ynd
ndeb
ebhhgøa
gøa Yr`v
`vbbe`
e`ah
ahgb
gb Yndeb
ndebhg
hgøøa Yr`v
`vbbe`
e`ah
ahgb
gb
qu` l`e óetgmn qu` l`e óetgmn qu` l`e óetgmn
hnasum` bòn hnasum` bòn hnasum` bòn

\ntbe l` sustbahgbs 22.666.827 67,? ?.249.;7; ;6,0 0.?0?.<42 64,?

psghnbhtgvbs e`fbe`s

D`dglbs behnkøeghbs 29.60;.?79 64,; 0.6;;.482 ;4,; <.769.<07 ?8,;

\bdbhn 0.094.;?8 86,4 4.;92.072 <9,2 4.692.464 8<,6

\ntbe l` sustbahgbs 896.494 4,2 44;.0?? 8,8 6;.?8? 2,9

psghnbhtgvbs ge`fbe`s

Beuhgaøf`ans (2) 2<.74< 9,2 2<.400 9,4 ??7 -

Henrkglrbtn l` hnhbíab <7.7;0 9,8 <7.82? 9,6 ??7 -
Hrbhj ;.044 9,2 0.<?0 9,2 8.906 -
@xtbsgs 7.8;6 9,2 6.807 9,2 4.94; -
Gakbebde`s (4) ?.<04 - - - ?.<04 9,2
Mbrgkubab 4;?.?0; 2,7 427.899 8,2 ?6.80; 9,7
Npgâh`ns y ba`stçsghns (8) 8.8<9 - 2.722 - 2.<47 -
Ybstb dbs` ??7 - - - ??7 -

\ntbe l` psghnoârmbhns (<) 400.?42 2,6 ;4.<<2 2,4 268.2;9 4,4

@stgmuebat`s (0) 22.787 9,2 4.786 - 7.994 9,2
X`lbat`s (?) 4<8.?;4 2,? 67.09< 2,2 2?<.26; 4,2

(2) EXL, p`ynt`, huhum`en, hkbmghn, oenrgpnalgn, `th.

(4) Y`fbm`atn, Ynxgrâa, `th.
(8) Npgn, mnrogab, k`rníab, hnl`íab n J`tbebr.
(<) Hnasumn sga galghbhgøa mçlghb, n `a mbynr hbatglbl n pnr mâs tg`mpn l` en qu` `e mçlghn
kbdíb r`h`tbln.
(0) Bao`tbmgabs (Brtba` n Bht`mía), \bmgeâa, Tudgo`a n Tgtbegab.
(?) _begum, E`xntbage, \rbpbx,
\rbpbx, Tnkypane, Egdrgum, `th.

Antb3 ebs pndebhgna`s l` r`o`r`ahgb sna3 tntbe 2<.6;?.087: vbrna`s3 ?.778.;24, y muc`r`s3
6.674.646.
Yr`vbe`ahgb l`e óetgmn bòn3 prnpnrhgøa l` p`rsnabs l` 2? b ?0 bòns qu` hnasumgø befuab sustba-
hgb psghnbhtgvb `a `e óetgmn bòn r`sp`htn l`e tntbe l` p`rsnabs l` frupn `tbrgn.
Yr`vbe`ahgb l`e óetgmn bòn l` vbrna`s3 prnpnrhgøa l` vbrna`s l` 2? b ?0 bòns qu` hnasumgø befuab sus-
tbahgb psghnbhtgvb `a `e óetgmn bòn r`sp`htn l`e tntbe l` vbrna`s l`e mgsmn frupn `tbrgn.
 2<0

Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

Yr`vbe`ahgb l`e óetgmn bòn l` muc`r`s3 prnpnrhgøa l` muc`r`s l` 2? b ?0 bòns qu` hnasumgø befu-
ab sustbahgb psghnbhtgvb `a `e óetgmn bòn r`sp`htn l`e tntbe l` muc`r`s l`e mgsmn frupn `tbrgn.
―Ens tntbe`s l` sustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs e`fbe`s, ge`fbe`s y psghnoârmbhns an hnrr`spnal`a b eb su-
mb l` ebs hbt`fnríbs qu` ens hnmpna`a yb qu` uab p`rsnab pu`l` hnasumgr mâs l` uab sustbahgb.”
Ou`at`3 X@LTNABT-GAL@H, @stulgn Abhgnabe sndr` Hnasumn l` Xustbahgbs Ysghnbhtgvbs, 499<.

Yndebhgøa l` 24 b 20 bòns l` `lbl qu` hnasumgø befuab v`z

`a `e óetgmn bòn sustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs y pr`vbe`ahgb l`e óetgmn bòn l` hnasumn
l` sustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs, pnr s`xn y tgpn l` sustbahgb
Enhbeglbl`s l` 299.999 y mâs kbdgtbat`s. Cuegn l` 499<

Xustbahgbs \ntbe _brna`s Muc`r`s

psghnbhtgvbs
Yndebhgøa Yr`vbe`ahgb Yndebhgøa Yr`vbe`ahg
ahgb Yndebhgøa Yr`vbe`ahgb
qu` l`e óetgmn qu` l`e óetgmn qu` l`e óetgmn
hnasum` bòn hnasum` bòn hnasum` bòn

\ntbe l` sustbahgbs ?92.2?7 8?,9 89<.78< 8<,9 47?.480 ;,8

psghnbhtgvbs e`fbe`s

D`dglbs behnkøeghbs 0?;.478 8<,9 479.;89 84,0 466.<?8 80,;

\bdbhn 2<0.47 0;,6 68.9;9 ;,4 64.420 7,8

\ntbe l` sustbahgbs 24.8?? 9,6 0,40 49,? 6.22< 9,7

psghnbhtgvbs ge`fbe`s

Beuhgaøf`ans (2) - - - - - -
Henrkglrbtn l` hnhbíab 2.0<9 9,2 2.0<9 9,4 - -
Hrbhj - - - - - -
@xtbsgs 2.947 9,2 2.947 9,2 - -
Gakbebde`s (4) 8.6?? 9,4 2.;88 9,4 2.788 9,4
Mbrgkubab ;.?74 9,0 <.448 9,0 <.<?7 9,?
Npgâh`ns y ba`stçsghns (8) 624 - - - 624 9,2
Ybstb dbs` - - - - - -

\ntbe l` psghnoârmbhns (<) ;06 9,2 - - ;06 9,2

@stgmuebat`s (0) - - - - - -
X`lbat`s (?) ;06 - - - ;06 9,2

(2) EXL, p`ynt`, huhum`en, hkbmghn, oenrgpnalgn, `th.

(4) Y`fbm`atn, Ynxgrâa, `th.
(8) Npgn, mnrogab, k`rníab, hnl`íab n J`tbebr.
(<) Hnasumn sga galghbhgøa mçlghb, n `a mbynr hbatglbl n pnr mâs tg`mpn l` en qu` `e mçlghn
kbdíb r`h`tbln.
(0) Bao`tbmgabs (Brtba` n Bht`mía), \bmgeâa, Tudgo`a n Tgtbegab.
(?) _begum, E`xntbage, \rbpbx, Tnkypane, Egdrgum, `th.

Antb3 ebs pndebhgna`s l` r`o`r`ahgb sna3 tntbe 2.??7.70?: vbrna`s3 ;70.60<, y muc`r`s3 66<.494.
 2<?

Bpçalgh`

Yr`vbe`ahgb l`e óetgmn bòn3 prnpnrhgøa l` p`rsnabs l` 24 b 20 bòns qu` hnasumgø befuab sustba-
hgb psghnbhtgvb `a `e óetgmn bòn r`sp`htn l`e tntbe l` p`rsnabs l`e mgsmn frupn `tbrgn.
Yr`vbe`ahgb l`e óetgmn bòn l` vbrna`s3 prnpnrhgøa l` vbrna`s l` 24 b 20 bòns qu` hnasumgø befu-
ab sustbahgb psghnbhtgvb `a `e óetgmn bòn r`sp`htn l`e tntbe l` vbrna`s l`e mgsmn frupn `tbrgn
Yr`vbe`ahgb l`e óetgmn bòn l` muc`r`s3 prnpnrhgøa l` muc`r`s l` 24 b 20 bòns qu` hnasumgø befu-
ab sustbahgb psghnbhtgvb `a `e óetgmn bòn r`sp`htn l`e tntbe l` muc`r`s l`e mgsmn frupn `tbrgn.
Ens tntbe`s
l` ebs l` sustbahgbs
hbt`fnríbs psghnbhtgvbsybe`fbe`s,
qu` ens hnmpna`a, qu` uabge`fbe`s
p`rsnaby psghnoârmbhns
pu`l` hnasumgranmâs
hnrr`spnal`a b eb sumb
l` uab sustbahgb.
Ou`at`3 X@LTNABT-GAL@H, @stulgn Abhgnabe sndr` Hnasumn l` Xustbahgbs Ysghnbhtgvbs, 499<.

Hnasumn l` sustbahgbs psghnbhgvbs s`fóa s`xn.

@ahu`stb abhgnabe b `stulgbat`s l` `as`òbazb m`lgb. Bòn 4990. @a %

Xustbahgb X`xn
_brna`s Muc`r`s \ntbe

\bdbhn <8,8 <8,9 <8,2

Behnkne ?8,2 0;,0 ?9,?
\rbaqugegzbat`s
sga pr`shrgphgøa 0,? 0,6 0,?
@stgmuebat`s
sga pr`shrgphgøa <,8 8,2 8,?
Xnev`at`s
` gakbebat`s 0,4 8,8 <,4
Henrkgl. l` hnhbíab <,0 4,0 8,<
Mbrgkubab 22,2 ?,6 ;,6

Ybstb dbs` 8,< 2,; 4,0

K`rníab 2,8 9,8 9,;
Mnrogab 2,8 9,0 9,7
Beuhgaøf`ans 2,0 9,0 9,7
Kbshkgs 2,2 9,8 9,6
Hrbhj 2,8 9,8 9,;
@xtbsgs 2,? 9,6 2,2
2<6
 Dgdegnfrboíb

Bd`rbstury, B. y Jand`e, M.3 Eb blne`sh`ahgb anrmbe. Ybgløs,

2767.
Brgbs, C. B.: Jbegab, @lubrln y ntrns3 Eb obmgegb l`e blghtn y
ntrns t`mbs. Au`vb _gsgøa, 2779.

Dgbahkg, @egsb3 @e X`rvghgn Xnhgbe hnmn prnh`sn l` byulb. Ybg-

løs, 277<.
Dny`r, C`ba-Orbahngs`3 Eb fu`rrb p`rlglb hnatrb ebs lrnfbs.
Frgcbedn, 4992.
Hbmgans, T`vgstb Hudbab l` Y`asbmg`atn Xnhgnt`neøfghn, A³
82-84, \rbdbcn Xnhgbe. Bòn 499<.
Hbstnrgab, C. B. y ntrns3 Ysghnenfíb F`açtghb. Mgòn & Lâvgeb
@lgtnr`s, 27;;.
Hbahrgag, Eugfg3 Ens t`m`rbrgns `a ebs mâqugabs vneblnrbs.
Au`vb _gsgøa, 2772.
Lnetn, Orbahngs`3 Lgâenfns `a Ru`d`h. Xndr` pud`rtbl, blnp-
hgøa y ntrns t`mbs psghnbabeítghns. Ybgløs, 27;;.
Lnetn, Orbahngs`3 Eb hbusb l` ens blne`sh`at`s. X`gx Dbrrbe,
27;;.
@rgjsna, @rgj K.3 Gl`atglbl. Cuv`atul y hrgsgs. \burus Kumbag-
lbl`s, 27?6.
O`raâal`z Mnucâa, Nhtbvgn3 Bdn Bdnrl
rlbc`
bc` t`ørgh
t`ø rghn
n y heí
heíagh
aghn
n l`e
blne`s
bln e`sh`a t` . Au`vb _gsgøa, 2776.
h`at`
Fnddg, Xnagb3 Blne`sh`ahgb y blghhgøa. Bh`rhb l` eb `e`hhgøa

l` eb lrnfb. Knmn Xbpg`as @lghgna`s, 2778.

 2<7

Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

Fntg, @e`ab3 Eb hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb. Au`vb _gsgøa, 2779.

Frgmsna, Vgedur3 Xnhg`lbl l` blghtns. Yeba`tb, 2777.
Fugt`r, Mbrhns3 Gatrnluhhgøa be psghnbaâegsgs. Eb Hnem`ab,
4994.

Knhkmbaa, Cbhqu`s3 Kbhgb uab psgqugbtríb hnmuagtbrgb. Bmn-

rrnrtu, 2764.
Jgrb, Tndga3 Mâs t`rrgde` qu` eb mu`rt`. Ybgløs, 4990.
Eøp`z Hnrvn, Tbob`e3 Eb r`kbdgegtbhgøa l`e blghtn. Au`vb _g-
sgøa, 277<.
Euab, Mbtgel`3 M`anr`s `a rg`sfn y bhnfgmg`atn obmgegbr. Ku-
mbagtbs, 277<.
Mby`r, Kufn3 Lrnfbs3 kgcns `a p`egfrn. @e Bt`a`n, 4992.
Mífu`z, Kufn B.3 @pgl`mgnenfíb l` eb behnknegzbhgøa cuv`age.
Yudeghbhgøa `a Gat`ra`t, 499<.
Mífu`z, Kufn B.3 Psn l` sustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs. Ybgløs,
277;.
Mgauhkga, Ybtrghgb y ntrns3 Yndr`zb, gastgtuhgøa, obmgegb. Bmn-
rrnrtu, 4999.
Mnfugeebasjy, Tnlneon C. (hnmpgeblnr)3 @shrgtns heíaghns sndr`
p`rv`rsgna`s
p`r v`rsgna`s y blghhgna`s. Eum`a, 4994.
Musbhkgn l` Sba, Bm`egb: Hbsbrgan, @tk`e: Fbrhíb Dblbrbhhn:
Nrtgz, Cnrf`: Orbfneb, @argqu` y ntrns3 Lrnfblghhgøa. Ybg-
løs, 2774.

Abtgnabe F`nfrbpkgh
Anfu`r, Cnrf`3 , Nhtudr`, `a
Tblgnlgousgøa 499<.
eb Brf`atgab. @lgtnrgbe Dg`a
Hnmóa, 27;0.
Yghkna-Tgvgçr`, @argqu`3 \`nríb l`e _íahuen. Au`vb _gsgøa,
27;0.
Yudeghbhgøa l` eb Bsnhgbhgøa Ysghnbabeítghb Brf`atgab, [_G Cnr-
ablb l` Agòns y Blne`sh`at`s, bòn 4999.
Tbshnvsjy, Brabeln y hnebdnrblnr`s3 Eb uagv`rsbeglbl l`e ogeg-
hglgn. E`fbsb, 27;?
T`vgstb l` Ysghnbaâegsgs, `lgtblb pnr eb Bsnhgbhgøa Ysghnbabeí-
tghb Bf`atgab, A³ 6. Bòn 4999.
 209

Dgdegnfrboíb

Tnlrgfuç, @mgegn3 Dgnfrboíb l` uab Hnmuaglbl \`rbpçutghb.

@ul`db, 27?0.
Tnsdbhn, Gaçs Hrgstgab3 @e l`sautrgln `shnebr. Knmn Xbpg`as,
4999.

Xbegabs, Cuba3 Abrhns, dbaqu`rns & hrgmgabe`s. Yuatn l` @a-

hu`atrn, 4990.
Xgmms, C. B. y Xgmms, \. K.3 Xnhgbegzbhgøa y r`algmg`atn `a
`luhbhgøa. Mnrbtb, 2764.
Xeuzjg, Hbrens @.3 Eb r`l snhgbe3 ornat`rb l` eb prâhtghb sgstç-
mghb. F`lgsb, 277?.
_br`aa`, F.3 @e bdusn l` ebs lrnfbs. Fublbrrbmb,2768.
Vgaaghntt, Lnabel3 Ens prnh`sns l` mblurbhgøa y `e bmdg`at`
obhgegtblnr. Ybgløs, 2778.
Vgaaghntt, Lnabel3 L`prgvbhgøa y L`egahu`ahgb. Ybgløs, 27;<.
Vgaaghntt, Lnabel3 @e prnh`sn l` mblurbhgøa `a `e agòn. Ebgb,
2760.
Vgaaghntt, Lnabel3 @shrgtns l` Y`lgbtríb y Ysghnbaâegsgs. Ebgb,
27?;.
Vgaaghntt, Lnabel y ntrns3 Lnabel Vgaaghntt. \rg`d, 276;.
 202

Eb butnrb

@st`eb Møaghb Hubtrnhhkg `s trbdbcblnrb snhgbe, `fr`sblb l` eb @shu`eb

l` \çhaghns `a Dg`a`stbr Xnhgbe l` Eb Yebtb, `a `e bòn 276?. L`sbrrneeø su
hbrr`rb `a gastgtuhgna`s `luhbtgvbs y bsgst`ahgbe`s
b sgst`ahgbe`s l` agòns y blne`sh`at`s.
@a ens prgm`rns bòns `a fbdga`t`s psghnp`lbføfghns l` `shu`ebs
prgmbrgbs l` eb znab sur l`e Frba Du`ans Bgr`s, y l`sl` `e bòn 2774 `a
uab hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb pbrb eb r`hup`rbhgøa l` blghtns, y ntrbs

gastgtuhgna`s l`lghblbs b eb bt`ahgøa l` blne`sh`at`s hna trbstnrans

`mnhgnabe`s. Lurbat` `stns bòns kb r`begzbln lgv`rsns hursns l`
p`ro`hhgnabmg`atn r`ebhgnablns hna eb agò`z, eb blne`sh`ahgb y eb obmgegb.
 Galgh`

Gatrnluhhgøa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Hbpítuen G
@e hnasumn l` lrnfbs `a au`strb snhg`lbl . . . . . . . . . 22
Eb sgtubh
sgtubhgøa
gøa,, kny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
@e hnm`rhgn ge`fbe l` lrnfbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Pab mgrbl
mgrblbb b eb kgstn
kgstnrgb
rgb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8?

Hbpítuen GG
Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs y eb sgtubhgøa obmgegbr
obm gegbr . . . . . . <0
Ens cøv`a`s
cøv`a`s blght
blghtns
ns y su obmgegb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <0
Eb prnde`mâtghb blne`sh`at` y eb hrgsgs l` eb
eb ob
obmge
mgegb
gb . . . 04
Eb hrgsgs l` eb obmgegb `a uab snhg`lbl l`sgfube
l`sgfube . . . . . . 06

Hbpítuen GGG
@e trbtbmg`atn l` eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs . . . . . . . . . ?7
@e trbtbmg`atn `a hnmuaglbl t`rbpçutghb . . . . . . . . . . . ?7
@e gafr`sn
gafr`sn be trbtbmg`
trbtbmg`atn
atn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Eb hnmuaglbl
hnmuaglbl t`rbp
t`rbpçutghb
çutghb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;6
@e `fr`sn
`fr`sn l`e trbtbmg`a
trbtbmg`atn
tn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29;
 208

Eb blghhgøa b ebs lrnfbs

Hbpítuen G_
Ens bsp`htns pr`v`atgvns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Eb pr`v`a
pr`v`ahgøa
hgøa hnmn
hnmn ppneí
neítgh
tghb
b l` `s
`stbl
tbln n . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Pab bprnxgmbhgø
bprnxgmbhgøaa b ebs m`lgl
m`lglbs
bs pr`v
pr`v`atgv
`atgvbsbs . . . . . . . . 244

Hbpítuen _
Hnasgl`rbhgna`s ogabe`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

Bpçalgh` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Dr`v` fensbrgn l` ebs sustbahgbs psghnbhtgvbs
huyn usn `s mmâs
âs kbdgtube
kbdgtube `a a au`str
u`strn n m`lgn
m`lgn . . . . . . . . 280
Gaonrm
Gaonrmbhgø
bhgøa
a `st
`stblí
blístg
stghb
hb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2<4

Dgdegnfrboíb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2<
2<7
7